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Newcorn JH, Ivanov I, Krone B, Li X, Duhoux S, White S, Schulz KP, Bédard ACV, Pedraza J, Adler L, Blair RJ. Neurobiological basis of reinforcement-based decision making in adults with ADHD treated with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: Preliminary findings and implications for mechanisms influencing clinical improvement. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:19-26. [PMID: 38101205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD is often described as a disorder of altered reward sensitivity, yet few studies have examined the extent to which: (i) treatments for ADHD impact reward-related mechanisms; and (ii) changes in the reward system are associated with clinical improvement. This study addresses these issues - examining the extent to which clinical improvement following lisdexamfetamine (LDX) treatment is associated with changes in brain reward system activation. METHODS Twenty adults (M = 11, 55%, F = 9, 45%), ages 19-52 (M = 33.9, SD = 10.0) with ADHD participated in a randomized cross-over study with lisdexamfetamine (LDX) and placebo (PB). Changes in brain activation were assessed during functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) scans: after receiving 3-5 weeks of treatment with LDX and 3-5 weeks of no drug/PB. fMRI contrasts were derived from the passive-avoidance (PA) learning task, which assessed reward-related learning using computational variables. We analyzed the following conditions: the Choice-Phase, modulated by the expected value (EV; i.e., object-choose and object-reject), and the Feedback-Phase, modulated by the prediction error (PE; i.e., reward and punish). Clinical symptom severity was assessed via interview with the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS-IV). To address the primary objective, we performed group-level mass-univariate regression analyses between LDX and PB of percent change of the ADHD-RS total scores and the four contrast images under the Choice- and Feedback-conditions. Significance was set at a whole-brain voxel-wise threshold of p < 0.05 with family-wise error (FWE) correction and an extent (cluster) threshold of 50 contiguous voxels. RESULTS Improvement in ADHD symptoms with LDX was accompanied by significantly increased activation in a series of brain regions previously implicated in reinforcement processing in the choice and feedback conditions (e.g., left caudate and putamen, right orbitofrontal cortex, left middle frontal, superior frontal, and precentral gyri). CONCLUSIONS These findings, while preliminary, are the first to show that ADHD symptom improvement with stimulant treatment is associated with increased responsiveness of brain systems engaged in reward processing. Results support the hypothesis that LDX treatment may restore balance to dysfunction (e.g., hypoactivation) within the brain reward circuitry in adults with ADHD. Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01924429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Newcorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Iliyan Ivanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Beth Krone
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Kurt P Schulz
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anne-Claude V Bédard
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V6, USA
| | - Juan Pedraza
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lenard Adler
- New York University Crossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Robert James Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
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Lopez-Cruz L, Phillips BU, Hailwood JM, Saksida LM, Heath CJ, Bussey TJ. Refining the study of decision-making in animals: differential effects of d-amphetamine and haloperidol in a novel touchscreen-automated Rearing-Effort Discounting (RED) task and the Fixed-Ratio Effort Discounting (FRED) task. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:422-432. [PMID: 37644210 PMCID: PMC10724152 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Effort-based decision-making is impaired in multiple psychopathologies leading to significant impacts on the daily life of patients. Preclinical studies of this important transdiagnostic symptom in rodents are hampered, however, by limitations present in currently available decision-making tests, including the presence of delayed reinforcement and off-target cognitive demands. Such possible confounding factors can complicate the interpretation of results in terms of decision-making per se. In this study we addressed this problem using a novel touchscreen Rearing-Effort Discounting (RED) task in which mice choose between two single-touch responses: rearing up to touch an increasingly higher positioned stimulus to obtain a High Reward (HR) or touching a lower stimulus to obtain a Low Reward (LR). To explore the putative advantages of this new approach, RED was compared with a touchscreen version of the well-studied Fixed Ratio-based Effort Discounting (FRED) task, in which multiple touches are required to obtain an HR, and a single response is required to obtain an LR. Results from dopaminergic (haloperidol and d-amphetamine), behavioral (changes in the order of effort demand; fixed-ratio schedule in FRED or response height in RED), and dietary manipulations (reward devaluation by pre-feeding) were consistent with the presence of variables that may complicate interpretation of conventional decision-making tasks, and demonstrate how RED appears to minimize such variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lopez-Cruz
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Benjamin U Phillips
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Jonathan M Hailwood
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Christopher J Heath
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Willadsen M, Schwarting RKW, Wöhr M. Acute anxiogenic effects of escitalopram are associated with mild alterations in D-amphetamine-induced behavior and social approach evoked by playback of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 241:109734. [PMID: 37813275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Rats communicate through auditory signals in the ultrasonic range, so-called ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Short, high-frequency 50-kHz USV are associated with positive affective states and are emitted in appetitive situations, often rewarding social interactions, such as rough-and-tumble play and mating. Exaggerated levels of 50-kHz USV emission can be observed in response to psychostimulants, most notably d-amphetamine (AMPH). There is robust evidence suggesting that 50-kHz USV serve as affiliative signals and help to maintain or re-establish social proximity. A key neurotransmitter involved in behavioral regulation is serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). This includes both, the regulation of anxiety-related behavior and ultrasonic communication. Here, we show that acute treatment with the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram (ESC) leads to increased anxiety-related behavior in the elevated plus maze and tested whether such acute anxiogenic effects of ESC result in alterations in ultrasonic communication in sender and/or receiver. To this aim, we conducted a dose-response study in male rats and assessed AMPH-induced hyperactivity and 50-kHz ultrasonic calling in the sender and social approach behavior evoked by playback of pro-social 50-kHz USV in the receiver. Acute ESC treatment affected both, sender and receiver. This was reflected in a lack of AMPH-induced changes in acoustic features of 50-kHz USV and absence of social exploratory behavior evoked by 50-kHz USV playback, respectively. Albeit the SSRI effects were relatively mild, this supports the notion that the 5-HT system is involved in the regulation of a key aspect of the social behavior repertoire of rodents, namely socio-affective communication through 50-kHz USV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Willadsen
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, D-35032, Marburg, Germany; Philipps-University of Marburg, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, D-35032, Marburg, Germany; Philipps-University of Marburg, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, D-35032, Marburg, Germany; Philipps-University of Marburg, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, D-35032, Marburg, Germany; KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cass WA, Peters LE. Calcitriol protects against reductions in striatal serotonin in rats treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105590. [PMID: 37536650 PMCID: PMC10529237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The present experiments were designed to examine the ability of calcitriol to protect against methamphetamine (METH)-induced reductions in striatal serotonin (5-HT) release and content. Male Fischer-344 rats were administered vehicle or calcitriol (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 μg/kg, s.c.) once a day for 8 consecutive days. After the seventh day of treatment the animals were given METH (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline 4 times in 1 day at 2 h intervals. Seven days after the METH or saline treatments in vivo microdialysis experiments were conducted to measure potassium and d-amphetamine evoked overflow of 5-HT from the striatum. In animals treated with vehicle and METH there were significant reductions in both potassium and d-amphetamine evoked overflow of 5-HT. The 1.0 and 3.0 μg/kg/day doses of calcitriol provided significant protection against the 5-HT depleting effects of METH. A similar pattern of neuroprotection was found for post-mortem tissue levels of 5-HT. The calcitriol treatments did not prevent hyperthermia during the multiple injections of METH, indicating that the protective effects of calcitriol are not due to prevention of METH-induced increases in body temperature. These results suggest that calcitriol can provide significant protection against the 5-HT depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Cass
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Laura E Peters
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Kassim FM, Lim JHM, Slawik SV, Gaus K, Peters B, Lee JWY, Hepple EK, Rodger J, Albrecht MA, Martin-Iverson MT. The effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine on spatial span task in healthy participants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287538. [PMID: 37440493 PMCID: PMC10343048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies that examined the effect of amphetamine or caffeine on spatial working memory (SWM) and verbal working memory (VWM) have used various tasks. However, there are no studies that have used spatial span tasks (SSTs) to assess the SWM effect of amphetamine and caffeine, although some studies have used digit span tasks (DST) to assess VWM. Previous reports also showed that increasing dopamine increases psychosis-like experiences (PLE, or schizotypy) scores which are in turn negatively associated with WM performance in people with high schizotypy and people with schizophrenia. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the influence of d-amphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO), a dopamine releasing stimulant, on SST, DST, and on PLE in healthy volunteers. In a separate study, we examined the effect of caffeine, a nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist with stimulant properties, on similar tasks. METHODS Healthy participants (N = 40) took part in two randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced placebo-controlled cross-over pilot studies: The first group (N = 20) with d-amphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO) and the second group (N = 20) with caffeine (200 mg, PO). Spatial span and digit span were examined under four delay conditions (0, 2, 4, 8 s). PLE were assessed using several scales measuring various aspects of psychosis and schizotypy. RESULTS We failed to find an effect of d-amphetamine or caffeine on SWM or VWM, relative to placebo. However, d-amphetamine increased a composite score of psychosis-like experiences (p = 0.0005), specifically: Scores on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Perceptual Aberrations Scale, and Magical Ideation Scale were increased following d-amphetamine. The degree of change in PLE following d-amphetamine negatively and significantly correlated with changes in SWM, mainly at the longest delay condition of 8 s (r = -0.58, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION The present results showed that moderate-high dose of d-amphetamine and moderate dose of caffeine do not directly affect performances on DST or SST. However, the results indicate that d-amphetamine indirectly influences SWM, through its effect on psychosis-like experiences. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CT-2018-CTN-02561 (Therapeutic Goods Administration Clinical Trial Registry) and ACTRN12618001292268 (The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry) for caffeine study, and ACTRN12608000610336 for d-amphetamine study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz M. Kassim
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - J. H. Mark Lim
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sophie V. Slawik
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Katharina Gaus
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joseph W. Y. Lee
- Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emily K. Hepple
- Mental Health, North Metropolitan Health Services, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Albrecht
- Western Australian Centre for Road Safety Research, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australa, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mathew T. Martin-Iverson
