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Köse BG, Pekmezci H, Basaran B. Bread Consumption-Induced Heavy Metal Exposures and Health Risk Assessment of Pregnant Women: Turkey. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:473-480. [PMID: 37231318 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Affordable, nutritious, and easily available bread has a significant place in the nutrition of pregnant women. This study aims to determine bread consumption-induced heavy metal exposure in pregnant women with different sociodemographic characteristics living in Turkey and to evaluate it for non-carcinogenic health risks. Bread consumption data of pregnant women covered a retrospective 24-h period. Heavy metal exposure was calculated according to the deterministic model. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment was evaluated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). Bread consumption-induced Mn, Al, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Co, Cd, and Hg exposures of all pregnant women (n = 446) were 44.0, 25.0, 6.62, 0.69, 0.15, 0.06, 0.04, 0.03, 0.03, and < 0.00 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. Bread consumption-induced Mn exposure was higher than the tolerable daily intake level. The HI (1.37 [Formula: see text] 1.71) related to bread consumption is greater than 1 in all pregnant women in different age groups and trimesters and bread consumption may cause some health concerns in terms of non-carcinogenic health risks for pregnant women. The bread consumption can be limited, but bread consumption should not be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Genç Köse
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational School, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Pekmezci
- Department of Health Care Services, Health Services Vocational School, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Turkey
| | - Burhan Basaran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Turkey
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Bloch S, Lévêque L, Hertz-Picciotto I, Puschner B, Fritsche E, Klose J, I Kramer N, Bouchard MF, Chandrasekera PC, Verner MA. Using in vitro data to derive acceptable exposure levels: A case study on PBDE developmental neurotoxicity. Environ Int 2024; 183:108411. [PMID: 38217900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current acceptable chemical exposure levels (e.g., tolerable daily intake) are mainly based on animal experiments, which are costly, time-consuming, considered non-ethical by many, and may poorly predict adverse outcomes in humans. OBJECTIVE To evaluate a method using human in vitro data and biological modeling to calculate an acceptable exposure level through a case study on 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). METHODS We reviewed the literature on in vitro assays studying BDE-47-induced DNT. Using the most sensitive endpoint, we derived a point of departure using a mass-balance in vitro disposition model and benchmark dose modeling for a 5% response (BMC05) in cells. We subsequently used a pharmacokinetic model of gestation and lactation to estimate administered equivalent doses leading to four different metrics of child brain concentration (i.e., average prenatal, average postnatal, average overall, and maximum concentration) equal to the point of departure. The administered equivalent doses were translated into tolerable daily intakes using uncertainty factors. Finally, we calculated biomonitoring equivalents for maternal serum and compared them to published epidemiological studies of DNT. RESULTS We calculated a BMC05 of 164 μg/kg of cells for BDE-47 induced alteration of differentiation in neural progenitor cells. We estimated administered equivalent doses of 0.925-3.767 μg/kg/day in mothers, and tolerable daily intakes of 0.009-0.038 μg/kg/day (composite uncertainty factor: 100). The lowest derived biomonitoring equivalent was 19.75 ng/g lipids, which was consistent with reported median (0.9-23 ng/g lipids) and geometric mean (7.02-26.9 ng/g lipids) maternal serum concentrations from epidemiological studies. CONCLUSION This case study supports using in vitro data and biological modeling as a viable alternative to animal testing to derive acceptable exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Bloch
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Lévêque
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Birgit Puschner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany; DNTOX GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jördis Klose
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Mu YW, Cheng D, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. The potential health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: A mini-review from a toxicological perspective. Sci Total Environ 2023; 872:162187. [PMID: 36781137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in various environmental matrics due to their wide production and consumption globally in the past and ongoing production and use in some developing countries. SCCPs have been detected in various human samples including serum, milk, placenta, nail, and hair, and internal SCCP levels were found to be positively correlated with biomarkers of some diseases. While the environmental occurrence has been reported in a lot of studies, the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of SCCPs remain largely unknown. The current tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) recommended by the world health organization/international programme on chemical safety (WHO/IPCS, 100 μg/kg bw/d) and the UK Committee on Toxicity (COT, 30 μg/kg bw/d) were obtained based on a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of SCCP from the repeated-dose study (90 d exposure) in rodents performed nearly 40 years ago. Importantly, the health risks assessment of SCCPs in a variety of studies has shown that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) may approach and even over the established TDI by UK COT. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lower doses of SCCPs could also result in damage to multiple organs including the liver, kidney, and thyroid. Long-term effects of SCCPs at environmental-related doses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Mu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Guth S, Baum M, Cartus AT, Diel P, Engel KH, Engeli B, Epe B, Grune T, Haller D, Heinz V, Hellwig M, Hengstler JG, Henle T, Humpf HU, Jäger H, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lachenmeier DW, Lampen A, Leist M, Mally A, Marko D, Nöthlings U, Röhrdanz E, Roth A, Spranger J, Stadler R, Steinberg P, Vieths S, Wätjen W, Eisenbrand G. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of acrylamide: Arguments for the derivation of a tolerable daily intake (TDI value). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113632. [PMID: 36708862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) presents arguments for an updated risk assessment of diet-related exposure to acrylamide (AA), based on a critical review of scientific evidence relevant to low dose exposure. The SKLM arrives at the conclusion that as long as an appropriate exposure limit for AA is not exceeded, genotoxic effects resulting in carcinogenicity are unlikely to occur. Based on the totality of the evidence, the SKLM considers it scientifically justified to derive a tolerable daily intake (TDI) as a health-based guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805 Krefeld, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Thomas Henle
- Department of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Unit Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Stadler
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Route du Jorat 57, 1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Strømmen K, Lyche JL, Moltu SJ, Müller MHB, Blakstad EW, Brække K, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Nakstad B, Rønnestad AE, Drevon CA, Iversen PO. Estimated daily intake of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenol A in hospitalised very low birth weight infants. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136687. [PMID: 36206919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Very low birth weight infants (VLBW, birth weight (BW) < 1500 g) are exposed to phthalates, parabens and bisphenol A (BPA) early in life. We estimated daily intake (EDI) of these excipients in 40 VLBW infants the first and fifth week of life while hospitalised. Based on urinary samples collected in 2010, EDI was calculated and compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) with hazard quotients (HQs) evaluated. A HQ > 1 indicates that EDI exceeded TDI with increased risk of adverse health effects. EDI was higher in VLBW infants compared to term-born infants and older children. VLBW infants born at earlier gestational age (GA), or with lower BW, had higher EDI than infants born at later GA or with higher BW. First week median EDI for BPA was higher than TDI in 100% of infants, in 75% for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 90% for the sum of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), DEHP and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) = ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and in 50% of infants for propylparaben (PrPa), indicating increased risk of adverse effects. Fifth week EDI remained higher than TDI in all infants for BPA, in 75% for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and 25% of infants for PrPa, indicating prolonged risk. Maximum EDI for di-iso-butyl phthalate was higher than TDI suggesting risk of adverse effects at maximum exposure. VLBW infants born earlier than 28 weeks GA had higher EDI, above TDI, for PrPa compared to infants born later than 28 weeks GA. Infants with late-onset septicaemia (LOS) had higher EDI for DEHP, ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP and BPA, above TDI, compared to infants without LOS. More 75% of the infants' EDI for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, 25% for PrPa, and 100% of infants' EDI for BPA, were above TDI resulting in HQs > 1, indicating increased risk of adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Strømmen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jennifer Moltu
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Wahl Blakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Kristin Brække
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | | | - Britt Nakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway; Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Erlend Rønnestad
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Popli S, Badgujar PC, Agarwal T, Bhushan B, Mishra V. Persistent organic pollutants in foods, their interplay with gut microbiota and resultant toxicity. Sci Total Environ 2022; 832:155084. [PMID: 35395291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have become immensely prevalent in the environment as a result of their unique chemical properties (persistent, semi-volatile and bioaccumulative nature). Their occurrence in the soil, water and subsequently in food has become a matter of concern. With food being one of the major sources of exposure, the detrimental impact of these chemicals on the gut microbiome is inevitable. The gut microbiome is considered as an important integrant for human health. It participates in various physiological, biochemical and immunological activities; thus, affects the metabolism and physiology of the host. A myriad of studies have corroborated an association between POP-induced gut microbial dysbiosis and prevalence of disorders. For instance, ingestion of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers or organochlorine pesticides influenced bile acid metabolism via alteration of bile salt hydrolase activity of Lactobacillus, Clostridium or Bacteroides genus. At the same time, some chemicals such as DDE have the potential to elevate Proteobacteria and Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio influencing their metabolic activity leading to enhanced short-chain fatty acid synthesis, ensuing obesity or a pre-diabetic state. This review highlights the impact of POPs exposure on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity, along with an account of its corresponding consequences on the host physiology. The critical role of gut microbiota in impeding the POPs excretion out of the body resulting in their prolonged exposure and consequently, enhanced degree of toxicity is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Popli
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India
| | - Prarabdh C Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India.
| | - Tripti Agarwal
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India
| | - Vijendra Mishra
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India.
