1
|
Ma F, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li X, Cao Q, Ma H, Xie D, Zhang B, Yu J, Li X, Xie Q, Wan G, Guo M, Guo J, Yin J, Liu G. Effects of umami substances as taste enhancers on salt reduction in meat products: A review. Food Res Int 2024; 185:114248. [PMID: 38658067 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Sodium is one of the essential additives in meat processing, but excessive sodium intake may increase risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, reducing salt content while preserving its preservative effect, organoleptic properties, and technological characteristics poses challenges. In this review, the mechanism of salt reduction of umami substances was introduced from the perspective of gustation-taste interaction, and the effects of the addition of traditional umami substances (amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids(OAs)) and natural umami ingredients (mushrooms, seaweeds, tomatoes, soybeans, tea, grains) on the sensory properties of the meat with reduced-salt contents were summarized. In addition, the impacts of taste enhancers on eating quality (color, sensory, textural characteristics, and water-holding capacity (WHC)), and processing quality (lipid oxidation, pH) of meat products (MP) and their related mechanisms were also discussed. Among them, natural umami ingredients exhibit distinct advantages over traditional umami substances in terms of enhancing quality and nutritional value. On the basis of salt reduction, natural umami ingredients improve the flavor, texture, WHC and antioxidant capacity. This comprehensive review may provide the food industry with a theoretical foundation for mitigating salt consumption through the utilization of umami substances and natural ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yuanlv Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Qingqing Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Haiyang Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Delang Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Qiwen Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guoling Wan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Mei Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Jiajun Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guishan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jürkenbeck K, von Steimker F, Spiller A. Consumer's perception of food pairing products with usual, novel and unusual flavour combinations: A segmentation approach. Appetite 2024; 196:107270. [PMID: 38360399 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In saturated markets, companies are continually launching new products. Food innovations particularly play a decisive role in this case. One new concept is food pairing, which signifies that the more aromatic compounds two foods have in common, the better they taste together. Food pairing offers an opportunity to develop innovative foods. However, some consumers are risk-averse or exhibit food neophobia. Studies on food neophobia indicate that innovative foods could face rejection. The factor that represents a marketing barrier is not only the sensory rejection of the products when tasting them but also the refusal to even try such innovative products. Therefore, the idea of whether consumers are generally open to food pairing is important to examine. Nonetheless, research into this issue is lacking thus far. The subject of how consumers judge usual, novel, and unusual pairing principles was investigated in this study. The topic of whether a target group for food pairing products exists and characterized the target group was also analysed. To achieve the objective of the study, an online survey of German consumers (n = 1,064) was conducted; these consumers judged the five flavour combinations of each category (usual, novel, unusual). The results revealed a four-cluster solution, with one-third of the sample expressing an openness to food pairing. The whole sample judged the usual combinations as suitable; by contrast, the novel and unusual combinations were deemed to be mainly appropriate for the food pairing cluster. The proposed measurement methodology for testing the openness of food pairing, which distinguishes between usual, novel, and unusual pairings, has demonstrated its usefulness. Those consumers who are open to food pairing have a high level of food involvement and a low degree of food neophobia. Furthermore, they show the highest organic food purchase frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Jürkenbeck
- University of Goettingen, Department for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Flora von Steimker
- University of Goettingen, Department for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Achim Spiller
- University of Goettingen, Department for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bigwanto M, Pénzes M, Urbán R. Does sensation-seeking behavior influence the patterns of flavored e-cigarette use? A cross-sectional study among Indonesian adolescents and young adults. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1140. [PMID: 38658887 PMCID: PMC11040837 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variety of available flavors in e-cigarettes may be a driver for young people to start using these products. The objectives of our study were to examine the relationship between sensation-seeking behavior and e-cigarette use, and to identify the predictors of flavor use patterns among adolescents in Indonesia. METHODS Students aged 15 to 24 years participated from randomly selected high schools and universities in Indonesia. Participants answered questions about their demographic data, e-cigarette use, conventional cigarette use, and sensation-seeking. Flavor preferences were identified from eight different flavor categories. Multivariate multinomial regression analysis was employed to predict conventional cigarette and e-cigarette use among students. A latent class analysis was conducted to determine the number of latent classes of flavor use. RESULTS One thousand six hundred high school and university students, with a mean age of 18.2 years (SD 2.19), were recruited between March and August, 2023. Conventional cigarette use in the past 30 days was higher (16.3%) compared to e-cigarette use (13.3%, p = 0.017), with approximately 8.5% of students were being dual users. Higher levels of sensation-seeking significantly increased the odds of being a current e-cigarette user (OR = 2.54, 95%CI 1.99-3.25) and a current conventional cigarette smoker (OR = 2.38, 95%CI 1.85-3.07). Three groups of flavor classes were identified: 1) primarily menthol flavor users (14%), who had a strong association with current conventional cigarette use; 2) experimenters, who mostly preferred fruit-flavored e-cigarettes (76%); and 3) the multi-flavor user group (10%), who had a higher sensation-seeking tendency. CONCLUSIONS Flavors, especially menthol and fruit flavors, attract youth, broaden the e-cigarette audience and are particularly appealing to high sensation-seekers. Banning these flavors could significantly deter e-cigarette initiation among youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Bigwanto
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella U. 46, Budapest, 1064, Hungary.
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella U. 46, Budapest, 1064, Hungary.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Jl Limau II, Jakarta, 12210, Indonesia.
| | - Melinda Pénzes
- Data-Driven Health Division of the National Laboratory for Health Security, Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Kútvölgyi út 2, Budapest, H-1125, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella U. 46, Budapest, 1064, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella U. 46, Budapest, 1064, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borowiecki M, Kim Y, Emery S. A Patchy Prohibition: Product and Flavor Substitution After the Food and Drug Administration's Prioritized Enforcement Policy on Flavored E-cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:527-535. [PMID: 37948576 PMCID: PMC11033575 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have rapidly grown in use among U.S. adolescents; in response, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) engaged in an "enforcement policy on banned e-cigarette flavors" ("enforcement action") for pod-based e-cigarettes in January 2020, which accounted for most U.S. e-cigarette sales. No literature has yet examined long-term changes in e-cigarette sales patterns changed in relation to the FDA enforcement action. AIMS AND METHODS We analyzed U.S. e-cigarette sales using Nielsen retail scanner data between March 2017 and December 2021, describing e-cigarette sales trends overall, by device type, and by flavor category. We also performed joinpoint regression analysis on the sales trends to detect significant changes in the rate of change of sales over time. RESULTS The FDA enforcement action was associated with a sharp initial decrease in prefilled pod dollar sales, followed by a steady increase from April 2020 through the end of 2021, growing beyond the previous maximum in August 2019. We also observed a dramatic change in the composition of flavors sold: A large decline in mint-flavored pod sales was offset by a similar increase in menthol-flavored sales. Simultaneously, disposable product sales increased nearly ten-fold from July 2019 to July 2020 before stabilizing, dominated by fruit-flavored products. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest rapid product substitution without a long-term decline in e-cigarette sales in association with the enforcement action, along with a growing dominance of youth-friendly flavors, contrasting against FDA policy goals. Our study revealed the weakness of the "patchy" enforcement action, raising concern about its unintended consequences as consumption simply shifted to other e-cigarette products. IMPLICATIONS This is the first detailed longitudinal study on e-cigarette sales trends in the United States following the FDA flavor enforcement action, with novel findings on flavor trends and their relation to policy events. We report sales overall, by product type, and by flavor category, and highlight several important trends following the action, such as the rise and persistence of disposable e-cigarettes increasingly and overwhelmingly dominated by youth-friendly flavors, and likely substitution of prefilled e-cigarette flavors without any long-term decline in sales. Our results highlight the weaknesses of "patchy" regulation and suggest the need for a more comprehensive approach to flavor regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Borowiecki
- Department of Public Health, NORC At The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yoonsang Kim
- Department of Public Health, NORC At The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sherry Emery