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Park-Oates M, Prus AJ. Lack of sex and estrous stage effects on compulsive behavior assessed using a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2023; 34:236-244. [PMID: 36939582 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical behavior models used for screening pharmacological treatments for mental disorders have generally used only male research subjects, and for studies that have included female subjects, few have utilized sex as a study variable. In fact, many mental disorders vary by prevalence and symptomatology between sexes, creating a need to evaluate established subject models for sex differences. Compulsive behavior is a feature shared across many mental disorders and effective treatments have been examined pre-clinically using the schedule-induced polydipsia procedure in rats. Drugs effective for reducing polydipsia include psychostimulants, such as d -amphetamine. Virtually no studies have examined sex differences using this procedure. For the present study, male and female rats were examined in the schedule-induced polydipsia paradigm. Rats were food-restricted and trained on a fixed-interval food reinforcement schedule and given free access to water during experimental sessions. Estrous stages were assessed during training and test sessions. The psychostimulant d -amphetamine was also tested once stable water consumption occurred. Excessive water intake developed over the course of training. Females required significantly more sessions to reach a stable level of drinking. Treatment with d -amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, but not 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced drinking in both male and female rats. No sex differences were observed across other study variables including comparisons between diestrus and proestrus stages. Overall, these findings suggest that schedule-induced polydipsia procedures that employ similar methods can produce results generalizable across male and female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Park-Oates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, USA
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Bhakta SG, Cavanagh JF, Talledo JA, Kotz JE, Benster L, Roberts BZ, Nungaray JA, Brigman JL, Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Young JW. EEG reveals that dextroamphetamine improves cognitive control through multiple processes in healthy participants. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1029-1036. [PMID: 35042948 PMCID: PMC8938448 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The poor translatability between preclinical and clinical drug trials has limited pro-cognitive therapeutic development. Future pro-cognitive drug trials should use translatable cross-species cognitive tasks with biomarkers (1) relevant to specific cognitive constructs, and (2) sensitive to drug treatment. Here, we used a difficulty-modulated variant of a cross-species cognitive control task with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) to identify neurophysiological biomarkers sensitive to the pro-cognitive effects of dextroamphetamine (d-amp) (10 or 20 mg) in healthy adults (n = 23), in a randomized, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, double blind, within-subject study, conducted across three test days each separated by one week. D-amp boosted d-prime, sped reaction time, and increased frontal P3a amplitude to non-target correct rejections independent of task difficulty. Task difficulty did however, moderate d-amp effects on EEG during target performance. D-amp suppressed frontal theta power during easy target responses which negatively correlated with drug-induced improvement in hit rate while d-amp-induced changes in P3b amplitude during hard target trials strongly correlated with drug-induced improvement in hit rate. In summary, d-amp affected both behavioral and neurophysiological measures of cognitive control elements. Under low-demand, d-amp diminished cognitive control by suppressing theta, yet under high-demand it boosted control in concert with higher P3b amplitudes. These findings thus appear to reflect a gain-sharpening effect of d-amp: during high-demand processes were boosted while during low-demand processes were neglected. Future studies will use these neurophysiological measures of cognitive control as biomarkers to predict d-amp sensitivity in people with cognitive control deficits, including schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita G Bhakta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - James F Cavanagh
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jo A Talledo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Juliana E Kotz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lindsay Benster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John A Nungaray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Smith AP, Kelly TH, Lile JA, Martin CA, Ramirez MP, Wesley MJ. Exploratory examination of the effects of d-amphetamine on active-state functional connectivity: Influence of impulsivity and sensation-seeking status. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:194-208. [PMID: 33764102 PMCID: PMC8463640 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in diagnostic research identified that individuals with higher impulsivity and sensation-seeking scores tend to report more positive subjective responses to stimulant drugs such as amphetamine. The current exploratory study hypothesized that differences in underlying mesocorticolimbic circuitry may mediate the relationship between personality and responses to stimulants due to its previously established implication in reward processes as well as the overlap between its dopaminergic projections and the pharmacodynamics of many stimulants. Forty participants (20 female) were recruited with relatively high- and low-impulsivity and sensation-seeking scores as defined by the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Form IIIR; Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Joireman, Teta, & Kraft, 1993) for a double-blind, placebo-controlled, intranasal amphetamine administration study conducted within an MRI scanner. Active state seed-to-voxel connectivity analyses assessed the effects of amphetamine, personality, subjective responses to amphetamine, and their interactions with mesocorticolimbic seeds on data collected during monetary incentive delay and go/no-go task performance. Results indicated that amphetamine administration largely disrupted brain activity as evidenced by connectivity values shifting toward no correlation among brain stem, striatal, and frontal cortex regions. Additionally, associations of impulsivity and connectivity between ventral tegmental and medial orbitofrontal as well as lateral orbitofrontal and putamen regions were inverted from negative to positive during the placebo and amphetamine conditions, respectively. Personality was unrelated to subjective responses to amphetamine. Results are interpreted as providing evidence of underlying differences in mesocorticolimbic circuitry being a potential target for requisite diagnostic and treatment strategies implicated with stimulant use disorders, but further research is needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Mann LG, Hay KR, Song AK, Errington SP, Trujillo P, Zald DH, Yan Y, Kang H, Logan GD, Claassen DO. D 2-Like Receptor Expression in the Hippocampus and Amygdala Informs Performance on the Stop-Signal Task in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2021; 41:10023-10030. [PMID: 34750225 PMCID: PMC8638685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0968-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stop-signal task is a well-established assessment of response inhibition, and in humans, proficiency is linked to dorsal striatum D2 receptor availability. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by changes to efficiency of response inhibition. Here, we studied 17 PD patients (6 female and 11 male) using the stop-signal paradigm in a single-blinded d-amphetamine (dAMPH) study. Participants completed [18F]fallypride positron emission topography (PET) imaging in both placebo and dAMPH conditions. A voxel-wise analysis of the relationship between binding potential (BPND) and stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) revealed that faster SSRT is associated with greater D2-like BPND in the amygdala and hippocampus (right cluster qFDR-corr = 0.026, left cluster qFDR-corr = 0.002). A region of interest (ROI) examination confirmed this association in both the amygdala (coefficient = -48.26, p = 0.005) and hippocampus (coefficient = -104.94, p = 0.007). As healthy dopaminergic systems in the dorsal striatum appear to regulate response inhibition, we interpret our findings in PD to indicate either nigrostriatal damage unmasking a mesolimbic contribution to response inhibition, or a compensatory adaptation from the limbic and mesial temporal dopamine systems. These novel results expand the conceptualization of action-control networks, whereby limbic and motor loops may be functionally connected.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While Parkinson's disease (PD) is characteristically recognized for its motor symptoms, some patients develop impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICBs), manifested as repetitive and excessive participation in reward-driven activities, including sex, gambling, shopping, eating, and hobbyism. Such cognitive alterations compel a consideration of response inhibition in PD. To investigate inhibitory control and assess the brain regions that may participate, we assessed PD patients using a single-blinded d-amphetamine (dAMPH) study, with [18F]fallypride positron emission topography (PET) imaging, and stop-signal task performance. We find a negative relationship between D2-like binding in the mesial temporal region and top-signal reaction time (SSRT), with greater BPND associated with a faster SSRT. These discoveries indicate a novel role for mesolimbic dopamine in response inhibition, and advocate for limbic regulation of action control in this clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Mann
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Kaitlyn R Hay
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Alexander K Song
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Steven P Errington
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Paula Trujillo
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - David H Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
| | - Gordon D Logan
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Lynch CJ, Prus AJ. Assessment of antidepressant-like effects of dextromethorphan on differential reinforcement of low-rate 72-s performance in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:549-560. [PMID: 34417357 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression along with several other clinical advantages, such as rapid onset and reduced adverse effects associated with serotonin transporter inhibition, has garnered interest in other similar acting psychedelics as novel antidepressant drugs. The antitussive dextromethorphan exhibits glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism, sigma-1 receptor agonism, and serotonin reuptake inhibition, which has exhibited antidepressant effects in limited human studies and animal models. The present study sought to further examine dextromethorphan using a differential reinforcement of low-rate 72-s schedule, which can be used to screen antidepressant drugs, in male and female rats. The tricyclic antidepressant drug imipramine and the psychostimulant d-amphetamine also were examined. Sex differences were not shown for baseline performance or for the drugs tested. Further, performance did not differ between the estrus and diestrus stages. Dextromethorphan alone and with quinidine produced an antidepressant-like effect by reducing the number of responses emitted, increasing the number of reinforcers earned, and shifting inter-response times to the right, although significant response suppression occurred at these doses. An antidepressant-like effect was shown with imipramine, but d-amphetamine increased the number of responses emitted and did not affect the number of reinforcers earned. The present findings provide additional support for antidepressant effects produced by dextromethorphan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla J Lynch
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, USA
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11
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McNealy KR, Ramsay ME, Barrett ST, Bevins RA. Reward-enhancing effects of d-amphetamine and its interactions with nicotine were greater in female rats and persisted across schedules of reinforcement. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:435-447. [PMID: 34010168 PMCID: PMC8266728 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine enhances the value of environmental stimuli and rewards, and reward enhancement can maintain nicotine consumption. Stimulants such as d-amphetamine are misused more by women and are commonly co-used with nicotine. d-Amphetamine potentiates nicotine's effects in human and animal research. To date, there are no published studies examining this interaction in a reward-enhancement task. The current study sought to investigate the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine alongside and coadministered with d-amphetamine. Further, we evaluated the persistence of reward enhancement across ratio and temporal schedules of reinforcement. We used 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats. Enhancement was assessed within subjects by examining active lever pressing for a visual stimulus reinforcer on variable ratio 3, variable interval 30 s and variable time 30 s - variable ratio 3 schedules. Before 1-h sessions, rats received one injection of saline, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg d-amphetamine and one of saline or 0.4 mg/kg nicotine, making six possible drug combinations (saline + saline, saline + nicotine, 0.1 d-amphetamine + aline, 0.1 d-amphetamine + nicotine, 0.3 d-amphetamine + saline and 0.3 d-amphetamine + nicotine) experienced in a randomized order by each rat. When d-amphetamine was coadministered with nicotine, we found an interaction effect on reward enhancement that persisted across schedules of reinforcement. Males and females exhibited reward enhancement by 0.3 d-amphetamine, while only females showed reward enhancement by 0.1 d-amphetamine. Further, females responded more for the visual stimulus than males in all d-amphetamine conditions. Future studies should assess how reward enhancement is involved in high nicotine-amphetamine comorbidity rates and enhanced amphetamine misuse in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R McNealy
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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12
