951
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Kanter SL, Hollister LE. Marihuana metabolites in urine of man. IX. Identification of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid by thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1978; 151:225-7. [PMID: 205551 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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952
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Sullivan HR, Kau DL, Wood PG. Pharmacokinetics of nabilone, a psychotropically active 9-ketocannabinoid, in the dog. Utilization of quantitative selected ion monitoring and deuterium labeling. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1978; 5:296-301. [PMID: 638236 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative selected ion monitoring methods for the determination of plasma concentrations of nabilone, a psychotropically active 9-ketocannabinoid, and two carbinol metabolites using deuterium labeled internal standards are described. These specific methods have a lower limit of sensitivity of about 2 pmol ml-1 with a coefficient of variation of less than 4%. The utility of these methods was demonstrated by in vivo studies of single dose and steady state pharmacokinetics of nabilone and its carbinol metabolites in the dog.
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953
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Staquet M, Gantt C, Machin D. Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 23:397-401. [PMID: 343969 DOI: 10.1002/cpt1978234397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two consecutive, randomized, double-blind trials were performed to test the analgesic properties of a synthetic nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol (NIB). In the first trial, the test preparation was superior to placebo and approximately equivalent to 50 mg of codeine phosphate. In the second study, the tetrahydrocannabinol analog was superior to placebo and to 50 mg secobarbital. NIB is not useful clinically because of the frequency of side effects.
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954
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Gough AL, Olley JE. Catalepsy induced by intrastriatal injections of delta9-THC and 11-OH-delta9-THC in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1978; 17:137-44. [PMID: 565018 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(78)90126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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955
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Segal M. The effects of SP-111, a water-soluble THC derivative, on neuronal activity in the rat brain. Brain Res 1978; 139:263-75. [PMID: 624059 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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956
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Nakano S, Gillespie HK, Hollister LE. A model for evaluation of antianxiety drugs with the use of experimentally induced stress: Comparison of nabilone and diazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 23:54-62. [PMID: 22419 DOI: 10.1002/cpt197823154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Volunteer subjects were used to compare a potential antianxiety drug (nabilone, 2-mg single doses) with a standard drug (diazepam, 5-mg single doses). A double-masked design with placebo control was used. Volunteer subjects were selected on the basis of high levels of train anxiety and were tested by two anxiety-inducing procedures--the mirror drawing test and the Stroop color-word test. Anxiety induced by the experimental procedure was alleviated by diazepam and, to a lesser extent, by nabilone. Since doses of the two drugs may not have been equivalent, or the time courses identical, conclusions about their relative efficacy must be guarded. The experimental model is unusual in that antianxiety drugs can be tested in volunteer subjects for true antianxiety effects rather than for side effects, such as cognitive or motor impairment, sleepiness, or other signs of central nervous system depression.
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957
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Bhargava HN. Potential therapeutic applications of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoids. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1978; 9:195-213. [PMID: 680553 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(78)90037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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958
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Herman TS, Jones SE, Dean J, Leigh S, Dorr R, Moon TE, Salmon SE. Nabilone: a potent antiemetic cannabinol with minimal euphoria. BIOMEDICINE / [PUBLIEE POUR L'A.A.I.C.I.G.] 1977; 27:331-4. [PMID: 606307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nabilone is a cannabinol derivative which has potent central antiemetic effects in animals. We observed that the drug significantly reduced the nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy in 10 of 13 patients who were refractory to conventional antiemetics. A dose-response effect was apparent. The drug was generally well-tolerated, although it also had sedative effects. Additionally, dizziness, decreased coordination and postural hypotension were observed in some patients. Euphoric effects of the agent were minimal at antiemetic dosage levels.