- Department of Public Health, NORC At The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kyriakos CN, Erinoso O, Driezen P, Thrasher JF, Katanoda K, Quah ACK, Tabuchi T, Perez CDA, Seo HG, Kim SY, Nordin ASA, Hairi FM, Fong GT, Filippidis FT. Prevalence and perceptions of flavour capsule cigarettes among adults who smoke in Brazil, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Mexico: findings from the ITC surveys. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e083080. [PMID: 38642995 PMCID: PMC11033647 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global market of flavour capsule cigarettes (FCCs) has grown significantly over the past decade; however, prevalence data exist for only a few countries. This study examined prevalence and perceptions of FCCs among adults who smoke across five countries. METHODS Cross-sectional data among adults who smoked cigarettes came from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Surveys-Brazil (2016/2017), Japan (2021), Republic of Korea (2021), Malaysia (2020) and Mexico (2021). FCCs use was measured based on reporting one's usual/current brand or favourite variety has flavour capsule(s). Perceptions of the harmfulness of one's usual brand versus other brands were compared between those who used capsules versus no capsules. Adjusted logistic regression models examined correlates of FCC use. RESULTS There were substantial differences in the prevalence of FCC use among adults who smoke across the five countries: Mexico (50.3% in 2021), Republic of Korea (31.8% in 2021), Malaysia (26.5% in 2020), Japan (21.6% in 2021) and Brazil (6.7% in 2016/2017). Correlates of FCC use varied across countries. Capsule use was positively associated with being female in Japan and Mexico, younger age in Japan, Republic of Korea and Malaysia, high education in Brazil, Japan and Mexico, non-daily smoking in Republic of Korea, and having plans to quit in Japan and Republic of Korea. There was no consistent pattern of consumer perceptions of brand harmfulness. CONCLUSION Our study documented the high prevalence of FCCs in some countries, pointing to the need to develop and implement regulatory strategies to control these attractive products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kyriakos
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Pete Driezen
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kota Katanoda
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center Japan, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Anne C K Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristina de Abreu Perez
- National School of Public Health Sérgio Arouca, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hong Gwan Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korean Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin
- Nicotine Addiction Research Group, Centre of Addiction Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farizah Mohd Hairi
- Nicotine Addiction Research Group, Centre of Addiction Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- School of Public Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Filippos T Filippidis
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McCormack JC, Agbor Epse Muluh E, Mo Y, McLeod SC, Turner S, Ghelot DS, Browne H, Bullen C, Peng M. Does vaping affect the taste and smell perception? An exploratory study with New Zealand young adults. Appetite 2024; 195:107236. [PMID: 38307298 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to assess potential effects of vaping on individual taste and smell perception in a sample of young adult New Zealanders. DESIGN This cross-sectional study measured taste and smell perception using intensity and hedonic ratings to two olfactory (i.e., vanillin, methional) and two gustatory stimuli (i.e., sucrose, monosodium glutamate), representing sweet and savoury flavours. Detection sensitivities to sucrose and vanillin were also assessed using a forced choice detection paradigm aligned with the signal detection framework. MANCOVAs were employed to compare sensory perception between groups based on vaping use frequency. Additional regression analyses were conducted to identify potential predictors of intensity and hedonic sensory ratings. SETTING Participants were recruited from the University of Otago student population and surrounding neighbourhoods of Dunedin, New Zealand in 2023. PARTICIPANTS The study included 213 university students (98 vapers and 115 non-vapers) RESULTS: We found a significant difference in hedonic ratings for vanillin, indicating a stronger preference among non-vapers. However, no other differences between the two groups were significant. Notably, the use of tobacco and mint flavours were emerged as significant predictors for hedonic responses to the savoury smell and sweet taste stimulus, respectively. No significant differences were observed between groups in the ability to detect weak stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that vape use, particularly with specific flavours, may be associated with alterations in hedonic responses to smells. This finding may have potential implications for how vaping affects on food preferences and dietary choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C McCormack
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Yunfan Mo
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie C McLeod
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Turner
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Dhirendra S Ghelot
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Browne
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Chris Bullen
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin J, Lin H, Li C, Liao N, Zheng Y, Yu X, Sun Y, Wu L. Unveiling characteristic metabolic accumulation over enzymatic-catalyzed process of Tieguanyin oolong tea manufacturing by DESI-MSI and multiple-omics. Food Res Int 2024; 181:114136. [PMID: 38448105 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
To achieve an integrative understanding of the spatial distribution and chronological flavoring compounds accumulation, desorption-electrospray-ionization coupled mass-spectrometry-imaging (DESI-MSI) and multi-omics techniques were performed on the leaf samples collected from the enzymatic-catalyzed-process (ECP) stage of Tieguanyin oolong tea manufacturing. The result of DESI-MSI visualization indicated transform or re-distribution of catechins, flavonols and amino acids were on-going attributing to the multi-stress over ECP stage. Out of identified 2621 non-volatiles and 45,771 transcripts, 43 non-volatiles and 12 co-expressed pathways were screened out as biomarkers and key cascades in response to adverse conditions. The targeted metabolic analysis on the characteristic flavoring compounds showed that the accumulations of free amino acids were enhanced, while catechins, flavonol glycosides, and alkaloids exhibited dynamic changes. This result suggests withering and turning-over process are compatible and collectively regulate the metabolic accumulation and development of flavoring metabolites, facilitating to the development of characteristic quality of Tieguanyin tea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PR China
| | - Hongzheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PR China
| | - Chenxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PR China
| | - Ningkai Liao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PR China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, 358 Baihua Road, Wuyishan City, Fujian Province 354300, PR China
| | - Xinru Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PR China
| | - Yun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PR China.
| | - Liangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Y, Lindblom EN, Ward KD, Salloum RG. Should menthol e-cigarettes be banned? Reaction of adult smokers and users of e-cigarettes to hypothetical bans. Tob Control 2024; 33:e125-e127. [PMID: 36446577 PMCID: PMC10225471 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines how current smokers using menthol cigarettes or flavoured cigars, and current users of flavoured e-cigarettes may respond to three hypothetical flavour-ban scenarios: (1) banning only menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars; (2) also banning e-cigarettes with any non-tobacco flavours except menthol; and (3) also banning e-cigarettes with any non-tobacco flavours, including menthol. METHODS Recruited from mTurk, respondents were asked if they would quit all tobacco-nicotine use or continue or start using products that were still legally available. The patterns of responding to each ban scenario, for both flavoured smokers and users of non-tobacco flavoured e-cigarettes, were summarised. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to estimate associations between demographics, smoking or e-cigarette use status and reactions to a ban. RESULTS A ban on menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars would lead to 12%-20% of flavoured smokers trying to quit all tobacco use and 32%-52% switching to non-flavoured smoking, with the remaining switching to e-cigarettes or other products. Compared with a ban on only menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars, also banning flavoured e-cigarettes would increase the likelihood of quitting all tobacco-nicotine use (OR=2.58) but also increase the likelihood of switching to non-flavoured smoking (OR=1.74). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a ban on menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars would decrease smoking. However, it is unclear if adding a ban of menthol e-cigarettes would lead to additional benefits because without menthol e-cigarettes as an alternative, some smokers and e-cigarette users may switch to non-flavoured tobacco smoking, rather than quit all tobacco use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric N Lindblom
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pennings JLA, Havermans A, Krüsemann EJZ, Zijtveld D, Huiberts EHW, Bos PMJ, Schenk E, Visser WF, Bakker-'t Hart IME, Staal YCM, Talhout R. Reducing attractiveness of e-liquids: proposal for a restrictive list of tobacco-related flavourings. Tob Control 2024; 33:e41-e47. [PMID: 36669881 PMCID: PMC10958261 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarettes are addictive and harmful, and flavour is a key factor determining their abuse liability. Both adult smokers and young non-smokers like sweet and fruity flavours in particular. In order to discourage e-cigarette use among youth, the Dutch government announced in 2020 to only allow tobacco flavours in e-liquids. We propose a restrictive list of flavourings that will only enable the production of e-liquids with a tobacco flavour. METHODS We used e-liquid ingredient data notified via the European Common Entry Gate system before the government's announcement. First, we classified all e-liquids into flavour categories, and continued with the set of flavourings present in tobacco e-liquids. Five selection criteria related to prevalence of use, chemical composition, flavour description and health effects were defined to compile a restrictive list of tobacco flavourings. RESULTS E-liquids marketed as having tobacco flavour contained 503 different flavourings, some with tobacco flavour, but also other (such as sweet) flavours. We excluded (1) 330 flavourings used in <0.5% of e-liquids, (2) 77 used less frequently in tobacco than in all e-liquids, (3) 13 plant extracts, (4) 60 that are sweet or not associated with a tobacco flavour and (5) 7 flavourings with hazardous properties. This resulted in a final list of 16 flavourings. CONCLUSIONS Implementing this restrictive list will likely discourage e-cigarette use among youth, but could also make e-cigarettes less attractive as smoking cessation aid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Anne Havermans