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Smart K, Nagano-Saito A, Milella MS, Sakae DY, Favier M, Vigneault E, Louie L, Hamilton A, Ferguson SSG, Rosa-Neto P, Narayanan S, El Mestikawy S, Leyton M, Benkelfat C. Metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor binding availability during dextroamphetamine sensitization in mice and humans. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E1-E13. [PMID: 32559027 PMCID: PMC7955855 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate transmission is implicated in drug-induced behavioural sensitization and the associated long-lasting increases in mesolimbic output. Metabotropic glutamate type 5 (mGlu5) receptors might be particularly important, but most details are poorly understood. METHODS We first assessed in mice (n = 51, all male) the effects of repeated dextroamphetamine administration (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on locomotor activity and binding of the mGlu5 ligand [3H]ABP688. In a parallel study, in 19 stimulant-drug-naïve healthy human volunteers (14 female) we administered 3 doses of dextroamphetamine (0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) or placebo, followed by a fourth dose 2 weeks later. We measured [11C]ABP688 binding using positron emission tomography before and after the induction phase. We assessed psychomotor and behavioural sensitization using speech rate, eye blink rate and self-report. We measured the localization of mGlu5 relative to synaptic markers in mouse striatum using immunofluorescence. RESULTS We observed amphetamine-induced psychomotor sensitization in mice and humans. We did not see group differences in mGlu5 availability following 3 pre-challenge amphetamine doses, but group differences did develop in mice administered 5 doses. In mice and humans, individual differences in mGlu5 binding after repeated amphetamine administration were negatively correlated with the extent of behavioural sensitization. In drug-naïve mice, mGlu5 was expressed at 67% of excitatory synapses on dendrites of striatal medium spiny neur. LIMITATIONS Correlational results should be interpreted as suggestive because of the limited sample size. We did not assess sex differences. CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest that changes in mGlu5 availability are not part of the earliest neural adaptations in stimulant-induced behavioural sensitization, but low mGlu5 binding might identify a higher propensity for sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smart
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Atsuko Nagano-Saito
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Michele S Milella
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Diana Yae Sakae
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Mathieu Favier
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Erika Vigneault
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Leanne Louie
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Alison Hamilton
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Sridar Narayanan
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Marco Leyton
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Nagano-Saito, Milella, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Louie, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Smart, Sakae, Favier, Vigneault, Rosa-Neto, El Mestikawy); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont. (Hamilton, Ferguson); the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Rosa-Neto, Narayanan, Leyton, Benkelfat); and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Que. (Leyton)
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Whitehurst LN, Mednick SC. Psychostimulants may block long-term memory formation via degraded sleep in healthy adults. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 178:107342. [PMID: 33227506 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is vital for biological function and long-term memory formation, with preferential enhancement of emotionally laden content. A growing trend in healthy young adults is the non-medical use of psychostimulants, or "smart drugs", to prevent sleep and, hopefully, enhance cognition. However, the effect of these drugs on sleep-dependent memory processes are unclear. Here, in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we investigated the impact of morning administration of dextroamphetamine on memory retention of negative and neutral pictures after 1) 12 h of wake, and 2) 24 h with sleep. After 12-hrs of wake, stimulants increased hit rate for neutral, but not negative, pictures, compared to placebo. No differences in memory discrimination were found. In addition, stimulants impaired nighttime sleep and significantly reduced memory for neutral pictures at 24-hrs, compared to placebo. Again, no performance differences between drug conditions were found for negative pictures. Together, these findings suggest that stimulants impairment of nighttime sleep likely leads to next day memory costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Whitehurst
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Dr, Lexington, KY 40508, USA.
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, 2201 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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14
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Turton S, Myers JF, Mick I, Colasanti A, Venkataraman A, Durant C, Waldman A, Brailsford A, Parkin MC, Dawe G, Rabiner EA, Gunn RN, Lightman SL, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes A. Blunted endogenous opioid release following an oral dexamphetamine challenge in abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1749-1758. [PMID: 29942043 PMCID: PMC6169731 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Addiction has been proposed as a 'reward deficient' state, which is compensated for with substance use. There is growing evidence of dysregulation in the opioid system, which plays a key role in reward, underpinning addiction. Low levels of endogenous opioids are implicated in vulnerability for developing alcohol dependence (AD) and high mu-opioid receptor (MOR) availability in early abstinence is associated with greater craving. This high MOR availability is proposed to be the target of opioid antagonist medication to prevent relapse. However, changes in endogenous opioid tone in AD are poorly characterised and are important to understand as opioid antagonists do not help everyone with AD. We used [11C]carfentanil, a selective MOR agonist positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand, to investigate endogenous opioid tone in AD for the first time. We recruited 13 abstinent male AD and 15 control participants who underwent two [11C]carfentanil PET scans, one before and one 3 h following a 0.5 mg/kg oral dose of dexamphetamine to measure baseline MOR availability and endogenous opioid release. We found significantly blunted dexamphetamine-induced opioid release in 5 out of 10 regions-of-interest including insula, frontal lobe and putamen in AD compared with controls, but no significantly higher MOR availability AD participants compared with HC in any region. This study is comparable to our previous results of blunted dexamphetamine-induced opioid release in gambling disorder, suggesting that this dysregulation in opioid tone is common to both behavioural and substance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Turton
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Fm Myers
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Inge Mick
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute for Clinical Teratology and Drug Risk Assessment in Pregnancy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ashwin Venkataraman
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Durant
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Waldman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan Brailsford
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gemma Dawe
- Department of Neuroradiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Imanova Limited, London, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roger N Gunn
- Imanova Limited, London, UK
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience & Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Lingford-Hughes
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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15
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Lile JA, Johnson AR, Banks ML, Hatton KW, Hays LR, Nicholson KL, Poklis JL, Rayapati AO, Rush CR, Stoops WW, Negus SS. Pharmacological validation of a translational model of cocaine use disorder: Effects of d-amphetamine maintenance on choice between intravenous cocaine and a nondrug alternative in humans and rhesus monkeys. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:169-180. [PMID: 31259593 PMCID: PMC6938584 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drug self-administration procedures are the gold standard for laboratory research to study mechanisms of drug use disorders and evaluate candidate medications. However, preclinical-to-clinical translation has been hampered by a lack of coordination. To address this limitation, we previously developed homologous intravenous (IV) cocaine choice self-administration procedures in rhesus monkeys and humans, and then demonstrated their functional equivalence. The present studies sought to determine the sensitivity of these procedures to d-amphetamine maintenance. Three (N = 3) rhesus monkeys with histories of cocaine self-administration and 16 (N = 16) humans with cocaine use disorder completed the studies. Monkeys were maintained on IV d-amphetamine (0, 0.019, 0.037 and 0.074 mg/kg/h), and then completed 7 sessions during each condition in which they completed 9 choice trials to receive 0.14 mg/kg/injection IV cocaine (corresponding to 10 mg/70 kg in humans) or 10 food pellets under independent, concurrent progressive-ratio schedules. Humans were maintained on oral extended release d-amphetamine (0, 30 and 60 mg/day, corresponding to the lowest 3 doses in monkeys) and participated in 12 sessions in which they chose money ($6.00) or IV cocaine (0, 3, 10 and 30 mg/70 kg). Blood samples were taken to compare d-amphetamine plasma levels across species. In monkeys and humans, d-amphetamine reduced the number of cocaine choices and produced comparable blood levels at equivalent daily doses. d-Amphetamine had similar efficacy, though lower potency, at reducing choice for an equivalent cocaine dose in monkeys relative to humans. These coordinated studies support the utility of these procedures as a translational model for cocaine use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - Amy R Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center
| | - Kevin W Hatton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - Lon R Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - Katherine L Nicholson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center
| | - Abner O Rayapati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center
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16
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Go J, Ryu YK, Park HY, Choi DH, Choi YK, Hwang DY, Lee CH, Kim KS. NQO1 regulates pharmaco-behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in striatal dopaminergic system in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108039. [PMID: 32165217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene encodes a cytosolic flavoenzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones. A polymorphic form of NQO1 is associated with mood disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the role of NQO1 in dopaminergic system has not yet been elucidated. To determine the role of NQO1 in the dopaminergic system, we investigated pharmaco-behavioral effects of d-amphetamine using NQO1-deficienct mice. According to our comparative study involving NQO1+/+ and NQO1-/- mice, NQO1 deficiency increased d-amphetamine-induced psychomotor activity and psychological dependency compared to wild-type mice. Basal and d-amphetamine-induced dopamine levels were also enhanced by NQO1 deficiency. In NQO1-/- mice, neural activation induced by d-amphetamine was higher in dorsolateral striatum, but not in dorsomedial and ventral striata. Although protein level of CaMKIIα, which is a key player in amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux, was decreased in striata of NQO1-/- mice, phosphorylation of CaMKIIα was markedly enhanced in NQO1-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Interestingly, experiments with pharmacological antagonist showed that D2 antagonist-induced suppression of locomotion required activation of NQO1. Moreover, the rewarding effect in response to D1 agonist was increased by NQO1 deficiency. These results suggest that striatal NQO1 is of considerable interest to understand the mechanism of dopaminergic regulation of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; College of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Chung-Nam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Keun Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Langenecker SA, Kling LR, Crane NA, Gorka SM, Nusslock R, Damme KSF, Weafer J, de Wit H, Phan KL. Anticipation of monetary reward in amygdala, insula, caudate are predictors of pleasure sensitivity to d-Amphetamine administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107725. [PMID: 31757518 PMCID: PMC6980714 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction and dependence continue as an unresolved source of morbidity and mortality. Two approaches to identifying risk for abuse and addiction are psychopharmacological challenge studies and neuroimaging experiments. The present study combined these two approaches by examining associations between self-reported euphoria or liking after a dose of d-amphetamine and neural-based responses to anticipation of a monetary reward. METHODS Healthy young adults (N = 73) aged 19 and 26, without any history of alcohol/substance dependence completed four laboratory sessions in which they received oral d-amphetamine (20 mg) or placebo, and completed drug effect questionnaires. On a separate session they underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while they completed a monetary incentive delay task. During the task, we recorded neural signal related to anticipation of winning $5 or $1.50 compared to winning no money (WinMoney-WinZero), in reward related regions. RESULTS Liking of amphetamine during the drug sessions was related to differences in activation during the WinMoney-WinZero conditions - in the amygdala (positive), insula (negative) and caudate (negative). In posthoc analyses, liking of amphetamine was also positively correlated with activation of the amygdala during anticipation of large rewards and negatively related to activation of the left insula to both small and large anticipated rewards. