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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Stability of aspartame in the soft drinks: Identification of the novel phototransformation products and their toxicity evaluation. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113365. [PMID: 37803662 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Photolytic transformation of aspartame - a widely used artificial sweetener - under the simulated sunlight was studied for the first time. The experiments were conducted in pH range of 2.5 - 7.0 and in eight soft drinks available in the market. The highest degradation rate in the tested buffered solutions was observed under the neutral pH conditions. Irradiation of the soft drinks resulted in significantly (up to tenfold) faster degradation of aspartame, regardless of its initial concentration in the beverage. Such considerable acceleration of decomposition, not reported for aspartame so far, was ascribed to influence of the co-occurring ingredients, which can act as the photosensitizers. These findings indicate that some formulations may be particularly unfavorable in the context of aspartame photostability. Qualitative analysis of the studied processes revealed formation of six phototransformation products including three previously not described. In silico estimation of toxicity showed that some of the identified photoproducts, including the novel phenolic derivatives, may be more harmful than the parent compound. Taking into account relatively extensive formation of those products in the soft drinks, such finding may be particularly important from the food safety point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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Toptancı İ. Risk assessment of bisphenol related compounds in canned convenience foods, olives, olive oil, and canned soft drinks in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:54177-54192. [PMID: 36869959 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), and their derivatives in seventy-nine samples of food products available in Turkish stores was determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Among Bisphenol A and its analogues, BPA was the most detected migrant with 56.97%. Fish products had the highest level of BPA with 0.102 mg/kg although only three fish samples exceeded the Specific Migration Limit (SML) for BPA of 0.05 mg/kg of food. The BPF, BPS, and BPB in all analyzed foods ranged between 0-0.021, 0-0.036, and 0.072 mg/kg, respectively. BADGE derivates, BADGE·2H2O and cyclo-di-BADGE (CdB) were present in 57 and 52 samples with concentrations ranging between 0-0.354, and 0-1.056 mg/kg, respectively. All the analyzed traditional Turkish ready-to-eat meals and fish products were contaminated with BADGE·2H2O and CdB. The overall levels of BADGE and the derivates were below the specific migration limit. CdB was found at higher concentrations in traditional Turkish ready-to-eat meals, up to 1.056 mg/kg. The CdB concentration in most of the samples was above the highest figure with 0.05 mg/kg authorized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. The predominant chlorinated derivative was BADGE·H2O·HCl which was found in thirty-seven samples in the range of 0.007-0.061 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsra Toptancı
- Department of Food Contact Material and Dioxin, Istanbul Food Control Laboratory, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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von Philipsborn P, Huizinga O, Leibinger A, Rubin D, Burns J, Emmert-Fees K, Pedron S, Laxy M, Rehfuess E. Interim Evaluation of Germany's Sugar Reduction Strategy for Soft Drinks: Commitments versus Actual Trends in Sugar Content and Sugar Sales from Soft Drinks. Ann Nutr Metab 2023; 79:282-290. [PMID: 36809753 PMCID: PMC10568594 DOI: 10.1159/000529592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A high intake of sugar, in particular from sugar-sweetened soft drinks, increases the risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dental caries. Germany has pursued a national strategy for sugar reduction in soft drinks based on voluntary commitments by industry since 2015, but its effects are unclear. METHODS We use aggregated annual sales data from Euromonitor International to assess trends in mean sales-weighted sugar content of soft drinks and per capita sugar sales from soft drinks in Germany from 2015 to 2021. We compare these trends to the reduction path set by Germany's national sugar reduction strategy and to data for the United Kingdom, which adopted a soft drinks tax in 2017 and which we selected as best practice comparison country based on pre-defined criteria. RESULTS Between 2015 and 2021, the mean sales-weighted sugar content of soft drinks sold in Germany decreased by 2% from 5.3 to 5.2 g/100 mL, falling short of an interim 9% reduction target and a 29% reduction observed in the United Kingdom over the same period. Sugar sales from soft drinks in Germany decreased from 22.4 to 21.6 g/capita/day (-4%) between 2015 and 2021 but remain high from a public health perspective. CONCLUSIONS Reductions observed under Germany's sugar reduction strategy fall short of stated targets and trends observed internationally under best practice conditions. Additional policy measures may be needed to support sugar reduction in soft drinks in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Philipsborn
- Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Huizinga
- German Non-Communicable Disease Alliance (DANK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Leibinger
- Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Burns
- Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
- Professorship of Public Health and Prevention, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Emmert-Fees
- Professorship of Public Health and Prevention, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Pedron
- Professorship of Public Health and Prevention, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Laxy
- Professorship of Public Health and Prevention, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
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Xia E, Yang T, Zhu X, Jia Q, Liu J, Huang W, Ni J, Tang H. Facile and Selective Determination of Total Phthalic Acid Esters Level in Soft Drinks by Molecular Fluorescence Based on Petroleum Ether Microextraction and Selective Derivation by H2SO4. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134157. [PMID: 35807403 PMCID: PMC9268297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the level of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in packaged carbonated beverages is a current need to ensure food safety. High-selectivity and -accuracy identification of individual PAEs can be achieved by chromatographic and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. However, these methods are slow; involve complicated, expensive instruments in professional laboratories; and consume a large amount of organic solvents. As such, a food analysis method is needed to conveniently and rapidly evaluate multiple contaminants on site. In this study, with the assistance of ultrasound, we quickly determined the total PAEs in soft drinks using 1.5 mL of petroleum ether in one step. Then, we determined the characteristic molecular fluorescence spectrum of all PAEs in samples (excitation (Ex)/emission (Em) at 218/351 nm) using selectively concentrated sulfuric acid derivatization. The relative standard deviations of the fluorescent intensities of mixed solutions with five different PAEs were lower than 7.1% at three concentration levels. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 0.10 μmol L−1, which matches that of some of the chromatographic methods, but the proposed method uses less organic solvent and cheaper instruments. These microextraction devices and the fluorescence spectrometer are portable and provide an instant result, which shows promise for the evaluation of the total level of PAEs in beverages on site. The proposed method successfully detected the total level of PAEs in 38 kinds of soft drink samples from local supermarkets, indicating its potential for applications in the packaged beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jindong Ni
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-769-22896569 (H.T.); +86-769-22896572 (J.N.)
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-769-22896569 (H.T.); +86-769-22896572 (J.N.)
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Santaladchaiyakit Y, Sila-Am W, Sribunrueng S, Gissawong N, Srijaranai S. Co-precipitation based on layered double hydroxides and anionic surfactants for preconcentration of six benzoylurea insecticides in soft drinks before simultaneous analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Methods 2021; 13:5735-5748. [PMID: 34812804 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Layered-double hydroxides (LDHs) modified with anionic surfactants via a co-precipitation method were developed for preconcentrating and simultaneous analysis of six benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anionic surfactants with different chain lengths, including sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium 1-nonane sulfonate (SNS), and sodium 1-hexane sulfonate monohydrate (SHS) were investigated to improve the extraction efficiency of LDHs. The SDBS-LDHs provided the highest efficiency for the enrichment of the BUs studied. Under the chosen conditions, enrichment factors in the range of 38-69 and detection limits in the range of 0.1-0.3 μg L-1 were achieved. Good reproducibilities (RSD < 13.8%) and recoveries (71.4-118.7%) were also obtained. The proposed preconcentration method, used as an in situ procedure offers rapid and simple simultaneous preparation of LDHs and extraction of BUs. The method was successfully applied for residue analysis of BUs in fruit- and flower-derived soft drink samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand.
| | - Wisansaya Sila-Am
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand.
| | - Suwanida Sribunrueng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand.
