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Noback M, Bhakta SG, Talledo JA, Kotz JE, Benster L, Roberts BZ, Nungaray JA, Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Brigman JL, Cavanagh JF, Young JW. Amphetamine increases motivation of humans and mice as measured by breakpoint, but does not affect an Electroencephalographic biomarker. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2024; 24:269-278. [PMID: 38168850 PMCID: PMC11060428 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Translation of drug targets from preclinical studies to clinical trials has been aided by cross-species behavioral tasks, but evidence for brain-based engagement during task performance is still required. Cross-species progressive ratio breakpoint tasks (PRBTs) measure motivation-related behavior and are pharmacologically and clinically sensitive. We recently advanced elevated parietal alpha power as a cross-species electroencephalographic (EEG) biomarker of PRBT engagement. Given that amphetamine increases breakpoint in mice, we tested its effects on breakpoint and parietal alpha power in both humans and mice. Twenty-three healthy participants performed the PRBT with EEG after amphetamine or placebo in a double-blind design. C57BL/6J mice were trained on PRBT with EEG (n = 24) and were treated with amphetamine or vehicle. A second cohort of mice was trained on PRBT without EEG (n = 40) and was treated with amphetamine or vehicle. In humans, amphetamine increased breakpoint. In mice, during concomitant EEG, 1 mg/kg of amphetamine significantly decreased breakpoint. In cohort 2, however, 0.3 mg/kg of amphetamine increased breakpoint consistent with human findings. Increased alpha power was observed in both species as they reached breakpoint, replicating previous findings. Amphetamine did not affect alpha power in either species. Amphetamine increased effort in humans and mice. Consistent with previous reports, elevated parietal alpha power was observed in humans and mice as they performed the PRBT. Amphetamine did not affect this EEG biomarker of effort. Hence, these findings support the pharmacological predictive validity of the PRBT to measure effort in humans and mice and suggest that this EEG biomarker is not directly reflective of amphetamine-induced changes in effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Noback
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Savita G Bhakta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jo A Talledo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Juliana E Kotz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Lindsay Benster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - John A Nungaray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service MIRECC, VISN 22, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James F Cavanagh
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service MIRECC, VISN 22, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2
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Finnell JE, Ferrario CR. Applying behavioral economics-based approaches to examine the effects of liquid sucrose consumption on motivation. Appetite 2023; 186:106556. [PMID: 37044175 PMCID: PMC10575208 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Overconsumption of sugar contributes to obesity in part by changing the activity of brain areas that drive the motivation to seek out and consume food. Sugar-sweetened beverages are the most common source of excess dietary sugar and contribute to weight gain. However, very few studies have assessed the effects of liquid sucrose consumption on motivation. This is due in part to the need for novel approaches to assess motivation in pre-clinical models. To address this, we developed a within-session behavioral economics procedure to assess motivation for liquid sucrose. We first established and validated the procedure: we tested several sucrose concentrations, evaluated sensitivity of the procedure to satiety, and optimized several testing parameters. We then applied this new procedure to determine how intermittent vs. continuous access to liquid sucrose (1 M) in the home cage affects sucrose motivation. We found that intermittent liquid sucrose access results in an escalation of sucrose intake in the home cage, without altering motivation for liquid sucrose during demand testing (1 M or 0.25 M) compared to water-maintained controls. In contrast, continuous home cage access selectively blunted motivation for 1 M sucrose, while motivation for 0.25 M sucrose was similar to intermittent sucrose and control groups. Thus, effects of continuous home cage liquid sucrose access were selective to the familiar sucrose concentration. Finally, effects of sucrose on motivation recovered after removal of liquid sucrose from the diet. These data provide a new approach to examine motivation for liquid sucrose and show that escalation of intake and motivation for sucrose are dissociable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Psychology Department (Biopsychology Area), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Bowman E, Coghill D, Murawski C, Bossaerts P. Not so smart? "Smart" drugs increase the level but decrease the quality of cognitive effort. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadd4165. [PMID: 37315143 PMCID: PMC10266726 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers in everyday complex tasks remains to be established. Using the knapsack optimization problem as a stylized representation of difficulty in tasks encountered in daily life, we discover that methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil cause knapsack value attained in the task to diminish significantly compared to placebo, even if the chance of finding the optimal solution (~50%) is not reduced significantly. Effort (decision time and number of steps taken to find a solution) increases significantly, but productivity (quality of effort) decreases significantly. At the same time, productivity differences across participants decrease, even reverse, to the extent that above-average performers end up below average and vice versa. The latter can be attributed to increased randomness of solution strategies. Our findings suggest that "smart drugs" increase motivation, but a reduction in quality of effort, crucial to solve complex problems, annuls this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bowman
- Centre for Brain, Mind, and Markets, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Coghill
- Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Centre for Brain, Mind, and Markets, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Bossaerts
- Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DD, UK
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Thompson BM, Tracy ME, Huynh YW, Dwoskin LP, Barrett ST, Bevins RA. Varenicline serves as the training stimulus in the drug-discriminated goal-tracking task with rats: initial evaluation of potential neuropharmacological processes. Behav Pharmacol 2023; 34:12-19. [PMID: 36730812 PMCID: PMC9908820 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Varenicline (Chantix) is an FDA-approved smoking cessation aid that is pharmacologically similar to nicotine, the primary addictive component found within tobacco. In support of this similarity, previous drug discrimination research in rats has reported that the internal or interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine and varenicline share stimulus elements. Those shared elements appear to be mediated, in part, by overlapping action at alpha4beta2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The research supporting this conclusion, however, has only used nicotine, and not varenicline, as the training drug. Accordingly, we used the discriminated goal tracking (DGT) task in which 1 mg/kg varenicline signaled intermittent access to sucrose. On separate intermixed saline days, sucrose was not available. Rats acquired the discrimination as measured by a differential increase in dipper entries (goal tracking) evoked by varenicline. These rats then received a series of tests with several doses of varenicline, nicotine, nornicotine (a metabolite of nicotine and tobacco alkaloid), sazetidine-A (a partial alpha4beta2 agonist), PHA-543613 (an alpha7 agonist), and bupropion (a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor). Control of goal tracking by varenicline was dose-dependent. Nicotine and nornicotine evoked responding comparable to the varenicline training dose indicating full substitution. Sazetidine-A partially substituted for the varenicline stimulus, whereas bupropion and PHA-543613 evoked little to no varenicline-like responding. These findings indicate that varenicline can serve as the training stimulus in the DGT task. Further, stimulus control of varenicline in the DGT task is driven by its partial agonist activity at alpha4beta2-containing nAChRs. The use of this approach could lead to a better understanding of the pharmacological action of varenicline and help guide treatment geared towards tobacco cessation through a more targeted development of novel synthetically designed, subunit-specific pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Y. Wendy Huynh
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Linda P. Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Rick A. Bevins
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Kasper JM, Smith AE, Miller SN, Ara, Russell WK, Cunningham KA, Hommel JD. Role of neuropeptide neuromedin U in the nucleus accumbens shell in cocaine self-administration in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1875-1882. [PMID: 34916591 PMCID: PMC9485260 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) and its afferent and efferent neuronal projections control key aspects of motivation for cocaine. A recently described regulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to the NAcSh (DRN → NAcSh) is the neuropeptide neuromedin U (NMU). Here, we find that systemic administration of NMU decreases breakpoint for cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement in male rats. Employing a retrograde adeno-associated virus (AAV), we found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of the NMU receptor 2 (NMUR2) in afferent DRN projections to the NAcSh increases the breakpoint for cocaine. Our previous studies demonstrated that NMU regulates GABA release in the NAcSh, and our current investigation found that systemic NMU administration suppresses cocaine-evoked GABA release in the NAcSh and increases phosphorylated c-Fos expression in neurons projecting from the NAcSh to the ventral pallidum (VP). To further probe the impact of NMU/NMUR2 on neuroanatomical pathways regulating motivation for cocaine, we employed multi-viral transsynaptic studies. Using a combination of rabies virus and retrograde AAV helper virus, we mapped the impact of NMU across three distinct brain regions simultaneously and found a direct connection of GABAergic DRN neurons to the NAcSh → VP pathway. Together, these data reveal that NMU/NMUR2 modulates a direct connection within the GABAergic DRN → NAcSh → VP circuit that diminishes breakpoints for cocaine. These findings importantly advance our understanding of the neurochemical underpinnings of pathway-specific regulation of neurocircuitry that may regulate cocaine self-administration, providing a unique therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Kasper
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ashley E Smith
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sierra N Miller
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ara
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Hommel
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Rootman JM, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Kuypers KPC, Polito V, Bourzat F, Walsh Z. Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22479. [PMID: 34795334 PMCID: PMC8602275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of psychedelic substances at sub-sensorium 'microdoses', has gained popular academic interest for reported positive effects on wellness and cognition. The present study describes microdosing practices, motivations and mental health among a sample of self-selected microdosers (n = 4050) and non-microdosers (n = 4653) via a mobile application. Psilocybin was the most commonly used microdose substances in our sample (85%) and we identified diverse microdose practices with regard to dosage, frequency, and the practice of stacking which involves combining psilocybin with non-psychedelic substances such as Lion's Mane mushrooms, chocolate, and niacin. Microdosers were generally similar to non-microdosing controls with regard to demographics, but were more likely to report a history of mental health concerns. Among individuals reporting mental health concerns, microdosers exhibited lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress across gender. Health and wellness-related motives were the most prominent motives across microdosers in general, and were more prominent among females and among individuals who reported mental health concerns. Our results indicate health and wellness motives and perceived mental health benefits among microdosers, and highlight the need for further research into the mental health consequences of microdosing including studies with rigorous longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rootman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
| | - Pamela Kryskow
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kalin Harvey
- Quantified Citizen Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Kim P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vince Polito
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Zach Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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7
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Covey DP, Hernandez E, Luján MÁ, Cheer JF. Chronic Augmentation of Endocannabinoid Levels Persistently Increases Dopaminergic Encoding of Reward Cost and Motivation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6946-6953. [PMID: 34230105 PMCID: PMC8360683 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0285-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivational deficits characterized by an unwillingness to overcome effortful costs are a common feature of neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders that are insufficiently understood and treated. Dopamine (DA) signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) facilitates goal-seeking, but how NAc DA release encodes motivationally salient stimuli to influence effortful investment is not clear. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in male and female mice, we find that NAc DA release diametrically responds to cues signaling increasing cost of reward, while DA release to the reward itself is unaffected by its cost. Because endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling facilitates goal seeking and NAc DA release, we further investigated whether repeated augmentation of the eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol with a low dose of a monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor facilitates motivation and DA signaling without the development of tolerance. We find that chronic MAGL treatment stably facilitates goal seeking and DA encoding of prior reward cost, providing critical insight into the neurobiological mechanisms of a viable treatment for motivational deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Decades of work has established a fundamental role for dopamine neurotransmission in motivated behavior and cue-reward learning, but how dopaminergic encoding of cues associates with motivated action has remained unclear. Specifically, how dopamine neurons signal future and prior reward cost, and whether this can be modified to influence motivational set points is not known. The current study provides important insight into how dopamine neurons encode motivationally relevant stimuli to influence goal-directed action and supports cannabinoid-based therapies for treatment of motivational disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Covey
- Department of Neuroscience, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Edith Hernandez
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MD/PhD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Miguel Á Luján