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Erna J Z Krüsemann
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Dion Zijtveld
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Eva H W Huiberts
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Peter M J Bos
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Erna Schenk
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Wouter F Visser
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M E Bakker-'t Hart
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne C M Staal
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roberts ME, Patterson JG, Keller-Hamilton BL, Ferketich AK, Singer JM, Zettler PJ. JUUL and its 'Action Network' attempt to prevent a local flavour ban. Tob Control 2024; 33:e138-e139. [PMID: 36813570 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Roberts
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Amy K Ferketich
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jill M Singer
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Patricia J Zettler
- Moritz College of Law and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gendall P, Hoek J. Regulating flavours and flavour delivery technologies: an analysis of menthol cigarettes and RYO tobacco in Aotearoa New Zealand. Tob Control 2024; 33:e122-e124. [PMID: 36882318 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol facilitates smoking initiation among young people, enhances nicotine's addictiveness and fosters the false belief that menthol products are safer. As a result, several countries have banned use of menthol as a characterising flavour. Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) could disallow menthol-flavoured cigarettes as part of its endgame legislation; however, little is known about the NZ menthol market. METHODS To examine the NZ menthol market, we analysed tobacco company returns to the Ministry of Health from 2010 to 2021. We calculated the market share of menthol cigarettes as a percentage of total cigarettes released for sale, estimated capsule cigarettes' market share as a percentage of total cigarette released for sale and menthol released for sale, and calculated menthol roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco released for sale as a percentage of total RYO released. RESULTS Menthol brands accounted for a relatively small but nonetheless sizeable proportion of NZ's tobacco market and in 2021 constituted 13% of NZ's factory made cigarette market and 7% of the RYO market, representing 161 million cigarettes and 25 tonnes of RYO. The introduction of capsule technologies using menthol flavours corresponded with a rise in menthol sales among factory made cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Capsule technologies using menthol flavours work synergistically to enhance the appeal of smoking and appear likely to encourage experimentation among non-smoking young people. Comprehensive policy that regulates menthol flavours and innovations used to deliver flavour sensations will support tobacco endgame goals in NZ and could inform policy in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Hoek
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu K, Lee T, Reyes-Guzman CM, Davis Lynn BC, Kofie JN, Rostron BL, Chang CM, Chang JT. Use patterns of flavored non-cigarette tobacco products among US adults, 2010-2019. Prev Med 2024; 180:107870. [PMID: 38272271 PMCID: PMC10923177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flavored non-cigarette tobacco product (NCTP) use is common among US adult tobacco users. To update the estimates of use patterns of flavored NCTPs, this study assessed current NCTP use among adults by flavor use and flavor categories from 2010 to 2019. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2010-2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey to estimate the weighted proportion of adult NCTP users by flavor use across survey waves. Flavor use was defined as past 30-day use of any menthol/mint or fruit/other flavors. We used the 2018-2019 data to examine the differences in demographic characteristics and tobacco use patterns among users of menthol/mint or fruit/other flavors compared to exclusive users of tobacco flavor, by product type. RESULTS Compared to 2014-2015, electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users were more likely (79.0% vs. 66.6%, p < 0.001) to report flavor use in 2018-2019, whereas cigar (26.9% vs. 31.2%, p = 0.030) and pipe (56.3% vs. 65.5%, p = 0.015) smokers were less likely to report flavor use in 2018-2019. In 2018-2019, the most prevalent flavor categories were exclusive use of tobacco flavor among cigar (73.1%) and smokeless tobacco (48.3%) users, and use of fruit/other flavors among ENDS (64.9%) and pipe (48.4%) users. Flavored users were more likely to be young adults aged 18-24 years (cigars, ENDS, smokeless tobacco) and Non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic persons (cigars, ENDS, pipes) compared to tobacco-flavored users. CONCLUSIONS Flavored product use increased among adult ENDS users but decreased among cigar and pipe smokers. These findings could inform tobacco regulatory efforts concerning flavored NCTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Xu
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Terrence Lee
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn M Reyes-Guzman
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brittny C Davis Lynn
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Justina N Kofie
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Brian L Rostron
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cindy M Chang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joanne T Chang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh S, Kumar Sharma P, Chaturvedi S, Kumar P, Deepak Nannaware A, Kalra A, Kumar Rout P. Biocatalyst for the synthesis of natural flavouring compounds as food additives: Bridging the gap for a more sustainable industrial future. Food Chem 2024; 435:137217. [PMID: 37832337 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis entails the use of purified enzymes in the manufacturing of flavouring chemicals food industry as well as at the laboratory level. These biocatalysts can significantly accelerate organic chemical processes and improve product stereospecificity. The unique characteristics of biocatalyst helpful in synthesizing the environmentally friendly flavour and aroma compounds used as a food additive in foodstuffs. With methods like enzyme engineering on biotechnological interventions the efficient tuning of produce will fulfil the needs of food industry. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of different flavour and aroma component through microbial catalysts and using advanced techniques which are available for enzyme improvement. Also pointing out their benefits and drawbacks for specific technological processes necessary for successful industrial application of biocatalysts. The article covers the market scenario, cost economics, environmental safety and regulatory framework for the production of food flavoured chemicals by the bioprocess engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Singh
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Sharma
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Shivani Chaturvedi
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashween Deepak Nannaware
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Prasant Kumar Rout
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bourne DE, Williams R, Osbahr L, Roemhildt M, Villanti AC. Implementation of Quitline Financial Incentives to Increase Counseling Sessions Among Adults Who Use Menthol Tobacco Products. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:167-169. [PMID: 37118924 PMCID: PMC10611895 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231171143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Since 2017, the Vermont Tobacco Control Program (VTCP) has worked to reduce the impact of flavored tobacco products on Vermonters. With the proposed U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules banning menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars and proposed legislation banning sales of all menthol and flavored tobacco products in Vermont, VTCP prioritized resources to support cessation among Vermonters who use menthol tobacco products. In March 2021, VTCP began offering a tailored quitline protocol for adults who use menthol tobacco, including financial incentives, for completed coaching sessions. From March 2021 to May 2022, 66 quitline callers enrolled in the menthol incentive protocol, representing 8% of all quitline callers and 25% of participants in the state's quitline incentive programs. A greater proportion of callers in the menthol incentive program completed three or more quitline calls (58% vs. 38%) and enrolled in phone and text support (61% vs. 32%). Quitline callers enrolled in any incentive protocols (menthol, Medicaid/uninsured, or pregnant) were more likely to request one or two forms of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Quitlines remain an effective, evidence-based method of tobacco cessation, especially in reaching vulnerable populations. Given the targeted marketing of menthol brands to Black and African American populations, LGBTQ+ populations, youth, and neighborhoods with lower incomes, addressing menthol cigarette use is key to improving health equity and health of Vermonters. Early data indicates that the use of financial incentives can increase engagement with a state quitline among menthol tobacco users through greater completion of cessation coaching calls, enrollment in text message support, and NRT usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Osbahr
- Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Andrea C. Villanti