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Farooq MU, Jalees MI, Hussain G, Anis M, Islam U. Health risk assessment of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A leaching from plastic bottles of milk and soft drinks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:57090-57098. [PMID: 34081284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is of major concern to public health due to its toxic potential and xenoestrogenic endocrine-disrupting effect. One of the major sources of BPA comes from the plastic bottles used to pack milk and soft drinks. The purpose of the present study was to assess and compare the risk associated with BPA transfer from plastic bottles to milk and soft drinks being stored in summer and winter conditions. A sensitive and reliable method of solid phase extraction cartridge packed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was employed. In milk samples (supplied in plastic bottles) of winter season, BPA levels were 0.17-0.32 mg/ kg. In milk samples of summer season, BPA levels were 0.77-1.59 mg/ kg. In soft drink samples of winter, BPA levels were between 0.14 and 0.3 mg/kg. While in 4-month-aged summer soft drink samples, BPA levels were 0.7-1.02 mg/kg of food. The daily exposure dose (DED) of BPA in milk samples of winter season was 1.42-2.67 μg/kg which was below the standard tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50 μg of BPA/kg of body weight as per USEPA. The DED of BPA in milk samples of summer season was 5.58-10 μg/kg of body weight which was also less than TDI. For soft drink samples, BPA from winter samples was ranged from 1.17 to 1.67 μg/kg of body weight while for summer 4-month-aged samples was 2.5-7.08 μg/kg of body weight. Both types of samples were still less than TDI of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Farooq
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Jalees
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Anis
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Ummara Islam
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
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Qing Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zheng W, Wu M, He G. Dose-response evaluation of urinary cadmium and kidney injury biomarkers in Chinese residents and dietary limit standards. Environ Health 2021; 20:75. [PMID: 34193170 PMCID: PMC8247151 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal that mainly causes renal damage. There is a lack of research on the large-scale and systematic evaluation of the association between urinary Cd (U-Cd) and various effect biomarkers among Chinese residents. METHODS Based on the establishment process of dietary Cd limit standards by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the dose-response relationships between U-Cd and four biomarkers, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), N-acetyl-β-glucosidase (NAG), microalbumin (mALB), and retinol binding Protein (RBP) were explored, respectively. Toxicokinetic model was used to derive the dietary Cd exposure limit for Chinese residents after critical U-Cd concentration was calculated. RESULTS As the sensitive biomarkers of renal injury, β2-MG and NAG were selected to estimate the 95% confidence interval lower limit of the U-Cd benchmark dose (BMDL5) to be 3.07 and 2.98 μg/g Cr, respectively. Dietary Cd exposure limit was calculated to be 0.28 μg/kg bw/day (16.8 μg/day, based on the body weight of 60 kg), which was lower than the average Chinese Cd exposure (30.6 μg/day) by the China National Nutrient and Health Survey. CONCLUSION This study established an overall association between U-Cd and renal injury biomarkers, and explored the Chinese dietary Cd exposure limits, which helps improve Chinese Cd exposure risk assessment and provides a reference basis for formulating reasonable exposure standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanshen Zhu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Chang CH, Chiang CF, Liao JW, Yen GC, Huang YC, Ni SP, Chang CC, Lin HT. Dietary exposure assessment of methylmercury and polyunsaturated fatty acids in saltwater fish and processed foods among Taiwanese women of child-bearing age and children: A novel core food-matching approach. Chemosphere 2021; 262:128249. [PMID: 33182142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Saltwater fish is rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Excessive fish intake may also cause health hazards due to methylmercury (MeHg). A novel dose estimation method was proposed in this study to improve the quality of food matching by considering the usage ratio of cooking and processing methods in sampling design. In total, 39 table-ready samples were specified according to 2-3 common cooking methods, and MeHg and total mercury (THg) were analyzed. The results showed that mercury was detected in 20 samples (LOD = 0.01 μg/g). High MeHg samples included fried-Spanish mackerel (1.23 μg/g), non-cooked shredded swordfish (0.325 μg/g), pan-fried Spanish mackerel (0.248 μg/g), and non-cooked shredded salmon (0.208 μg/g). Consumption data (n = 166,911) were obtained from 24-h recalls in the 2005-2008 Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan (NAHSIT). The average whole-group estimated daily intake (EDI_WG) was 0.018 (7.9% tolerable daily intake, TDI) for women of child-bearing age and 0.031 μg/day per kg body weight (13.6% TDI) for children. However, 95th percentile values (P95) of 90.4% TDI and 185% TDI were estimated for the two consumer-only populations, which have raised public health concerns. The ratio of % TDI to % daily reference intake (% DRI) was used as a risk-benefit (R/B) indicator. The top 4 R/B foods were: tuna sashimi (0.089 and 0.14), non-cooked shredded swordfish (0.033 and 0.052), fried-Spanish mackerel (0.027 and 0.043) and deep-fried fish balls (0.022 and 0.035) in the two perspective populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Chang
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chow-Feng Chiang
- Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Huang
- Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pei Ni
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chin Chang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Wang YH, Wu CF, Liu CC, Hsieh TJ, Tsai YC, Wu MT, Chen CC. A probabilistic approach for benchmark dose of melamine exposure for a marker of early renal dysfunction in patients with calcium urolithiasis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 200:110741. [PMID: 32497990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to melamine has been associated with early renal injury in urolithiasis patients even when urinary concentrations of melamine are low. The aim of this study was to derive a benchmark dose (BMD) for melamine for urolithiasis patients. To do this, one-spot urine sample from 309 participants was obtained to measure urinary melamine and N-acetyl β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), an early renal damage biomarker. The participants were then classified into four exposure groups based on the outcomes of melamine tableware usage questionnaire. A beta distribution of urinary excretion fraction for each group was assumed to estimate their average daily intakes (AvDIs) of melamine. The BMD and the corresponding one-sided 95% lower bound (BMDL) was then derived based on Bayesian model averaging of alternative regression models between the participants' NAG levels and their estimated AvDIs, adjusting for age, gender, and other covariates. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations were used for all the estimates. With a benchmark response of 0.10, the simulated BMDL of 4.89 μg/kg-bw/day for melamine exposure threshold was much lower than the WHO's current recommended tolerable daily intake of 200 μg/kg_bw/day and the US FDA's 63 μg/kg_bw/day. The current regulation level of melamine might not safeguard urolithiasis patients from further deterioration of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Han Wang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Liu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Renal Care, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