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Engi SA, Beebe EJ, Ayvazian VM, Cruz FC, Cheer JF, Wenzel JM, Zlebnik NE. Cocaine-induced increases in motivation require 2-arachidonoylglycerol mobilization and CB1 receptor activation in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108625. [PMID: 34058192 PMCID: PMC8312311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A wide body of evidence supports an integral role for mesolimbic dopamine (DA) in motivated behavior. In brief, drugs that increase DA in mesolimbic terminal regions, like cocaine, enhance motivation, while drugs that decrease DA concentration reduce motivation. Data from our laboratory and others shows that phasic activation of mesolimbic DA requires signaling at cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and systemic delivery of CB1 receptor antagonists reduces DA cell activity and attenuates motivated behaviors. Recent findings demonstrate that cocaine mobilizes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the VTA to cause phasic activation of DA neurons and terminal DA release. It remains unclear, however, if cocaine-induced midbrain 2-AG signaling contributes to the motivation-enhancing effects of cocaine. To examine this, we trained male and female rats on a progressive ratio (PR) task for a food reinforcer. Each rat underwent a series of tests in which they were pretreated with cocaine alone or in combination with systemic or intra-VTA administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant or the 2-AG synthesis inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin (THL). Cocaine increased motivation, measured by augmented PR breakpoints, while rimonabant dose-dependently decreased motivation. Importantly, intra-VTA administration of rimonabant or THL, at doses that did not decrease breakpoints on their own, blocked systemic cocaine administration from increasing breakpoints in male and female rats. These data suggest that cocaine-induced increases in motivation require 2-AG signaling at CB1 receptors in the VTA and may provide critical insight into cannabinoid-based pharmacotherapeutic targets for the successful treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Engi
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erin J Beebe
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Victoria M Ayvazian
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabio C Cruz
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer M Wenzel
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Natalie E Zlebnik
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Towers EB, Bakhti-Suroosh A, Lynch WJ. Females develop features of an addiction-like phenotype sooner during withdrawal than males. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2213-2224. [PMID: 33907871 PMCID: PMC8295229 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Women meet criteria for substance use disorder after fewer years of drug use than men; this accelerated time course, or telescoping effect, has been observed for multiple drugs, including cocaine. Preclinical findings similarly indicate an enhanced vulnerability in females to developing an addiction-like phenotype; however, it is not yet known if this phenotype develops faster in females versus males. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine using a rat model whether two key features of addiction in humans, an enhanced motivation for cocaine and compulsive use, emerge sooner during withdrawal from extended access cocaine self-administration in females versus males. METHODS Motivation for cocaine, as assessed under a progressive-ratio reinforcement schedule, was determined prior to and following extended access cocaine self-administration (24 h/day, 96 infusions/day, 10 days) and after 7, 14, or 60 days of withdrawal. Compulsive use, or use despite punishment, was evaluated once progressive-ratio responding stabilized by adding histamine, an aversive stimulus, to the cocaine solutions. RESULTS Motivation for cocaine increased from baseline sooner during withdrawal in females than males (at 7 versus 14 days); motivation was also highest in the 60-day group. Histamine decreased progressive-ratio responding for cocaine in both sexes, although effects were greatest in males in the 7-day withdrawal group; males reached the female-level of resistance to histamine punishment by 14 days of withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Female rats developed addition-like features sooner during withdrawal than male rats indicating that the telescoping effect observed in humans is biologically based. Additionally, like drug-seeking/craving, motivation for cocaine and measures of compulsive use incubate over withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Blair Towers
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | | | - Wendy J Lynch
- Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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10
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Pohořalá V, Enkel T, Bartsch D, Spanagel R, Bernardi RE. Sign- and goal-tracking score does not correlate with addiction-like behavior following prolonged cocaine self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2335-2346. [PMID: 33950271 PMCID: PMC8292273 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In classical conditioning, sign-tracking reflects behavior directed toward a conditioned stimulus (CS) in expectation of a reward (unconditioned stimulus, US); in contrast, goal-tracking describes behavior directed toward the location of delivery of a US. As cues previously paired with drugs of abuse promote drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior in both animals and humans and thus contribute to the severity of substance abuse, sign-tracking may represent a maladaptive cue-focused behavior that may increase addiction vulnerability as compared to goal-tracking. Recent studies do, in fact, support this possibility. Previous work in this area has focused primarily on paradigms using relatively limited exposure to drug rather than extended drug intake. OBJECTIVES Here, we used the DSM-IV-based 3-criteria (3-CRIT) model and examined whether a relationship exists between sign- or goal-tracking phenotypes and the prevalence of criteria associated with addiction-like behavior following extended cocaine self-administration as measured in this model. METHODS Forty-six male Sprague Dawley rats underwent a Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) procedure and were characterized along a continuum as goal-trackers (GTs), intermediates (INTs), or sign-trackers (STs). The animals were subsequently trained to intravenous self-administer cocaine during 45 self-administration (SA) sessions and characterized for the 3 criteria outlined in the model: persistence of drug-seeking, motivation for cocaine-taking, and resistance to punishment. RESULTS We performed correlational analyses on the traits measured, finding no relationships between PCA score and addiction-like characteristics measured using the 3-CRIT model of addiction. However, STs showed significantly greater resistance to punishment than GTs. CONCLUSIONS Phenotyping along a continuum of PCA scores may not be a valid predictor for identifying vulnerability to the addiction-like behaviors examined using the 3-CRIT model. However, PCA phenotype may predict a single feature of the 3-CRIT model, resistance to punishment, among those rats classified as either STs or GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pohořalá
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Enkel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rick E Bernardi
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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Marszalek-Grabska M, Smaga I, Surowka P, Grochecki P, Slowik T, Filip M, Kotlinska JH. Memantine Prevents the WIN 55,212-2 Evoked Cross-Priming of Ethanol-Induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157940. [PMID: 34360704 PMCID: PMC8348856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the endocannabinoid system controls the release of many neurotransmitters involved in the brain reward pathways, including glutamate. Both endocannabinoid and glutamate systems are crucial for alcohol relapse. In the present study, we hypothesize that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors regulate the ability of a priming dose of WIN 55,212-2 to cross-reinstate ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). To test this hypothesis, ethanol-induced (1.0 g/kg, 10% w/v, i.p.) CPP (unbiased method) was established using male adult Wistar rats. After CPP extinction, one group of animals received WIN 55,212-2 (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist, or ethanol, and the other group received memantine (3.0 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.), the NMDA antagonist and WIN 55,212-2 on the reinstatement day. Our results showed that a priming injection of WIN 55,212-2 (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) reinstated (cross-reinstated) ethanol-induced CPP with similar efficacy to ethanol. Memantine (3.0 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment blocked this WIN 55,212-2 effect. Furthermore, our experiments indicated that ethanol withdrawal (7 days withdrawal after 10 days ethanol administration) down-regulated the CNR1 (encoding CB1), GRIN1/2A (encoding GluN1 and GluN2A subunit of the NMDA receptor) genes expression in the prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum, but up-regulated these in the hippocampus, confirming the involvement of these receptors in ethanol rewarding effects. Thus, our results show that the endocannabinoid system is involved in the motivational properties of ethanol, and glutamate may control cannabinoid induced relapse into ethanol seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marszalek-Grabska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (I.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Paulina Surowka
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Pawel Grochecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tymoteusz Slowik
- Experimental Medicine Center, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (I.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Jolanta H. Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Mocellin P, Mikulovic S. The Role of the Medial Septum-Associated Networks in Controlling Locomotion and Motivation to Move. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:699798. [PMID: 34366795 PMCID: PMC8340000 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.699798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Medial Septum and diagonal Band of Broca (MSDB) was initially studied for its role in locomotion. However, the last several decades were focussed on its intriguing function in theta rhythm generation. Early studies relied on electrical stimulation, lesions and pharmacological manipulation, and reported an inconclusive picture regarding the role of the MSDB circuits. Recent studies using more specific methodologies have started to elucidate the differential role of the MSDB's specific cell populations in controlling both theta rhythm and behaviour. In particular, a novel theory is emerging showing that different MSDB's cell populations project to different brain regions and control distinct aspects of behaviour. While the majority of these behaviours involve movement, increasing evidence suggests that MSDB-related networks govern the motivational aspect of actions, rather than locomotion per se. Here, we review the literature that links MSDB, theta activity, and locomotion and propose open questions, future directions, and methods that could be employed to elucidate the diverse roles of the MSDB-associated networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mocellin
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sanja Mikulovic
- Research Group Cognition and Emotion, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Kerem L, Lawson EA. The Effects of Oxytocin on Appetite Regulation, Food Intake and Metabolism in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7737. [PMID: 34299356 PMCID: PMC8306733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic peptide oxytocin and its receptor are involved in a range of physiological processes, including parturition, lactation, cell growth, wound healing, and social behavior. More recently, increasing evidence has established the effects of oxytocin on food intake, energy expenditure, and peripheral metabolism. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the central oxytocinergic system in which oxytocin acts to shape eating behavior and metabolism. Next, we discuss the peripheral beneficial effects oxytocin exerts on key metabolic organs, including suppression of visceral adipose tissue inflammation, skeletal muscle regeneration, and bone tissue mineralization. A brief summary of oxytocin actions learned from animal models is presented, showing that weight loss induced by chronic oxytocin treatment is related not only to its anorexigenic effects, but also to the resulting increase in energy expenditure and lipolysis. Following an in-depth discussion on the technical challenges related to endogenous oxytocin measurements in humans, we synthesize data related to the association between endogenous oxytocin levels, weight status, metabolic syndrome, and bone health. We then review clinical trials showing that in humans, acute oxytocin administration reduces food intake, attenuates fMRI activation of food motivation brain areas, and increases activation of self-control brain regions. Further strengthening the role of oxytocin in appetite regulation, we review conditions of hypothalamic insult and certain genetic pathologies associated with oxytocin depletion that present with hyperphagia, extreme weight gain, and poor metabolic profile. Intranasal oxytocin is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials to learn whether oxytocin-based therapeutics can be used to treat obesity and its associated sequela. At the end of this review, we address the fundamental challenges that remain in translating this line of research to clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Kerem
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
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14
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Oizumi H, Imai R, Suzuki T, Omiya Y, Tanaka KF, Mimura M, Mizoguchi K. Ninjin'yoeito, a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, suppresses the onset of anhedonia induced by dysfunction in the striatal dopamine receptor type 2-expressing medium spiny neurons. Neuroreport 2021; 32:869-874. [PMID: 34029288 PMCID: PMC8240642 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have suggested that ninjin'yoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, improves diminished motivation in humans and animals, rendering it a novel therapeutic option for impaired motivation. To better characterize the effect of NYT on motivation, we examined its effect on motivated behaviors in mice. METHODS Mouse models of neurodegeneration-related apathy, in which striatal dopamine receptor type 2-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) were progressively damaged by diphtheria toxin expression, were chosen. RESULTS The decrease in effort-based operant responding for rewards (sucrose pellets), indicative of the mouse's motivated behavior, in the affected mice was not suppressed by chronic treatment with NYT suspended in drinking water at 1% (w/v). Mice were then subjected to a sucrose preference test, wherein they freely chose to ingest tap water and a sucrose solution without being required to exert effort. The affected mice showed a decline in preference for sucrose over tap water, relative to nonaffected controls, indicating anhedonia-like traits. In contrast to the diminished operant behavior, the anhedonic behavior in the affected mice was prevented by the NYT administration. Furthermore, NYT did not affect the size of Drd2 mRNA disappearance in the striatum of affected mice, suggesting that the NYT effect was unrelated to DTA-mediated neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the beneficial effect of NYT on motivation is mediated, at least in part, through the potentiation of hedonic capacity by certain neuromodulatory pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Anhedonia/drug effects
- Anhedonia/physiology
- Animals
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Conditioning, Operant/physiology