| | - Netsirin Gissawong
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Farooq MU, Jalees MI, Hussain G, Anis M, Islam U. Health risk assessment of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A leaching from plastic bottles of milk and soft drinks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:57090-57098. [PMID: 34081284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is of major concern to public health due to its toxic potential and xenoestrogenic endocrine-disrupting effect. One of the major sources of BPA comes from the plastic bottles used to pack milk and soft drinks. The purpose of the present study was to assess and compare the risk associated with BPA transfer from plastic bottles to milk and soft drinks being stored in summer and winter conditions. A sensitive and reliable method of solid phase extraction cartridge packed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was employed. In milk samples (supplied in plastic bottles) of winter season, BPA levels were 0.17-0.32 mg/ kg. In milk samples of summer season, BPA levels were 0.77-1.59 mg/ kg. In soft drink samples of winter, BPA levels were between 0.14 and 0.3 mg/kg. While in 4-month-aged summer soft drink samples, BPA levels were 0.7-1.02 mg/kg of food. The daily exposure dose (DED) of BPA in milk samples of winter season was 1.42-2.67 μg/kg which was below the standard tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50 μg of BPA/kg of body weight as per USEPA. The DED of BPA in milk samples of summer season was 5.58-10 μg/kg of body weight which was also less than TDI. For soft drink samples, BPA from winter samples was ranged from 1.17 to 1.67 μg/kg of body weight while for summer 4-month-aged samples was 2.5-7.08 μg/kg of body weight. Both types of samples were still less than TDI of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Farooq
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Jalees
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Anis
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Ummara Islam
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
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Błaszczyk-Bębenek E, Jagielski P, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Caffeine Consumption in a Group of Adolescents from South East Poland-A Cross Sectional Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062084. [PMID: 34207087 PMCID: PMC8234391 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most common psychoactive substance available to adults, as well as to children and adolescents. The safety of its use in younger age groups requires further research. The aim of this study was to evaluate caffeine intake, to identify products and drinks that are the main sources of caffeine intake in the diet of the subjects and the risk of excessive caffeine intake with the diet of adolescents, stratified by gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 508 adolescents aged 16–18 years from southern Poland. Black tea, cola-based soft drinks and milk chocolate were the most frequently consumed products containing caffeine in the diet of the examined persons. The average caffeine intake was 95.54 mg/day (1.54 mg/kg b.w.). In 12.2% of the subjects the dose of 3 mg/kg b.w./day was exceeded, and in over 41.3% the dose causing sleep disorders was exceeded. The dose causing anxiety was also exceeded in 18.1% of the respondents, significantly more often in girls than boys (p = 0.0487).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Błaszczyk-Bębenek
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-433-28-20
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
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Mateo-Fernández M, Valenzuela-Gómez F, Font R, Del Río-Celestino M, Merinas-Amo T, Alonso-Moraga Á. In Vivo and In Vitro Assays Evaluating the Biological Activity of Taurine, Glucose and Energetic Beverages. Molecules 2021; 26:2198. [PMID: 33920365 PMCID: PMC8069289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine is one of the main ingredients used in energy drinks which are highly consumed in adolescents for their sugary taste and stimulating effect. With energy drinks becoming a worldwide phenomenon, the biological effects of these beverages must be evaluated in order to fully comprehend the potential impact of these products on the health due to the fact nutrition is closely related to science since the population consumes food to prevent certain diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of taurine, glucose, classic Red Bull® and sugar-free Red Bull® in order to check the food safety and the nutraceutical potential of these compounds, characterising different endpoints: (i) Toxicology, antitoxicology, genotoxicology and life expectancy assays were performed in the Drosophila melanogaster model organism; (ii) The in vitro chemopreventive activity of testing compounds was determined by assessing their cytotoxicity, the proapoptotic DNA-damage capability to induce internucleosomal fragmentation, the strand breaks activity and the modulator role on the methylation status of genomic repetitive sequences of HL-60 promyelocytic cells. Whereas none tested compounds showed toxic or genotoxic effect, all tested compounds exerted antitoxic and antigenotoxic activity in Drosophila. Glucose, classic Red Bull® and sugar-free Red Bull® were cytotoxic in HL-60 cell line. Classic Red Bull® induced DNA internucleosomal fragmentation although none of them exhibited DNA damage on human leukaemia cells. In conclusion, the tested compounds are safe on Drosophila melanogaster and classic Red Bull® could overall possess nutraceutical potential in the in vivo and in vitro model used in this study. Besides, taurine could holistically be one of the bioactive compounds responsible for the biological activity of classic Red Bull®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mateo-Fernández
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (T.M.-A.); (Á.A.-M.)
| | | | - Rafael Font
- Agri-Food Laboratory, Avda. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain; (R.F.); (M.D.R.-C.)
| | | | - Tania Merinas-Amo
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (T.M.-A.); (Á.A.-M.)
| | - Ángeles Alonso-Moraga
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (T.M.-A.); (Á.A.-M.)
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Kuntzleman TS, Kuntzleman JT. Ethanol as a Probe for the Mechanism of Bubble Nucleation in the Diet Coke and Mentos Experiment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061691. [PMID: 33802982 PMCID: PMC8002754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Diet Coke and Mentos experiment involves dropping Mentos candies into carbonated beverages to produce a fountain. This simple experiment has enjoyed popularity with science teachers and the general public. Studies of the physicochemical processes involved in the generation of the fountain have been largely informed by the physics of bubble nucleation. Herein, we probe the effect of ethanol addition on the Diet Coke and Mentos experiment to explore the impact that beverage surface tension and viscosity have on the heights of fountains achieved. Our results indicate that current descriptions of the effects of surface tension and viscosity are not completely understood. We also extend and apply a previously reported, simplified version of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory to investigate kinetic and mechanistic aspects of bubble nucleation on the surface of Mentos candies in carbonated beverages. A combination of this new theory and experiment allows for the estimation that the nucleation sites on the Mentos candy that catalyze degassing are 1–3 μm in size, and that between 50,000 and 300,000 of these sites actively nucleate bubbles on a single Mentos candy. While the methods employed are not highly sophisticated, they have potential to stimulate fresh investigations and insights into bubble nucleation in carbonated beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. Kuntzleman
- Department of Chemistry, Spring Arbor University, Spring Arbor, MI 49283, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(517)-750-6558
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Tarragon E, Calleja-Conde J, Giné E, Segovia-Rodríguez L, Durán-González P, Echeverry-Alzate V. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: what about taurine? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1-8. [PMID: 33175215 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since energy drinks (EDs) were marketed to the general public as recreational and soft drinks, mixing these with alcohol has become a popular practice, especially in the younger population. Alcohol mixed with EDs (AmEDs) is a particularly alarming combination, given the evidence that consistently associate these drinks with increased risk behaviours and greater alcohol consumption. Caffeine and taurine are commonly found in EDs. In contrast to caffeine, the studies on taurine psychoactive properties and how this amino acid influences ethanol intake alone or in combination with caffeine are not so numerous. OBJECTIVES We summarised relevant and available data on the studies focusing on taurine as a psychoactive agent and its influence on ethanol (EtOH)-induced behaviours. Given the increased risk that represents mixing alcohol with energy drinks, we put emphasis on the research exploring the impact of these combinations on motivated behaviour towards EtOH consumption. RESULTS The research on taurine properties on motivated behaviour towards EtOH consumption is limited, and mostly all done in combination with caffeine or other molecules. This makes it difficult to elucidate the effect of this amino acid when combined with alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Incomplete understanding of the properties and effects of AmEDs is unavoidable until more studies are performed on the influence of taurine on motivation to consume alcohol. Taurine should be further explored, particularly in regard to its potential beneficial applications, motivational properties and synergies with other psychoactive ingredients (i.e. caffeine).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tarragon
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Faculty of Health Sciences, Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - J Calleja-Conde
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Segovia-Rodríguez
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Durán-González
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Echeverry-Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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11
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Al-Jawaldeh A, Hammerich A, Doggui R, Engesveen K, Lang K, McColl K. Implementation of WHO Recommended Policies and Interventions on Healthy Diet in the Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: From Policy to Action. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3700. [PMID: 33266028 PMCID: PMC7760940 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for almost two-thirds of the deaths in the 22 countries and territories of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region and unhealthy diets are a major contributor. Prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased among adults, adolescents and older children in recent decades. Among countries with the highest prevalence there are signs that the increase is slowing down or even that prevalence is declining. There has been no increase in the prevalence rate in younger children, although the absolute number of children under five years affected by overweight has increased. This review summarizes prevalence data and examines current implementation of regulatory, fiscal and voluntary measures to promote healthy diet across the Region. The last decade has seen a step up in such action. Ten of the Region's countries have policies relating to trans-fatty acids and they are increasingly implementing specific regulatory measures. Thirteen countries had fully or partially implemented national salt reduction policies by 2019. Only four countries had adopted policies relating to aspects of marketing food to children by 2019, and concrete action in this area is still lacking. Eight countries have introduced taxes-sometimes at a rate of 50%-on carbonated or sugar-sweetened beverages. In order to meet the agreed global and regional goals relating to nutrition and diet-related NCDs, countries will need to build on this progress and scale up action across the Region while intensifying efforts in areas where concrete action is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh
- WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean Region, Cairo 11371, Egypt;
| | - Asmus Hammerich
- WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean Region, Cairo 11371, Egypt;
| | - Radhouene Doggui
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, NB E1A 7R1, Canada
| | - Kaia Engesveen
- WHO Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Krista Lang
- WHO Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Karen McColl
- Independent Consultant, West Sussex PO21 4NB, UK
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have gained attention in recent years due to their continuous discharge in natural waters. Their persistence in the environment has impacted flora, fauna and human being worldwide. One of the most common PPCPs is caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) which acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system in humans and is found in nature in about 60 plant species, especially in coffee, tea and cacao plants. Here we discuss the evidence with respect to caffeine occurrence, its persistence and remediation in light of increasing knowledge and the impact of caffeine on the environment. Daily intake of caffeine around the world is found to increase due to the frequent introduction of new caffeinated beverages as well as increased consumption of coffee, tea and carbonated soft drinks, which has led to increase in its concentration in water bodies including agricultural soil. The caffeine concentration in different water system, studied by various authors is also described. Diverse effects of the use of caffeine on several organisms including humans are also briefly presented. Therefore, urgent attention for the removal of caffeine and its derivatives is the need of the hour. Various methods described in literature for caffeine degradation/removal is also presented. Another widely used technique in environmental remediation is molecular imprinting (MIP); however, only few MIPs have been demonstrated for caffeine which is also discussed. Regular monitoring can be useful to control toxic effects of caffeine. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Korekar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India.