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individual differences in key regions of the reward network are related to rewarding subjective effects of a stimulant drug. To further clarify these relationships, future pharmacofMRI studies could probe the influence of amphetamine at the neural level during reward anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Leah R Kling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natania A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall 102, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall 102, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Billings Hospital, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Drive Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 S Damen Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, OSU Harding Hospital, 1670 Upham Drive, Suite 130, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Risca HI, Baker LE. Contribution of monoaminergic mechanisms to the discriminative stimulus effects of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:963-971. [PMID: 30554256 PMCID: PMC6571067 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a popular synthetic cathinone reported to have a high abuse potential. Recent preclinical research indicates the psychopharmacology of MDPV is comparable to cocaine. Despite a recent influx of research on the psychopharmacology of MDPV, few studies have employed preclinical drug discrimination methods to discern the neurochemical mechanisms involved in its interoceptive stimulus effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate a variety of monoaminergic agents for substitution, potentiation, or antagonism in rats trained to discriminate MDPV. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 0.5 (experiment 1) or 1 mg/kg MDPV (experiment 2) from saline under an FR 20 schedule of food reinforcement. In experiment 1, MDMA, MDA, and their respective optical isomers (0.75-3 mg/kg), cocaine (2.5-20 mg/kg), GBR 12909 (5-40 mg/kg), and desipramine (3.2-10 mg/kg) were assessed for substitution. GBR 12909 (40 mg/kg) and desipramine (3.2 mg/kg) were subsequently assessed for potentiation of the MDPV cue. In experiment 2, stimulus antagonism tests were conducted with dopamine antagonists (Sch 23390, haloperidol) and serotonin antagonists (pirenperone, MDL100907, WAY 100635). RESULTS The MDMA and MDA enantiomers produced divergent results, with virtually no substitution by (-)-MDMA or (-)-MDA, partial substitution with (+)-MDA, and full substitution with (+)-MDMA, as well as full substitution by the racemates, (±)-MDMA and (±)-MDA. Consistent with previous findings, cocaine fully substituted for MDPV. Although no dose of GBR 12909 or desipramine substituted for MDPV, these reuptake inhibitors enhanced the discriminative stimulus effects of lower MDPV doses. Both D1 (Sch 23390) and D2 (haloperidol) DA antagonists attenuated 1 mg/kg MDPV discrimination, whereas none of the 5-HT antagonists assessed altered MDPV discrimination. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate MDPV's interoceptive stimulus effects are mediated predominantly by dopaminergic actions, although serotonergic and/or noradrenergic modulation of these effects cannot be ruled out. Further investigations into the neurochemical actions involved in the discriminative stimulus effects of MDPV may serve to inform medication discovery and development for the treatment of MDPV abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony I Risca
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Lisa E Baker
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
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Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Patt M, Dolder PC, Kratschmar DV, Liechti ME, Odermatt A. Effects of lisdexamfetamine on plasma steroid concentrations compared with d-amphetamine in healthy subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:212-225. [PMID: 30381248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel d-amphetamine prodrug lisdexamfetamine is applied to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). d-Amphetamine releases dopamine and norepinephrine and stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which may contribute to its reinforcing effects and risk of abuse. However, no data is currently available on the effects of lisdexamfetamine on circulating steroids. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study evaluated the effects of equimolar doses of d-amphetamine (40 mg) and lisdexamfetamine (100 mg) and placebo on circulating steroids in 24 healthy subjects. Plasma steroid and d-amphetamine levels were determined up to 24 h. Delayed increase and peak levels of plasma d-amphetamine concentrations were observed following lisdexamfetamine treatment compared with d-amphetamine administration, however the maximal concentrations and total exposure (area under the curve [AUC]) were similar. Lisdexamfetamine and d-amphetamine significantly enhanced plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and 11-deoxycortisol), androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione [androstenedione]), and progesterone (only in men) compared with placebo. Steroid concentration-time curves were shifted to later time points due to a non-significantly later onset following lisdexamfetamine administration than after d-amphetamine, however maximal plasma steroid concentrations and AUCs did not differ between the active treatments. None of the active treatments altered plasma levels of the mineralocorticoids aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone or the androgen testosterone compared with placebo. The effects of the amphetamines on glucocorticoid production were similar to those that were previously reported for methylphenidate (60 mg) but weaker than those for the serotonin releaser 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 125 mg) or direct serotonin receptor agonist lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 0.2 mg). Lisdexamfetamine produced comparable HPA axis activation and had similar pharmacokinetics than d-amphetamine, except for a delayed time of onset. Thus, serotonin (MDMA, LSD) may more effectively stimulate the HPA axis than dopamine and norepinephrine (D-amphetamine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Strajhar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vizeli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Patt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Dolder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Abstract
Stimulant drugs used for treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increase signal-detection accuracy in five-choice serial reaction-time procedures. These increases may result from drug-induced increases in control exerted by the stimuli that prompt responses, which was assessed in the present study. Mice were trained with food reinforcement to nose poke into one of five holes after its illumination (signal), and effects of methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital were assessed. Subsequently, the time from trial onset to signal was changed from fixed to variable for one group of subjects. A 'warning' stimulus (change in ambient lighting) preceding the signal was added for a second group. Effects of the drugs were reassessed. Dose-related increases in accuracy of signal detection (nose pokes in hole where a signal was displayed) were obtained with methylphenidate and d-amphetamine, but not with pentobarbital. When the presignal time was variable, increases in signal detection were not obtained with either stimulant. When a warning stimulus preceded the signal, the increases in accuracy were similar to those obtained without the warning stimulus. Hence, a procedure that increased vigilance demand (using a variable prestimulus period) eliminated the effects of drugs useful in treating ADHD, whereas a procedure that decreased vigilance demand (adding the warning light) had no appreciable effects on the response to stimulant drugs. Taken together, the present results suggest that the five-choice serial reaction-time has predictive validity for selecting drugs effective for treating ADHD, although effects can depend critically on the stimulus conditions used and the vigilance required by the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Abstract
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (lisdexamfetamine; Elvanse®; Tyvense®), an orally-active dexamfetamine prodrug, is indicated in the EU for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children aged ≥ 6 years (including adolescents) when the response to previous methylphenidate (MPH) treatment is clinically inadequate. The original approval of the drug was based on the results of phase III trials in children and adolescents with ADHD who had an inadequate response to previous pharmacotherapy (e.g. MPH) or were treatment naïve. In these studies, short-term treatment with flexibly-dosed lisdexamfetamine demonstrated greater efficacy than atomoxetine, based on a prospective comparison, and osmotic-release oral system (OROS)-MPH, based on a post hoc comparison. Improvements in ADHD symptoms were accompanied by improvements in health-related quality of life and functioning that were maintained as long as treatment with lisdexamfetamine was continued in a long-term extension of one of these trials. In subsequent phase IV head-to-head studies in adolescents with ADHD and an inadequate response to previous pharmacotherapy, lisdexamfetamine demonstrated greater efficacy than OROS-MPH when both medications were force-titrated, but not when they were flexibly-titrated. Lisdexamfetamine was generally well tolerated, with an adverse event profile (e.g. decreased appetite, headache, weight reduction, insomnia and irritability) typical of that reported for other stimulants. Thus, lisdexamfetamine provides an alternative option for the treatment of children and/or adolescents with ADHD who have not responded adequately to previous ADHD pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Frampton
- Springer, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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22
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Dolder PC, Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Odermatt A, Liechti ME. Acute effects of lisdexamfetamine and D-amphetamine on social cognition and cognitive performance in a placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1389-1402. [PMID: 29511807 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amphetamines are used as medications but are also misused as cognitive enhancers by healthy subjects and may have additional effects on social cognition. METHODS We investigated the acute effects of single, high, equimolar doses of D-amphetamine (40 mg) and lisdexamfetamine (100 mg) on social cognition and cognitive performance using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design in 24 healthy volunteers. Effects on social cognition were assessed using the Facial Emotion Recognition Task (FERT), Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET), and Sexual Arousal Task (SAT). Cognitive performance was measured using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Digit Span (DS), Stop-Signal Task (SST), and Mackworth Clock Test (MCT). RESULTS D-Amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine had small effects on measures of social cognition. There were no effects on emotion recognition on the FERT. D-Amphetamine increased direct empathy on the MET, but only for positive stimuli. Both amphetamines increased ratings of pleasantness and attractiveness on the SAT in response to sexual but also to neutral stimuli. D-Amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine increased cognitive performance (go-accuracy and vigilance on the SST and MCT, respectively). Lisdexamfetamine increased processing speed on the DSST. Neither drug had an effect on the DS. CONCLUSION Single, high, equimolar doses of D-amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine enhanced certain aspects of cognitive performance in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects. Both amphetamines also slightly altered aspects of social cognition. Whether these small effects also influence social interaction behavior in amphetamine users remains to be investigated. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02668926).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Dolder
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vizeli
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The acute effects of marijuana consumption on brain physiology and behaviour are well documented, but the long-term effects of its chronic use are less well known. Chronic marijuana use during adolescence is of increased interest, given that the majority of individuals first use marijuana during this developmental stage , and adolescent marijuana use is thought to increase the susceptibility to abusing other drugs when exposed later in life. It is possible that marijuana use during critical periods in adolescence could lead to increased sensitivity to other drugs of abuse later on. To test this, we chronically administered ∆ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to male and female Long-Evans (LER) and Wistar (WR) rats directly after puberty onset. Rats matured to postnatal day 90 before being exposed to a conditioned place preference task (CPP). A subthreshold dose of d-amphetamine, found not to induce place preference in drug naïve rats, was used as the unconditioned stimulus. The effect of d-amphetamine on neural activity was inferred by quantifying cfos expression in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal hippocampus following CPP training. Chronic exposure to THC post-puberty had no potentiating effect on a subthreshold dose of d-amphetamine to induce CPP. No differences in cfos expression were observed. These results show that chronic exposure to THC during puberty did not increase sensitivity to a sub-threshold dose of d-amphetamine in adult LER and WR rats. This supports the concept that THC may not sensitize the response to all drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Keeley
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Cameron Bye
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jan Trow
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Robert J McDonald