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959
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Thakkar AL, Hirsch CA, Page JG. Solid dispersion approach for overcoming bioavailability problems due to polymorphism of nabilone, a cannabinoid derivative. J Pharm Pharmacol 1977; 29:783-4. [PMID: 22636 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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960
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Nichols DE, Mason DL, Jacobsen LB. Allylbenzene analogs of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol as tumor growth inhibitors. Life Sci 1977; 21:1245-8. [PMID: 927027 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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961
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Osgood PF, Howes JF. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and dimethylheptylpyran induced tachycardia in the conscious rat. Life Sci 1977; 21:1329-36. [PMID: 927033 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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962
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Adams MD, Earnhardt JT, Martin BR, Harris LS, Dewey WL, Razdan RK. A cannabinoid with cardiovascular activity but no overt behavioral effects. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:1204-5. [PMID: 891878 DOI: 10.1007/bf01922330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (ABN-delta8-THC) failed to elicit central nervous system and cardiovascular effects in laboratory animals. Abnormal-cannabidiol (ABN-CBD) was also devoid of overt behavioral effects but produced marked hypotension with only slight bradycardia in anesthesized dogs.
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963
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Yagen B, Levy S, Mechoulam R, Ben-Zvi Z. Synthesis and enzymatic formation of a C-glucuronide of delta6-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Am Chem Soc 1977; 99:6444-6. [PMID: 893896 DOI: 10.1021/ja00461a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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964
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Schermann JM, Hoellinger H, Bourdon R, Fournier E. Methodology for the detection and quantitation of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in plasma by dansylation and double labelling. Clin Chim Acta 1977; 79:401-9. [PMID: 19182 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(77)90436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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965
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Rubin A, Lemberger L, Warrick P, Crabtree RE, Sullivan H, Rowe H, Obermeyer BD. Physiologic disposition of nabilone, a cannabinol derivative, in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 22:85-91. [PMID: 872500 DOI: 10.1002/cpt197722185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nabilone is a cannabinoid that is being evaluated in man as a potentially useful psychoactive drug. We found that nabilone was readily absorbed from the human gastrointestinal tract when administered orally as a coprecipitate with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone. The absorbed drug disappeared from plasma rather rapidly (half-life, approximately 2 hr), evidently due to extensive tissue distribution and rapid metabolism. The metabolites of nabilone persist in plasma for extended periods (half-life of total radioactivity exceeds 20 hr). Circulating metabolites include isomeric carbinols formed by reduction of the ketone in the 9-position of nabilone. Nabilone is eliminated in feces (about 65% of dose) and urine (20%). The excretory products in urine have not been identified, but metabolites that are labile to hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase or sulfatase do not appear to be formed in significant amounts. A metabolite of nabilone in feces has been identified as a diol formed by reduction of the 9-keto group plus oxidation at the penultimate carbon of the dimethylheptyl side chain. The long duration of action of nabilone in the face of rapid and extensive metabolic elimination suggests that the pharmacologic effects, at least in part, may be exerted by one or more active metabolites.
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966
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Archer RA, Blanchard WB, Day WA, Johnson DW, Lavagnino ER, Ryan CW, Baldwin JE. Cannabinoids. 3. Synthetic approaches to 9-ketocannabinoids. Total synthesis of nabilone. J Org Chem 1977; 42:2277-84. [PMID: 874609 DOI: 10.1021/jo00433a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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967
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Ford RD, Balster RL, Dewey WL, Beckner JS. delta 9-THC and 11-OH-delta 9-THC: behavioral effects and relationship to plasma and brain levels. Life Sci 1977; 20:1993-2003. [PMID: 881943 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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968
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Lyle MA, Pallante S, Head K, Fenselau C. Synthesis and characterization of glucuronides of Cannabinol, cannabidiol, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1977; 4:190-6. [PMID: 890081 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Partially purified glucuronyltransferase immobilized on beaded sepharose has been used to synthesize the glucuronide conjugates of cannabinol, cannabidol, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Trimethylsilylated methyl esters and per(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of these conjugates have been characterized by their gas chromatographic retention times and their electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra.