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cooper SY, Olszewski NA, Tetteh-Quarshie S, Hill SP, Ghodsi S, González-Castro A, Willis CV, Henderson BJ. The Impact of High or Low Doses of Nicotine in a Mouse Model of Vapor Self-Administration. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:316-323. [PMID: 37531402 PMCID: PMC10882436 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A wide variety of nicotine concentrations and formulations are available to users of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). This is increasingly true when considering the many flavors available with ENDS products. To date, there have been few preclinical investigations into the impact of nicotine doses, with and without flavors, on vaping-related behaviors. This present study evaluated how nicotine concentrations relevant to tank-based and pod-based ENDS, with and without flavors, impact reinforcement-related behavior in a mouse model. AIMS AND METHODS Adult male and female C57/BL6J mice were used in vapor-inhalation self-administration assays. Mice were assigned e-liquids containing 6 mg/mL or 60 mg/mL nicotine. Additional mice were assigned these nicotine doses with green apple or menthol flavorants. Mice were trained on fixed-ratio 1 for 10, 2-hour sessions, then five sessions at FR3, three progressive ratio sessions, and two FR3 sessions. RESULTS We observed male mice exhibited higher reinforcement-related behavior to menthol-flavored 6 mg/mL nicotine when compared to female mice. Males were only observed to have a menthol-induced enhancement of self-administration at 6 mg/mL nicotine and not 60 mg/mL nicotine. However, female mice exhibited significant menthol-induced increases in reinforcement-related behaviors with 60 mg/mL nicotine. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that males and females exhibit different dose sensitivities to nicotine. These sex-dependent differences in nicotine sensitivity also indicate that flavor-induced enhancement in nicotine intake is dependent on the different doses for each sex. IMPLICATIONS There has been much discussion recently regarding the impact of flavors on vaping-related behavior. Our current study may support prior investigations that suggest flavors enhance the palatability of nicotine-containing products. However, this current study provides evidence that males and females exhibit different sensitivities to nicotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Y Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Nathan A Olszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Samuel Tetteh-Quarshie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Sean P Hill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Saaman Ghodsi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Astrid González-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Clay V Willis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bremmer MP, Campbell AM, Xia K, Tarran R, Girdler SS, Hendershot CS. Effects of Nicotine Content and Preferred Flavor on Subjective Responses to E-cigarettes: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Laboratory Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:307-315. [PMID: 37539752 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests that e-liquid flavor and nicotine concentration are important factors in the initiation and maintenance of e-cigarette use (vaping). Flavors may increase the initiation and maintenance of vaping, and nicotine content is a factor in e-cigarette dependence and the efficacy of e-cigarettes for cigarette smoking cessation. Few human laboratory studies have assessed the joint and interactive effects of flavor and nicotine on subjective responses to e-cigarettes. METHODS Regular e-cigarette users (N = 89) completed a multi-session study involving a paced vaping procedure with e-liquid cartridges containing their preferred flavor (berry, menthol, or tobacco) or no flavor, with or without nicotine (18 mg). Subjective effects of vaping (satisfaction, reward, aversion, airway sensations, and craving relief) were assessed. RESULTS Nicotine significantly increased psychological reward and craving relief, whereas flavor significantly increased vaping satisfaction and taste. Nicotine dependence severity moderated the effect of nicotine on reward, such that those with the greatest dependence severity reported the greatest reward. CONCLUSIONS These findings support differential and noninteractive effects of e-liquid nicotine content and flavor on reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS E-liquid flavor and nicotine content have independent, non-interactive effects on subjective responses to vaping under controlled laboratory conditions. Among regular e-cigarette users, vaping a preferred flavor increased taste and satisfaction, but did not interact with nicotine to alter reward or craving. Further research on the ways in which these subjective effects may motivate vaping behavior among different populations of e-cigarette users would be useful to inform regulatory policy of ENDS products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Bremmer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alana M Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kai Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan S Girdler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian S Hendershot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ali FRM, Seaman EL, Diaz MC, Ajose J, King BA. Trends in unit sales of cooling flavoured e-cigarettes, USA, 2017-2021. Tob Control 2024; 33:147-153. [PMID: 35840317 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flavours that produce a cooling sensation, such as menthol, enhance the appeal of e-cigarettes among youth; but not all e-cigarettes that produce cooling sensations are labelled as menthol. This study assessed trends in unit sales of cooling flavoured e-cigarettes in the USA. DESIGN E-cigarette retail sales during 26 January 2017 to 28 November 2021 were licensed from Information Resources, Inc, which records brick-and-mortar retail scanner sales but not online or vape shop sales. Cooling flavours were identified using six descriptors: menthol, ice, cool, chill, freeze or frost; ambiguous flavours were verified using online searches. Cooling flavours were categorised by characterising flavour (menthol, mint, other) and product type (prefilled cartridges, disposables, e-liquids). Joinpoint regression was used to assess sales and price trends. RESULTS During January 2017 to November 2021, unit sales of cooling flavoured e-cigarettes increased by 693.0% (1.5 to 12.0 million units); the percentage of these sales from total sales increased from 26.4% to 54.9%. Among cooling flavours, percentage of menthol sales decreased from 94.5% to 73.0% (p<0.001). Among menthol cooling flavours, percentage of prefilled cartridges increased from 67.2% to 96.6% (p<0.001); among non-menthol cooling flavours, percentage of disposable e-cigarettes increased from 5.2% to 99.2% (p<0.001). There were no significant price differences between cooling and non-cooling flavoured disposable e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION The percentage of cooling flavoured e-cigarette sales from total sales doubled during 2017-2021, and sales of non-menthol cooling disposable e-cigarettes experienced the highest percentage increase. Cooling flavoured e-cigarettes are important to consider when developing strategies to address flavoured e-cigarette use among youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Romeh M Ali
- Non-Infectious Disease Programs, CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Megan C Diaz
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julianah Ajose
- Non-Infectious Disease Programs, CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian A King
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schillo BA, Bertrand A, Briggs J, Kierstead EC, Silver NA, Yoon SN, Diaz MC. Analysis of e-cigarette warning letters issued by the Food and Drug Administration in 2020 and 2021. Tob Control 2024; 33:247-251. [PMID: 36229228 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study analyses the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning letters sent to e-cigarette companies from 1 January 2020 to 9 September 2021. Study results can inform regulation of e-cigarettes. METHODOLOGY Warning letters retrieved from FDA's website were coded for company type (retailer, manufacturer or distributor), location (domestic or international), infractions listed (PMTA (premarket tobacco product application), selling to minors, advertising to youth or packaging violation/mislabelling), product type (e-liquid, device or both), flavour (fruit, candy, tobacco, menthol/mint, concept flavour) and consequence (civil money penalties, product seizure and injunction, product detention and refusal of entry to the USA, no-tobacco-sales order, criminal prosecution). RESULTS Of 303 coded letters (126 from 2020 and 177 from 2021), 97.4% were sent to small online retailers. Overall, 94.1% of the companies cited were located within the USA, 75.2% of the infractions were identified by reviewing a company's website and 70.5% were PMTA violations. In 2020, 55.6% of infractions were PMTA violations; in 2021, nearly all infractions were PMTA violations. The letters cited 880 products; 92.2% of which were e-liquid products, with 32.4% fruit and 31.1% concept flavours. DISCUSSION Warning letters targeted small online retailers rather than large e-cigarette brands or products most used by youth: pod mods and disposables. The focus of these enforcement actions comprises a small share of the market and the impact on use was likely minimal. With PMTA decisions pending for the largest brands of e-cigarettes, the FDA should use its enforcement powers to target manufacturers, distributors and sellers of the tobacco products that have the greatest impact on youth and products that provide no public health benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jodie Briggs
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Megan C Diaz
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Olson LT, Gammon DG, Rogers T, Brown EM, Nonnemaker JM, Spinks JG, Ross A, Xu X, Moze J, Matter CM, D'Silva J. Expanding local sales restrictions on flavoured tobacco products to include menthol: retail sales changes in two Minnesota cities. Tob Control 2024; 33:178-185. [PMID: 35902225 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, expanded existing local sales restrictions on flavoured (non-menthol/mint/wintergreen) tobacco products ('flavour policies') to include menthol/mint/wintergreen-flavoured tobacco products ('menthol policies'). All policies included exemptions for certain store types. METHODS We obtained weekly retail tobacco product sales for 2015 through 2019 from NielsenIQ for convenience stores and other outlets in the policy jurisdictions and two comparison areas (rest of the state of Minnesota and total USA). We standardised unit sales across product categories and used NielsenIQ-provided descriptors to classify products as menthol (including mint/wintergreen) or flavoured (non-menthol/non-tobacco). Using single group interrupted time series models, we analysed unit sales by product category and by flavour separately for each geography to assess associations between menthol policy implementation and trends in tobacco product unit sales. RESULTS Following menthol policy implementation, unit sales of menthol cigarettes and menthol smokeless tobacco decreased in both cities, with smaller decreases in comparison areas. Flavoured cigar sales-which decreased following the flavour policies-further decreased after the menthol policies, while sales of menthol electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) increased in both cities and sales of flavoured ENDS increased in St. Paul. CONCLUSION Expanding flavour policies to include menthol/mint/wintergreen was associated with significant decreases in unit sales of most menthol products and in total unit sales by tobacco product category. Increases in menthol and flavoured ENDS sales in these cities may be associated with legal sales by exempted retailers and/or illicit sales by non-compliant retailers, highlighting opportunities for retailer education and enforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Olson
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Doris G Gammon
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd Rogers
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Brown
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James M Nonnemaker
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James G Spinks
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley Ross
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanne Moze
- Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Erinoso OA, Osibogun O, Egbe CO, Wright O, Oyapero A, Osibogun A. Electronic nicotine delivery systems in Nigeria: product types, flavours and nicotine content labels. Tob Control 2024; 33:271-272. [PMID: 35977822 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olatokunbo Osibogun
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Catherine O Egbe
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Ololade Wright
- Department of Community Health and Primary Health Care, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ojo, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Oyapero
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ojo, Nigeria
| | - Akin Osibogun
- Department of Community Health and Primary Health Care, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Duan Z, Henriksen L, Vallone D, Rath JM, Evans WD, Romm KF, Wysota C, Berg CJ. Nicotine pouch marketing strategies in the USA: an analysis of Zyn, On! and Velo. Tob Control 2024; 33:154-163. [PMID: 35817549 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine pouches are gaining popularity, yet their marketing is understudied. METHODS Using Numerator advertising data from January 2019 to September 2021 regarding three popular brands of nicotine pouch in the USA-Zyn (by Swedish Match, introduced in the USA in July 2016), On! (Altria, August 2016) and Velo (RJ Reynolds, July 2019)-we examined (1) general advertising characteristics (eg, media type, year); (2) ad content (ie, headlines and imagery themes); (3) prominent media channels (ie, specific websites, magazines, etc); and (4) ad expenditures. RESULTS There were 286 unique ads (Zyn: 44.4%; On!: 2.8%; Velo: 52.8%), 119 143 occurrences (Zyn: 3.5%; On!: 0.5%; Velo: 96.0%) and $24 774 650 total expenditures (Zyn: 4.7%; On!: 0.6%; Velo: 94.7%). The greatest proportion of ad occurrences and expenditures were accounted for by radio (75.9% and 28.2%, respectively) and television (16.2% and 56.5%), followed by mobile (0.5% and 7.2%) and online display (6.7% and 3.6%). Across ad occurrences and expenditures, prominent headline themes included 'freedom' (26.0% and 17.1%, respectively), 'brand' (9.6% and 18.6%) and 'flavour' (16.4% and 7.6%); images mainly featured the product alone (61.4% and 56.1%), text (16.2% and 24.6%) or men (8.7% and 8.6%); and prominent channel themes were entertainment (34.7% and 37.3%), news/weather (14.3% and 21.7%), business/finance (12.9% and 9.0%) and sports (9.5% and 1.0%). Zyn and On! prioritised online display and print; Velo prioritised radio and television. Zyn's and Velo's headlines focused on 'freedom', with Zyn also emphasising 'brand' and Velo 'innovation'; On!'s headlines emphasised 'flavour'. CONCLUSIONS Regulatory efforts must be informed by surveillance of nicotine pouch marketing and impacts on consumer subgroups (eg, young people).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuan Duan
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Donna Vallone
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Douglas Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Global Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Christina Wysota
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Global Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mercier C, Pourchez J, Leclerc L, Forest V. In vitro toxicological evaluation of aerosols generated by a 4th generation vaping device using nicotine salts in an air-liquid interface system. Respir Res 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 38317149 PMCID: PMC10845662 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity, especially among young people, with the introduction of fourth-generation devices based on e-liquids containing nicotine salts that promise a smoother vaping experience than freebase nicotine. However, the toxicological effects of nicotine salts are still largely unknown, and the chemical diversity of e-liquids limits the comparison between different studies to determine the contribution of each compound to the cytotoxicity of EC aerosols. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological profile of controlled composition e-liquid aerosols to accurately determine the effects of each ingredient based on exposure at the air-liquid interface. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to undiluted aerosols of controlled composition e-liquids containing various ratios of propylene glycol (PG)/vegetable glycerin (VG) solvents, freebase nicotine, organic acids, nicotine salts, and flavoured commercial e-liquids. Exposure of 20 puffs was performed at the air-liquid interface following a standard vaping regimen. Toxicological outcomes, including cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were assessed 24 h after exposure. RESULTS PG/VG aerosols elicited a strong cytotoxic response characterised by a 50% decrease in cell viability and a 200% increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, but had no effects on inflammation and oxidative stress. These effects occurred only at a ratio of 70/30 PG/VG, suggesting that PG is the major contributor to aerosol cytotoxicity. Both freebase nicotine and organic acids had no greater effect on cell viability and LDH release than at a 70/30 PG/VG ratio, but significantly increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Interestingly, the protonated form of nicotine in salt showed a stronger proinflammatory effect than the freebase nicotine form, while benzoic acid-based nicotine salts also induced significant oxidative stress. Flavoured commercial e-liquids was found to be cytotoxic at a threshold dose of ≈ 330 µg/cm². CONCLUSION Our results showed that aerosols of e-liquids consisting only of PG/VG solvents can cause severe cytotoxicity depending on the concentration of PG, while nicotine salts elicit a stronger pro-inflammatory response than freebase nicotine. Overall, aerosols from fourth-generation devices can cause different toxicological effects, the nature of which depends on the chemical composition of the e-liquid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Mercier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France.
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hellmich IM, Krüsemann EJZ, van der Hart JRH, Smeets PAM, Talhout R, Boesveldt S. Context matters: Neural processing of food-flavored e-cigarettes and the influence of smoking. Biol Psychol 2024; 186:108754. [PMID: 38253167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are harmful, addictive, and popular. In e-cigarettes, nicotine is often paired with food-flavors. How this pairing of nicotine and food cues influences neural processing warrants investigation, as in smokers, both types of cues activate similar brain regions. Additionally, while most e-cigarettes are sweet, savory e-cigarettes are seemingly absent, although savory flavors are commonly liked in food. To understand how smoking status and type of flavor modulate reactions to food-flavored e-cigarettes, in comparison to actual food, neural and subjective responses to food odors were measured in a 2 (sweet vs. savory odor) x2 (food vs. e-cigarette context) x2 (smokers vs. non-smokers) design in 22 occasional/light smokers and 25 non-smokers. During fMRI scanning, participants were exposed to sweet and savory odors and pictures creating the two contexts. Liking and wanting were repeatedly measured on a 100-unit visual-analogue-scale. Results show that sweet e-cigarettes were liked (Δ = 14.2 ± 1.7) and wanted (Δ = 39.5 ± 3.1) more than savory e-cigarettes, and their cues activated the anterior cingulate more (cluster-level qFDR = 0.003). Further, we observed context-dependent variations in insula response to odors (cluster-level qFDR = 0.023, and = 0.030). Savory odors in an e-cigarette context were wanted less than the same odors in a food-context (Δ = 32.8 ± 3.1). Smokers and non-smokers reacted similarly to flavored product cues. Our results indicate that the principles of flavor preference in food cannot directly be applied to e-cigarettes and that it is challenging to design sweet and savory e-cigarettes to appeal to smokers only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina M Hellmich
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erna J Z Krüsemann
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris R H van der Hart
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Martin A, Tempra C, Yu Y, Liekkinen J, Thakker R, Lee H, de Santos Moreno B, Vattulainen I, Rossios C, Javanainen M, Bernardino de la Serna J. Exposure to Aldehyde Cherry e-Liquid Flavoring and Its Vaping Byproduct Disrupt Pulmonary Surfactant Biophysical Function. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1495-1508. [PMID: 38186267 PMCID: PMC10809783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a significant rise in the use of vaping devices, particularly among adolescents, raising concerns for effects on respiratory health. Pressingly, many recent vaping-related lung injuries are unexplained by current knowledge, and the overall implications of vaping for respiratory health are poorly understood. This study investigates the effect of hydrophobic vaping liquid chemicals on the pulmonary surfactant biophysical function. We focus on the commonly used flavoring benzaldehyde and its vaping byproduct, benzaldehyde propylene glycol acetal. The study involves rigorous testing of the surfactant biophysical function in Langmuir trough and constrained sessile drop surfactometer experiments with both protein-free synthetic surfactant and hydrophobic protein-containing clinical surfactant models. The study reveals that exposure to these vaping chemicals significantly interferes with the synthetic and clinical surfactant biophysical function. Further atomistic simulations reveal preferential interactions with SP-B and SP-C surfactant proteins. Additionally, data show surfactant lipid-vaping chemical interactions and suggest significant transfer of vaping chemicals to the experimental subphase, indicating a toxicological mechanism for the alveolar epithelium. Our study, therefore, reveals novel mechanisms for the inhalational toxicity of vaping. This highlights the need to reassess the safety of vaping liquids for respiratory health, particularly the use of aldehyde chemicals as vaping flavorings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Martin
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Carmelo Tempra
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Yuefan Yu
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Juho Liekkinen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Roma Thakker
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Hayoung Lee
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Berta de Santos Moreno
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Christos Rossios