| | - Chetna Ugale
- Department of Botany, Indira Mahavidyalaya Kalamb, Dist. Yavatmal, Maharashtra, 445401, India
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Fan J, Zhao L, Kan J, Qiu H, Xu X, Cao X. Uptake of vegetable and soft drink affected transformation and bioaccessibility of lead in gastrointestinal track exposed to lead-contaminated soil particles. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 194:110411. [PMID: 32151869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accidental ingestion of Pb-contaminated soil particles by direct hand-to-mouth activity or by swallowing airborne dust particles is important pathway of human exposure to Pb. Appropriate evaluation of Pb risk to human is important in determining whether the soil needs remediation or not, however, there is paucity of data about the dietary influences on Pb bioaccessibility (Pb-BA) and transformation in humans. This study chose two typical foods, spinach and cola, representing vegetable and soft drink, respectively, and investigated their effects on Pb species in gastrointestinal tract using the physiologically based extraction test. Results showed that ingestion of spinach and cola decreased the Pb-BA by 52%-94% in the gastric phase and by 38%-95% in the intestinal phase, respectively. The reduction of Pb-BA by spinach was attributed to the precipitation of Pb with phosphorus in spinach and the sorption of Pb by the generated hydrolysate and un-hydrolysate from spinach in gastrointestinal tract. Cola decreased Pb-BA mainly via formation of insoluble Pb phosphates precipitates. Analysis of X-ray diffraction and MINTEQ modeling demonstrated that the dissolved Pb was transformed to precipitated or sorbed Pb with intake of cola or spinach. Our findings suggest that dietary habit greatly influence the speciation and subsequent Pb-BA in the gastrointestinal tract, which should be incorporated into human health risk assessment of Pb-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Junhong Kan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Ravaglia LM, Freitas DDS, Ricci TG, Nazario CED, Alcantara GB. Sodium quantitation in soft drinks: A rapid methodology by qNMR. Magn Reson Chem 2020; 58:186-190. [PMID: 31663181 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High sodium dietary intake has a positive association with an increase in blood pressure and can be correlated with risk factors of disease. Considering that the World Health Organization recommends a sodium intake lower than 2 g day-1 for adults, the hidden sodium content in processed foods is an important factor that compromises the assessment of a healthy diet. Accordingly, the present paper aimed to quantitate the sodium content of conventional soft drinks and their diet versions using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a quantitative analytical technique (23 Na qNMR). The results show one free sodium signal (Na+ ) displayed as a singlet at 0 ppm in the 23 Na NMR spectrum, making its quantitation highly specific. This signal alone was used to directly determine the concentration of sodium in soft drinks. Flame photometry analysis was used to validate the method, and an excellent linearity was found in qNMR analysis (r = 0.9994) in comparison with flame photometry (r = 0.9958). In addition, a good correlation was found between sodium concentrations obtained by 23 Na NMR and flame photometry in the evaluated commercial soft drinks. Since the intensity of the resonance line is directly proportional to the number of nuclei (spins), the concentration of sodium in soft drinks can be determined via this straightforward method without the need for external calibration. The experimental acquisitions are fast (approximately 15 min), allowing the analysis of several samples in a short period of time. This is a novel alternative for sodium quantitation using an efficient NMR methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Marçal Ravaglia
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Deisy Dos Santos Freitas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gomes Ricci
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Glaucia Braz Alcantara
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Yin S, Yang Y, Yang D, Li Y, Jiang Y, Wu L, Sun C. Determination of 11 Phthalate Esters in Beverages by Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J AOAC Int 2019; 102:1624-1631. [PMID: 30823939 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.18-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Beverages can be easily contaminated by phthalate esters (PAEs) during the production, bottling, and transportation processes. It is necessary to determine the contamination level in beverages for assessment of human exposure. Objective: In this study, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was combined with HPLC for the determination of 11 PAEs in beverages. Methods: Self-synthesized magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (m-MWCNTs) were used as the adsorbent for PAE extraction. To extract the PAEs, an appropriate amount of m-MWCNTs and NaCl was added to the beverage sample. The mixture was mixed on a vortex mixer, the magnetic sorbent was collected with the aid of a magnet, and the supernatant was removed. Then, the analytes were eluted with n-hexane-acetone (1+1, v/v). Finally, the eluent was analyzed by the HPLC method. The separation was accomplished on a Phenomenex Luna-C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), and the detection wavelength was set at 225 nm. Results: The linear ranges of the method were 2-300 μg/L with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9981. The LOD and LOQ were in the range of 0.659-5.33 × 10-2 μg/L and 2.20-17.8 × 10-2 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of the method ranged from 79.8 to 114%, with the relative SDs less than 15.8%. The established method has been successfully applied for the determination of 11 PAEs in mineral water, carbonated soft drink, tea beverage, and fruit juice samples. PAEs were detected at 0.246-34.3 μg/L in these samples. Conclusions: The m-MWCNTs are the satisfactory sorbent for MSPE because of their strong adsorption capacity for PAEs. The established MSPE-HPLC method is rapid, easy, sensitive, green, and cost-effective. It can be applied to the analysis of trace PAEs in plastic bottled beverages. Highlights: Three magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), including Fe₃O₄ MNPs, m-MWCNTs, and magnetic graphene oxide, were synthesized, and m-MWCNTs were chosen as the sorbent of MSPE for PAE extraction because of their strong adsorption capacity for PAEs. An MSPE-HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of 11 phthalates in plastic bottled beverages. The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of 11 phthalates in four types of beverage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yin
- Sichuan University, West China School of Public Health, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Sichuan University, West China School of Public Health, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Danni Yang
- Sichuan University, West China School of Public Health, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Sichuan University, West China School of Public Health, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Sichuan University, West China School of Public Health, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Sichuan University, West China School of Public Health, Chengdu 610041, China
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Victoria-Salinas RE, Martínez-Miranda V, Linares-Hernández I, Vázquez-Mejía G, Castañeda-Juárez M, Almazán-Sánchez PT. Pre-treatment of soft drink wastewater with a calcium-modified zeolite to improve electrooxidation of organic matter. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2019; 54:617-627. [PMID: 30810456 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1579522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater from soft drink manufacturing, having a high organic load (chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 4,500 mg L-1) and high alkalinity (2,653.7 mg L-1 CaCO3; pH 12), was pretreated with a calcium-modified zeolite to reduce the alkalinity and improve the electrooxidation of organic matter. The natural zeolite clinoptilolite was modified in various ways with Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2. The CaCl2-modified zeolite (ZSACaCl-72h) was more effective for the treatment of soft drink wastewater than the congener modified with Ca(OH)2, where the former reduced the alkalinity by 86% after 8 h. Electrooxidation of soft drink wastewater without zeolite pre-treatment was carried out with boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes under the optimal conditions (current intensity: 3 A; sample pH: 12), with 98% and 94.05% reduction of the COD and total organic carbon (TOC), respectively, after 14 h of treatment. Soft drink wastewater pretreated with calcium-modified clinoptilolite was also electrooxidized using the BDD system. The results showed that the pre-treatment was extremely convenient, reducing the treatment time to 6 h compared to the electrooxidation of wastewater. At a current intensity of 3 A, the treatment time was 8 h, with 100% reduction of colour and COD and 97.5% reduction of TOC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- b Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua (CIRA) , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Ingeniería , Toluca , México
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- b Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua (CIRA) , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Ingeniería , Toluca , México
| | - Guadalupe Vázquez-Mejía
- b Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua (CIRA) , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Ingeniería , Toluca , México
| | - Monserrat Castañeda-Juárez
- b Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua (CIRA) , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Ingeniería , Toluca , México
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17
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Abstract
Coffee, tea, caffeinated soda, and energy drinks are important sources of caffeine in the diet but each present with other unique nutritional properties. We review how our increased knowledge and concern with regard to caffeine in the diet and its impact on human health has been translated into food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG). Using the Food and Agriculture Organization list of 90 countries with FBDG as a starting point, we found reference to caffeine or caffeine-containing beverages (CCB) in 81 FBDG and CCB consumption data (volume sales) for 56 of these countries. Tea and soda are the leading CCB sold in African and Asian/Pacific countries while coffee and soda are preferred in Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Key themes observed across FBDG include (i) caffeine-intake upper limits to avoid risks, (ii) CCB as replacements for plain water, (iii) CCB as added-sugar sources, and (iv) health benefits of CCB consumption. In summary, FBDG provide an unfavorable view of CCB by noting their potential adverse/unknown effects on special populations and their high sugar content, as well as their diuretic, psycho-stimulating, and nutrient inhibitory properties. Few FBDG balanced these messages with recent data supporting potential benefits of specific beverage types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Marie Reyes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Eating out of home (OH) is increasingly popular in Balkan countries, among them Albania. To date there is only anecdotal evidence regarding nutritional quality of food consumed OH and the contribution to diet. This study assessed intake of foods and drinks consumed OH and at home (AH), as well as their nutritional contribution to the daily diet of university students in Tirana, Albania. Using a single day Automated Multiple Pass Method (AMPM) 24-hour dietary recall, we examined food intake among 289 students aged 18–24 years old, from three major universities in Albania. Contribution of eating OH to total energy intake per day, as well as to daily consumption of macronutrients by eating OH intensity tertiles were assessed. Foods and drinks consumed OH contributed 46.9% [95%CI:41.4–52.8] of total daily energy intake, representing, on average, 1169.1kcal [95%CI:1088.3–1249.9]. Sweets, soft drinks and meat products were more frequently consumed OH, while fruits and vegetables consumption was extremely low. The average quantity of sugars and dietary fats per day was higher AH, 76.9g [95%CI:70.3–83.5] and 173.7g [95%CI:163.2–184.2] respectively, compared to OH, 33.7g [95%CI:30.4–37.0] and 142.0g [95%CI:131.5–152.5] respectively. Dietary composition of AH intake was richer in sugars, total fats and proteins, while OH intake was richer in saturated fats. The overall diet appeared unhealthy, when nutrients were assessed as energy percentage against WHO proposed nutrient standards for sugar and saturated fats. Eating OH, even though was associated with lower fruits and vegetables intake, was not clearly associated with poor diet quality, as AH foods were also characterized by increased saturated fats and sugars intake as energy percentage. This study provides data on the first assessment of current dietary patterns of the studied population and can be used as baseline for designing and conducting future studies and interventions targeting malnutrition in all its forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erand Llanaj
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Róza Ádány
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijke D’Haese
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Geicu OI, Stanca L, Dinischiotu A, Serban AI. Proteomic and immunochemical approaches to understanding the glycation behaviour of the casein and β-lactoglobulin fractions of flavoured drinks under UHT processing conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12869. [PMID: 30150692 PMCID: PMC6110766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy technology used to produce sweetened milk products might introduce additional advanced glycation end products (AGEs) into the diet. These molecular messengers are linked to detrimental health effects. Using a model accurate to the thermal treatment, reducing sugars, main protein content, and prolonged storage of ultra-high-temperature-sterilized (UHT) milk, we studied the behaviour of milk proteins during glycation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) profiles and western blots of glycated total casein revealed the major contributions of αs2-casein and β-casein and the relatively minor contributions of κ-casein towards the formation of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML)-positive aggregates. Glycated κ-casein had the lowest furosine (FUR), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and AGEs content. Conversely, the α-casein fraction demonstrated a high susceptibility to glycation, having the highest FUR, HMF and AGE levels. The gel-filtration elution profiles and the corresponding fraction fluorescence revealed that glycated casein aggregates were highly fluorescent, while the β-lactoglobulin glycation profile was similar to that of bovine serum albumin, and fluorescence was detected mainly in tetramers. Although CML is not a cross-linking AGE, it was only detected in large molecular aggregates and not in glycated monomers. Our results also indicate that in casein, glycation-induced changes in the UHT conditions were less deleterious than the subsequent 90 day storage period.