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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Moerke MJ, Banks ML, Cheng K, Rice KC, Negus SS. Maintenance on naltrexone+amphetamine decreases cocaine-vs.-food choice in male rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:85-93. [PMID: 29040826 PMCID: PMC5683900 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine use disorder remains a significant public health issue for which there are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies. Amphetamine maintenance reduces cocaine use in preclinical and clinical studies, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. Previous studies indicate a role for endogenous opioid release and subsequent opioid receptor activation in some amphetamine effects; therefore, the current study examined the role of mu-opioid receptor activation in d-amphetamine treatment effects in an assay of cocaine-vs-food choice. METHODS Adult male rhesus monkeys with double-lumen intravenous catheters responded for concurrently available food pellets and cocaine injections (0-0.1mg/kg/injection) during daily sessions. Cocaine choice and overall reinforcement rates were evaluated during 7-day treatments with saline or test drugs. RESULTS During saline treatment, cocaine maintained a dose-dependent increase in cocaine-vs.-food choice. The mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine (0.032-0.32mg/kg/h) dose-dependently increased cocaine choice and decreased rates of reinforcement. A dose of the mu-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (0.0032mg/kg/h) that completely blocked morphine effects had no effect on cocaine choice when it was administered alone, but it enhanced the effectiveness of a threshold dose of 0.032mg/kg/h amphetamine to decrease cocaine choice without also enhancing nonselective behavioral disruption by this dose of amphetamine. Conversely, the kappa-selective opioid antagonist norbinalorphimine did not enhance amphetamine effects on cocaine choice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that amphetamine maintenance produces mu opioid-receptor mediated effects that oppose its anti-cocaine effects. Co-administration of naltrexone may selectively enhance amphetamine potency to decrease cocaine choice without increasing amphetamine potency to produce general behavioral disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA; Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Berquist MD, Thompson NA, Baker LE. Evaluation of training dose in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate 4-methylmethcathinone. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3271-3278. [PMID: 28815279 PMCID: PMC5717759 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the synthetic cathinone 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC, mephedrone) has been a subject of intensive research investigation, the pharmacological mechanisms involved in its interoceptive stimulus effects have yet to be fully characterized. OBJECTIVE The present study employed drug discrimination methods in rats to compare the interoceptive stimulus properties of two different training doses of 4-MMC to other substances with similar pharmacological actions. METHODS Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate either 1.0 mg/kg (N = 8) or 3.0 mg/kg (N = 8) 4-MMC from saline. Substitution tests were conducted with drugs that increase extracellular monoamine levels (d-amphetamine, (+)-methamphetamine, 4-MMC, MDMA, MDPV, and (-)-cocaine), a serotonin releaser (+)-fenfluramine, and a serotonergic (5-HT2A) hallucinogen (+)-LSD. RESULTS Stimulus control was established in fewer sessions in the subjects trained with 3.0 mg/kg compared to those trained with 1.0 mg/kg 4-MMC. Cocaine, MDMA, and d-amphetamine produced full substitution in the 1.0 mg/kg 4-MMC-trained rats at doses that did not decrease response rate. However, doses of test drugs that engendered > 80% 4-MMC-lever selection concurrently produced rate-decreasing effects in rats trained to discriminate 3.0 mg/kg 4-MMC. CONCLUSIONS These findings further characterize the interoceptive stimulus effects of 4-MMC and indicate that these effects vary little with training dose; however, qualitative differences in substitutability of test drugs were observed between training groups. This study expands existing knowledge regarding the psychopharmacology of 4-MMC and the potential neurochemical substrates contributing to its subjective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Berquist
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Nathyn A Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Lisa E Baker
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
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Banks ML, Snyder RW, Fennell TR, Negus SS. Role of d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine as active metabolites of benzphetamine: Evidence from drug discrimination and pharmacokinetic studies in male rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 156:30-38. [PMID: 28373066 PMCID: PMC5485908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzphetamine is a Schedule III anorectic agent that is a prodrug for d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine and may have utility as an "agonist" medication for cocaine use disorder treatment. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile of benzphetamine using a drug discrimination procedure in rhesus monkeys. The potency and time course of cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects were compared for benzphetamine (10-18mg/kg, intramuscular (IM)) and d-amphetamine (0.032-0.32mg/kg, IM) in monkeys (n=3-4) trained to discriminate IM cocaine (0.32mg/kg) from saline in a two-key food-reinforced discrimination procedure. Parallel pharmacokinetic studies in the same monkeys determined plasma benzphetamine, d-methamphetamine and/or d-amphetamine levels for correlation with behavioral effects. d-Amphetamine produced dose-dependent, time-dependent, and full cocaine-like effects, i.e. ≥90% cocaine-appropriate responding, in all monkeys without altering response rates. The time course of d-amphetamine's cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects correlated with plasma d-amphetamine levels. Benzphetamine was 180-fold less potent than d-amphetamine and produced full cocaine-like effects in only 2 of 4 monkeys while significantly decreasing response rates. Benzphetamine administration increased plasma d-methamphetamine (peak at 100min) and d-amphetamine (peak at 24h) levels, but the time course of behavioral effects did not correlate with increased levels of benzphetamine, d-methamphetamine or d-amphetamine. These results suggest that benzphetamine yields d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine as active metabolites in rhesus monkeys, but generation of these metabolites is not sufficient to account for benzphetamine behavioral effects. The incomplete cocaine substitution profile and protracted d-amphetamine plasma levels suggest that benzphetamine may still warrant further evaluation as a candidate pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Abstract
Adolescence is associated with the continued maturation of dopamine neurotransmission and is implicated in the etiology of many psychiatric illnesses. Adolescent exposure to neurotoxicants that distort dopamine neurotransmission, such as methylmercury (MeHg), may modify the effects of chronic d-amphetamine (d-AMP) administration on reversal learning and attentional-set shifting. Male C57Bl/6n mice were randomly assigned to two MeHg-exposure groups (0 ppm and 3 ppm) and two d-AMP-exposure groups (saline and 1 mg/kg/day), producing four treatment groups (n = 10-12/group): control, MeHg, d-AMP, and MeHg + d-AMP. MeHg exposure (via drinking water) spanned postnatal days 21-59 (the murine adolescent period), and once daily intraperitoneal injections of d-AMP or saline spanned postnatal days 28-42. As adults, mice were trained on a spatial-discrimination-reversal (SDR) task in which the spatial location of a lever press predicted reinforcement. Following 2 SDRs, a visual-discrimination task (extradimensional shift) was instated in which the presence of a stimulus light above a lever predicted reinforcement. Responding was modeled using a logistic function, which estimated the rate (slope) of a behavioral transition and trials required to complete half a transition (half-max). MeHg, d-AMP, and MeHg + d-AMP exposure increased estimates of half-max on the second reversal. MeHg exposure increased half-max and decreased the slope term following the extradimensional shift, but these effects did not occur following MeHg + d-AMP exposure. MeHg + d-AMP exposure produced more perseverative errors and omissions following a reversal. Adolescent exposure to MeHg can modify the behavioral effects of chronic d-AMP administration. (PsycINFO Database Record
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28
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Schrantee A, Tremoleda JL, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Bouet V, Hesseling P, Meerhoff GF, de Bruin KM, Koeleman J, Freret T, Boulouard M, Desfosses E, Galineau L, Gozzi A, Dauphin F, Gsell W, Booij J, Lucassen PJ, Reneman L. Repeated dexamphetamine treatment alters the dopaminergic system and increases the phMRI response to methylphenidate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172776. [PMID: 28241065 PMCID: PMC5328278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant drug that is used both recreationally and as medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that repeated exposure to AMPH can induce damage to nerve terminals of dopamine (DA) neurons. We here assessed the underlying neurobiological changes in the DA system following repeated AMPH exposure and pre-treated rats with AMPH or saline (4 times 5 mg/kg s.c., 2 hours apart), followed by a 1-week washout period. We then used pharmacological MRI (phMRI) with a methylphenidate (MPH) challenge, as a sensitive and non-invasive in-vivo measure of DAergic function. We subsequently validated the DA-ergic changes post-mortem, using a.o. high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and autoradiography. In the AMPH pre-treated group, we observed a significantly larger BOLD response to the MPH challenge, particularly in DA-ergic brain areas and their downstream projections. Subsequent autoradiography studies showed that AMPH pre-treatment significantly reduced DA transporter (DAT) density in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens, whereas HPLC analysis revealed increases in the DA metabolite homovanillic acid in the CPu. Our results suggest that AMPH pre-treatment alters DAergic responsivity, a change that can be detected with phMRI in rats. These phMRI changes likely reflect increased DA release together with reduced DAT binding. The ability to assess subtle synaptic changes using phMRI is promising for both preclinical studies of drug discovery, and for clinical studies where phMRI can be a useful tool to non-invasively investigate DA abnormalities, e.g. in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biological Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, White City, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jordi L. Tremoleda
- Biological Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, White City, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, The Blizard Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marzena Wylezinska-Arridge
- Biological Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, White City, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine Bouet
- Normandie-Université, GMPc, EA 4259, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Peter Hesseling
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F. Meerhoff
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kora M. de Bruin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Koeleman
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Freret
- Normandie-Université, GMPc, EA 4259, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Normandie-Université, GMPc, EA 4259, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Emilie Desfosses
- UMR Inserm U930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laurent Galineau
- UMR Inserm U930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @ UNITN, Rovereto, Italy
| | - François Dauphin
- Normandie-Université, GMPc, EA 4259, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biological Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, White City, London, United Kingdom
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Melrose AJ, Bailer U, Wierenga CE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Paulus MP, Kaye WH. Amphetamine alters neural response to sucrose in healthy women. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 252:19-25. [PMID: 27179312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine, likely via action on the brain's dopaminergic systems, induces anorectic eating behavior and blunts dopaminergic midbrain activation to rewards. Past work has hypothesized that this blunted reward responsivity is a result of increasing tonic over phasic DA activity. We sought to extend past findings to sweet taste during fMRI following single-blind administration of dextroamphetamine and placebo in 11 healthy women. We hypothesized that neural response in both limbic and cognitive sweet taste circuits would mirror past work with monetary rewards by effectively blunting sweet taste reward, and 'equalizing' it's rewarding taste with receipt of water. Behavioral results showed that amphetamine reduced self-reported hunger (supporting the existence of amphetamine anorexia) and increased self-report euphoria. In addition, region of Interest analysis revealed significant treatment by taste interactions in the middle insula and dorsal anterior cingulate confirming the 'equalizing' hypothesis in the cingulate, but unlike monetary reinforcers, the insula actually evinced enhanced separation between tastes on the amphetamine day. These results suggest a divergence from prior research using monetary reinforcers when extended to primary reinforcers, and may hint that altering dopaminergic signaling in the insula and anterior cingulate may be a target for pharmacological manipulation of appetite, and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Melrose
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA
| | - Ursula Bailer
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA; Medical University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Waehringer Gurtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina E Wierenga
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, Psychiatry Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA.