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Abdulla NM, Adam B, Blair I, Oulhaj A. Heavy metal content of herbal health supplement products in Dubai - UAE: a cross-sectional study. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:276. [PMID: 31638965 PMCID: PMC6805626 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic intoxication have been associated with the use of health supplement (HS) products. The aim of this study is to estimate the concentration of heavy metals in HS products that are on sale in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, premises and to compare estimated daily metal intake with regulatory standards. METHODS Dubai-area premises selling HS products were identified by searching the Dubai Municipality database to identify all pharmacies, para-pharmacies and nutrition and healthcare shops. A total of 859 premises were identified in the Deira and Bur-Dubai areas. Data collection was performed between September 1 and December 12, 2016. During that period, all premises that had been identified within Dubai were visited and samples for laboratory testing were collected. RESULTS A total of 200 HS products were tested for lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and arsenic. High proportion of samples were found to contain metals less than the limits of the detection (LOD) of the method. It was found that 93% of products contained Arsenic (As) < LOD, 94.5% of lead (Pb) < LOD, 100% of Cadmium (Cd) < LOD, 99% of Mercury (Hg) < LOD and 23.5% of Chromium (Cr) < LOD. Using the single imputation method to account for LOD, estimates for the average daily intake of lead was 0.88 μg compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 20 μg, daily intake of mercury was 0.09 μg (TDI = 20 μg), daily intake of cadmium was 0.83 μg (TDI = 6 μg) while for arsenic it was 0.92 μg compared to the tolerable daily intake of 10 μg. The average daily intake of chromium was 7.57 μg with no internationally established TDI. Assuming users followed the manufacturers' instructions, daily intake of arsenic, lead and mercury would not exceed TDI for any of the 200 products. However, the daily intake of cadmium exceeded or approximated the TDI for three products. CONCLUSIONS In this study we found low levels of metals in the products that were available for sale in Dubai. With few exceptions, if the products were used according to the suppliers' instructions, average daily intake of heavy metals will be well below the recommended tolerable daily intakes.
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Al Jabir M, Barcaru A, Latiff A, Jaganjac M, Ramadan G, Horvatovich P. Dietary exposure of the Qatari population to food mycotoxins and reflections on the regulation limits. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:975-982. [PMID: 31673499 PMCID: PMC6816139 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The article estimates the exposure of the population of Qatar to aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins, measured in food samples collected from the markets of Doha. The mycotoxin extractions were performed using the "Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe" Method (QuEChERS) and the extract measured with LC-MS/MS. High contamination with aflatoxins was detected in Nuts and Spices (e.g. 534.15 ng/g and 371.6 ng/g respectively). The estimated daily intake (EDI) level was estimated using statistical data on average Qatari population. Additionally, the probability to exceed TDI was calculated for fumonisins and ochratoxins. The results indicate high exposure to aflatoxins (with alarming values of margin of exposure, i.e. MoE). The article points to the necessity of a regular assessment and reevaluation of the concentration limits allowed in food products accounting for statistics on the population (i.e. food consumption), economic growth of the country, and monitoring of mycotoxin contamination of food as much as technological, financial and human resources of a country allows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Al Jabir
- Central Food Laboratories, Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Andrei Barcaru
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aishah Latiff
- Anti Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, P.O Box: 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Anti Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, P.O Box: 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gouda Ramadan
- Central Food Laboratories, Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- University of Groningen, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Chen CC, Wang YH, Chen WJ, Hsiung CA, Leon Guo YL, Julie Wang SL. A benchmark dose study of prenatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and behavioral problems in children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:971-80. [PMID: 31221485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been reported to be associated with adverse effects on neurodevelopment that yield behavior syndromes in young children with an estimated median exposure lower than the currently recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI) and reference dose (RfD). OBJECTIVES Our aim was to derive the benchmark dose for prenatal exposure to DEHP for the neurodevelopmental health in children. METHODS A total of 122 mother-child pairs from the Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study were analyzed for the dose-response relationship between maternal exposure to DEHP and children's behavioral syndromes evaluated at 8 years (n = 122, 2009), 11 years (n = 96, 2012), and 14 years (n = 78, 2015) of age. We employed a multivariate regression model to assess the statistical associations between the estimated maternal average daily intake of DEHP and child's individual CBCL scores for boys and girls at each separate age, followed by a mixed model for all the children across three ages accounting for individual variations. We then employed structural equation models by combining the children's specific behavioral problem scores at different ages and obtained a simulated overall latent score in relation to maternal exposure. Based on the established dose-response relationship, we derived the benchmark dose (BMD) and the lower limit (BMDL). RESULTS Associations of maternal DEHP exposure (median 4.54μg/kg_bw/day) with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores were all significant, except for somatic complaints, adjusting for child's age, gender, IQ, and family income. The BMDL, given a benchmark response of 0.10 (0.05) and a background response of 0.05, was 6.01 (2.16) μg/kg_bw/dayfor an integrated CBCL score. CONCLUSIONS The current TDI (RfD) of 50 (20) μg/kg_bw/day for DEHP might not protect pregnant women for their children from behavioral problems. There remains the lack of comparable toxicological data. Further investigations are needed.