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Grants
- TE_2012-3-0034, 15/26.04.2013 Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (Executive Agency for Higher Education, Scientific Research, Development and Innovation Funding)
- TE_2012-3-0034, 15/26.04.2013 Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (Executive Agency for Higher Education, Scientific Research, Development and Innovation Funding)
- TE_2012-3-0034, 15/26.04.2013 Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (Executive Agency for Higher Education, Scientific Research, Development and Innovation Funding)
- TE_2012-3-0034, 15/26.04.2013 Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (Executive Agency for Higher Education, Scientific Research, Development and Innovation Funding)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu I Geicu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea I Serban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095, Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
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Lin L, Li C, Jin C, Peng Y, Hashem KM, MacGregor GA, He FJ, Wang H. Sugar and energy content of carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages in Haidian District, Beijing: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022048. [PMID: 30104316 PMCID: PMC6091898 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consumption of carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (CSSBs) is associated with a range of health problems, but little is known about the sugar and energy content of CSSBs in China. The study aimed to investigate the sugar and energy content of CSSBs in Beijing, China. STUDY DESIGN We carried out a cross-sectional survey in 15 different supermarkets from July to October 2017 in Haidian District, Beijing. METHODS The product packaging and nutrient labels of CSSBs were recorded by a snapshot in time to obtain company name, product name, serving size, and nutrient content, that is, carbohydrate, sugar and energy. For CSSB labels not showing sugar content, we used carbohydrate content as substitute. The sugar and energy content of CSSBs within each type of flavour were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. The sugar content within the recommended levels was described using frequency. We also compared the sugar and energy content of top 5 CSSBs in terms of sales among three countries (China, UK and USA). RESULTS A total of 93 CSSB products were found. The median sugar content was 9.3 (IQR: 5.7-11.2) g/100 mL, and the energy content was 38 (IQR: 23-46) kcal/100 mL. There were 79 products labelled 'Red' (high) per serving based on the criteria set in the UK (>11.25 g/100 mL). We found 62.4% of CSSBs had sugar content per serving that exceeds the daily free sugar intake for adults (25 g) recommended by the WHO. Some of the branded products sold in China had higher sugar content when they were compared with those in Western countries. CONCLUSIONS CSSBs in Beijing, China have high sugar and energy content. Reduction in sugar content and serving size of CSSBs and taxation policy on beverages will be beneficial in reducing sugar intake in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi Lin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxiong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyao Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhou Peng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kawther M Hashem
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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21
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Buber E, Soylemez S, Udum YA, Toppare L. Fabrication of a promising immobilization platform based on electrochemical synthesis of a conjugated polymer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 167:392-396. [PMID: 29702470 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since conjugated polymers are an important class of materials with remarkable properties in biosensor applications, in this study, a novel glucose biosensor based on a conjugated polymer was fabricated via the electropolymerization of the monomer 10,13-bis(4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)dipyridol[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine onto a graphite electrode surface. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was used as the model biological recognition element. As a result of the enzymatic reaction between GOx and glucose, the glucose amount was determined by monitoring the change in the oxygen level associated with substrate concentration via the amperometric detection technique. The proposed system possessed superior properties with KMapp value of 0.262 mM, 2.88 × 10-3 mM limit of detection and 105.12 μA mM-1 cm-2 sensitivity. These results show that conjugated polymer film provides an effective and stable immobilization matrix for the enzyme. Finally, the biosensor was applied successfully to several commercially available beverage samples for glucose determination proving an inexpensive and highly sensitive system applicable for real time analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Buber
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Chemistry, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin A Udum
- Technical Sciences Vocational School, Gazi University, Ankara 06374, Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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22
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Hernández A, Di Iorio AB, Lansdale J, Salazar MB. Characterization of the Types of Sweeteners Consumed in Honduras. Nutrients 2018; 10:E338. [PMID: 29534480 PMCID: PMC5872756 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweeteners are found in all types of foods, and their high consumption is associated with chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, among others. A characterization was carried out of food products with sweeteners from the three biggest supermarkets at a national level; they were identified by the list of ingredients and classified according to caloric or non-caloric intake, and pursuant to their country of origin. A statistical interpretation of results was made using descriptive measures such as the number of times the sweeteners were found in the formulation of the products and how many of them were found in a product at the same time. In total, 341 products were evaluated and classified according to the processed food categories of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) nutrient profile. The category of beverages had the highest quantity of products with sweeteners, and their consumption by the inhabitants represents a high exposure. Overall, 60.1% of the products evaluated were of US origin; these US exports have a significant impact on the Honduran market. A high-fructose corn syrup caloric sweetener was the one most frequently found in these products; at least 51% are combined with additional sweeteners to increase the sweetening effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Hernández
- Department of Food Sciences, Zamorano University, 11101 Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | | | - Jeffrey Lansdale
- President's Office, Zamorano University, 11101 Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - María Belén Salazar
- Department of Food Sciences, Zamorano University, 11101 Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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Kim S, Park S, Carroll DD, Okoro CA. Daily Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption, by Disability Status, Among Adults in 23 States and the District of Columbia. Prev Chronic Dis 2017; 14:E132. [PMID: 29240555 PMCID: PMC5737978 DOI: 10.5888/pcd14.160606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Information on dietary intake, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), for adults with disabilities is limited. Such information can inform interventions to prevent chronic disease and promote health among adults with disabilities. The objective of this study was to describe the associations between SSB consumption and disability among adults. METHODS We examined data on adults aged 18 years or older in 23 states and the District of Columbia who participated in the 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 150,760). Participants who reported a limitation in any activity caused by physical, mental, or emotional problems or who reported use of special equipment were considered to have a disability (n = 41,199). Participants were classified as daily SSB consumers (≥1 time/d) and non-daily SSB consumers (<1 time/d). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between daily SSB intake and disability after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. An interaction effect between disability and obesity status was tested to consider obesity status as a potential effect modifier. RESULTS The prevalence of drinking SSBs at least once daily was significantly higher among adults with disabilities (30.3%) than among adults without disabilities (28.6%) (P = .01). After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, among nonobese adults, the odds of daily SSB intake were significantly higher among adults with disabilities than among adults without disabilities (adjusted odds ratio = 1.27, P < .001). Among obese adults, daily SSB intake was not associated with disability status (adjusted odds ratio = 0.97; P = .58). CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the need for increased awareness of SSB consumption among adults with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Kim
- Northrop Grumman, 2800 Century Pkwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30345.