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Japan
- Medicine, Kampo/methods
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Motivation/drug effects
- Motivation/physiology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Oizumi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki
| | - Ryota Imai
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Omiya
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Spinella TC, Stewart SH, Naugler J, Yakovenko I, Barrett SP. Evaluating cannabidiol (CBD) expectancy effects on acute stress and anxiety in healthy adults: a randomized crossover study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1965-1977. [PMID: 33813611 PMCID: PMC8233292 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabidiol (CBD) has been reported to attenuate stress and anxiety, but little is known about the extent to which such effects result from pharmacological versus expectancy factors. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether CBD expectancy alone could influence stress, anxiety, and mood, and the extent to which beliefs regarding CBD effects predicted these responses. METHODS In this randomized crossover study, 43 health adults (23 women) attended two experimental laboratory sessions, where they self-administered CBD-free hempseed oil sublingually. During one session, they were (incorrectly) informed that the oil contained CBD and in the other session, that the oil was CBD-free. Following administration, participants engaged in the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST). Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed continuously, and subjective state was assessed at baseline, 90-min following oil administration, immediately following the MAST, and after a 10-min recovery period. RESULTS The CBD expectancy condition was associated with increased sedation as well as with changes in HRV that were consistent with heightened anticipatory stress regulation. Overall, there were no systematic changes in subjective stress, or anxiety, according to expectancy condition. However, participants who endorsed strong a priori beliefs that CBD has anxiolytic properties reported significantly diminished anxiety in the CBD expectancy condition. CONCLUSIONS CBD expectancy alone impacted several subjective and physiological responses. Additionally, expectancy-related factors were implicated in anxiolytic effects of CBD for those who believed it was helpful for such purposes, emphasizing the need to measure and control for CBD-related expectancies in clinical research that involves the administration of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni C Spinella
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Julia Naugler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Igor Yakovenko
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Abstract
Use of alcohol (EtOH) and nicotine (Nic) typically begins during adolescence. Smoking and drinking often occur together and lead to a higher consumption of alcohol. Although we have shown that Nic+EtOH is reinforcing in self-administration tests in adolescent male rats, whether Nic+EtOH affects other behaviors or neuronal activity in an age-dependent manner is unknown. To address this, adolescent and adult male rats were given intravenous injections of Nic (30 µg/kg)+EtOH (4 mg/kg) and evaluated for locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors. Regional neuronal activity, assessed by cFos mRNA expression, was measured and used to evaluate functional connectivity in limbic regions associated with anxiety and motivation. Nic+EtOH increased locomotor activity and was anxiolytic in adolescents, but not adults. The posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA), a critical regulator of drug reward, was selectively activated by Nic+EtOH in adults, while activity in its target region, the NAc-shell, was decreased. Drug-induced alterations in functional connectivity were more extensive in adults than adolescents and may act to inhibit behavioral responses to Nic+EtOH that are seen in adolescence. Overall, our findings suggest that brief, low-dose exposure to Nic+EtOH produces marked, age-dependent changes in brain and behavior and that there may be an ongoing maturation of the pVTA during adolescence that allows increased sensitivity to Nic+EtOH's reinforcing, hyperlocomotor, and anxiolytic effects. Furthermore, this work provides a potential mechanism for high rates of co-use of nicotine and alcohol by teenagers: this drug combination is anxiolytic and recruits functional networks that are unique from protective, inhibitory networks recruited in the mature and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cross
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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17
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Consoli DC, Brady LJ, Bowman AB, Calipari ES, Harrison FE. Ascorbate deficiency decreases dopamine release in gulo -/- and APP/PSEN1 mice. J Neurochem 2021; 157:656-665. [PMID: 32797675 PMCID: PMC7882008 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) has important roles in learning, memory, and motivational processes and is highly susceptible to oxidation. In addition to dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients frequently exhibit decreased motivation, anhedonia, and sleep disorders, suggesting deficits in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Vitamin C (ascorbate, ASC) is a critical antioxidant in the brain and is often depleted in AD patients as a result of disease-related oxidative stress and dietary deficiencies. To probe the effects of ASC deficiency and AD pathology on the DAergic system, gulo-/- mice, which like humans depend on dietary ASC to maintain adequate tissue levels, were crossed with APP/PSEN1 mice and provided sufficient or depleted ASC supplementation from weaning until 12 months of age. Ex vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry showed that chronic ASC depletion and APP/PSEN1 genotype both independently decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, a hub for motivational behavior and reward, while DA clearance was similar across all groups. In striatal tissue containing nucleus accumbens, low ASC treatment led to decreased levels of DA and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyohenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), and homovanillic acid (HVA). Decreased enzyme activity observed through lower pTH/TH ratio was driven by a cumulative effect of ASC depletion and APP/PSEN1 genotype. Together the data show that deficits in dopaminergic neurotransmission resulting from age and disease status are magnified in conditions of low ASC which decrease DA availability during synaptic transmission. Such deficits may contribute to the non-cognitive behavioral changes observed in AD including decreased motivation, anhedonia, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Consoli
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Lillian J. Brady
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA
| | - Erin S. Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Fiona E. Harrison
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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18
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Radke S, Jankowiak K, Tops S, Abel T, Habel U, Derntl B. Neurobiobehavioral responses to virtual social rejection in females-exploring the influence of oxytocin. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:326-333. [PMID: 33326562 PMCID: PMC7943366 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, especially adolescents and young adults interact frequently via social media and digital communication. Mimicking an online communication platform where participants could initiate short conversations with two computerized interlocutors, the Verbal Interaction Social Threat Task (VISTTA) was used to induce feelings of social rejection. Motivational and physiological reactions were investigated in 43 healthy young women undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), of which 22 received 24 international units (IU) intranasal oxytocin and 21 received placebo. Replicating previous findings, social rejection entailed a lower willingness to cooperate with the two peers. Increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula/inferior frontal gyrus was observed when receiving negative feedback from others, and in the precuneus when subsequently rating one's willingness to cooperate with them in the future. Oxytocin did not seem to alter responses to social rejection. The current findings provide validation of the VISTTA for examining consequences of rejection in a virtual social interaction that bears a strong resemblance to online communication platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Radke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) – BRAIN Institute I: Brain Structure-Function Relationships: Decoding the Human Brain at Systemic Levels, Research Center Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jankowiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) – Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Sanne Tops
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ted Abel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) – BRAIN Institute I: Brain Structure-Function Relationships: Decoding the Human Brain at Systemic Levels, Research Center Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Casaril AM, Vichaya EG, Rishi MR, Ford BG, Dantzer R. Lipopolysaccharide does not alter behavioral response to successive negative contrast in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:691-697. [PMID: 33410982 PMCID: PMC8075575 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced motivation is one of the main symptomatic features of inflammation-induced depression. However, the exact nature of inflammation-induced alterations in motivation remains to be fully defined. As inflammation has been shown to increase sensitivity to negative stimuli, the present series of experiments was initiated to determine whether systemic inflammation induced by infra-septic doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice influences consummatory and instrumental responding to successive negative contrast. METHODS Successive negative contrast was operationally defined by a shift to a lower value reward than the one mice were trained with. Mice were trained to drink a high sucrose concentration solution and exposed to an acute shift to a lower concentration of sucrose. In another series of experiments, mice were trained to nose poke for chocolate pellets according to a fixed reinforcement schedule 10 (10 nose pokes for the food reinforcement) and exposed to a shift to a lower reward value (decreased number of chocolate pellets or replacement of chocolate pellets by less preferred grain pellets). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered at the dose of 0.33 1 mg/kg 24 h before the shift. RESULTS Mice trained to drink a high sucrose concentration responded to the shift in reward value by a reduction in the volume of sucrose consumed and a decrease in lick numbers and bout durations. Mice trained to nose poke for chocolate pellets responded to the shift by alterations in their total number of nose pokes. In both conditions, LPS had no consistent effect on the response to the shift in reward value. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a high variability in the effects of LPS on successive negative contrast and fail to provide evidence in favor of the hypothesis that LPS increases sensitivity to decreases in expected rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Casaril
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth G Vichaya
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - M Raafay Rishi
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bianca G Ford
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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20
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Kaertner LS, Steinborn MB, Kettner H, Spriggs MJ, Roseman L, Buchborn T, Balaet M, Timmermann C, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL. Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1941. [PMID: 33479342 PMCID: PMC7820236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychedelic microdosing describes the ingestion of near-threshold perceptible doses of classic psychedelic substances. Anecdotal reports and observational studies suggest that microdosing may promote positive mood and well-being, but recent placebo-controlled studies failed to find compelling evidence for this. The present study collected web-based mental health and related data using a prospective (before, during and after) design. Individuals planning a weekly microdosing regimen completed surveys at strategic timepoints, spanning a core four-week test period. Eighty-one participants completed the primary study endpoint. Results revealed increased self-reported psychological well-being, emotional stability and reductions in state anxiety and depressive symptoms at the four-week primary endpoint, plus increases in psychological resilience, social connectedness, agreeableness, nature relatedness and aspects of psychological flexibility. However, positive expectancy scores at baseline predicted subsequent improvements in well-being, suggestive of a significant placebo response. This study highlights a role for positive expectancy in predicting positive outcomes following psychedelic microdosing and cautions against zealous inferences on its putative therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Kaertner
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - M B Steinborn
- Departmant of Psychology, Julius-Maximilans-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Kettner
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M J Spriggs
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L Roseman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T Buchborn
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Balaet
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Timmermann
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R L Carhart-Harris
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Han C, Watkins CD, Nan Y, Ou J, Lei X, Li X, Wu Y. Exogenous testosterone decreases men's sensitivity to vocal cues of male dominance. Horm Behav 2021; 127:104871. [PMID: 33058835 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Assessing dominance is important for effective social interactions, and prior research suggests that testosterone is associated with men's dominance perceptions. The present study tested for a causal effect of exogenous testosterone on men's sensitivity to vocal cues of other men's dominance, an important parameter in male-male competition across species. One hundred and thirty-nine Chinese men received a single dose (150 mg) of testosterone or placebo gel in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-participant design. Participants reported their own dominance and judged other men's dominance from voices. Men's dominance sensitivity was significantly weaker in the testosterone group compared to those in the placebo group. Moreover, men's dominance sensitivity was negatively associated with their self-reported dominance in our Chinese sample, consistent with findings from Western populations. These results indicate that exogenous testosterone has a causal effect in decreasing men's dominance sensitivity, consistent with the Challenge Hypothesis, suggesting that the fluctuation of testosterone concentration mediates individuals' behaviors. Additionally, the present study could motivate further work on vocal assessment in the context of competition in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Han
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Christopher D Watkins
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Nan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxin Ou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue Lei