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brown EM, Rogers T, Spinks JG, Gammon D, Nonnemaker J, Farrelly MC. Changes in Sales of Vaping Products and Cigarettes Associated With the New York State Flavored Vaping Product Sales Restriction. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:135-141. [PMID: 37659102 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New York (NY) implemented a statewide restriction on the retail sale of flavored vaping products to reduce availability of vaping products having youth-appealing flavors in 2020. We assessed the intended effects of the NY law on sales of flavored vaping products and explored whether policy implementation had unintended effects on consumer behavior by evaluating policy-associated changes in sales of combusted cigarettes, which could serve as more harmful substitute products for NY consumers of flavored vaping products. AIMS AND METHODS We analyzed custom product-level weekly retail tobacco sales scanner data for NY and a comparison state (California [CA]) for convenience stores and other outlets from June 2018 through June 2021. We categorized flavor descriptors for vaping products as flavored or as tobacco or unflavored and categorized cigarettes as menthol or non-menthol. We used a difference-in-difference model to assess the effect of the sales restriction on unit sales of flavored and unflavored vaping products and menthol and non-menthol cigarettes in NY compared with CA. RESULTS Following NY policy implementation, flavored and total vaping product sales decreased in NY relative to CA. Unflavored vaping product sales increased in NY, while menthol cigarette sales did not change significantly relative to CA sales. CONCLUSIONS The NY flavored vaping product policy was associated with fewer sales of flavored and total vaping products. The increase in sales of unflavored vaping products did not suggest complete substitution, and sales data suggest that consumers did not turn to cigarettes after flavored vaping products became unavailable. IMPLICATIONS This study provides evidence that NY's flavored vaping product policy is associated with reduced flavored vaping product access and sales. Our analyses of potential unintended consequences indicate that some consumers switched from flavored to unflavored vaping products, but that cigarette sales did not change concurrent with the policy which means that decreased availability of flavored vaping products did not result in vapers switching to cigarettes. NY's policy had its intended effect with limited unintended consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Brown
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Todd Rogers
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - James G Spinks
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Doris Gammon
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - James Nonnemaker
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Matthew C Farrelly
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Diaz MC, Yoon SN, Donovan E, Akbar M, Schillo BA. The Effect of State and Local Flavored Cigar Sales Restrictions, on Retail Sales of Large Cigars, Cigarillos, and Little Cigars in Massachusetts, California, Illinois, and New York. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:169-176. [PMID: 37453140 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act prohibited flavored cigarettes but allowed for flavored cigars. Since, there has been a 34% increase in youth cigar use and widened racial disparities. State and local jurisdictions have increasingly enacted flavored tobacco product sales restrictions. As more jurisdictions consider implementing flavor restrictions, it is important to understand their effect on tobacco markets that have high flavor proliferation, including the cigar market. AIMS AND METHODS This study uses data from Truth Initiative's flavor policy database and NielsenIQ retailer scanners for California, Illinois, Massachusetts, and New York. We use a three-way fixed-effect model to assess the impact of the percentage of the population covered by a flavored cigar sales restriction on per capita unit sales of cigars. RESULTS We find that population coverage by cigar sales restrictions was significantly associated with decreases in per capita cigar sales. More specifically, a 25% increase in the percentage of the population covered by a flavored cigar sales restriction was associated with a decrease in per capita all cigar sales of 15%-19%, 4%-10% for large cigars, 17%-21% for cigarillos, and 2%-41% for little cigars. CONCLUSION Flavored cigar sales restrictions are an effective policy to reduce per capita cigar sales. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s proposed product standards would increase population covered by a flavored cigar sales restriction to 100%, leading to potential significant reductions in cigar sales, especially little cigar, and cigarillo sales. This may also substantially reduce youth cigar use and racial disparities in cigar use. IMPLICATIONS In April 2022, the U.S. FDA published a proposed rule to prohibit characterizing flavors in all cigars and menthol cigarettes. Besides this proposed rule, there has been little federal action to date to reduce sales of flavored cigars. However, as of March 31, 2022, Massachusetts and 333 localities across 10 states have enacted policies that restrict the sale of flavored cigars and other tobacco products. We find that population coverage by cigar sales restrictions is significantly associated with decreases in per capita cigar sales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Diaz
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Emily Donovan
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maham Akbar
- Public Policy, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li H, Lin L, Feng Y, Zhao M. Exploration of optimal preparation strategy of Chenpi (pericarps of Citrus reticulata Blanco) flavouring essence with great application potential in sugar and salt-reduced foods. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113669. [PMID: 38129020 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
To obtain flavouring essence with application potential in sugar and salt-reduced foods, the optimal strategy for extraction and microencapsulation of essential oil (EO) from Chenpi was investigated. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and liquid-liquid-extraction-GC-MS confirmed the selectivity for volatiles ranked in hydrodistillation > supercritical fluid extraction > solvent extraction. The aroma characteristic of Chenpi EO was distinguished by 33 key volatiles (screened out via headspace-SPME-GC-MS) and quantitative descriptive analysis. EO extracted by supercritical fluid extraction was preferred for preserving the original aroma of Chenpi and displaying more fruity, honey and floral. Chenpi flavouring essence with superior encapsulation efficiency, particle size, water dispersibility, and thermostability was obtained through optimally microencapsulating EO with gum arabic and maltodextrin (1:1) by high-pressure homogenization coupled with spray drying. Chenpi flavouring essence was able to reduce the usage of sugar and salt by 20 % via enhancing flavour perception of sweetness and saltiness. This study first developed a flavouring essence promisingly effective in both sugar and salt-reduced foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lianzhu Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Yunzi Feng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510641, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Patinho I, Cavalcante CL, Saldaña E, Gagaoua M, Behrens JH, Contreras-Castillo CJ. Assessment of beef sensory attributes and physicochemical characteristics: A comparative study of intermediate versus normal ultimate pH striploin cuts. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113778. [PMID: 38129005 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The quality of beef, defined by key attributes such as the intrinsic sensory qualities texture, flavour, and juiciness, is shaped by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study conducted a detailed examination of Nellore beef, focusing on two categories based on ultimate pH (pHu) levels: intermediate (pHu ≥ 5.8) and normal (pHu < 5.6) beef. A comprehensive approach was taken, involving twenty trained assessors who applied the Optimised Descriptive Profile (ODP) method to evaluate grilled striploin steak samples. In parallel, consumer preferences were measured through a hedonic test and a Check-all-that-apply (CATA) task, involving 135 participants. The ODP results revealed that the intermediate pHu samples were juicier (P < 0.05) compared to the normal pHu group. The CATA analysis highlighted differences in both intermediate and normal pHu beef, especially in juiciness, a crucial factor for consumer satisfaction. Notably, variations in deoxymyoglobin content linked to ageing were observed, with higher levels at the 3rd day compared to the 28th day, especially in the intermediate pHu samples (P < 0.05). Moreover, colour-related aspects such as L*, b*, chroma (C*), and oxymyoglobin were significantly influenced (P < 0.05) by both the pHu category and ageing time. Regarding consumer acceptance, the study found no significant difference in perception between the intermediate and normal pHu groups (P > 0.05). These findings revealed the complex interactions between pHu levels, sensory characteristics, and consumer preferences in beef quality, offering valuable insights for both the industry and research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliani Patinho
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Cecylyana Leite Cavalcante
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Erick Saldaña
- Sensory Analysis and Consumer Study Group, Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Nacional de Moquegua, Prolongación Calle Ancash s/n, Moquegua 18001, Peru
| | | | - Jorge H Behrens
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen J Contreras-Castillo
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Şen Yılmaz EB. Utilization of Yeast Extract as a Flavor Enhancer and Masking Agent in Sodium-Reduced Marinated Shrimp. Molecules 2023; 29:182. [PMID: 38202767 PMCID: PMC10780424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaus longirostris) has a significantly high catch yield and is a highly important food source for human nutrition in terms of its nutritional value. The reduction of salt content in seafood products while preserving taste poses a significant challenge. The aim of this study is to reduce the NaCl ratio used in the shrimp marination process by substituting it with KCl and masking the resulting bitterness from KCl using natural flavor enhancers, such as yeast extracts. The marinated shrimp were prepared using 50% KCl instead of 50% NaCl. In order to mask the bitter taste caused by KCl and enhance the flavor, two different types of yeast extracts obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were utilized in the formulation. Nutritional composition, Na and K contents, amino acid composition, color measurement, bacteriological quality, pH changes, and sensory evaluations were conducted to assess the impact of salt reduction and yeast extracts on the sensory, chemical, and physical attributes of the products. L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-leucine, L-valine, and L-lysine were found to be higher in samples with Levex Terra yeast extract. Despite a 50% reduction in NaCl content, the addition of yeast extract led to an increase in the umami taste due to the elevation of amino acids present. Yeast extracts can offer a promising solution for enhancing the sensory qualities of seafood products with reduced salt content by conducting more detailed sensory development examinations.