| | - Sohyun Park
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dianna D Carroll
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Commissioned Corps Officer, US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Catherine A Okoro
- Population Health Surveillance Branch, Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Culbert JA, McRae JM, Condé BC, Schmidtke LM, Nicholson EL, Smith PA, Howell KS, Boss PK, Wilkinson KL. Influence of Production Method on the Chemical Composition, Foaming Properties, and Quality of Australian Carbonated and Sparkling White Wines. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:1378-1386. [PMID: 28128557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition (protein, polysaccharide, amino acid, and fatty acid/ethyl ester content), foaming properties, and quality of 50 Australian sparkling white wines, representing the four key production methods, that is, Méthode Traditionelle (n = 20), transfer (n = 10), Charmat (n = 10), and carbonation (n = 10), were studied. Méthode Traditionelle wines were typically rated highest in quality and were higher in alcohol and protein contents, but lower in residual sugar and total phenolics, than other sparkling wines. They also exhibited higher foam volume and stability, which might be attributable to higher protein concentrations. Bottle-fermented Méthode Traditionelle and transfer wines contained greater proportions of yeast-derived mannoproteins, whereas Charmat and carbonated wines were higher in grape-derived rhamnogalacturonans; however, total polysaccharide concentrations were not significantly different between sparkling wine styles. Free amino acids were most abundant in carbonated wines, which likely reflects production via primary fermentation only and/or the inclusion of nontraditional grape varieties. Fatty acids and their esters were not correlated with foaming properties, but octanoic and decanoic acids and their ethyl esters were present in Charmat and carbonated wines at significantly higher concentrations than in bottle-fermented wines and were negatively correlated with quality ratings. Research findings provide industry with a better understanding of the compositional factors driving the style and quality of sparkling white wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Culbert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jacqui M McRae
- Australian Wine Research Institute , P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Bruna C Condé
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Science, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Emily L Nicholson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food , PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Paul A Smith
- Australian Wine Research Institute , P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Kate S Howell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul K Boss
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food , PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Kerry L Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the free sugars and calorie content of carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (CSSB) available in the main UK supermarkets. STUDY DESIGN We carried out a cross-sectional survey in 2014 of 169 CSSB. METHODS The free sugars (sugars g/100 mL) and calorie (kcal/100 mL) were collected from product packaging and nutrient information panels of CSSB available in 9 main UK supermarkets. RESULTS The average free sugars content in CSSB was 30.1±10.7 g/330 mL, and 91% of CSSB would receive a 'red' (high) label for sugars per serving. There was a large variation in sugars content between different flavours of CSSB and within the same type of flavour ranging from 3.3 to 52.8 g/330 mL. On average, ginger beer (38.5±9.9 g/330 mL) contained the highest amounts of sugars and ginger ale (22.9±7.7 g/330 mL) contained the lowest. Cola flavour is the most popular flavour in the UK with an average free sugars content of 35.0±1.1 g/330 mL. On average, the supermarket own brand contained lower levels of sugars than branded products (27.9±10.6 vs 31.6±10.6 g/330 mL, p=0.02). The average calorie content in CSSB was 126.1±43.5 kcal/330 mL. Cola flavour had a calorie content of 143.5±5.2 kcal/330 mL. Among the 169 products surveyed, 55% exceeded the maximum daily recommendation for free sugars intake (30 g) per 330 mL. CONCLUSIONS Free sugars content of CSSB in the UK is high and is a major contributor to free sugars intake. There is a wide variation in the sugars content of CSSB and even within the same flavour of CSSB. These findings demonstrate that the amount of free sugars added to CSSB can be reduced without technical issues, and there is an urgent need to set incremental free sugars reduction targets. A reduction in sugars content and overall CSSB consumption will be very beneficial in reducing obesity, type 2 diabetes and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawther M Hashem
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Katharine H Jenner
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Yuan Y, Zhao X, Qiao M, Zhu J, Liu S, Yang J, Hu X. Determination of sunset yellow in soft drinks based on fluorescence quenching of carbon dots. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2016; 167:106-110. [PMID: 27262658 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots was prepared by heating N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diaminetriacetic acid in air. The carbon dots were not only highly soluble in water but also uniform in size, and possessed strong blue fluorescence and excitation wavelength-dependent emission properties with the maximum excitation and emission wavelength at 366nm and 423nm, respectively. Food colorant sunset yellow whose excitation and emission wavelength at 303nm and 430nm could selectively quench the fluorescence of carbon dots, efficient fluorescent resonance energy transfer between the carbon dots and sunset yellow is achieved. This was exploited to design a method for the determination of sunset yellow in the concentration range from 0.3 to 8.0μmolL(-1), with a limit of detection (3σ/k) of 79.6nmolL(-1). Furthermore the fluorimetric detection method was established and validated for sunset yellow in soft drinks samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Man Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaopu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jidong Yang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Navarrete-Muñoz EM, Wark PA, Romaguera D, Bhoo-Pathy N, Michaud D, Molina-Montes E, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Katzke VA, Kühn T, Steffen A, Trichopoulou A, Klinaki E, Papatesta EM, Masala G, Krogh V, Tumino R, Naccarati A, Mattiello A, Peeters PH, Rylander C, Parr CL, Skeie G, Weiderpass E, Quirós JR, Duell EJ, Dorronsoro M, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Wareham N, Khaw KT, Travis RC, Key T, Stepien M, Freisling H, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. Sweet-beverage consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:760-8. [PMID: 27510540 PMCID: PMC6241849 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of sweet beverages has been associated with greater risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which may be involved in the development of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that sweet beverages may increase pancreatic cancer risk as well. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between sweet-beverage consumption (including total, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened soft drink and juice and nectar consumption) and pancreatic cancer risk. DESIGN The study was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. A total of 477,199 participants (70.2% women) with a mean age of 51 y at baseline were included, and 865 exocrine pancreatic cancers were diagnosed after a median follow-up of 11.60 y (IQR: 10.10-12.60 y). Sweet-beverage consumption was assessed with the use of validated dietary questionnaires at baseline. HRs and 95% CIs were obtained with the use of multivariable Cox regression models that were stratified by age, sex, and center and adjusted for educational level, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Associations with total soft-drink consumption were adjusted for juice and nectar consumption and vice versa. RESULTS Total soft-drink consumption (HR per 100 g/d: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.07), sugar-sweetened soft-drink consumption (HR per 100 g/d: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.08), and artificially sweetened soft-drink consumption (HR per 100 g/d: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.10) were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Juice and nectar consumption was inversely associated with pancreatic cancer risk (HR per 100 g/d: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.99); this association remained statistically significant after adjustment for body size, type 2 diabetes, and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Soft-drink consumption does not seem to be associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Juice and nectar consumption might be associated with a modest decreased pancreatic cancer risk. Additional studies with specific information on juice and nectar subtypes are warranted to clarify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Navarrete-Muñoz
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain; The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Epidemology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Petra A Wark
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Medical Research Institute of Palma, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dominique Michaud
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Esther Molina-Montes
- The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Epidemology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health. Biomedical Research Institute of Granada; University Hospital of Granada/Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Villejuif, France; UMRS 1018, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Villejuif, France; UMRS 1018, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Villejuif, France; UMRS 1018, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Verena A Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Steffen
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Human Genetics Foundation,Torino, Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Torino, Italy
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Dipartamento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Petra H Peeters
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christine L Parr
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Epidemology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Public Health Direction Biodonostia Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Epidemology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Epidemology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, and Clinical Gerontology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Stepien
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Heinz Freisling
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands; and
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands; and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Tekbaşoğlu TY, Soganci T, Ak M, Koca A, Şener MK. Enhancing biosensor properties of conducting polymers via copolymerization: Synthesis of EDOT-substituted bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindolato-palladium complex and electrochemical sensing of glucose by its copolymerized film. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:81-88. [PMID: 27522481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindoline derivative bearing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT-BPI) and its palladium complex (EDOT-PdBPI) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopies and via mass spectrometric analysis. Polymerization of EDOT-PdBPI and copolymerization with 4-amino-N-(2,5-di(thiophene-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzamide (HKCN) were carried out by an electrochemical method. In addition, P(EDOT-PdBPI-co-HKCN) modified graphite rod electrode was improved for amperometric glucose sensor based on glucose oxidase (GOx). In this novel biosensor matrix, amino groups in HKCN were used for the enzyme immobilization. On the other hand, EDOT-PdBPI used to mediate the bioelectrocatalytic reaction. Amperometric detection was carried out following oxygen consumption at -0.7V vs. the Ag reference electrode in phosphate buffer (50mM, pH 6.0). The novel biosensor showed a linear amperometric response for glucose within a concentration range of 0.25mM to 2.5mM (LOD: 0.176mM). Amperometric signals at 1mM of glucose were 17.9μA under anaerobic conditions. Amperometric response of the P(EDOT-PdBPI-co-HKCN)/GOx electrode decreased only by 13% within eight weeks. The P(EDOT-PdBPI-co-HKCN)/GOx electrode showed good selectivity in the presence of ethanol and phenol. This result shows that, modification of the proposed biosensor by copolymerization of amine functionalized monomer, which is indispensable to the enzyme immobilization, with palladium complex bearing monomer, which is mediate the bioelectrocatalytic reaction, have provided to give perfect response to different glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tugba Soganci
- Department of Chemistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, 20017 Turkey
| | - Metin Ak
- Department of Chemistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, 20017 Turkey.
| | - Atıf Koca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marmara University, Kadıköy, İstanbul, 34722 Turkey
| | - M Kasım Şener
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa, İstanbul, 34210 Turkey.