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Amer MM, Sabry BA, Marrez DA, Hathout AS, Fouzy ASM. Exposure assessment of heavy metal residues in some Egyptian fruits. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:538-543. [PMID: 31249787 PMCID: PMC6584767 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals Cu, and Ni were present in all fruit samples obtained from Egyptian governorates. Washing of grapes and peeling of orange samples greatly reduced the level of Cu and Ni. Estimated daily intake of the fruit samples were considered higher than that of the tolerable daily intake.
Heavy metals are considered a main public health hazards, they are known to accumulate in fruits, which are heavily consumed by humans because of their unique sweet taste and potential health benefits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the possible contamination levels of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in some selected fruits obtained from four Egyptian governorates and to compare the contamination levels with those of the recommended permissible limits. Results revealed that Pb and Cd were absent in all fruit samples, while Cr was only detected in grapes obtained from Cairo and Fayoum governorates and exceeded the maximum permissible limit (0.10 mg kg−1). Nickel and Cu were detected in all fruit samples. Nickel was reduced more than copper after washing process of grapes especially in samples obtained from Alexandria and Giza governorates. After peeling process, Cu was extremely reduced in orange samples obtained from the following governorates in descending order Cairo, Alexandria, El-Fayoum and Giza. Estimated daily intake of heavy metals in fruit samples were found to be higher than that of the tolerable daily intake, indicating potential risk to human health. Therefore, to decrease the risk to human health, fruits must be washed well before eating to decrease heavy metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- May M Amer
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bassem A Sabry
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Diaa A Marrez
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal S Hathout
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S M Fouzy
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Li X, Liu L, Wang H, Zhang X, Xiao T, Shen H. Phthalate exposure and cumulative risk in a Chinese newborn population. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:7763-7771. [PMID: 30673950 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been attracted as a considerable attention in toxicological research as well as public health context due to their ubiquitous occurrence and potential adverse health effects. Newborns are susceptible to the environmental risk factors; however, data are still limited on newborn phthalate exposure and risk assessment worldwide, especially in China. This study was nested in a cross-sectional retrospective study of 1359 pregnant women recruited in Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, China, during June to July 2012. All urine samples from newborn were collected using disposal diapers during the first two postnatal days, and seven phthalate metabolites were measured by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Phthalate exposure and accumulation risk were evaluated based on the measured newborn urinary internal doses. The detection rate (96.5%) and the median concentration (17.5 ng/mL) of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were the highest, while monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentration was the lowest with a detection rate (1.50%). By estimating the daily intakes of the parent phthalates, their EDI were 0.04, 0.10, 0.32, 0.00, and 0.12 μg/kg-bw/day for dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), respectively. The newborns were commonly exposed to phthalates but no one exceeds the regulated tolerable daily intake (TDI) values in this large newborn population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Xiamen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Tonghu Xiao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Zuliani T, Vidmar J, Drinčić A, Ščančar J, Horvat M, Nečemer M, Piria M, Simonović P, Paunović M, Milačič R. Potentially toxic elements in muscle tissue of different fish species from the Sava River and risk assessment for consumers. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:958-969. [PMID: 30308870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish from the Sava River are consumed daily by the local people: therefore, concern has been raised about the health implications of eating contaminated fish. In the present study, potentially toxic elements (PTE), such as Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, and methylmercury (MeHg), were determined in ichthyofauna that are commonly consumed. PTE were determined in the fish muscle tissue. Fish were sampled at 12 locations from the source of the Sava River to its confluence with the Danube River during two sampling campaigns, namely; in 2014 under high water conditions and in 2015 under normal water conditions. Due to the different water regimes, different fish species were collected for chemical analysis. We observed that the concentrations of elements analysed in the fish muscle tissue were generally very low, except for those of Hg. Moreover, more than 90% of Hg present in the fish was in its most toxic form, namely MeHg. Especially in fish from the 2015 sampling campaign, Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with fish size, trophic level, and in the downstream direction. In addition, for Pb and As, and to some extent for Cd and Cr, spatial differences were detected in both years. The highest concentrations of PTE were detected in fish from sites with intensive industrial and agricultural activities. The consumption of fish in general does not pose a health risk for the PTE studied, except for Hg/MeHg at selected contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Zuliani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Vidmar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drinčić
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marijan Nečemer
- Department of Low and Medium Energy Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Piria