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969
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Klykken PC, Smith SH, Levy JA, Razdan R, Munson AE. Immunosuppressive effects of 8,9-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (EHHC). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977; 201:573-9. [PMID: 864596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
8,9-Epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (EHHC)-treated mice showed an inhibition of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The hemolytic plaque forming assay was employed to determine both the IgM and IgG antibody response. The effect of EHHC on IgM antibody production was measured in BDG1 male mice given X 10(8) sheep erythrocytes i.p. followed 24 and 48 hours later by i.p. injections of EHHC. EHHC produced a dose-dependent inhibition of plaque forming cells (PFC)/10(6) spleen cells and PFC/spleen on days 3, 4 and 5 after antigen administration. On day 4 the ED50 for PFC/10(6) spleen cells and PFC/spleen was 28 and 18 mg/kg, respectively. Peak response to IgG antibody production was observed on day 9. EHHC (100 mg/kg) administered i.p. 48 hours after antigen produced a 58 and 46% suppression of PFC/10(6) leucocyte on days 7 and 9, respectively. CDF1 male mice received 100 microng of Cornybacterium parvum in the left footpad. Two days after sensitization, EHHC was administered in doses of 0.75 to 50 mg/kg i.p. A challenge dose of 100 microng of Cornybacterium parvum was injected into the right footpad on day 6 and footpad swelling was measured 24 hours later by mercury displacement. EHHC at a dose of 0.78 mg/kg produced a 95% inhibition of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. These studies showed that EHHC inhibits both the humoral and cellular arm of the immune response.
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970
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Archer RA, Johnson DW, Hagaman EW, Moreno LN, Wenkert E. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of naturally occurring substances. 47. Cannabinoid compounds. J Org Chem 1977; 42:490-5. [PMID: 833701 DOI: 10.1021/jo00423a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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971
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Bloom AS, Dewey WL, Harris LS, Brosius KK. 9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid with potent antinociceptive activity: comparisons with morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977; 200:263-70. [PMID: 839438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of (+/-)9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (beta-HHC) on tail-flick test activity and the accumulation of newly synthesized dopamine and norepinephrine were studied in the male albino mouse. The same parameters were also studied in naloxone-pretreated and morphine-tolerant mice. beta-HHC was about equipotent with morphine in the mouse tail-flick (ED50 = 7.12 mg/kg). The cannabinoid also produced dose-dependent increases in the accumulation of newly synthesized DA and NE. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of naloxone antagonized both the tail-flick activity and blocked the increases in catecholamine synthesis produced by beta-HHC. Cross-tolerance between beta-HHC and morphine did not exist in regard to either tail-flick activity or increased catecholamine synthesis. These studies suggest that beta-HHC may share some properties with the narcotic analgesics but that significant differences exist. Furthermore, these studies offer further evidence for the involvement of catecholamine containing neurons in the central mediation of the tail-flick response.
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972
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Soares JR, Gross SJ. Separate radioimmune measurements of body fluid delta9-THC and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-THC. Life Sci 1976; 19:1711-7. [PMID: 1004131 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(76)90078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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973
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Knaus EE, Coutts RT, Kazakoff CW. The separation, identification, and quantitation of cannabinoids and their tau=butyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilylacetate, and diethylphosphate derivatives using high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 1976; 14:525-30. [PMID: 977713 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/14.11.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the separation, identification, and quantitation, of cannabinoids present in hashish have been developed. These methods include high-pressure liquid chromatographic and gas-liquid chromatographic separation of cannabinol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol as well as their tau-butyidimethylsilyl either and trimethylsilylacetate derivatives. The necessity for internal standards; the sensitivity of the HPLC method; and some mass spectral fragmentation pathways for the tau-butyldimethylsily, trimethylsilylacetate, and diethylphosphate derivatives are discussed.
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974
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Razdan RK, Dalzell HC, Herlihy P, Howes JF. Hashish. Unsaturated side-chain analogues of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol with potent biological activity. J Med Chem 1976; 19:1328-30. [PMID: 1003411 DOI: 10.1021/jm00233a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two delta8-THC derivatives, 4a and 4b, with functionalized side chains were synthesized. Treatment of (+)-trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol with the resorcinal 2b followed by removal of the dithiol group with HgO--BF3-Et2O gave the aldehyde 3b. A Wittig reaction of dimethyl (2-oxoheptyl)phosphate with 3b furnished 4a, which was reduced to 4b. Compounds 4a and 4b showed potent cannabinoid-like activity in mice.
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975
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Martin BR, Harvey DJ, Paton WD. Identification of new in vivo side-chain acid metabolites of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Pharm Pharmacol 1976; 28:773-4. [PMID: 10374 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1976.tb04047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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