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Wang SF, Liu Y, Gong LH, Dong CH, Fu DX, Wang GQ. [High Throughput Screening Analysis of Preservatives and Sweeteners in Carbonated Beverages Based on Improved Standard Addition Method]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2016; 36:482-486. [PMID: 27209754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Simulated water samples of 3 kinds of preservatives and 4 kinds of sweeteners were formulated by using orthogonal design. Kernel independent component analysis (KICA) was used to process the UV spectra of the simulated water samples and the beverages added different amounts of the additive standards, then the independent components (ICs), i. e. the UV spectral profiles of the additives, and the ICs' coefficient matrices were used to establish UV-KICA-SVR prediction model of the simulated preservatives and sweeteners solutions using support vector regression (SVR) analysis. The standards added beverages samples were obtained by adding different amounts level of additives in carbonated beverages, their UV spectra were processed by KICA, then IC information represented to the additives and other sample matrix were obtained, and the sample background can be deducted by removing the corresponding IC, other ICs' coefficient matrices were used to estimate the amounts of the additives in the standard added beverage samples based on the UV-KICA-SVR model, while the intercept of linear regression equation of predicted amounts and the added amounts in the standard added samples is the additive content in the raw beverage sample. By utilization of chemometric "blind source separation" method for extracting IC information of the tested additives in the beverage and other sample matrix, and using SVR regression modeling to improve the traditional standard addition method, a new method was proposed for the screening of the preservatives and sweeteners in carbonated beverages. The proposed UV-KICA-SVR method can be used to determine 3 kinds of preservatives and 4 kinds of sweetener in the carbonate beverages with the limit of detection (LOD) are located with the range 0.2-1.0 mg · L⁻¹, which are comparable to that of the traditional high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method.
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González Reyes AB, Hardisson de la Torre A, Gutiérrez Fernández AJ, Rubio Armendáriz C, Frías Tejera I, Revert Gironés C. [CAFFEINE AND QUININE IN SOFT DRINKS; CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIETARY INTAKE]. NUTR HOSP 2015; 32:2880-2886. [PMID: 26667747 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2015.32.6.9714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION soft drinks are becoming increasingly consumed by society. They are composed by a great variety of components, some of which can produce adverse effects if they are frequently consumed in high levels. OBJECTIVES determine caffeine and quinine concentration to prove that those concentration levels are lower than the legal limits allowed and calculate the contribution to dietary intake to obtain the Estimated Daily Intake. METHODS levels of caffeine and quinine of the main brands of soft drinks were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. RESULTS concentrations were obtained for all brands, and the medium level was estimated. CONCLUSIONS it has been observed that in any case the maximum concentration limits are exceeded and the contribution to dietary intake doesn't mean adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén González Reyes
- Área de Toxicología. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife..
| | | | | | - Carmen Rubio Armendáriz
- Área de Toxicología. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife..
| | - Inmaculada Frías Tejera
- Área de Medicina Legal y Forense. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife..
| | - Consuelo Revert Gironés
- Área de Fisioterapia. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, España..
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31
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Yang S, Fang X, Duan L, Yang S, Lei Z, Wen X. Comparison of ultrasound-assisted cloud point extraction and ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid liquid microextraction for copper coupled with spectrophotometric determination. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 148:72-77. [PMID: 25863462 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ultrasound-assisted cloud point extraction (UA-CPE) and ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) were investigated and compared firstly as ultrasound-assisted liquid phase microextraction methods, which were coupled with spectrophotometer for copper preconcentration and detection. Compared to conventional CPE and DLLME, the extraction patterns were changed and improved by the effect of ultrasound. As novel methods, their applications were expanded and the analytical performance of spectrophotometric determination for copper was considerably improved. The influence factors of UA-CPE and UA-DLLME were studied in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for copper were 0.7 μg L(-1) of UA-CPE and 0.8 μg L(-1) of UA-DLLME with sensitivity enhancement factors (EFs) of 17 and 16. The developed methods were applied to the determination of trace copper in real water samples with satisfactory analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Liju Duan
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Zirong Lei
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China.
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Otero-Losada M, Cao G, González J, Muller A, Ottaviano G, Lillig C, Capani F, Ambrosio G, Milei J. Functional and morphological changes in endocrine pancreas following cola drink consumption in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118700. [PMID: 25790473 PMCID: PMC4366068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We report the effects of long-term cola beverage drinking on glucose homeostasis, endocrine pancreas function and morphology in rats. Methods Wistar rats drank: water (group W), regular cola beverage (group C, sucrose sweetened) or “light” cola beverage (group L, artificially sweetened). After 6 months, 50% of the animals in each group were euthanized and the remaining animals consumed water for the next 6 months when euthanasia was performed. Biochemical assays, insulinemia determination, estimation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), morphometry and immunohistochemistry evaluations were performed in pancreas. Results Hyperglycemia (16%, p<0.05), CoQ10 (coenzyme-Q10) decrease (−52%,p<0.01), strong hypertriglyceridemia (2.8-fold, p<0.01), hyperinsulinemia (2.4 fold, p<0.005) and HOMA-IR increase (2.7 fold, p<0.01) were observed in C. Group C showed a decrease in number of α cells (−42%, p<0.01) and β cells (−58%, p<0.001) and a moderate increase in α cells’ size after wash-out (+14%, p<0.001). Group L showed reduction in β cells’ size (−9%, p<0.001) and only after wash-out (L12) a 19% increase in size (p<0.0001) with 35% decrease in number of α cells (p<0.01). Groups C and L showed increase in α/β-cell ratio which was irreversible only in C (α/β = +38% in C6,+30% in C12, p<0.001vs.W6). Regular cola induced a striking increase in the cytoplasmic expression of Trx1 (Thioredoxin-1) (2.25-fold in C6 vs. W6; 2.7-fold in C12 vs. W12, p<0.0001) and Prx2 (Peroxiredoxin-2) (3-fold in C6 vs. W6; 2-fold in C12 vs. W12, p<0.0001). Light cola induced increase in Trx1 (3-fold) and Prx2 (2-fold) after wash-out (p<0.0001, L12 vs. W12). Conclusion Glucotoxicity may contribute to the loss of β cell function with depletion of insulin content. Oxidative stress, suggested by increased expression of thioredoxins and low circulating levels of CoQ10, may follow sustained hyperglycemia. A likely similar panorama may result from the effects of artificially sweetened cola though via other downstream routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Otero-Losada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, ININCA.UBA.CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriel Cao
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, ININCA.UBA.CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, ININCA.UBA.CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica Muller
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, ININCA.UBA.CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Ottaviano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, ININCA.UBA.CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christopher Lillig
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald KdöR, Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Francisco Capani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, ININCA.UBA.CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Università di Perugia, Cardiologia e Fisiopatologia Cardiovascolare, Perugia, Italy
| | - José Milei
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, ININCA.UBA.CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lorjaroenphon Y, Cadwallader KR. Characterization of typical potent odorants in cola-flavored carbonated beverages by aroma extract dilution analysis. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:769-775. [PMID: 25528884 DOI: 10.1021/jf504953s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aroma-active compounds in typical cola-flavored carbonated beverages were characterized using gas chromatography-olfactometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The potent odorants in the top three U.S. brands of regular colas were identified by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Among the numerous odorants identified, eugenol (spicy, clovelike, sweet) and coumarin (sweet, herbaceous) were predominant in all colas. Other predominant odorants in at least one brand included guaiacol (smoky) and linalool (floral, sweet), while 1,8-cineole (minty, eucalyptus-like) was a moderately potent odorant in all colas. Determination of the enantiomeric compositions indicated that (R)-(-)-linalool (34.5%) was a more potent odorant than the (S)-(+)-enantiomer (65.6%) due to its much lower odor detection threshold. In addition, lemon-lime and cooling attributes determined by sensory descriptive analysis had the highest odor intensities among the eight sensory descriptors. The aroma profiles of the three colas were in good agreement with the potent odorants identified by AEDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowapa Lorjaroenphon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University , 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Lorjaroenphon Y, Cadwallader KR. Identification of character-impact odorants in a cola-flavored carbonated beverage by quantitative analysis and omission studies of aroma reconstitution models. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:776-786. [PMID: 25529113 DOI: 10.1021/jf504954p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty aroma-active components of a cola-flavored carbonated beverage were quantitated by stable isotope dilution assays, and their odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated. The OAV results revealed that 1,8-cineole, (R)-(-)-linalool, and octanal made the greatest contribution to the overall aroma of the cola. A cola aroma reconstitution model was constructed by adding 20 high-purity standards to an aqueous sucrose-phosphoric acid solution. The results of headspace solid-phase microextraction and sensory analyses were used to adjust the model to better match authentic cola. The rebalanced model was used as a complete model for the omission study. Sensory results indicated that omission of a group consisting of methyleugenol, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and (Z)- and (E)-isoeugenols differed from the complete model, while omission of the individual components of this group did not differ from the complete model. These results indicate that a balance of numerous odorants is responsible for the characteristic aroma of cola-flavored carbonated beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowapa Lorjaroenphon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University , 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Abstract
The most potent aroma-active components of Sprite (SP), Sierra Mist (SM), and 7UP (7UP) were identified. Aroma extracts were prepared by liquid–liquid continuous extraction/solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (LLCE/SAFE). Twenty-eight compounds were detected by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O) with linalool (floral, lavender), octanal (pungent orange), and 2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole (minty) determined to be predominant aroma compounds based on their high flavor dilution (FD) factors by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The data indicate that lemon-lime flavor is composed of a small number of compounds (22 at the most in SM), and only a subset of these may be important because many compounds were detected only at low FD factors. Predominant aroma compounds (23) were quantified using static headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA). In contrast to FD factors, the calculated odor-activity values (OAVs) indicate that octanal and limonene make the greatest contribution to the overall aroma of lemon-lime carbonated beverages, followed by nonanal, decanal, linalool, 1,8-cineole, and geranyl acetate. The results demonstrate that lemon-lime carbonated beverages share many of the same compounds but the relative abundance of these compounds varies by brand.