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Huijgens PT, Snoeren EMS, Meisel RL, Mermelstein PG. Effects of gonadectomy and dihydrotestosterone on neuronal plasticity in motivation and reward related brain regions in the male rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12918. [PMID: 33340384 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal hormones affect neuronal morphology to ultimately regulate behaviour. In female rats, oestradiol mediates spine plasticity in hypothalamic and limbic brain structures, contributing to long-lasting effects on motivated behaviour. Parallel effects of androgens in male rats have not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the effect of both castration and androgen replacement on spine plasticity in the nucleus accumbens shell and core (NAcSh and NAcC), caudate putamen (CPu), medial amygdala (MeA) and medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Intact and castrated (gonadectomy [GDX]) male rats were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 1.5 mg) or vehicle (oil) in three experimental groups: intact-oil, GDX-oil and GDX-DHT. Spine density and morphology, measured 24 hours after injection, were determined through three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal z-stacks of DiI-labelled dendritic segments. We found that GDX decreased spine density in the MPN, which was rescued by DHT treatment. DHT also increased spine density in the MeA in GDX animals compared to intact oil-treated animals. By contrast, DHT decreased spine density in the NAcSh compared to GDX males. No effect on spine density was observed in the NAcC or CPu. Spine length and spine head diameter were unaffected by GDX and DHT in the investigated brain regions. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed that DHT treatment of GDX animals rapidly increased the number of cell bodies in the NAcSh positive for phosphorylated cAMP response-element binding protein, a downstream messenger of the androgen receptor. These findings indicate that androgen signalling plays a role in the regulation of spine plasticity within neurocircuits involved in motivated behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty T Huijgens
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eelke M S Snoeren
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Robert L Meisel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul G Mermelstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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23
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Abstract
Dopamine signaling mediates the formation of some types of social relationships, including reproductive pair bonds in the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). In addition to these pair bonds with mates, prairie voles demonstrate selective preferences for familiar same-sex peers. The dependence of peer relationships on dopamine signaling has not been tested, and the mechanisms supporting these relationships may differ from those underlying pair bonds. We examined the effects of pharmacological manipulations of dopamine signaling on peer partner preference and socially conditioned place preference in female prairie voles. Haloperidol blockade of dopamine receptors at multiple doses did not alter selective preferences for familiar same-sex partners, suggesting that dopamine neurotransmission is not necessary for the formation of prairie vole peer relationships, unlike mate relationships. Dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine facilitated peer partner preferences under conditions normally insufficient for partner preference formation; however, in the absence of effects from blockade, it is difficult to distinguish between a role for dopamine in partner preference formation and the generally rewarding properties of a dopamine agonist. Prairie voles exhibited socially conditioned place preferences for new but not long-term same-sex peers, and these preferences were not blocked by haloperidol. These results suggest that prairie vole peer relationships are less dependent on dopamine signaling than pair bonds, while still being rewarding. The data support distinct roles of dopamine and motivation in prairie vole peer relationships relative to mate relationships, suggesting that reproductive bonds are mediated differently from non-reproductive ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Lee
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
| | - Annaliese K Beery
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America; Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Department of Biology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, United States of America; Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America.
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24
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Reguilón MD, Ferrer-Pérez C, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Oxytocin reverses ethanol consumption and neuroinflammation induced by social defeat in male mice. Horm Behav 2021; 127:104875. [PMID: 33069753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) modulates social interactions, attenuates stressful responses and can decrease drug-seeking and taking behaviors. In previous studies, we observed that social defeat (SD) induced a long-lasting increase in ethanol intake and neuroinflammation in male mice. We also know that OXT blocks the increase in cocaine reward induced by SD. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of 1 mg/kg of OXT administered 30 min before each episode of SD on ethanol consumption and the neuroinflammatory response in adult male mice. Three weeks after the last SD, mice underwent oral ethanol self-administration (SA) procedure, and striatal levels of the two chemokines CX3CL1 and CXCL12 were measured after the last SD and at the end of the ethanol SA. OXT administration blocked the increase in voluntary ethanol consumption observed in defeated mice, although it did not affect motivation for ethanol. An increase in the striatal levels of CX3CL1 and CXCL12 was observed in defeated animals immediately after the last defeat and after the ethanol SA. However, defeated mice treated with OXT did not show this increase in the neuroinflammatory response. In conclusion, OXT treatment can be a powerful therapeutic target to reduce the negative effects of social stress on ethanol consumption and the neuroinflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Reguilón
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - C Ferrer-Pérez
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Tarragon E, Calleja-Conde J, Giné E, Segovia-Rodríguez L, Durán-González P, Echeverry-Alzate V. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: what about taurine? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1-8. [PMID: 33175215 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since energy drinks (EDs) were marketed to the general public as recreational and soft drinks, mixing these with alcohol has become a popular practice, especially in the younger population. Alcohol mixed with EDs (AmEDs) is a particularly alarming combination, given the evidence that consistently associate these drinks with increased risk behaviours and greater alcohol consumption. Caffeine and taurine are commonly found in EDs. In contrast to caffeine, the studies on taurine psychoactive properties and how this amino acid influences ethanol intake alone or in combination with caffeine are not so numerous. OBJECTIVES We summarised relevant and available data on the studies focusing on taurine as a psychoactive agent and its influence on ethanol (EtOH)-induced behaviours. Given the increased risk that represents mixing alcohol with energy drinks, we put emphasis on the research exploring the impact of these combinations on motivated behaviour towards EtOH consumption. RESULTS The research on taurine properties on motivated behaviour towards EtOH consumption is limited, and mostly all done in combination with caffeine or other molecules. This makes it difficult to elucidate the effect of this amino acid when combined with alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Incomplete understanding of the properties and effects of AmEDs is unavoidable until more studies are performed on the influence of taurine on motivation to consume alcohol. Taurine should be further explored, particularly in regard to its potential beneficial applications, motivational properties and synergies with other psychoactive ingredients (i.e. caffeine).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tarragon
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Faculty of Health Sciences, Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - J Calleja-Conde
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Segovia-Rodríguez
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Durán-González
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Echeverry-Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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26
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Melkonyan A, Liu L, Brown EC, Meyer W, Madipakkam AR, Ringelmann L, Lange F, Schmid SM, Münte TF, Park SQ. Unchanged food approach-avoidance behaviour of healthy men after oxytocin administration. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12923. [PMID: 33314397 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The oxytocinergic system has been assumed to contribute to food intake, possibly via interactions with dopamine. However, so far, it is unknown whether oxytocin influences the underlying motivational behaviour towards food. In the present study, we used a food-based approach-avoidance task (AAT) in a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design to compare intranasal oxytocin with a placebo. In the AAT, participants pushed or pulled a joystick when images of foods with a high or low craving rating were presented, where differences in response times typically reflect approach and avoidance motivational biases towards positively and negatively valence stimuli, respectively. Thirty-three healthy male participants (age = 25.12 ± 3.51 years; body mass index = 24.25 ± 2.48 kg/m2 ) completed the two-session study, one with placebo and the other with oxytocin. We used mixed-effects models to investigate effects of treatment (oxytocin, placebo), response type (approach, avoid) and stimulus (high, low craving). The results showed that both approach and avoid responses tended to be faster for foods higher in craving compared to foods lower in craving. Most importantly, we did not observe any significant effects of oxytocin compared to placebo in motivational behaviour towards food. Our study demonstrates a general response bias towards foods with different craving values, which could have implications for future studies investigating food-related behaviour. We discuss possible explanations for the null effects of oxytocin and suggest further investigation of the relationship between oxytocin, dopamine and food-reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Melkonyan
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elliot C Brown
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Willi Meyer
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Lina Ringelmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franziska Lange
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Soyoung Q Park
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Liu CM, Hsu TM, Suarez AN, Subramanian KS, Fatemi RA, Cortella AM, Noble EE, Roitman MF, Kanoski SE. Central oxytocin signaling inhibits food reward-motivated behaviors and VTA dopamine responses to food-predictive cues in male rats. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104855. [PMID: 32991888 PMCID: PMC7757852 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin potently reduces food intake and is a potential target system for obesity treatment. A better understanding of the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms mediating oxytocin's anorexigenic effects may guide more effective obesity pharmacotherapy development. The present study examined the effects of central (lateral intracerebroventricular [ICV]) administration of oxytocin in rats on motivated responding for palatable food. Various conditioning procedures were employed to measure distinct appetitive behavioral domains, including food seeking in the absence of consumption (conditioned place preference expression), impulsive responding for food (differential reinforcement of low rates of responding), effort-based appetitive decision making (high-effort palatable vs. low-effort bland food), and sucrose reward value encoding following a motivational shift (incentive learning). Results reveal that ICV oxytocin potently reduces food-seeking behavior, impulsivity, and effort-based palatable food choice, yet does not influence encoding of sucrose reward value in the incentive learning task. To investigate a potential neurobiological mechanism mediating these behavioral outcomes, we utilized in vivo fiber photometry in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons to examine oxytocin's effect on phasic dopamine neuron responses to sucrose-predictive Pavlovian cues. Results reveal that ICV oxytocin significantly reduced food cue-evoked dopamine neuron activity. Collectively, these data reveal that central oxytocin signaling inhibits various obesity-relevant conditioned appetitive behaviors, potentially via reductions in food cue-driven phasic dopamine neural responses in the VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Ted M Hsu
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60607-7137, United States
| | - Andrea N Suarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Keshav S Subramanian
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Ryan A Fatemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Alyssa M Cortella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 129 Barrow Hall, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60607-7137, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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28
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Chang WC, Westbrook A, Strauss GP, Chu AOK, Chong CSY, Siu CMW, Chan SKW, Lee EHM, Hui CLM, Suen YM, Lo TL, Chen EYH. Abnormal cognitive effort allocation and its association with amotivation in first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2599-2609. [PMID: 31576787 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal effort-based decision-making represents a potential mechanism underlying motivational deficits (amotivation) in psychotic disorders. Previous research identified effort allocation impairment in chronic schizophrenia and focused mostly on physical effort modality. No study has investigated cognitive effort allocation in first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHOD Cognitive effort allocation was examined in 40 FEP patients and 44 demographically-matched healthy controls, using Cognitive Effort-Discounting (COGED) paradigm which quantified participants' willingness to expend cognitive effort in terms of explicit, continuous discounting of monetary rewards based on parametrically-varied cognitive demands (levels N of N-back task). Relationship between reward-discounting and amotivation was investigated. Group differences in reward-magnitude and effort-cost sensitivity, and differential associations of these sensitivity indices with amotivation were explored. RESULTS Patients displayed significantly greater reward-discounting than controls. In particular, such discounting was most pronounced in patients with high levels of amotivation even when N-back performance and reward base amount were taken into consideration. Moreover, patients exhibited reduced reward-benefit sensitivity and effort-cost sensitivity relative to controls, and that decreased sensitivity to reward-benefit but not effort-cost was correlated with diminished motivation. Reward-discounting and sensitivity indices were generally unrelated to other symptom dimensions, antipsychotic dose and cognitive deficits. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of cognitive effort-based decision-making impairment in FEP, and indicates that decreased effort expenditure is associated with amotivation. Our findings further suggest that abnormal effort allocation and amotivation might primarily be related to blunted reward valuation. Prospective research is required to clarify the utility of effort-based measures in predicting amotivation and functional outcome in FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - A Westbrook
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI02906, USA
| | - G P Strauss
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA
| | - A O K Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - C S Y Chong