- Department of Fisheries, beekeeping and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Predrag Simonović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Momir Paunović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lee S, Kim S, Park J, Kim HJ, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in breast milk from Korea: Time-course trends, influencing factors, and infant exposure. Sci Total Environ 2018; 612:286-292. [PMID: 28865262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is an important exposure pathway to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) for newborn infants. Nevertheless, reports are limited on the occurrence and time-course of PFASs in breast milk, and most studies have focused on the analysis of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In this study, 16 PFASs were analyzed in breast milk samples (n=293) collected from 128 mothers in Korea during various lactation periods to assess maternal exposure levels, contamination profiles, time-course variations, and infant health risks. The total concentrations of PFASs (ΣPFAS) ranged from 31.7 to 1004 (median: 188) ng/L, which was within the ranges recently reported for Asian and European populations. After a month of nursing, the concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and ΣPFAS significantly increased. This could be due to changes in the dietary and behavior patterns of the mothers after the first month of lactation. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were significantly correlated with maternal age, body mass index, and parity. Certain types of diet (e.g. consuming snacks and milk) and eating-out frequency were significantly associated with increasing levels of PFAS. Significant correlations and similar time-course trends were found between PFASs and PCBs/DDTs, implying similar exposure sources and biokinetics for these contaminants. The estimated daily intakes of PFOS and PFOA via the consumption of breast milk were below the tolerable daily intakes for infants suggested by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Qiao F, Lei K, Li Z, Liu Q, Wei Z, An L, Qi H, Cui S. Effects of storage temperature and time of antimony release from PET bottles into drinking water in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:1388-1393. [PMID: 29090435 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) concentrations were measured in 10 brands of PET bottled drinking water available in supermarkets in China. To simulate general storage habits based on market research, these PET bottles with drinking water were stored for 4 weeks in a lab or a car trunk during the summer. Although the PET package material of brand A had the lowest Sb level (142.71 ± 29.81 μg/g), it showed a significant increase in Sb concentrations when stored in both the car trunk and the lab. There was significant release of Sb from the PET bottles into the water following 24 h of incubation at ≥ 40 °C (40, 50, 60, and 70 °C), especially at 70 °C. The potential health risk of Sb release from PET bottles was calculated based on daily intake values and determined to be acceptable for consumers under normal storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zicheng Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhanliang Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Hongli Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Song Cui
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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Degen GH, Partosch F, Muñoz K, Gundert-Remy U. Daily uptake of mycotoxins - TDI might not be protective for nursed infants. Toxicol Lett 2017; 277:69-75. [PMID: 28602893 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exclusive breast feeding is recommended by international bodies for the first six months of life. Because of the presence of contaminants, breast feeding might lead to toxicologically relevant exposure of the nursed child. Exposure towards mycotoxins is of specific interest because of their widespread occurrence in food and of their toxicological profile. We calculated the relationship between maternal intake at the level of the existing TDIs and the exposure in the nursed infants of several mycotoxins to evaluate whether maternal exposure at the TDI is also safe for the nursed infant. If published information was not available we used in silico methods for estimating toxicokinetic parameters and the lactational transfer. A single dose and a continuous daily intake scenario were considered. Maternal intake at the TDI exceeds the age-adjusted TDI (TDI/3) values for infants in case of deoxynivalenol and patulin in the single dose scenario. Exceedance is particularly pronounced for ochratoxin A in the continuous daily intake scenario (29.2 fold above the child adjusted TDI). According to published data in infants impaired kidney function may result from this exceedance. When setting a TDI, the safety of the exclusively nursed infant should be considered in the continuous daily intake scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Degen
- Leibniz Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Partosch
- Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Muñoz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - U Gundert-Remy
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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De Toni L, Tisato F, Seraglia R, Roverso M, Gandin V, Marzano C, Padrini R, Foresta C. Phthalates and heavy metals as endocrine disruptors in food: A study on pre-packed coffee products. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:234-239. [PMID: 28959644 PMCID: PMC5615111 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalate plasticizers and heavy metals are widely recognized to be pollutants that interfere with key developmental processes such as masculinization. We investigated the release of phthalates and heavy metals in coffee brewed from coffee packed in single-serve coffee containers made from different types of materials: metal, biodegradable and plastics. We detected with GC-MS small amounts phthalates, below the tolerated daily risks levels, in all the coffees prepared from the different types of capsules. Specifically, Di (2-ethyl-hexyl)-phthalate and DiBP: Diisobuthyl-pthalate were ubiquitously present despite the high variability among the samples (respective range 0.16-1.87 μg/mL and 0.01-0.36 μg/mL). Whereas, diethyl-phthalate (range 0.20-0.26 μg/mL) and di-n-buthyl-phthalate (range 0.02-0.14 μg/mL) were detected respectively in one and three out of the four types of capsule tested. In contrast, we detected by atomic mass spectrometry on mineralized samples heavy metals lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni), in all coffee tested. PB levels (respective range 0.32-211.57 μg/dose) accounted for 42-79%, whereas Ni levels (respective range 166.25-1950.26 μg/dose) accounted for >100% of the tolerable daily intake. These results add to the already present concerns related to the multiple pathways of human exposure and the ubiquitous presence of these pollutants in consumer products and their long-term effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Tisato