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Skovenborg E. [The magic bubbles of champagne]. Ugeskr Laeger 2014; 176:V11130649. [PMID: 25498172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effervescence of champagne is due to 4.8 l of CO2-gas dissolved at a pressure of five bars. The velocity of an uncontrolled cork (60 km/h) may cause serious eye injuries. The fizz of champagne is mediated by carbonic anhydrase IV located in the membrane of sour-sensing cells. The association between alcohol intake, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality follows a J-shaped curve with the nadir at consumption levels of one drink/day. Polyphenols present in champagne increase spatial working memory in aged rodents and induce a neuroprotective effect against oxidative neuronal injury.
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Ackah M, Anim AK, Zakaria N, Osei J, Saah-Nyarko E, Gyamfi ET, Tulasi D, Enti-Brown S, Hanson J, Bentil NO. Determination of some heavy metal levels in soft drinks on the Ghanaian market using atomic absorption spectrometry method. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:8499-8507. [PMID: 25179943 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-three soft drink samples (i.e., four pineapple-based fruit drinks, eight citrus-based fruit juices, one soya-based drink, three cola carbonated drinks, one apple-based fruit drink, and six cocktail fruit drinks) were randomly purchased from retail outlets in an urban market in Accra and analyzed for the concentrations of iron, cobalt, cadmium, zinc, lead, and copper using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of iron and cadmium were 0.723 ± 0.448 mg/L and 0.032 ± 0.012 mg/L, respectively. The mean cobalt concentration was 0.071 ± 0.049 mg/L, while the mean Zn concentration in the samples was 0.060 ± 0.097 mg/L. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cu in the fruit juice samples were 0.178 ± 0.091 mg/L and 0.053 ± 0.063 mg/L respectively. About 78 % of the samples exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level of 0.3 mg/L prescribed for iron, whereas all the samples exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 0.005 mg/L prescribed for cadmium. About 91 % of the samples exceeded the EU maximum contaminant level prescribed for lead insoft drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ackah
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana,
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Li R, Chen GQ, Zhu C, Kong FB, Hu YJ. [Determination of carmine in carbonated beverages using 3-D fluorescence spectra coupled with second-order calibration algorithm]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2014; 34:3307-3311. [PMID: 25881429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra combined with second-order calibration algorithm based on alternate a weighted residual (ANWE) was applied to the direct concentration determination of carmine in carbonated beverages. Firstly, 3-D fluorescence spectra of carmine and sunset yellow mixed solutions with different concentrations were obtained by employing spectrometer, and analyzed by using ANWE, the correlation coefficient between calibration concentration and the actual concentration was 0.9917, and the average recovery was 100.92%±2.71%. The results show that the ANWE algorithm is reliable. Then, the commercial carbonated soft drinks in 8, 9, 12 and 13 times diluted concentration were detected by using ANWE algorithm, the correlation coefficient between relative concentration and the actual concentration were 0.9930, 0.9930, 0.9932 and 0.7932, respectively, and the contents of carmine in beverage were 38.88, 37.71, 37.68 and 39.65 μg · mL(-1), respectively. The average concentration was (38.48±0.96) μg · mL(-1). Finally, the standard addition method was applied to estimate the prediction accuracy between calibration concentration and the actual concentration was 0.9935, and the average recovery was 102.99%±2.15%. The results can provide a new idea for the rapid content determination of food pigments in commercial beverages.
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Henriksen RE, Torsheim T, Thuen F. Loneliness, social integration and consumption of sugar-containing beverages: testing the social baseline theory. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104421. [PMID: 25105408 PMCID: PMC4126698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social Baseline Theory (SBT) proposes that close relationships aid in metabolic resource management and that individuals without significant relationships may experience more demands on their own neural metabolic resources on a daily basis when solving problems, remaining vigilant against potential threats and regulating emotional responses. This study tests a hypothesised consequence derived from SBT: relative social isolation leads to increased levels of sugar intake. METHODS Based on cross-sectional, self-reported data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (N = 90 084), information on social integration and the consumption of both sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened sodas and juices was obtained from a large number of women in early pregnancy. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess whether loneliness, marital status, relationship satisfaction, advice from others than partner, and cohesion at work is associated with consumption of sodas and juices. RESULTS Perceived loneliness was associated with elevated intake of all sugary beverages, while relationship satisfaction was negatively associated with all sugary beverages. Being married or cohabitating, having supportive friends, and having a sense of togetherness at work were associated with lower intake of two out of three sugar-containing beverages. These associations were significant, even after controlling for factors such as body mass index, weight related self-image, depression, physical activity, educational level, age and income. In comparison, a statistically significant relationship emerged between relationship satisfaction and artificially sweetened cola. No other predictor variables were significantly associated with any type of artificially sweetened beverage. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that loneliness and social integration influence the level of consumption of sugary beverages. The results support the hypothesis derived from the Social Baseline Theory that relative social isolation leads to increased levels of sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torbjørn Torsheim
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Thuen
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
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Monakhova YB, Tsikin AM, Kuballa T, Lachenmeier DW, Mushtakova SP. Independent component analysis (ICA) algorithms for improved spectral deconvolution of overlapped signals in 1H NMR analysis: application to foods and related products. Magn Reson Chem 2014; 52:231-240. [PMID: 24604756 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The major challenge facing NMR spectroscopic mixture analysis is the overlapping of signals and the arising impossibility to easily recover the structures for identification of the individual components and to integrate separated signals for quantification. In this paper, various independent component analysis (ICA) algorithms [mutual information least dependent component analysis (MILCA); stochastic non-negative ICA (SNICA); joint approximate diagonalization of eigenmatrices (JADE); and robust, accurate, direct ICA algorithm (RADICAL)] as well as deconvolution methods [simple-to-use-interactive self-modeling mixture analysis (SIMPLISMA) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS)] are applied for simultaneous (1)H NMR spectroscopic determination of organic substances in complex mixtures. Among others, we studied constituents of the following matrices: honey, soft drinks, and liquids used in electronic cigarettes. Good quality spectral resolution of up to eight-component mixtures was achieved (correlation coefficients between resolved and experimental spectra were not less than 0.90). In general, the relative errors in the recovered concentrations were below 12%. SIMPLISMA and MILCA algorithms were found to be preferable for NMR spectra deconvolution and showed similar performance. The proposed method was used for analysis of authentic samples. The resolved ICA concentrations match well with the results of reference gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as the MCR-ALS algorithm used for comparison. ICA deconvolution considerably improves the application range of direct NMR spectroscopy for analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia; Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen, 76287, Rheinstetten, Germany
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Ziak L, Májek P, Hroboňová K, Cacho F, Sádecká J. Simultaneous determination of caffeine, caramel and riboflavin in cola-type and energy drinks by synchronous fluorescence technique coupled with partial least squares. Food Chem 2014; 159:282-6. [PMID: 24767056 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a multivariate method for the rapid determination of caffeine and Class IV caramel in cola-type soft drinks and of caffeine, Class III caramel and riboflavin in energy drinks using synchronous fluorescence spectra. The synchronous fluorescence spectra were recorded at constant wavelength difference 90 nm from 200 to 500 nm. Reference values of analyte concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection combined with the standard addition method were used to create the partial least squares (PLS) models. High coefficients of determination (>0.99) were obtained in 0.2-4.2, 0.25-5.25, 0.4-10.0 and 0.007-0.054 mg L(-1) range for caffeine, Class III caramel, Class IV caramel and riboflavin, respectively. The PLS models were used to determine the concentration of analytes in different drink samples. The method provided comparable results with those found using the HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- L'udovít Ziak
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavel Májek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Hroboňová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - František Cacho
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Sádecká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. UV-MALDI mass spectrometric quantitation of uracil based pesticides in fruit soft drinks along with matrix effects evaluation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 100:233-241. [PMID: 24018142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the development of the accurate and precise quantitative method for the determination of pesticides bromacil (1), terbacil (2), lenacil (3), butafenacil (4) and flupropacil (5) in fruit based soft drinks. Three different types of drinks are bought from market; huddled orange fruit drink (100%) (I), red-oranges (II) and multivitamin drink containing strawberry, orange, banana and maracuja (III). Samples were analyzed "with" and "without" pulp utilizing LC-ESI (or APCI) MS/MS, HPLC-ESI-(or APCI)-MS/MS and UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS methods. The effect of high complexity of the food matrix on the analysis was discussed. Study focuses on the advantages of the UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS method compared to the traditionally involved GC alone or hybrid methods such as GC-MS and LC-MS/MS for quantification of pesticides in water and soft drinks. The developed method included the techniques performed for validation, calibration and standardization. The target pesticides are widely used for the treatment of citrus fruits and pineapples, but for soft drink products, there are still no clear regulations on pesticide residues limits. The matrix effects in the analysis of fruit drinks required implementation of the exact standard reference material corresponds to the variety of food matrices. This paper contributed to the broad analytical implementation of the UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS method in the quality control and assessment programs for monitoring of pesticide contamination in fruit based sodas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Soda makers' pledge smaller sizes, less sugar. Effort might help reduce tooth decay. Hawaii Dent Assoc J 2014;:19. [PMID: 25751985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Bauhoff S. The effect of school district nutrition policies on dietary intake and overweight: a synthetic control approach. Econ Hum Biol 2014; 12:45-55. [PMID: 23891422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
School nutrition policies aim to eliminate ubiquitous unhealthy foods and beverages from schools to improve adolescent dietary behavior and reduce childhood obesity. This paper evaluates the impact of an early nutrition policy, Los Angeles Unified School District's food-and-beverage standards of 2004, using two large datasets on food intake and physical measures. I implement cohort and cross-section estimators using "synthetic" control groups, combinations of unaffected districts that are reweighted to closely resemble the treatment unit in the pre-intervention period. The results indicate that the policy was mostly ineffective at reducing the prevalence of overweight or obesity 8-15 months after the intervention but significantly decreased consumption of two key targets, soda and fried foods. The policy's impact on physical outcomes appears to be mitigated by substitution toward foods that are still (or newly) available in the schools.