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Reed SC, Evans SM. The effects of oral d-amphetamine on impulsivity in smoked and intranasal cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:141-52. [PMID: 27114203 PMCID: PMC4880502 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatments for cocaine use disorders remain elusive. Two factors that may be related to treatment failures are route of cocaine used and impulsivity. Smoked cocaine users are more likely to have poorer treatment outcomes compared to intranasal cocaine users. Further, cocaine users are impulsive and impulsivity is associated with poor treatment outcomes. While stimulants are used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and attenuate certain cocaine-related behaviors, few studies have comprehensively examined whether stimulants can reduce behavioral impulsivity in cocaine users, and none examined route of cocaine use as a factor. METHODS The effects of immediate release oral d-amphetamine (AMPH) were examined in 34 cocaine users (13 intranasal, 21 smoked). Participants had three separate sessions where they were administered AMPH (0, 10, or 20mg) and completed behavioral measures of impulsivity and risk-taking and subjective measures of abuse liability. RESULTS Smoked cocaine users were more impulsive on the Delayed Memory Task, the GoStop task and the Delay Discounting Task than intranasal cocaine users. Smoked cocaine users also reported more cocaine craving and negative mood than intranasal cocaine users. AMPH produced minimal increases on measures of abuse liability (e.g., Drug Liking). CONCLUSIONS Smoked cocaine users were more impulsive than intranasal cocaine users on measures of impulsivity that had a delay component. Additionally, although AMPH failed to attenuate impulsive responding, there was minimal evidence of abuse liability in cocaine users. These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in larger samples that control for route and duration of cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Collins Reed
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, NY 10032 USA.
| | - Suzette M Evans
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Lee H, Wang GY, Curley LE, Sollers JJ, Kydd RR, Kirk IJ, Russell BR. Acute effects of BZP, TFMPP and the combination of BZP and TFMPP in comparison to dexamphetamine on an auditory oddball task using electroencephalography: a single-dose study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:863-71. [PMID: 26630992 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Piperazine-based designer drugs such as benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) have been marketed and sold as legal alternatives to dexamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) until 2008 in New Zealand. When administered in combination, BZP + TFMPP have been reported to produce drug-drug synergism in rodents by stimulating the release of dopamine and serotonin. OBJECTIVES This study was to evaluate the acute event-related potential effects of BZP, TFMPP or the combination of BZP + TFMPP compared with dexamphetamine in young healthy male adults. METHODS A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of BZP, TFMPP, the combination of BZP + TFMPP, and dexamphetamine on the event-related potentials during an auditory oddball task. Healthy, right-handed males were given a single oral dose of either BZP (200 mg), TFMPP (60 mg), a combination of BZP + TFMPP (100/30 mg), dexamphetamine (20 mg) or placebo (lactose) and tested both before and 120 min after drug administration. RESULTS A single dose of either TMFPP (t = -2.29, p = 0.03) or dexamphetamine (t = -2.33, p = 0.02) significantly reduced the P300 amplitude. A similar trend was also found in BZP. In contrast, BZP and TFMPP in combination has no effect. Neither P300 latency nor the mean reaction time was affected by any of the drug treatments. In addition, neither the P100 nor the P200 component was significantly affected following any of the drug treatments. CONCLUSIONS A single oral dose of BZP or TFMPP, but not the combination of BZP/TFMPP, affected auditory sensory-evoked P300 potential in a manner similar to dexamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- HeeSeung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Grace Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise E Curley
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John J Sollers
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rob R Kydd
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian J Kirk
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruce R Russell
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Banks ML, Hutsell BA, Blough BE, Poklis JL, Negus SS. Preclinical Assessment of Lisdexamfetamine as an Agonist Medication Candidate for Cocaine Addiction: Effects in Rhesus Monkeys Trained to Discriminate Cocaine or to Self-Administer Cocaine in a Cocaine Versus Food Choice Procedure. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv009. [PMID: 25618405 PMCID: PMC4458439 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic amphetamine treatment decreases cocaine consumption in preclinical and human laboratory studies and in clinical trials. Lisdexamfetamine is an amphetamine prodrug in which L-lysine is conjugated to the terminal nitrogen of d-amphetamine. Prodrugs may be advantageous relative to their active metabolites due to slower onsets and longer durations of action; however, lisdexamfetamine treatment's efficacy in decreasing cocaine consumption is unknown. METHODS This study compared lisdexamfetamine and d-amphetamine effects in rhesus monkeys using two behavioral procedures: (1) a cocaine discrimination procedure (training dose = 0.32mg/kg cocaine, i.m.); and (2) a cocaine-versus-food choice self-administration procedure. RESULTS In the cocaine-discrimination procedure, lisdexamfetamine (0.32-3.2mg/kg, i.m.) substituted for cocaine with lower potency, slower onset, and longer duration of action than d-amphetamine (0.032-0.32mg/kg, i.m.). Consistent with the function of lisdexamfetamine as an inactive prodrug for amphetamine, the time course of lisdexamfetamine effects was related to d-amphetamine plasma levels by a counter-clockwise hysteresis loop. In the choice procedure, cocaine (0-0.1mg/kg/injection, i.v.) and food (1g banana-flavored pellets) were concurrently available, and cocaine maintained a dose-dependent increase in cocaine choice under baseline conditions. Treatment for 7 consecutive days with lisdexamfetamine (0.32-3.2mg/kg/day, i.m.) or d-amphetamine (0.032-0.1mg/kg/h, i.v.) produced similar dose-dependent rightward shifts in cocaine dose-effect curves and decreases in preference for 0.032mg/kg/injection cocaine. CONCLUSIONS Lisdexamfetamine has a slower onset and longer duration of action than amphetamine but retains amphetamine's efficacy to reduce the choice of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. These results support further consideration of lisdexamfetamine as an agonist-based medication candidate for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks, Hutsell, Negus, and Mr Poklis); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks and Negus); Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Blough)
| | - Blake A Hutsell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks, Hutsell, Negus, and Mr Poklis); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks and Negus); Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Blough)
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks, Hutsell, Negus, and Mr Poklis); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks and Negus); Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Blough)
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks, Hutsell, Negus, and Mr Poklis); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks and Negus); Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Blough)
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks, Hutsell, Negus, and Mr Poklis); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (Drs Banks and Negus); Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Blough)
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Han X, Albrechet-Souza L, Doyle MR, Shimamoto A, DeBold JF, Miczek KA. Social stress and escalated drug self-administration in mice II. Cocaine and dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1003-10. [PMID: 25216798 PMCID: PMC4339460 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social defeat stress results in escalation of cocaine taking and long-term neural adaptations in rats. How the intensity and timing of social defeat stress determine these effects, particularly in mice, have not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of mild vs. moderate intensities and durations of social stress on intravenous cocaine self-administration as well as on dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) by using in vivo microdialysis. METHODS Adult male Swiss Webster (CFW) mice experienced 10 days of social defeat stress, either mild (15 attack bites in ca. 1.8 min) or moderate (30 attack bites in ca. 3.6 min), and compared to controls that were handled daily. Subsequently, the socially stressed mice were assessed for either (1) intravenous cocaine self-administration, using several unit doses (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) under limited access conditions, or (2) neural sensitization, as determined by in vivo microdialysis of DA in the NAcSh in response to acute d-amphetamine challenge. RESULTS Social defeat stress resulted in escalated cocaine self-administration in both mild and moderate socially stressed groups. In addition, social defeat stress led to increased DA release after d-amphetamine challenge. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that both mild and moderate socially stressed mice exhibit increased cocaine taking compared to controls, and this increase is associated with escalated dopaminergic responses in the NAcSh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 530 Boston Ave. (Bacon Hall), Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Rademacher DJ, Mendoza-Elias N, Meredith GE. Effects of context-drug learning on synaptic connectivity in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:205-15. [PMID: 25359418 PMCID: PMC4300287 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Context-drug learning produces structural and functional synaptic changes in the circuitry of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, how the synaptic changes translated to the neuronal targets was not established. Thus, in the present study, immunohistochemistry with a cell-specific marker and the stereological quantification of synapses was used to determine if context-drug learning increases the number of excitatory and inhibitory/modulatory synapses contacting the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons and/or the pyramidal neurons in the BLA circuitry. Amphetamine-conditioned place preference increased the number of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses contacting the spines and dendrites of pyramidal neurons and the number of multisynaptic boutons contacting pyramidal neurons and GABA interneurons. Context-drug learning increased asymmetric (excitatory) synapses onto dendrites of GABA interneurons and increased symmetric (inhibitory or modulatory) synapses onto dendrites but not perikarya of these same interneurons. The formation of context-drug associations alters the synaptic connectivity in the BLA circuitry, findings that have important implications for drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Rademacher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Nasya Mendoza-Elias
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Gloria E. Meredith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
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35
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Peng XX, Cabeza de Vaca S, Ziff EB, Carr KD. Involvement of nucleus accumbens AMPA receptor trafficking in augmentation of D- amphetamine reward in food-restricted rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3055-63. [PMID: 24535653 PMCID: PMC4102651 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic food restriction (FR) increases behavioral responsiveness to drugs of abuse and associated environments. Pre- and postsynaptic neuroadaptations have been identified in the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway of FR subjects but the mechanistic basis of increased drug reward magnitude remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Effects of FR on basal and D-amphetamine-induced trafficking of AMPA receptor subunits to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) postsynaptic density (PSD) were examined, and AMPA receptor involvement in augmentation of D-amphetamine reward was tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS FR and ad libitum fed (AL) rats were injected with D-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. Brains were harvested and subcellular fractionation and Western analyses were used to assess AMPA receptor abundance in NAc homogenate and PSD fractions. A follow-up experiment used a curve-shift protocol of intracranial self-stimulation to assess the effect of 1-naphthylacetyl spermine (1-NASPM), a blocker of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors, on rewarding effects of D-amphetamine microinjected in NAc shell. RESULTS FR increased GluA1 in the PSD, and D-amphetamine increased p-Ser845-GluA1, GluA1, GluA2, but not GluA3, with a greater effect in FR than AL rats. D-amphetamine lowered reward thresholds, with greater effects in FR than AL rats, and 1-NASPM selectively reversed the enhancing effect of FR. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that FR leads to increased synaptic incorporation of GluA1 homomers to potentiate rewarding effects of appetitive stimuli and, as a maladaptive byproduct, D-amphetamine. The D-amphetamine-induced increase in synaptic p-Ser845-GluA1, GluA1, and GluA2 may contribute to the rewarding effect of D-amphetamine, but may also be a mechanism of synaptic strengthening and behavior modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xiang Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Rygula R, Papciak J, Popik P. The effects of acute pharmacological stimulation of the 5-HT, NA and DA systems on the cognitive judgement bias of rats in the ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1103-11. [PMID: 24503278 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of acute pharmacological stimulation of the serotonergic (5-HT), noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic (DA) systems on the valence of cognitive judgement bias of rats in the ambiguous-cue interpretation (ACI) paradigm. To accomplish this goal, after initial behavioural training, different groups of rats received single injections of citalopram, desipramine or d-amphetamine and were subsequently tested with the ACI paradigm. Each drug was administered in 3 doses using a fully randomised Latin square design. Citalopram at the dose of 1mg/kg significantly biased animals towards positive interpretation of the ambiguous cue, while at higher doses (5 and 10mg/kg), the animals interpreted the ambiguous cue more negatively. Desipramine at all 3 tested doses (1, 2 and 5mg/kg) significantly biased animals towards negative interpretation of the ambiguous cue, while d-amphetamine at the dose of 1mg/kg induced positive bias, having no effects at lower doses (0.1 and 0.5mg/kg). Our results indicate that cognitive bias in rats can be influenced by acute pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Rygula