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), National Research Council-CNR, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Seraglia
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), National Research Council-CNR, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), National Research Council-CNR, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Padrini
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, School of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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21
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Assad M, Tatin-Froux F, Blaudez D, Chalot M, Parelle J. Accumulation of trace elements in edible crops and poplar grown on a titanium ore landfill. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:5019-5031. [PMID: 28000070 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban gardening has recently experienced rapid development; however, the risk of the transfer of toxic elements from neighboring industry needs to be evaluated. We performed a multi-elemental analysis with several common edible crops (cucumber, pepper, cabbage, and lettuce) and poplar grown directly on a titanium ore landfill as a maximized scenario of exposure. Despite elevated concentrations of soil Ca, Fe, Mn, and Ti resulting from the industrial process, we did not register higher accumulation of these elements in the edible parts of crops or in poplar leaves grown on red gypsum compared with the control soil. Only S concentrations were higher in plants grown on the red gypsum, especially for cabbage. The principal component analysis among elements for plants grown on red gypsum indicated that S and Mn were accumulated by different plant species than Cd, Cu, and Zn. The poplar clone had a significantly higher transfer of S and Cr than the control and is a suitable tree species for monitoring element transfer to vegetation in this industrial context. By comparing our data with tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommendations, we demonstrated the low risk of cultivating edible crops directly on an industrial substrate in a maximized scenario of exposure, except for Cr, for which the toxicity depends on the bioavailable form. However, we did not consider the cumulative effects of the various elements because there are no current guidelines, and further research is needed to address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Assad
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 Place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211, Montbéliard, France
| | - Fabienne Tatin-Froux
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7360 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Michel Chalot
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 Place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211, Montbéliard, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Julien Parelle
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
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22
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Sousa ACA, Coelho SD, Pastorinho MR, Taborda-Barata L, Nogueira AJA, Isobe T, Kunisue T, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Levels of TBT and other selected organotin compounds in duplicate diet samples. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:19-23. [PMID: 27621089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTs) are ubiquitous contaminants with a broad range of applications ranging from biocides and pesticides to catalysts for the production of polyurethane foams and silicones. The deleterious effects of some OTs (particularly tributyltin - TBT) upon wildlife and experimental animals are well documented and include endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and metabolic dysfunction in which obesity is included. However, virtually no data on the current human exposure levels is available. In order to bridge this gap, we quantified for the first time the levels of OTs in duplicate diet samples from members of the University of Aveiro in Portugal. OTs were detected in 32% of the 28 diet samples analyzed, at relatively low levels. TBT and monobutyltin were detected only in two samples and dibutyltin was detectable in three samples. Dioctyltin was quantified in four samples and monooctyltin in three samples. Phenyltins were below the detection limit in all the diet samples analyzed. Overall, for the vast majority of the samples (89%), the estimated daily intakes (EDI) of organotins through food were much lower than the established tolerable daily intakes (TDI). Hence, for the majority of the participants the risk associated with food ingestion is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C A Sousa
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Sónia D Coelho
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - M Ramiro Pastorinho
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Luís Taborda-Barata
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Cova da Beira Hospital, 6200-251 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - António J A Nogueira
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
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23