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Bilek M, Matłok N, Kaniuczak J, Gorzelany J. Sugar and inorganic anions content in mineral and spring water-based beverages. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2014; 65:193-197. [PMID: 25247798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonated and non-carbonated beverages manufactured based on mineral and spring waters have been present at the Polish market shortly, and their production and sales are regularly growing. The products have become commonly known as flavoured waters. OBJECTIVE The aim of the work was to identify and assess the content of carbohydrates used for sweetening mineral and spring water-based beverages and to estimate a concentration of inorganic anions. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was undertaken for 15 mineral and spring water-based beverages subject to an analysis contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose with the high-performance liquid chromatography method with ELSD detection) and chlorides, nitrates and sulphates contents using the ion chromatography method. RESULTS A chromatographic analysis has confirmed the total contents of sugar declared by the manufacturers. The carbohydrates identified included fructose, glucose and sucrose (added sugar). Chlorides and sulphates were found in the content of all the analysed beverages while nitrates were not determined in only one of the 15 examined beverages. CONCLUSIONS Mass consumption of mineral and spring water-based beverages should be considered as an important source of sugar and their excessive consumption may be disadvantageous for human health. A consumer should be informed by a manufacturer about a daily dose of sugar in a portion of a drink in per cents, and the easiest way to do it is to provide GDA marks on the label. Mineral and spring water-based beverages do not pose threats to consumer health in terms of their contents of inorganic ions: chlorides, nitrates and sulphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Bilek
- Laboratory for Environment Health Analysis and Materials of Agricultural Origin, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Poland
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Martínez-Lapuente L, Guadalupe Z, Ayestarán B, Ortega-Heras M, Pérez-Magariño S. Changes in polysaccharide composition during sparkling wine making and aging. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:12362-12373. [PMID: 24308669 DOI: 10.1021/jf403059p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The evolution in polysaccharide composition and molecular weights during sparkling wine making and aging was studied for the first time in this work. Different autochthonous grape varieties from Spain (Verdejo, Viura, Malvası́a, Albarı́n, Godello, Garnacha and Prieto Picudo) were used to elaborate sparkling wines following the champenoise method. Principal component analysis showed differentiation of wines according to polysaccharide families. This differentiation was due to the process of aging on yeast lees, but not to the variety employed. The content of mannoproteins during aging was positively correlated (r = 0.792) with total polysaccharides from grapes. After six months of aging the highest content of mannoproteins and polysaccharides rich in arabinose and galactose was obtained. Also a shift to lower molecular weights was observed. The combination of these two characteristics could imply a better foam stability and thus sensory quality of sparkling wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martínez-Lapuente
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja y CSIC) , C/Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Gensberger S, Glomb MA, Pischetsrieder M. Analysis of sugar degradation products with α-dicarbonyl structure in carbonated soft drinks by UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:10238-10245. [PMID: 23452313 DOI: 10.1021/jf3048466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) are broadly consumed worldwide. The added sugar, particularly high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), can be an important source of sugar degradation products, such as α-dicarbonyl compounds. This study recorded the α-dicarbonyl profile in CSDs by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with hyphenated diode array-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization with o-phenylenediamine. Thus, 3-deoxy-D-erythro-hexos-2-ulose (3-DG), D-lyxo-hexos-2-ulose (glucosone), 3-deoxy-D-threo-hexos-2-ulose (3-DGal), 1-deoxy-D-erythro-hexos-2,3-diulose (1-DG), 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE), methylglyoxal, and glyoxal were identified as major α-dicarbonyls and, with the exception of glyoxal, quantified (recovery rates, 85.6-103.1%; RSD, 0.8-3.6%). Total α-dicarbonyl concentration in 25 tested commercial products ranged between 0.3 and 116 μg/mL and was significantly higher in HFCS-sweetened CSDs compared to CSDs sweetened with HFCS and sucrose or with sucrose alone. Predominant was 3-DG (≤87 μg/mL) followed by glucosone (≤21 μg/mL), 3-DGal (≤7.7 μg/mL), 1-DG (≤2.8 μg/mL), methylglyoxal (≤0.62 μg/mL), and 3,4-DGE (≤0.45 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gensberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Jang HW, Jiang Y, Hengel M, Shibamoto T. Formation of 4(5)-methylimidazole and its precursors, α-dicarbonyl compounds, in Maillard model systems. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:6865-6872. [PMID: 23796138 DOI: 10.1021/jf401958w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl formed from sucrose alone and from a D-glucose/ammonia Maillard model system were analyzed by gas chromatography. They are known as precursors of 4(5)-methylimidazole (MI). Glyoxal and methylglyoxal formed more in acidic conditions than in basic conditions, whereas diacetyl formed the most at the highest basic condition of pH 12. Glyoxal formation from sucrose ranged from 0.33 to 32.90 μg/g under four different time and temperature conditions. Amounts of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl formed in Maillard model systems ranged from 2.98 to 46.12 μg/mL, from 8.27 to 156.61 μg/mL, and from 14.94 to 1588.45 μg/mL, respectively. 4(5)-MI formation in the same model systems ranged from 28.56 to 1269.71 μg/mL. Addition of sodium sulfite reduced formation of these chemicals significantly. Total α-dicarbonyl compounds in 12 commercial soft drinks ranged from 5.75 to 50.72 μg/mL. 4(5)-MI was found in levels ranging from 1.76 to 28.11 ng/mL in 10 commercial soft drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Jang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Wang L, Zhao P, Zhang F, Bai A, Pan C. Detection of caffeine in tea, instant coffee, green tea beverage, and soft drink by direct analysis in real time (DART) source coupled to single-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2013; 96:353-6. [PMID: 23767361 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.12-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to single-quadrupole MS (DART-MS) was evaluated for rapid detection of caffeine in commercial samples without chromatographic separation or sample preparation. Four commercial samples were examined: tea, instant coffee, green tea beverage, and soft drink. The response-related parameters were optimized for the DART temperature and MS fragmentor. Under optimal conditions, the molecular ion (M+H)+ was the major ion for identification of caffeine. The results showed that DART-MS is a promising tool for the quick analysis of important marker molecules in commercial samples. Furthermore, this system has demonstrated significant potential for high sample throughput and real-time analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- China Agricultural University, College of Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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50
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Bendig P, Maier L, Lehnert K, Knapp H, Vetter W. Mass spectra of methyl esters of brominated fatty acids and their presence in soft drinks and cocktail syrups. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:1083-1089. [PMID: 23592212 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is frequently used as a solubility transmitter in soft drinks. Being banned in Europe and Japan but permitted in the United States and Canada, there is a need for analytical methods suitable for use in food control. Brominated fatty acids in BVO are usually determined by gas chromatography (GC) after their conversion into the corresponding methyl esters. METHODS GC with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to record the electron ionization (EI) and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectra of relevant brominated fatty acid methyl esters synthesized for this purpose. Brominated fatty acids obtained from transesterified BVO from soft drink and syrup samples were also analyzed. RESULTS GC/NICI-MS was the most sensitive method for the detection of brominated fatty acids but GC/EI-MS was found to be more suited for quantification due to the formation of more selective fragment ions in the higher mass range. Suitable ions were selected for determination of the methyl esters of brominated fatty acids in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Artifacts produced by the transesterification of BVO with boron trifluoride were observed and discussed. BVO was also quantified in three syrup samples commercially produced for use in cocktails/long drinks. In one of the syrup samples that tested positive, BVO was not labelled in the ingredient list. Bromination experiments produced evidence that one or more Br2 -18:0 isomers identified as a shoulder peak of threo-9,10-dibromooctadecanoic acid in several soft drink and syrup samples originated from the bromination of partly hydrogenated plant oil. CONCLUSIONS BVO was determined for the first time in syrup samples. Attention should be paid to the problem of BVO occurring unlabeled in soft drinks and cocktail syrups imported from North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bendig
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
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