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Papciak
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Michałowskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland
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Pereira M, Andreatini R, Schwarting RKW, Brenes JC. Amphetamine-induced appetitive 50-kHz calls in rats: a marker of affect in mania? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2567-77. [PMID: 24414610 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal models aimed to mimic mania have in common the lack of genuine affective parameters. Although rodent amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion is a frequently used behavioral model of mania, locomotor activity is a rather unspecific target for developing new pharmacological therapies, and does not necessarily constitute a cardinal symptom in bipolar disorder (BD). Hence, alternative behavioral markers sensitive to stimulants are required. OBJECTIVES Since D-amphetamine induces appetitive 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in rats, we asked whether established or potential antimanic drugs would inhibit this effect, thereby possibly complementing traditional analysis of locomotor activity. METHODS Amphetamine-treated rats (2.5 mg/kg) were systemically administered with the antimanic drugs lithium (100 mg/kg) and tamoxifen (1 mg/kg). Since protein kinase C (PKC) activity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and the biochemical effects of mood stabilizers, the new PKC inhibitor myricitrin (10, 30 mg/kg) was also evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrate for the first time that drugs with known or potential antimanic activity were effective in reversing amphetamine-induced appetitive 50-kHz calls. Treatments particularly normalized amphetamine-induced increases of frequency-modulated calls, a subtype presumably indicative of positive affect in the rat. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that amphetamine-induced 50-kHz calls might constitute a marker for communicating affect that provides a useful model of exaggerated euphoric mood and pressured speech. The antimanic-like effects of the PKC inhibitors tamoxifen and myricitrin support the predictive and etiological validity of both drugs in this model and highlight the role of PKC signaling as a promising target to treat mania and psychosis-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil
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Clements KM, Devonshire IM, Reynolds JNJ, Overton PG. Enhanced visual responses in the superior colliculus in an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and their suppression by D-amphetamine. Neuroscience 2014; 274:289-98. [PMID: 24905438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by overactivity, impulsiveness and attentional problems, including an increase in distractibility. A structure that is intimately linked with distractibility is the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain sensory structure which plays a particular role in the production of eye and head movements. Although others have proposed the involvement of such diverse elements as the frontal cortex and forebrain noradrenaline in ADHD, given the role of the colliculus in distractibility and the increased distractibility in ADHD, we have proposed that distractibility in ADHD arises due to collicular sensory hyper-responsiveness. To further investigate this possibility, we recorded the extracellular activity (multi-unit (MUA) and local field potential (LFP)) in the superficial visual layers of the SC in an animal model of ADHD, the New Zealand genetically hypertensive (GH) rat, in response to wholefield light flashes. The MUA and LFP peak amplitude and summed activity within a one-second time window post-stimulus were both significantly greater in GH rats than in Wistar controls, across the full range of stimulus intensities. Given that baseline firing rate did not differ between the strains, this suggests that the signal-to-noise ratio is elevated in GH animals. D-Amphetamine reduced the peak amplitude and summed activity of the multi-unit response in Wistar animals. It also reduced the peak amplitude and summed activity of the multi-unit response in GH animals, at higher doses bringing it down to levels that were equivalent to those of Wistar animals at baseline. The present results provide convergent evidence that a collicular dysfunction (sensory hyper-responsiveness) is present in ADHD, and that it may underlie the enhanced distractibility. In addition, D-amphetamine - a widely used treatment in ADHD - may have one of its loci of therapeutic action at the level of the colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Clements
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - I M Devonshire
- Laboratory of Developmental Nociception, Nottingham University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - J N J Reynolds
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P G Overton
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Hayen A, Meese-Tamuri S, Gates A, Ito R. Opposing roles of prelimbic and infralimbic dopamine in conditioned cue and place preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2483-92. [PMID: 24429871 PMCID: PMC4039995 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increasing evidence points to the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and their dopaminergic innervations subserving opposing roles in the regulation of instrumental behavior. However, it is at present unclear if they hold similar roles in the regulation of Pavlovian learning. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the role of the dopaminergic innervations of the PL and IL in the modulation of Pavlovian appetitive cue and place conditioning, previously shown to be dependent on the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. METHODS Rats received preconditioning microinfusions of D-amphetamine, cis-flupenthixol, or vehicle solution directly into the PL or IL and were trained to simultaneously acquire conditioned cue and place preference in a radial maze. RESULTS Preconditioning blockade of dopamine neurotransmission in the PL and amphetamine microinfusions in the IL had the same effect of attenuating place conditioning. In contrast, place conditioning remained intact following preconditioning amphetamine microinfusions in the PL and dopamine receptor blockade in the IL. Instead, conditioned cue preference was attenuated following IL dopamine receptor blockade. CONCLUSION These data indicate that PL dopaminergic mechanisms are critical for the acquisition of appetitive place learning, while IL dopamine may oppose the influence of PL dopamine upon hippocampal-dependent learning. Furthermore, they implicate a functional reciprocity between mPFC and associated subregions of the nucleus accumbens in the regulation of limbic information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hayen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD UK
| | - Saira Meese-Tamuri
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Amy Gates
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD UK
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 Canada
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Chitty K, Albrecht MA, Graham K, Kerr C, Lee JWY, Iyyalol R, Martin-Iverson MT. Dexamphetamine effects on prepulse inhibition (PPI) and startle in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2327-37. [PMID: 24346114 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amphetamine challenge in rodent prepulse inhibition (PPI) studies has been used to model potential dopamine involvement in effects that may be relevant to schizophrenia, though similar studies in healthy humans have failed to report replicable or robust effects. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated dexamphetamine effects on PPI in healthy humans with an increased dose and a range of startling stimulus intensities to determine participants' sensitivity and range of responses to the stimuli. METHODS A randomised, placebo-controlled dexamphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, per os.), double-blind, counterbalanced, within-subject design was used. PPI was measured in 64 participants across a range of startling stimulus intensities, during two attention set conditions (ATTEND and IGNORE). Startle magnitudes for pulse-alone and prepulse-pulse magnitudes were modelled using the startle reflex magnitude (sigmoid) function. Parameters were extracted from these fits, including the upper limit of the asymptote (maximum startle reflex capacity, R MAX), intensity threshold, stimulus intensity that elicits a half-maximal response (ES50) and the maximum rate of change of startle response magnitude to an increase in stimulus intensity. RESULTS Dexamphetamine increased the threshold and ES50 of the response to pulse-alone trials in both sexes and reduced R MAX exclusively in females. Dexamphetamine modestly increased PPI of the R MAX across both attention conditions. PPI of R MAX was reduced during the ATTEND condition compared to the IGNORE condition. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that sex differences exist in motor, but not sensory, components of the startle reflex. Findings also reveal that administration of 0.45 mg/kg dexamphetamine to healthy humans does not mimic PPI effects observed in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Chitty
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Spulber S, Kilian P, Wan Ibrahim WN, Onishchenko N, Ulhaq M, Norrgren L, Negri S, Di Tuccio M, Ceccatelli S. PFOS induces behavioral alterations, including spontaneous hyperactivity that is corrected by dexamfetamine in zebrafish larvae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94227. [PMID: 24740186 PMCID: PMC3989208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widely spread environmental contaminant. It accumulates in the brain and has potential neurotoxic effects. The exposure to PFOS has been associated with higher impulsivity and increased ADHD prevalence. We investigated the effects of developmental exposure to PFOS in zebrafish larvae, focusing on the modulation of activity by the dopaminergic system. We exposed zebrafish embryos to 0.1 or 1 mg/L PFOS (0.186 or 1.858 µM, respectively) and assessed swimming activity at 6 dpf. We analyzed the structure of spontaneous activity, the hyperactivity and the habituation during a brief dark period (visual motor response), and the vibrational startle response. The findings in zebrafish larvae were compared with historical data from 3 months old male mice exposed to 0.3 or 3 mg/kg/day PFOS throughout gestation. Finally, we investigated the effects of dexamfetamine on the alterations in spontaneous activity and startle response in zebrafish larvae. We found that zebrafish larvae exposed to 0.1 mg/L PFOS habituate faster than controls during a dark pulse, while the larvae exposed to 1 mg/L PFOS display a disorganized pattern of spontaneous activity and persistent hyperactivity. Similarly, mice exposed to 0.3 mg/kg/day PFOS habituated faster than controls to a new environment, while mice exposed to 3 mg/kg/day PFOS displayed more intense and disorganized spontaneous activity. Dexamfetamine partly corrected the hyperactive phenotype in zebrafish larvae. In conclusion, developmental exposure to PFOS in zebrafish induces spontaneous hyperactivity mediated by a dopaminergic deficit, which can be partially reversed by dexamfetamine in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spulber
- Dept of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Kilian
- Dept of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim
- Dept of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mazhar Ulhaq
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Norrgren
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Negri
- Environmental Research Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation – IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Tuccio