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - C M W Siu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - S K W Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - E H M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - C L M Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Y M Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - T L Lo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - E Y H Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Abstract
As an integral ingredient of human sociality, dishonesty can be both egocentric and altruistic, as well as gradually escalate. Here, we examined the influence of arginine vasopressin (AVP), a neuropeptide associated with human prosocial behaviors, on dishonest behaviors in men and women. In this double-blind and placebo-controlled study, 101 participants were randomized to administration of either 20 IU intranasal AVP or placebo. We used a two-party task to manipulate the incentive structure of dishonesty in the way of self-/other-serving repeatedly. For lies that benefit both themselves and others, women receiving intranasal AVP lied more than women receiving intranasal placebo and men receiving intranasal AVP. The dishonest behavior of women treated with AVP gradually escalated with repetition over time. These results suggest that AVP selectively regulates the escalation of dishonesty in women, contingent on the motivation of dishonesty. Our findings provide insight into gender-specific modulations of AVP on human dishonest behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China.
| | - Lili Qin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China; Great Bay Neuroscience and Technology Research Institute (Hong Kong), Kwun Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Wang ZY, Guo LK, Han X, Song R, Dong GM, Ma CM, Wu N, Li J. Naltrexone attenuates methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:112971. [PMID: 33075396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine addiction causes serious public health problems worldwide. However, there is no effective medication licensed for methamphetamine addiction. The endogenous opioid system is considered to be a common substrate in drug addiction due to its regulation of dopamine release. In recent clinical trials, (-)-naltrexone, an opioid receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, has exhibited encouraging findings for treating methamphetamine addiction; however, the understanding of its pharmacological mechanisms remains insufficient. By using mice models of behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP), the present study was performed to investigate the effects of naltrexone on the methamphetamine-associated properties of incentive salience and reward-related memory, the two crucial factors for the development of addictive process and relapse. We found that naltrexone reduced single methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice. In the paradigm of methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization paired with contextual cues in mice, naltrexone suppressed the development and expression of locomotor sensitization, suggesting the decrease in incentive salience to methamphetamine and context. In the methamphetamine-induced CPP paradigm in mice, naltrexone attenuated both the expression and methamphetamine-priming reinstatement of CPP response, suggesting the impairment of either contextual cue- or drug-induced retrieval of methamphetamine-associated memory. After the establishment of methamphetamine-induced CPP in mice, naltrexone treatment during the extinction training produced conditioned place adverse response, suggesting that naltrexone facilitated negative affection-associated extinction learning. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that naltrexone could intervene in the properties of incentive salience and reward-related memory in methamphetamine addiction, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects on methamphetamine addicts in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liang-Kun Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guo-Ming Dong
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmacuetial Co., Ltd. No.1 Jinguang North Street, Liangxiang Town Industrial Development Are, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Chun-Ming Ma
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmacuetial Co., Ltd. No.1 Jinguang North Street, Liangxiang Town Industrial Development Are, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
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Shab G, Fultz EK, Page A, Coelho MA, Brewin LW, Stailey N, Brown CN, Bryant CD, Kippin TE, Szumlinski KK. The motivational valence of methamphetamine relates inversely to subsequent methamphetamine self-administration in female C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112959. [PMID: 33053382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underpinning individual variance in addiction vulnerability requires the development of validated, high-throughput screens. In a prior study of a large sample of male isogenic C57BL/6J mice, the direction and magnitude of methamphetamine (MA)-induced place-conditioning predicts the propensity to acquire oral MA self-administration, as well as the efficacy of MA to serve as a reinforcer. The present study examined whether or not such a predictive relationship also exists in females. Adult C57BL/6J females underwent a 4-day MA place-conditioning paradigm (once daily injections of 2 mg/kg) and were then trained to nose-poke for delivery of a 20 mg/L MA solution under increasing schedules of reinforcement, followed by dose-response testing (5-400 mg/L MA). Akin to males, 53 % of the females exhibited a conditioned place-preference, while 32 % of the mice were MA-neutral and 15 % exhibited a conditioned place-aversion. However, unlike males, the place-conditioning phenotype did not transfer to MA-reinforced nose-poking behavior under operant-conditioning procedures, with 400 mg/L MA intake being inversely correlated place-conditioning. While only one MA-conditioning dose has been assayed to date, these data indicate that sex does not significantly shift the proportion of C57BL/6J mice that perceive MA's interoceptive effects as positive, neutral or aversive. However, a sex difference appears to exist regarding the predictive relationship between the motivational valence of MA and subsequent drug-taking behavior; females exhibit MA-taking behavior and reinforcement, despite their initial perception of the stimulant interoceptive effects as positive, neutral or negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Shab
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Elissa K Fultz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Page
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Michal A Coelho
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey W Brewin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Stailey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea N Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tod E Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Negrelli B, Pochapski JA, Villas-Boas CA, Jessen LF, Teixeira MAL, Da Cunha C. Evidence that haloperidol impairs learning and motivation scores in a probabilistic task by reducing the reward expectation. Behav Brain Res 2020; 395:112858. [PMID: 32810468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of midbrain dopamine neurons in response to positive prediction errors and reward predictive cues is proposed to "energize" reward seeking behaviors and approach responses to places where the reward is expected. In the present study, we tested the effect of the D2-dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol on response latencies to enter two arms of a Y-maze with different reward probabilities. Adult male Wistar rats were trained to explore the Y-maze with sucrose pellets placed 30% of times at the end of one arm and 70% of times at the opposite arm. Therefore, the reward expectation was different among arms, and was updated in the trials when the reward was omitted. After training, rats received 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 mg/kg haloperidol, or saline 30 min before the test session. In the last, but not in the first trials, haloperidol caused a dose-dependent increase in arm choice latency and response latency. Saline, but not haloperidol, treated rats presented significantly longer response latencies for the 30% compared to the 70% reward probability arm. Haloperidol also caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of entries in the 70% reward probability arm, increased the number of non-responses, and caused a dose-dependent increase in the number of re-entries in the 30% reward probability arm after non-rewarded trials. Control experiments suggested that haloperidol did not cause motor impairment or satiation, but rather impaired learning and motivation scores by reducing the reward expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadete Negrelli
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) - Departamento de Farmacologia, 81531- 980, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Pochapski
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) - Departamento de Farmacologia, 81531- 980, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Ferreira Jessen
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) - Departamento de Farmacologia, 81531- 980, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Da Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) - Departamento de Farmacologia, 81531- 980, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Lawn W, Hill J, Hindocha C, Yim J, Yamamori Y, Jones G, Walker H, Green SF, Wall MB, Howes OD, Curran HV, Freeman TP, Bloomfield MAP. The acute effects of cannabidiol on the neural correlates of reward anticipation and feedback in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:969-980. [PMID: 32755273 PMCID: PMC7745615 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120944148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol has potential therapeutic benefits for people with psychiatric disorders characterised by reward function impairment. There is existing evidence that cannabidiol may influence some aspects of reward processing. However, it is unknown whether cannabidiol acutely affects brain function underpinning reward anticipation and feedback. HYPOTHESES We predicted that cannabidiol would augment brain activity associated with reward anticipation and feedback. METHODS We administered a single 600 mg oral dose of cannabidiol and matched placebo to 23 healthy participants in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures design. We employed the monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging to assay the neural correlates of reward anticipation and feedback. We conducted whole brain analyses and region-of-interest analyses in pre-specified reward-related brain regions. RESULTS The monetary incentive delay task elicited expected brain activity during reward anticipation and feedback, including in the insula, caudate, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex. However, across the whole brain, we did not find any evidence that cannabidiol altered reward-related brain activity. Moreover, our Bayesian analyses showed that activity in our regions-of-interest was similar following cannabidiol and placebo. Additionally, our behavioural measures of motivation for reward did not show a significant difference between cannabidiol and placebo. DISCUSSION Cannabidiol did not acutely affect the neural correlates of reward anticipation and feedback in healthy participants. Future research should explore the effects of cannabidiol on different components of reward processing, employ different doses and administration regimens, and test its reward-related effects in people with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Hill
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jocelyn Yim
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yumeya Yamamori
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gus Jones
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Walker
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian F Green
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Invicro London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Michael AP Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Tapp DN, Singstock MD, Gottliebson MS, McMurray MS. Central but not peripheral oxytocin administration reduces risk-based decision-making in male rats. Horm Behav 2020; 125:104840. [PMID: 32795469 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hormone oxytocin has long been associated with social behaviors, but recent evidence suggests that it may also affect reward processing in non-social contexts. Decisions are an integral component of many social and reward-based behavioral paradigms. Thus, a broad role for oxytocin in decision-making may explain the wide variety of effects that have been previously observed and resolve controversies in the literature about its role. To determine if oxytocin can selectively modulate decision-making in male rats, we assessed the dose-dependent effects of central (intracerebroventricular) or peripheral (intraperitoneal) administration of oxytocin on probability and delay discounting, two commonly used decision-making tasks that are free of social contexts. Our results showed that central administration of oxytocin dose-dependently reduced preference for risky outcomes in the probability discounting task, but had no impact on delay discounting or reward sensitivity. This effect was blocked by the co-administration of an oxytocin antagonist. Additionally, we found no effect of peripheral oxytocin administration on any task. To identify potential cognitive mechanisms of central oxytocin's effect on decision-making, we determined if central or peripheral oxytocin affects reward sensitivity using an intracranial self-stimulation task, and motivation using a progressive ratio task. These results showed that at the dosage that affects decision-making, central oxytocin had a mild and short-lasting effect on motivation, but no observable effect on reward sensitivity. This pattern of results suggests that oxytocin may selectively reduce risky decisions in male rats, even at dosages that have no major effects on reward processing and motivation. These findings highlight a potentially novel role for oxytocin in non-social cognitive processes and expand our understanding of the mechanism by which oxytocin may regulate social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Tapp
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave., Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Mitchell D Singstock
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave., Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | | | - Matthew S McMurray
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave., Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Baracchi D, Cabirol A, Devaud JM, Haase A, d'Ettorre P, Giurfa M. Pheromone components affect motivation and induce persistent modulation of associative learning and memory in honey bees. Commun Biol 2020; 3:447. [PMID: 32807870 PMCID: PMC7431541 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in insects, pheromones are considered as ubiquitous and stereotyped chemical messengers acting in intraspecific animal communication. Here we studied the effect of pheromones in a different context as we investigated their capacity to induce persistent modulations of associative learning and memory. We used honey bees, Apis mellifera, and combined olfactory conditioning and pheromone preexposure with disruption of neural activity and two-photon imaging of olfactory brain circuits, to characterize the effect of pheromones on olfactory learning and memory. Geraniol, an attractive pheromone component, and 2-heptanone, an aversive pheromone, improved and impaired, respectively, olfactory learning and memory via a durable modulation of appetitive motivation, which left odor processing unaffected. Consistently, interfering with aminergic circuits mediating appetitive motivation rescued or diminished the cognitive effects induced by pheromone components. We thus show that these chemical messengers act as important modulators of motivational processes and influence thereby animal cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baracchi
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, Cedex 09, France.