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Quiles JM, Saladino F, Mañes J, Fernández-Franzón M, Meca G. Occurrence of mycotoxins in refrigerated pizza dough and risk assessment of exposure for the Spanish population. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:19-24. [PMID: 27222027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi, as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The first objective of this research was to study the presence of mycotoxins in 60 samples of refrigerated pizza dough, by extraction with methanol and determination by liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Then, the estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of these mycotoxins, among the Spanish population, was calculated and the health risk assessment was performed, comparing the EDIs data with the tolerable daily intake values (TDIs). The mycotoxins detected in the analyzed samples were aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), zearalenone (ZEA), enniatin A (ENA), enniatin A1 (ENA1), enniatin (ENB), enniatin B1 (ENB1) and BEA (beauvericin) with average concentration of the positive samples of 4.09 μg/kg, 0.50 μg/kg, 0.79 μg/kg, 77.78 μg/kg, 14.96 μg/kg, 4.54 μg/kg, 3.37 μg/kg, 1.69 μg/kg and 22.39 μg/kg, respectively. The presence of ZEA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1 was detected in 100% of the samples, AFB2 in 32%, AFB1 in 23%, ENA in 8% and BEA in 3%. Twelve percent of the samples contaminated with AFB1 and 12% of the doughs contaminated with ZEA exceeded the EU legislated maximum limits. The dietary intakes were estimated considering three different age groups of population, and the EDIs calculated for the mycotoxins detected in the samples were all below the established TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Quiles
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Federica Saladino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Franzón
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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24
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Wendlinger C, Hammann S, Vetter W. Various concentrations of erucic acid in mustard oil and mustard. Food Chem 2014; 153:393-7. [PMID: 24491745 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erucic acid is a typical constituent of mustard or rape. Foodstuff with a high content of erucic acid is considered undesirable for human consumption because it has been linked to myocardial lipidosis and heart lesions in laboratory rats. As a result, several countries have restricted its presence in oils and fats. In this study, the erucic acid content in several mustard oils and prepared mustard samples from Germany and Australia was determined. Seven of nine mustard oil samples exceeded the permitted maximum levels established for erucic acid (range: 0.3-50.8%, limit: 5%). The erucic acid content in mustard samples (n=15) varied from 14% to 33% in the lipids. Two servings (i.e. 20 g) of the mustards with the highest erucic acid content already surpassed the tolerable daily intake established by Food Standards Australia New Zealand. However, a careful selection of mustard cultivars could lower the nutritional intake of erucic acid.
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25
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Asami M, Yoshida N, Kosaka K, Ohno K, Matsui Y. Contribution of tap water to chlorate and perchlorate intake: a market basket study. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:199-208. [PMID: 23807022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The contributions of water to total levels of chlorate and perchlorate intake were determined using food and water samples from a market basket study from 10 locations in Japan between 2008 and 2009. Foods were categorized into 13 groups and analyzed along with tap water. The average total chlorate intake was 333 (min. 193-max. 486) μg/day for samples cooked with tap water. The contribution of tap water to total chlorate intake was as high as 47%-58%, although total chlorate intake was less than 32% of the tolerable daily intake, 1500 μg/day for body weight of 50 kg. For perchlorate, daily intake from water was 0.7 (0.1-4.4) μg/day, which is not high compared to the average total intake of 14 (2.5-84) μg/day, while the reference dose (RfD) is 35 μg/day and the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) is 500 μg/day for body weight of 50 kg. The highest intake of perchlorate was 84 μg/day, where concentrations in foods were high, but not in water. The contribution of water to total perchlorate intake ranged from 0.5% to 22%, while the ratio of highest daily intake to RfD was 240% and that to PMTDI was 17%. Eight baby formulas were also tested--total chlorate and perchlorate intakes were 147 (42-332) μg/day and 1.11 (0.05-4.5) μg/day, respectively, for an ingestion volume of 1 L/day if prepared with tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Asami
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
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Frederiksen H, Nielsen JKS, Mørck TA, Hansen PW, Jensen JF, Nielsen O, Andersson AM, Knudsen LE. Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother-child pairs. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:772-83. [PMID: 23528233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Some phthalates, parabens and phenols have shown adverse endocrine disrupting effects in animal studies and are also suspected to be involved in human reproductive problems. However, knowledge about exposure sources and biomonitoring data in different subsets of populations are still scarce. Thus, in this study first morning urine samples were collected from 6 to 11 years Danish children and their mothers. The content of seven parabens, nine phenols and metabolites of eight different phthalates were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Two parabens, six phenols and metabolites from six phthalate diesters were measurable in more than 50%, 75% and 90% of the participants, respectively. Thus the children and their mothers were generally exposed simultaneously to a range of phthalates, phenols and parabens. In general, the levels were low but for several of the compounds extreme creatinine adjusted concentrations 100-500-fold higher than the median level were seen in some participants. Children were significantly higher exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) and some of the phthalates (DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, DEHP and DiNP) than their mothers, whereas mothers were higher exposed to compounds related to cosmetics and personal care products such as parabens (MeP, EtP and n-PrP), benzophenone-3, triclosan and diethyl phthalate. However, a very high correlation between mothers and their children was observed for all chemicals. A high individual exposure to one chemical was often associated with a high exposure to other of the chemicals and the possibility of combination effects of multiple simultaneous exposures cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Section 5064, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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