- Environmental Research Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation – IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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O’Daly OG, Joyce D, Tracy DK, Azim A, Stephan KE, Murray RM, Shergill SS. Amphetamine sensitization alters reward processing in the human striatum and amygdala. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93955. [PMID: 24717936 PMCID: PMC3981726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission is implicated in a number of psychiatric illnesses characterised by disruption of reward processing and goal-directed behaviour, including schizophrenia, drug addiction and impulse control disorders associated with chronic use of dopamine agonists. Amphetamine sensitization (AS) has been proposed to model the development of this aberrant dopamine signalling and the subsequent dysregulation of incentive motivational processes. However, in humans the effects of AS on the dopamine-sensitive neural circuitry associated with reward processing remains unclear. Here we describe the effects of acute amphetamine administration, following a sensitising dosage regime, on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in dopaminoceptive brain regions during a rewarded gambling task performed by healthy volunteers. Using a randomised, double-blind, parallel-groups design, we found clear evidence for sensitization to the subjective effects of the drug, while rewarded reaction times were unchanged. Repeated amphetamine exposure was associated with reduced dorsal striatal BOLD signal during decision making, but enhanced ventromedial caudate activity during reward anticipation. The amygdala BOLD response to reward outcomes was blunted following repeated amphetamine exposure. Positive correlations between subjective sensitization and changes in anticipation- and outcome-related BOLD signal were seen for the caudate nucleus and amygdala, respectively. These data show for the first time in humans that AS changes the functional impact of acute stimulant exposure on the processing of reward-related information within dopaminoceptive regions. Our findings accord with pathophysiological models which implicate aberrant dopaminergic modulation of striatal and amygdala activity in psychosis and drug-related compulsive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen G. O’Daly
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Joyce
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek K. Tracy
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Azim
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaas E. Stephan
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhwinder S. Shergill
- Cognition, Schizophrenia & Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Psychosis Unit, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Eubig PA, Noe TE, Floresco SB, Sable JJ, Schantz SL. Sex differences in response to amphetamine in adult Long-Evans rats performing a delay-discounting task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 118:1-9. [PMID: 24388843 PMCID: PMC3934103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of animal models to investigate experimental questions about impulsive behavior can provide valuable insight into problems that affect human health. The delay-discounting paradigm involves subjects choosing between smaller reinforcers delivered immediately and larger reinforcers that are delivered after a delay. This is an important experimental paradigm for examining impulsive choice in both laboratory species and humans. However, a shortcoming of previously published delay-discounting studies in animals is that typically only males were studied, reducing the applicability of these studies to human populations. In the present study, both female and male adult Long-Evans rats were trained to perform a delay-discounting task, with delays of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 s before delivery of the larger reinforcer. Because dopaminergic signaling is important in mediating this task, the effects of d-amphetamine and the dopamine receptor antagonist, cis-flupenthixol, on task performance were then examined. The main experimental measure was percent larger-reinforcer choice, which was defined as the percentage of experimental trials at each delay in which the delayed, larger reinforcer was chosen. There was no sex difference in percent larger-reinforcer choice during baseline performance of the task. However, d-amphetamine administration disrupted choice in females, as evidenced by <80% larger-reinforcer choice in half of the females, but none of the males, at 0.5 mg/kg. D-Amphetamine also differentially altered the latency to choose between immediate versus delayed reinforcers in females compared to males. In contrast, cis-flupenthixol did not have a sex-related effect on percent larger-reinforcer choice. These findings parallel the sex differences in response to amphetamine seen in human delay-discounting studies and underscore the importance of evaluating sex-based differences in baseline performance and in response to pharmacologic agents when utilizing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Eubig
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Terese E Noe
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Sable
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Check JH, Katsoff B. Transient sixth cranial nerve palsy following orgasm abrogated by treatment with sympathomimetic amines. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2014; 41:468-470. [PMID: 25134302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a unique disorder where a transient 6th nerve palsy leading to diploplia following orgasm developed in a 28-year-old woman. This coincided with a weight gain of 100 pounds in a short time without a corresponding change in dietary habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS She was treated with the sympathomimetic amine dextroamphetamine sulfate. RESULTS Indeed she immediately responded to treatment with dextroamphetamine sulfate sustained release capsules with complete resolution of the episodes of 6th nerve palsy following orgasm. CONCLUSIONS The main importance of this case is that it suggests that orgasm causes a transient generalized decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity and that the achievement of an orgasm may require an increase in the sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Weidner J, Check JH. Marked improvement of the autoimmune syndrome associated with autoimmune hepatitis by treatment with sympathomimetic amines. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2014; 41:460-461. [PMID: 25134299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of sympathomimetic amine therapy for a life threatening autoimmune disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dextroamphetamine sulfate was used to treat edema, myalgia, and chronic fatigue associated with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). RESULTS Sympathomimetic amine therapy completely abrogated the symptoms associated with AIH. CONCLUSIONS AIH should be added to the long list of chronic treatment-refractory conditions that respond quickly and effectively to treatment with sympathomimetic amines.
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Abstract
Learned associations between drugs and the places they are used are critical to the development of drug addiction. Contextual conditioning has long been studied in animals as an indirect measure of drug reward, but little is known about the process in humans. Here, we investigated de novo contextual conditioning with d-amphetamine in healthy humans (n = 34). Volunteers underwent four conditioning sessions conducted in two testing rooms with double-blind, alternating d-amphetamine (20 mg) and placebo administration. Before conditioning procedures began, they rated the two rooms to examine pre-existing preferences. One group (Paired, n = 19) always received d-amphetamine in their least preferred room and placebo in the other during conditioning sessions. Another group (Unpaired, n = 15) received d-amphetamine and placebo in both rooms. Subjective drug effects were monitored at repeated times. At a separate re-exposure test, preference ratings for the drug-associated room were increased among the Paired group only, and more subjects in the Paired than the Unpaired group switched their preference to their initially least preferred room. Also, ratings of d-amphetamine drug liking independently predicted room liking at test among the Paired group only. Further, Paired group subjects reported greater stimulation and drug craving after d-amphetamine on the second administration, relative to the first. This study supports preliminary findings that humans, like animals, develop a preference for a place associated with d-amphetamine that is related to its subjective effects. These findings also suggest that experiencing d-amphetamine in a consistent environment produces context-dependent changes in its subjective effects, including an enhanced rewarding efficacy and abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Childs
- The University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, IL, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C O'Reilly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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48
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Romanowich P, Lamb RJ. The effects of chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine during a three-component multiple schedule. J Exp Anal Behav 2013; 100:88-101. [PMID: 23633164 PMCID: PMC3707510 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple schedules have been used in behavioral pharmacology research to show that a drug's effect on behavior can be a function of the schedule of reinforcement that supports that behavior. However, less research has examined whether the context of the schedule of reinforcement in a multiple schedule can change the drug's effect on behavior. We examined the effects of acute chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine injections on the behavior of two groups of pigeons trained on a three-component multiple schedule with identical schedules of reinforcement in the first and last components. For one group of pigeons reinforcement was unavailable during the middle component (decreased-middle-component). For the second group reinforcement rate was higher during the middle component than during the first or third components (increased-middle-component). In the decreased-middle-component group, chlordiazepoxide (3.2-32 mg/kg) decreased third-component response rates less than it decreased responding in the first component. Conversely, in the increased-middle-component group, chlordiazepoxide (3.2-10 mg/kg) decreased third-component response rates more than in the first component. In both groups, d-amphetamine did not differentially affect response rates across components. These results are consistent with previous research showing that drugs can differentially affect responding to two different schedules of reinforcement during the same session, and suggest that pharmacological preparations may be helpful in elucidating the mechanisms that control multiple schedule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Romanowich
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Chico, CA, 95929-0234, USA.
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Kameda SR, Fukushiro DF, Wuo-Silva R, Trombin TF, Procópio-Souza R, Brandão LC, Sanday L, Patti CL, Mári-Kawamoto E, Tufik S, D'Almeida V, Frussa-Filho R. Opposite effects of neonatal hypoxia on acute amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in adult and adolescent mice. Psychiatry Res 2013; 208:74-7. [PMID: 23618352 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the effect of neonatal hypoxia on amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion can reproduce the ontogenic (age of onset) properties of schizophrenia. Neonatal hypoxia enhanced amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in adult mice and decreased it in adolescent mice. These findings provide ontogenic validity for this very simple animal model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Kameda
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abrial E, Etievant A, Bétry C, Scarna H, Lucas G, Haddjeri N, Lambás-Señas L. Protein kinase C regulates mood-related behaviors and adult hippocampal cell proliferation in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:40-8. [PMID: 23228462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and therapeutics of bipolar disorder are still unknown. In recent years, protein kinase C (PKC) has emerged as a potential key player in mania. To further investigate the role of this signaling system in mood regulation, we examined the effects of PKC modulators in behavioral tests modeling several facets of bipolar disorder and in adult hippocampal cell proliferation in rats. Our results showed that a single injection of the PKC inhibitors tamoxifen (80 mg/kg, i.p.) and chelerythrine (3 mg/kg, s.c.) attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and decreased risk-taking behavior, supporting the efficacy of PKC blockade in acute mania. Moreover, chronic exposure to tamoxifen (10 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 14 days) or chelerythrine (0.3 mg/kg/day, s.c., for 14 days) caused depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test, and resulted in a reduction of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Finally, we showed that, contrary to the PKC inhibitors, the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) enhanced risk-taking behavior and induced an antidepressant-like effect. Taken together, these findings support the involvement of PKC in regulating opposite facets of bipolar disorder, and emphasize a major role for PKC in this disease.
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