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Amélie Cabirol
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Piazza Manifattura 1, I-38068, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Devaud
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, Cedex 09, France
| | - Albrecht Haase
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Piazza Manifattura 1, I-38068, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123, Povo, Italy
| | - Patrizia d'Ettorre
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, Cedex 09, France
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, University of Paris 13, F-93430, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, Cedex 09, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Toulouse, France.
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Alegre-Zurano L, Martín-Sánchez A, Valverde O. Behavioural and molecular effects of cannabidiolic acid in mice. Life Sci 2020; 259:118271. [PMID: 32798553 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) is one of the most abundant phytocannabinoid acids in the Cannabis sativa plant. It has been shown that it is able to exert some therapeutic effects such as antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic or antidepressant, although some of them remain under debate. In the present study we aim to assess the potential behavioural effects of CBDA as well as its modulation of neuroinflammatory markers in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). MAIN METHODS The effects of acute and repeated CBDA (0.001-1 mg/kg i.p.) treatments were evaluated on cognitive, emotional, motivational and nociceptive behaviours in male CD1 mice. For this, Y-maze and elevated plus maze paradigms, spontaneous locomotor activity, social interaction, hot-plate, formalin and tail suspension tests were used. We also studied the effects of CBDA on the rewarding responses of cocaine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Finally, PFC was dissected after acute and repeated CBDA treatments to evaluate inflammatory markers. KEY FINDINGS Acute CBDA treatment induced antinociceptive responses in the hot-plate test. A 10-day CBDA treatment reduced despair-like behaviour in the tail suspension test. CBDA did not alter the results of the remaining behavioural tests assayed, including cocaine-induced reward in the CPP. Regarding the biochemical analysis, repeated CBDA treatment diminished the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and increased that of interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein in PFC. SIGNIFICANCE These results show that CBDA has limited in vivo effects on the modulation of mice behaviour, supporting the current skepticism regarding its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Alegre-Zurano
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-Sánchez
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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Shiffman S, Scholl SM, Mao J, Ferguson SG, Hedeker D, Tindle HA. Ecological momentary assessment of temptations and lapses in non-daily smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2353-2365. [PMID: 32399632 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Little is known about relapse among non-daily, intermittent smokers (ITS), who have difficulty quitting, despite a lack of dependence. OBJECTIVES To analyze situations associated with temptations to smoke and smoking lapses among ITS trying to maintain abstinence. METHODS Participants were 130 initially abstinent ITS in the placebo arm of a smoking cessation study. EMA data captured participants' situations and states in temptations (n = 976), including those that eventuated in lapses (n = 147), for up to 6 weeks. Randomly timed assessments assessed background states (n = 11,446). Participants also reported coping performed to prevent lapses. Multilevel analyses compared temptations to background situations, and lapse episodes to resolved temptations. RESULTS Temptations were marked by exposure to smoking cues, including others smoking, lax smoking restrictions, and alcohol consumption, as well as more negative affect. Lapses did not differ from resolved temptations in craving intensity, but were more often associated with smoking cues and availability of cigarettes, alcohol consumption, and worse affect, and were more often attributed to good moods. Both behavioral and cognitive coping responses were associated with avoiding lapsing, but behavioral coping had much larger effects. The effects of affective distress on lapse risk were mediated by its effects on coping. CONCLUSIONS Smoking cues play a major role in ITS' temptations and lapses, perhaps indicating a degree of behavioral dependence. Affective distress also played a role in ITS lapses, undermining the idea that the affective distress seen in daily smokers' lapses is due to nicotine withdrawal. The data reinforce the important role of coping in preventing lapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Shiffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Ave, Suite 510, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Sarah M Scholl
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Ave, Suite 510, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jason Mao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- College of Health & Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Griesius S, Mellor JR, Robinson ES. Comparison of acute treatment with delayed-onset versus rapid-acting antidepressants on effort-related choice behaviour. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2381-2394. [PMID: 32435818 PMCID: PMC7351874 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reward-related impairments are common in major depressive disorder (MDD) and may contribute to the loss of interest in pleasurable activities. A novel approach to studying reward-related decision-making are effort-based tasks; however, direct comparisons between delayed-onset and rapid-acting antidepressants (ADs) have not yet been carried out. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of conventional delayed-onset ADs versus rapid-acting ADs, ketamine and scopolamine, on effort-related choice behaviour. METHODS Female Lister hooded rats were trained in an operant effort for reward task (EfRT) where animals choose between working for a high value-high effort reward and consuming low value-low effort chow. Using a within-subject study design, animals were then tested following acute treatment with different monoaminergic ADs, and the rapid-acting ADs ketamine or scopolamine. RESULTS Consistent with previous findings, we found choice behaviour was sensitive to dopaminergic manipulations. We observed that pre-feeding altered choice behaviour and that the use of high or low value reward differentially affected behaviour. Monoamine re-uptake inhibitors and rapid-acting ADs resulted in similar, general patterns of reduced motivation without any evidence for specific effects, and we did not observe any clear differences between these classes of antidepressant. CONCLUSIONS Motivational changes induced by dopaminergic manipulations and pre-feeding differentially affect effort choice behaviour. However, both conventional delayed-onset ADs and ketamine and scopolamine appear to have detrimental effects on motivation in this task at the higher doses tested without any evidence of specificity for effort-related choice behaviour, in contrast to their specificity in tasks which look at more cognitive aspects of reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Griesius
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Jack R Mellor
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Emma Sj Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Powell GL, Namba MD, Vannan A, Bonadonna JP, Carlson A, Mendoza R, Chen PJ, Luetdke RR, Blass BE, Neisewander JL. The Long-Acting D3 Partial Agonist MC-25-41 Attenuates Motivation for Cocaine in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071076. [PMID: 32708461 PMCID: PMC7408535 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor is a prime target for developing treatments for cocaine use disorders (CUDs). In this study, we conducted a pre-clinical investigation of the therapeutic potential of a long-acting, D3 receptor partial agonist, MC-25-41. Male rats were pre-treated with MC-25-41 (vehicle, 1.0, 3.0, 5.6, or 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)) five minutes prior to tests of cocaine or sucrose intake on either a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement or a variable interval 60 s multiple schedule consisting of 4, 15-min components with sucrose or cocaine available in alternating components. A separate cohort of rats was tested on a within-session, dose-reduction procedure to determine the effects of MC-25-41 on demand for cocaine using a behavioral economics analysis. Finally, rats were tested for effects of MC-25-41 on spontaneous and cocaine-induced locomotion. MC-25-41 failed to alter locomotion, but reduced reinforcement rates for both cocaine and sucrose on the low-effort, multiple schedule. However, on the higher-effort, progressive ratio schedule of cocaine reinforcement, MC-25-41 reduced infusions, and active lever presses at doses that did not alter sucrose intake. The behavioral economics analysis showed that MC-25-41 also increased cocaine demand elasticity compared to vehicle, indicating a reduction in consumption as price increases. Together, these results suggest that similar to other D3-selective antagonists and partial agonists, MC-25-41 reduces motivation for cocaine under conditions of high cost but has the added advantage of a long half-life (>10 h). These findings suggest that MC-25-41 may be a suitable pre-clinical lead compound for development of medications to treat CUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Powell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Mark D. Namba
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Annika Vannan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - John Paul Bonadonna
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrew Carlson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Rachel Mendoza
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.-J.C.); (B.E.B.)
| | - Robert R. Luetdke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Benjamin E. Blass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.-J.C.); (B.E.B.)
| | - Janet L. Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Dieterich A, Stech K, Srivastava P, Lee J, Sharif A, Samuels BA. Chronic corticosterone shifts effort-related choice behavior in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2103-2110. [PMID: 32303779 PMCID: PMC7308188 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Effort-related choice tasks are used to study aspects of motivation in both rodents and humans (Der-Avakian and Pizzagalli Biol Psychiatry 83(11):932-939, 2018). Various dopaminergic manipulations and antidepressant treatments can shift responding to these tasks (Randall et al. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 18(2), 2014; Yohn et al. Psychopharmacology 232(7):1313-1323, 2015). However, while chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders in humans, there is relatively little known about whether chronic stress elicits maladaptive behaviors in rodent effort-related choice tasks. OBJECTIVES Chronic corticosterone (CORT) elicits an increase in negative maladaptive behaviors in male mice (David et al. Neuron 62(4):479-493, 2009; Gourley et al. Biol Psychiatry 64(10):884-890, 2008; Olausson et al. Psychopharmacology 225(3):569-577, 2013). We hypothesized that chronic CORT administration to male mice would reduce motivation for a higher effort, higher reward option, and shift responding to a less effortful, but a lesser reward. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6J mice were administered either vehicle (n = 10) or CORT (n = 10) (~ 9.5 mg/kg/day) in their drinking water for 4 weeks, and then throughout all behavioral experiments (15 weeks total), and were tested in a Y-Maze barrier task and a fixed ratio concurrent (FR/chow) choice task. RESULTS Chronic CORT reduced Y-maze HR arm choice when more effort was required to obtain the 4 food pellets (15-cm barrier in the high-reward (HR) arm, p < 0.001; 20-cm barrier in HR arm, p < 0.001) and shifted choice to the low reward (LR) arm where only 2 pellets were available. Chronic CORT also reduced lever pressing for food pellets in FR30/chow sessions of the concurrent choice task (p = 0.009), without impacting lab chow consumed. CONCLUSIONS Chronic stress induces maladaptive shifts in effort-related choice behavior in the Y-maze barrier task in male mice. Furthermore, males subjected to chronic CORT administration show reduced lever pressing in FR30/chow sessions where lab chow is concurrently available. These data demonstrate that chronic corticosterone reduces motivation to work for and obtain a highly rewarding reinforcer when a lesser reinforcer is concurrently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dieterich
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Karina Stech
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Prachi Srivastava
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jay Lee
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Aitesam Sharif
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Benjamin Adam Samuels
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Boolani A, Fuller DT, Mondal S, Wilkinson T, Darie CC, Gumpricht E. Caffeine-Containing, Adaptogenic-Rich Drink Modulates the Effects of Caffeine on Mental Performance and Cognitive Parameters: A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1922. [PMID: 32610481 PMCID: PMC7399841 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, within-participants, randomized, cross-over design, we examined the neurocognitive effects of a: (a) caffeine-containing, adaptogenic herbal-rich natural energy shot (e+ shot), (b) a matched caffeine-containing shot (caffeine), and, (c) a placebo. Participants (n = 30) were low consumers of caffeine without elevated feelings of energy. Before and three times after beverage consumption, a 27-min battery was used to assess motivation to perform cognitive tasks, mood, attention ((serial subtractions of 3 (SS3) and 7 (SS7), the continuous performance task (CPT), and the rapid visual input processing tasks)), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and motor coordination (nine-hole peg test) with a 10-min break between each post-consumption battery. The procedure was repeated for each beverage for each participant at least 48 h apart and within 30 min the same time of day using a random group assignment with blinding of researchers and subjects. To evaluate for changes in outcomes, a Treatment × Time analysis of covariance controlling for hours of prior night's sleep was used. Analysis of all outcomes and all treatment comparisons indicated that compared to placebo, both e+ shot ( Δ ¯ = 2.60; η2 = 0.098) and caffeine ( Δ ¯ = 5.30, η2 = 0.098) increased systolic BP 30 min post consumption (still within normal healthy ranges). The caffeine beverage also led to an improvement in most cognitive measures and moods 30-min post-consumption with improvements tapering at 69 and 108 min, while e+ shot noted more steady improvements with no significant differences between beverages on most cognitive and mood measures at 69 and 108 min. However, compared to caffeine, e+ shot noted a significant increase in reaction time at 108 min, while caffeine noted a small change in the opposite direction. No side-effects were reported by any intervention. These results suggest that the specific blend of adaptogens in e+ shot may modulate the neurocognitive effects of caffeine on mood, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Boolani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Daniel T. Fuller
- Department of Mathematics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (D.T.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Sumona Mondal
- Department of Mathematics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (D.T.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Tyler Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (T.W.); (C.C.D.)
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (T.W.); (C.C.D.)
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Balice-Gordon R, Honey GD, Chatham C, Arce E, Duvvuri S, Naylor MG, Liu W, Xie Z, DeMartinis N, Harel BT, Braley GH, Kozak R, Park L, Gray DL. A Neurofunctional Domains Approach to Evaluate D1/D5 Dopamine Receptor Partial Agonism on Cognition and Motivation in Healthy Volunteers With Low Working Memory Capacity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:287-299. [PMID: 32055822 PMCID: PMC7251631 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine D1 receptor signaling plays key roles in core domains of neural function, including cognition and reward processing; however, many questions remain about the functions of circuits modulated by dopamine D1 receptor, largely because clinically viable, selective agonists have yet to be tested in humans. METHODS Using a novel, exploratory neurofunctional domains study design, we assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of PF-06412562, a selective D1/D5R partial agonist, in healthy male volunteers who met prespecified criteria for low working memory capacity. Functional magnetic resonance imaging, electrophysiologic endpoints, and behavioral paradigms were used to assess working memory, executive function, and motivation/reward processing following multiple-dose administration of PF-06412562. A total of 77 patients were assigned PF-06412562 (3 mg twice daily and 15 mg twice daily) or placebo administered for 5 to 7 days. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, it was neither powered for any specific treatment effect nor corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Nominally significant improvements from baseline in cognitive endpoints were observed in all 3 groups; however, improvements in PF-06412562-treated patients were less than in placebo-treated participants. Motivation/reward processing endpoints were variable. PF-06412562 was safe and well tolerated, with no serious adverse events, severe adverse events, or adverse events leading to dose reduction or temporary discontinuation except for 1 permanent discontinuation due to increased orthostatic heart rate. CONCLUSIONS PF-06412562, in the dose range and patient population explored in this study, did not improve cognitive function or motivation/reward processing more than placebo over the 5- to 7-day treatment period. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER NCT02306876.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garry D Honey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Estibaliz Arce
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Wenlei Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Brian T Harel
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Rouba Kozak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lovingly Park
- California Clinical Trials Medical Group/PAREXEL International, Glendale, CA
| | - David L Gray
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
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Lea T, Amada N, Jungaberle H, Schecke H, Scherbaum N, Klein M. Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1521-1532. [PMID: 32043165 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The regular consumption of very small doses of psychedelic drugs (known as microdosing) has been a source of growing media and community attention in recent years. However, there is currently limited clinical and social research evidence on the potential role of microdosing as therapies for mental and substance use disorders. OBJECTIVES This paper examined subjective experiences of microdosing psychedelics to improve mental health or to cease or reduce substance use, and examined sociodemographic and other covariates of perceived improvements in mental health that individuals attributed to microdosing. METHODS An international online survey was conducted in 2018 and examined people's experiences of using psychedelics for self-reported therapeutic or enhancement purposes. This paper focuses on 1102 respondents who reported current or past experience of psychedelic microdosing. RESULTS Twenty-one percent of respondents reported primarily microdosing as a therapy for depression, 7% for anxiety, 9% for other mental disorders and 2% for substance use cessation or reduction. Forty-four percent of respondents perceived that their mental health was "much better" as a consequence of microdosing. In a multivariate analysis, perceived improvements in mental health from microdosing were associated with a range of variables including gender, education, microdosing duration and motivations, and recent use of larger psychedelic doses. CONCLUSIONS Given the promising findings of clinical trials of standard psychedelic doses as mental health therapies, clinical microdosing research is needed to determine its potential role in psychiatric treatment, and ongoing social research to better understand the use of microdosing as self-managed mental health and substance use therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Lea
- German Institute for Addiction and Prevention Research, Catholic University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany.
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.
| | | | | | - Henrike Schecke
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Klein
- German Institute for Addiction and Prevention Research, Catholic University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany
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Zhao X, Castelli FR, Wang R, Auger AP, Marler CA. Testosterone-related behavioral and neural mechanisms associated with location preferences: A model for territorial establishment. Horm Behav 2020; 121:104709. [PMID: 32007517 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Territoriality is an adaptive behavioral trait that is important for animal's fitness and there still remains much to learn about the proximate mechanisms underlying the development of territoriality. We speculate that the formation of a conditioned place preference (CPP), an increased time allocation to the environment where a rewarding experience occurred, contributes to territoriality. Testosterone (T) plays an important role in modulating territorial behaviors and T pulses can induce a CPP. We confirmed previous findings in California mice (Peromyscus californicus) that T pulses can induce a CPP in singly-housed, but not group-housed males. Housing singly may be similar enough to dispersal in nature to initiate similar hormonal and neuroanatomical changes needed for the development of territoriality. We further revealed that T pulses interact with the single housing experience and appear to enhance the motivation to be aggressive towards a stimulus male. On a neural level, being singly housed upregulated levels of androgen receptors in the preoptic area, which positively correlated with the strength of the CPP. We speculate that this change in androgen sensitivity in the preoptic area is characteristic of males that have dispersed, making them more sensitive to T pulses. Also, single housing increased markers of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens, ventral and dorsal hippocampus, neural changes that may be associated with dispersal, reproduction and territory establishment. These behavioral and neural changes may reflect the life history transition from residing in the natal territory to dispersing and establishing a new territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Frank R Castelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anthony P Auger
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Catherine A Marler
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Krentzel AA, Proaño S, Patisaul HB, Meitzen J. Temporal and bidirectional influences of estradiol on voluntary wheel running in adult female and male rats. Horm Behav 2020; 120:104694. [PMID: 31978389 PMCID: PMC7117976 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sex steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (estradiol) regulates animal behavior as both a non-rapid hormone signal and as a rapid-acting neuromodulator. By practical necessity, estradiol's divergent temporal actions on rodent behavior are typically studied singularly and in one sex. We hypothesized that estradiol simultaneously acts through both temporal mechanisms to sex-specifically modulate a single behavior; and furthermore, that estradiol action in one temporal domain may regulate action in another. To test this hypothesis, we utilized one of the most robust rat behaviors exhibiting sex differences and estradiol-responsiveness, voluntary wheel running. Adult female and male rats were gonadectomized and exposed to daily repeated estradiol benzoate (EB) injections. Estradiol-sensitive running behavior was continually assessed in both the rapid and non-rapid temporal domains. We found that in female rats, estradiol rapidly decreased voluntary wheel running, but only after prior daily EB injections, supporting the hypothesis that non-rapid estradiol action influences rapid estradiol actions. Males exhibited a similar but less robust response, demonstrating sex-responsiveness. This rapid estradiol-induced decrease in running contrasted to non-rapid estradiol action which overall increased running in both sexes, revealing a bidirectional nature of estradiol's temporal influence. Non-rapid estradiol action also demonstrated sex-responsiveness, as a higher dose of EB was required to induce increased running in males compared to females. These findings indicate that estradiol rapidly, non-rapidly, and bidirectionally modulates wheel running in a sex-responsive manner, and that rapid estradiol action is modulated by non-rapid estradiol action. Overall, these data illustrate estradiol as a pleiotropic sex-responsive neuromodulator of a single behavior across temporal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Krentzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America; W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.
| | - Stephanie Proaño
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America; W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America; W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - John Meitzen
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America; W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Baumgartner HM, Cole SL, Olney JJ, Berridge KC. Desire or Dread from Nucleus Accumbens Inhibitions: Reversed by Same-Site Optogenetic Excitations. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2737-2752. [PMID: 32075899 PMCID: PMC7096140 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2902-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microinjections of a glutamate AMPA antagonist (DNQX) in medial shell of nucleus accumbens (NAc) can cause either intense appetitive motivation (i.e., 'desire') or intense defensive motivation (i.e., 'dread'), depending on site along a flexible rostrocaudal gradient and on environmental ambience. DNQX, by blocking excitatory AMPA glutamate inputs, is hypothesized to produce relative inhibitions of NAc neurons. However, given potential alternative explanations, it is not known whether neuronal inhibition is in fact necessary for NAc DNQX microinjections to generate motivations. Here we provide a direct test of whether local neuronal inhibition in NAc is necessary for DNQX microinjections to produce either desire or dread. We used optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) excitations at the same local sites in NAc as DNQX microinjections to oppose relative neuronal inhibitions induced by DNQX in female and male rats. We found that same-site ChR2 excitation effectively reversed the ability of NAc DNQX microinjections to generate appetitive motivation, and similarly reversed ability of DNQX microinjections to generate defensive motivation. Same-site NAc optogenetic excitations also attenuated recruitment of Fos expression in other limbic structures throughout the brain, which was otherwise elevated by NAc DNQX microinjections that generated motivation. However, to successfully reverse motivation generation, an optic fiber tip for ChR2 illumination needed to be located within <1 mm of the corresponding DNQX microinjector tip; that is, both truly at the same NAc site. Thus, we confirm that localized NAc neuronal inhibition is required for AMPA-blocking microinjections in medial shell to induce either positively-valenced 'desire' or negatively-valenced 'dread'.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A major hypothesis posits neuronal inhibitions in nucleus accumbens generate intense motivation. Microinjections in nucleus accumbens of glutamate antagonist, DNQX, which might suppress local neuronal firing, generate either appetitive or defensive motivation, depending on site and environmental factors. Is neuronal inhibition in nucleus accumbens required for such pharmacologically-induced motivations? Here we demonstrate that neuronal inhibition is necessary to generate appetitive or defensive motivations, using local optogenetic excitations to oppose putative DNQX-induced inhibitions. We show that excitation at the same site prevents DNQX microinjections from recruiting downstream limbic structures into neurobiological activation, and simultaneously prevents generation of either appetitive or defensive motivated behaviors. These results may be relevant to roles of nucleus accumbens mechanisms in pathological motivations, including addiction and paranoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Baumgartner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Shannon L Cole
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jeffrey J Olney
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
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Mohammadkhani A, James MH, Pantazis CB, Aston-Jones G. Persistent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 on motivation for the fast acting opioid remifentanil. Brain Res 2020; 1731:146461. [PMID: 31526801 PMCID: PMC7069781 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The orexin (hypocretin) system is multifaceted, and regulates sleep-wake cycles, nociception, endocrine function and reward-seeking behavior. We have established an important role for this system in motivation for drugs of abuse. The orexin-1 receptor (Ox1R) antagonist SB334867 (SB) reduces seeking of drug reward under conditions of high motivation. There is some evidence that the effects of systemic SB on reward seeking persist beyond the pharmacological availability of the drug, however the time course of these effects is not well characterized, nor is it known whether similar persistent effects are observed following intraparenchymal injections. Here, we used a behavioral economics paradigm, which allows for repeated testing of drug motivation across consecutive days, to examine the persistent effects of acute systemic and local treatment with SB on motivation for the short-acting μ-opioid receptor agonistremifentanil. Systemic injections of SB immediately prior to behavioral testing reduced motivation for remifentanil; this effect was sustained on a subsequent test at 24 h, but not on a third test at 48 h. When injected into ventral pallidum (VP) the effects of SB were more persistent, with reduced motivation observed for up to 48 h. We next made SB injections into VP 24 h prior to behavioral testing; this produced effects that persisted for at least 72 h post-treatment. Cued reinstatement of extinguished remifentanil seeking was also attenuated by pretreatment with SB 24 h earlier. These data indicate that the effects of SB on opioid seeking behavior persist beyond the bioavailability of the compound. These observations have important ramifications for the future clinical use of orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mohammadkhani
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), PO Box 1954851167, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline B Pantazis
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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Bradley ER, Brustkern J, De Coster L, van den Bos W, McClure SM, Seitz A, Woolley JD. Victory is its own reward: oxytocin increases costly competitive behavior in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2020; 50:674-682. [PMID: 30944045 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant sensitivity to social reward may be an important contributor to abnormal social behavior that is a core feature of schizophrenia. The neuropeptide oxytocin impacts the salience of social information across species, but its effect on social reward in schizophrenia is unknown. METHODS We used a competitive economic game and computational modeling to examine behavioral dynamics and oxytocin effects on sensitivity to social reward among 39 men with schizophrenia and 54 matched healthy controls. In a randomized, double-blind study, participants received one dose of oxytocin (40 IU) or placebo and completed a 35-trial Auction Game that quantifies preferences for monetary v. social reward. We analyzed bidding behavior using multilevel linear mixed models and reinforcement learning models. RESULTS Bidding was motivated by preferences for both monetary and social reward in both groups, but bidding dynamics differed: patients initially overbid less compared to controls, and across trials, controls decreased their bids while patients did not. Oxytocin administration was associated with sustained overbidding across trials, particularly in patients. This drug effect was driven by a stronger preference for winning the auction, regardless of monetary consequences. Learning rate and response variability did not differ between groups or drug condition, suggesting that differences in bidding derive primarily from differences in the subjective value of social rewards. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that schizophrenia is associated with diminished motivation for social reward that may be increased by oxytocin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94110, USA
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lize De Coster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94110, USA
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wouter van den Bos
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel M McClure
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, TempeAZ, USA
| | - Alison Seitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94110, USA
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Woolley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94110, USA
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Losecaat Vermeer AB, Krol I, Gausterer C, Wagner B, Eisenegger C, Lamm C. Exogenous testosterone increases status-seeking motivation in men with unstable low social status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 113:104552. [PMID: 31884320 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is associated with status-seeking behaviors such as competition, which may depend on whether one wins or loses status, but also on the stability of one's status. We examined (1) to what extent testosterone administration affects competition behavior in repeated social contests in men with high or low rank, and (2), whether this relationship is moderated by hierarchy stability, as predicted by the status instability hypothesis. Using a real effort-based design in healthy male participants (N = 173 males), we first found that testosterone (vs. placebo) increased motivation to compete for status, but only in individuals with an unstable low status. A second part of the experiment, tailored to directly compare stable with unstable hierarchies, indicated that exogenous testosterone again increased competitive motivation in individuals with a low unstable status, but decreased competition behavior in men with low stable status. Additionally, exogenous testosterone increased motivation in those with a stable high status. Further analysis suggested that these effects were moderated by individuals' trait dominance, and genetic differences assessed by the androgen receptor (CAG-repeat) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) polymorphisms. Our study provides evidence that testosterone specifically boosts status-related motivation when there is an opportunity to improve one's social status. The findings contribute to our understanding of testosterone's causal role in status-seeking motivation in competition behavior, and indicate that testosterone adaptively increases our drive for high status in a context-dependent manner. We discuss potential neurobiological pathways through which testosterone may attain these effects on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Losecaat Vermeer
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - I Krol
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gausterer
- FDZ-Forensisches DNA Zentrallabor GmbH, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - B Wagner
- Laboratory for Chromatographic & Spectrometric Analysis, FH JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - C Eisenegger
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - C Lamm
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria; Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Austria
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Fanet H, Ducrocq F, Tournissac M, Oummadi A, Lo A, Bourrassa P, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Azzougen B, Capuron L, Layé S, Moussa F, Trifilieff P, Calon F, Vancassel S. Tetrahydrobiopterin administration facilitates amphetamine-induced dopamine release and motivation in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112348. [PMID: 31711897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a critical neurotransmitter involved in motivational processes. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in DA synthesis. Decreases in BH4 levels are observed in several DA-related neuropsychiatric diseases involving impairment in motivation. Yet, whether BH4 could be used to treat motivational deficits has not been comprehensively investigated. To investigate the effects of exogenous BH4 administration on the dopaminergic system and related behaviors, we acutely injected mice with BH4 (50 mg/kg). Passage of BH4 through the blood brain barrier and accumulation in brain was measured using the in situ brain perfusion technique. DA release was then recorded using in-vivo micro-dialysis and motivation was evaluated through operant conditioning paradigms in basal condition and after an amphetamine (AMPH) injection. First, we showed that BH4 crosses the blood-brain barrier and that an acute peripheral injection of BH4 is sufficient to increase the concentrations of biopterins in the brain, without affecting BH4- and DA-related protein expression. Second, we report that this increase in BH4 enhanced AMPH-stimulated DA release in the nucleus accumbens. Finally, we found that BH4-induced DA release led to improved performance of a motivational task. Altogether, these findings suggest that BH4, through its action on the dopaminergic tone, could be used as a motivational enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fanet
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NurtriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Quebec City, Canada
| | - F Ducrocq
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Tournissac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NurtriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Quebec City, Canada
| | - A Oummadi
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Lo
- LETIAM, Lip(Sys)2' EA7357, IUT d'Orsay, Université Paris Sud 11, Plateau de Moulon, Orsay, France; Biochemistry and Neuropediatrics Department, Groupe Hospitalier Trousseau Laroche-Guyon, 26 Avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, Paris, France
| | - P Bourrassa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NurtriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - B Azzougen
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Capuron
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Layé
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France; OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NurtriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Quebec City, Canada
| | - F Moussa
- LETIAM, Lip(Sys)2' EA7357, IUT d'Orsay, Université Paris Sud 11, Plateau de Moulon, Orsay, France; Biochemistry and Neuropediatrics Department, Groupe Hospitalier Trousseau Laroche-Guyon, 26 Avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, Paris, France
| | - P Trifilieff
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NurtriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Quebec City, Canada
| | - S Vancassel
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France; OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NurtriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Quebec City, Canada.
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