Collapse
|
30
|
Hensel EC, Sarles SE, Nuss CJ, Terry JN, Polgampola Ralalage CR, DiFrancesco AG, Walton K, Eddingsaas NC, Robinson RJ. Effect of third-party components on emissions from a pod style electronic cigarette. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:104-109. [PMID: 37725389 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have been associated with a dramatic increase in youth becoming addicted to nicotine following decades-long decline in cigarette smoking uptake. The United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products (FDA/CTP) is responsible for regulating devices and consumable materials associated with ENDS. State and federal regulations regarding flavoring compounds in ENDS liquids (e-liquids) may be circumvented when vendors market refillable reservoirs side-by-side with noncompliant e-liquids. This study investigated the effect of third-party refillable versus manufacturer-supplied single-use reservoirs on total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine emissions. The maximum TPM yield per puff was 5.6 times higher for the third-party (Blankz) reservoir (12.4 mg/puff) in comparison with the manufacturer's (JUUL) reservoir (2.2 mg/puff), whereas the maximum TPM concentration was over 7 times higher for third party (0.200 mg/ml) versus manufacturer (0.028 mg/ml) pod. The third-party pod was tested with nicotine concentrations ranging from 0% to 4%. The mass ratio of nicotine present in the aerosol (mg Nic/mg TPM) was found to be approximately the same as the mass ratio of the e-liquid (mg Nic/mg e-liquid) for both pods and all 3 nicotine laden e-liquids tested. Toxicant exposure may increase when consumers use third-party pods with ENDS devices. Refillable reservoirs are a significant barrier to regulatory restrictions on potentially toxic additives to e-liquids. It is recommended FDA/CTP require emissions characterization of third-party reservoirs used with each ENDS they are compatible with and should be required to demonstrate no increased potential toxicant exposure in comparison with manufacturer-provided reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Hensel
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Emma Sarles
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Caleb J Nuss
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Janessa N Terry
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | | | - A Gary DiFrancesco
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Katherine Walton
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Nathan C Eddingsaas
- Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Risa J Robinson
- Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gu H, Si B, Yang C, Jia M, Lu Y, Lv L, Guo Y. Elimination of Acrolein by Disodium 5'-Guanylate or Disodium 5'-Inosinate at High Temperature and Its Application in Roasted Pork Patty. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:20314-20324. [PMID: 38078910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein (ACR) is a highly active, simple unsaturated aldehyde found in various high-temperature processed foods. Its long-term accumulation in the human body increases the risk of chronic diseases. Animal and plant foodstuffs are rich in disodium 5'-guanylate (GMP) and disodium 5'-inosinate (IMP), which are authorized flavor enhancers. Herein, we used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to explore the reaction-active kinetics and pathway of the interaction between GMP/IMP and ACR and validated it in roasted pork patties. Our results suggested that GMP and IMP could efficiently eliminate ACR by forming ACR adducts (GMP-ACR, IMP-ACR). In addition, IMP exhibited a higher reaction rate, whereas GMP had a good trapping capacity at a later stage. As carriers of GMP and IMP, dried mushrooms and shrimp exhibited an effective ACR-trapping ability in the ACR model and roasted pork patty individually and in combination. Adding 10% of dried mushroom or shrimp alone or 5% of dried mushroom and shrimp in combination eliminated up to 53.9%, 55.8%, and 55.2% ACR in a roasted pork patty, respectively. This study proposed a novel strategy to eliminate the generation of ACR in roasted pork patties by adding foodstuffs rich in GMP and IMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Gu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Si
- National Liquor Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Suqian Product Quality Supervision & Inspection Institute, 889 Fazhan Road, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Jia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishuang Lv
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu S, Kim E, Zhao R. Acetal Formation of Flavoring Agents with Propylene Glycol in E-Cigarettes: Impacts on Indoor Partitioning and Thirdhand Exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:21284-21294. [PMID: 38065550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of flavored e-cigarettes has led to a significant rise in teenage nicotine use. In e-liquids, the flavor carbonyls can form acetals with unknown chemical and toxicological properties. These acetals can cause adverse health effects on both smokers and nonsmokers through thirdhand exposure. This study aims to explore the impacts of these acetals formed in e-cigarettes on indoor partitioning and thirdhand exposure. Specifically, the acetalization reactions of commonly used flavor carbonyls in laboratory-made e-liquids were monitored using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. EAS-E Suite and polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) were employed to estimate the partitioning coefficients for species. Further, a chemical two-dimensional partitioning model was applied to visualize the indoor equilibrium partitioning and estimate the distribution of flavor carbonyls and their acetals in the gas phase, aerosol phase, and surface reservoirs. Our results demonstrate that a substantial fraction of carbonyls were converted into acetals in e-liquids and their chemical partitioning was significantly influenced. This study shows that acetalization is a determinant factor in the exposure and toxicology of harmful carbonyl flavorings, with its impact extending to both direct exposure to smokers and involuntary exposure to nonsmokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Erica Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Szternfeld P, Demoury C, Brian W, Michelet JY, Van Leeuw V, Van Hoeck E, Joly L. Modelling the pesticide transfer during tea and herbal tea infusions by the identification of critical infusion parameters. Food Chem 2023; 429:136893. [PMID: 37480773 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in tea and herbal tea often exceed EU maximum residue limits. Consideration of the transfer of pesticides from the leaves (called transfer factors) to the brew is essential to assess the associated risk. This study identified infusion parameters influencing the transfer behaviour of 61 pesticides and elaborated a predictive model for pesticides with unknown transfer factors in black, green, herbal and flavoured teas. Tea type and the presence of flavours were the criteria that most influenced the pesticide transfer. Interestingly, infusion parameters that are individual and area dependent such as infusion time, temperature and water hardness, did not play a significant role. Beta regression models developed to characterise pesticide behaviour during infusion showed good predictions for most pesticides and revealed that log (P) was the main physico-chemical parameter to estimate the pesticide transfer. The transfer factors database and validated models are valuable tools for improving risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Szternfeld
- Service Organic Contaminants and Additives, Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Claire Demoury
- Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wendy Brian
- Service Organic Contaminants and Additives, Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Michelet
- Service Organic Contaminants and Additives, Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Van Leeuw
- Service Organic Contaminants and Additives, Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Service Organic Contaminants and Additives, Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Joly
- Service Organic Contaminants and Additives, Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Strongin RM, Sharma E, Erythropel HC, El-Hellani A, Kassem NOF, Mikheev VB, Noël A, Peyton DH, Springer ML. Emerging ENDS products and challenges in tobacco control toxicity research. Tob Control 2023; 33:110-115. [PMID: 35715171 PMCID: PMC9758272 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2022-057268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) continue to rapidly evolve. Current products pose unique challenges and opportunities for researchers and regulators. This commentary aims to highlight research gaps, particularly in toxicity research, and provide guidance on priority research questions for the tobacco regulatory community. Disposable flavoured ENDS have become the most popular device class among youth and may contain higher nicotine levels than JUUL devices. They also exhibit enhanced harmful and potentially harmful constituents production, contain elevated levels of synthetic coolants and pose environmental concerns. Synthetic nicotine and flavour capsules are innovations that have recently enabled the circumvention of Food and Drug Administration oversight. Coil-less ENDS offer the promise of delivering fewer toxicants due to the absence of heating coils, but initial studies show that these products exhibit similar toxicological profiles compared with JUULs. Each of these topic areas requires further research to understand and mitigate their impact on human health, especially their risks to young users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Sharma
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanno C Erythropel
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Center for Tobacco Research and the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nada O F Kassem
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vladimir B Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - David H Peyton
- Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew L Springer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen-Sankey J, Jeong M, Wackowski OA, Unger JB, Niederdeppe J, Bernat E, Bansal-Travers M, Moran M, Kennedy RD, Broun A, Hacker K, Choi K. Noticing people, discounts and non-tobacco flavours in e-cigarette ads may increase e-cigarette product appeal among non-tobacco-using young adults. Tob Control 2023; 33:30-37. [PMID: 35672144 PMCID: PMC9726993 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2022-057269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults new to tobacco (including e-cigarettes) are at an increased risk of e-cigarette use after e-cigarette exposure. This study examined the association between noticing e-cigarette advertising features and perceived product appeal among non-tobacco-using young adults. METHODS A sample of non-tobacco-using young adults (ages 18-29 years; n=1993) completed an online survey in 2021. We content analysed visible features from 12 e-cigarette ads that represented commonly used e-cigarette brands. Participants viewed the ads and clicked on the areas of the ads that drew their attention. Participants reported e-cigarette product appeal for each ad, including ad liking, product curiosity and use interest. We used generalised estimating equations to examine within-person associations between noticing specific ad features and reporting each and any type of product appeal, adjusting for noticing other features and participant characteristics. RESULTS Noticing people, discounts, non-tobacco (menthol and mint/fruit) flavours, positive experience claims or product images was positively associated with having any e-cigarette product appeal. Noticing discounts or mint/fruit flavours was also positively associated with e-cigarette use interest. In contrast, noticing nicotine warnings or smoking cessation claims was negatively associated with ad liking and product curiosity. CONCLUSIONS Attention to several e-cigarette ad features (eg, people, discounts, non-tobacco flavours) was associated with increased e-cigarette product appeal, whereas attention to nicotine warnings and smoking cessation claims was associated with reduced appeal among non-tobacco-using young adults. Restricting appeal-promoting features while strengthening the effects of nicotine warnings and smoker-targeted claims in e-cigarette ads may potentially reduce e-cigarettes' overall appeal among this priority population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chen-Sankey
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michelle Jeong
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Edward Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Meghan Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan David Kennedy
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Broun
- School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kiana Hacker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Malfeito-Ferreira M. Fine wine recognition and appreciation: It is time to change the paradigm of wine tasting. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113668. [PMID: 37981366 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Wine quality maybe understood under two perspectives: (a) commercial quality, intended to satisfy overall consumers, and (b) fine wine quality, aimed at achieving a product with aesthetic value. The current food sensory techniques (e.g. Descriptive Analysis) have been successfully applied to develop wines accepted worldwide and characterized by pleasant sweetish flavours and smooth mouthfeel. On the contrary, these techniques are not suited to characterize fine wines given their dependence on sensory properties with aesthetic value. The conventional tasting approaches follow the sequence of vision, smell (orthonasal), taste and mouthfeel, ending by an overall evaluation. The sensory descriptors tend to be analytic (e.g. different aromas and tastes) or synthetic (e.g. body, structure) and the quality judgement is left for the final step. Some synthetic attributes may have an aesthetic significance (e.g. complexity, harmony, depth) and are more valued when the analytic or synthetic descriptors are highly praised (e.g. oakiness, silkiness, body, minerality). Consequently, these highly praised attributes are regarded as surrogates of fine wine quality. However, commercial wines are frequently judged of higher quality than fine wines irrespective of the taster expertise. We argue that the conventional sensory analysis sequence makes the overall evaluation secondary in relation to the previous analytical steps blurring the assessment of wine's aesthetic properties. Probably due to top-down processing, the initial evaluation of colour or flavours governs the final overall quality evaluation that may be inconsistently rated. Then, to promote the recognition of fine wines, tasting should begin by first acknowledging the aesthetic properties and only proceed to the analytical steps if necessary. A tasting method is proposed to consumer educational programs where emotional responses are used to explain the differences between commercial and fine wine styles. Furthermore, cultural aspects should be included to appreciate the wholeness of wine. Hopefully, this holistic perspective would turn wine appreciation more approachable and facilitate the recognition of fine wines among consumers, increasing their appreciation and enjoyment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Centre, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Metz KM, Neumann NJ, Fasshauer M. Ultra-processing markers are more prevalent in plant-based meat products as compared to their meat-based counterparts in a German food market analysis. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2728-2737. [PMID: 37927126 PMCID: PMC10755440 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023002458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare ultra-processing markers and nutrient composition in plant-based meat products (PBMP) with equivalent meat-based products (MBP). DESIGN A total of 282 PBMP and 149 MBP within 18 product categories were assessed. Based on the NOVA classification, 33 ultra-processing markers were identified and six ultra-processing bullet categories were defined, that is flavour, flavour enhancer, sweetener, colour, other cosmetic additives and non-culinary ingredients. The ingredient lists were analysed concerning these ultra-processing markers and ultra-processing bullet categories, as well as nutrient composition, for all PBMP and MBP. Differences between PBMP and MBP were assessed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. SETTING Cross-sectional analysis. PARTICIPANTS 282 PBMP and 149 MBP. RESULTS The percentage of ultra-processed food (UPF) items was significantly higher in PBMP (88 %) as compared to MBP (52 %) (P < 0·0001). The proportion of UPF items was numerically higher in 15 out of 18 product categories with differences in six categories reaching statistical significance (P < 0·05). Flavour, flavour enhancer, colour, other cosmetic additives and non-culinary ingredients were significantly more prevalent in PBMP as compared to MBP (P < 0·0001). Concerning nutrient composition, median energy, total fat, saturated fat and protein content were significantly lower, whereas the amounts of carbohydrate, sugar, fibre and salt were significantly higher in PBMP (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Ultra-processing markers are significantly more prevalent in PBMP as compared to MBP. Since UPF intake has been convincingly linked to metabolic and CVD, substituting MBP with PBMP might have negative net health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemja-Maria Metz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Goethestr. 55, Giessen, Hessen35390, Germany
| | - Nathalie Judith Neumann
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Goethestr. 55, Giessen, Hessen35390, Germany
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Goethestr. 55, Giessen, Hessen35390, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cai W, Chen T, Ren T, Qing P. Watch out for the healthy trap! How food flavor influences healthiness evaluations and consumption. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113379. [PMID: 37803717 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavors are extensively used in food products to attract consumers, driving purchases successfully. But how do these flavors influence consumers' calorie estimation and healthiness evaluation? In a series of four behavioral experiments, we formally examine the effect of flavor information on consumer food healthiness evaluations and behavioral responses. We find that when a base food contains a healthy flavor (vs. unhealthy flavor), consumers perceive the food to be lower (vs. higher) in calories and healthier and are more likely to purchase such flavored food. In addition, such flavor-healthiness evaluation effect as a heuristic is attenuated when consumers are aware of this effect, and the indirect effect of calorie estimation on purchase intention is magnified among consumers with high dieting tendency. These findings shed light on how flavor information shapes consumers' responses to flavored food, contribute to food consumption-related literature, and provide practical implications for consumers and policymakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Cai
- Department of Marketing, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Marketing, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tingwei Ren
- Department of Business Administration, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, No.1, Ronda de Toledo, Madrid, 28005, Spain
| | - Ping Qing
- Department of Marketing, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nollen NL, Leavens ELS, Ahluwalia JS, Rice M, Mayo MS, Pulvers K. Menthol versus non-menthol flavouring and switching to e-cigarettes in black and Latinx adult menthol combustible cigarette smokers: secondary analyses from a randomised clinical trial. Tob Control 2023; 32:786-789. [PMID: 35351805 PMCID: PMC10246471 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the US Food and Drug Administration takes regulatory action on menthol cigarettes, debate continues about how restricting menthol e-liquids might impact adult menthol smokers in switching to e-cigarettes. METHODS Switching patterns and e-cigarette acceptability were assessed at week 6 among 64 black and Latinx menthol cigarette smokers who used JUUL menthol (n=39) or non-menthol e-cigarettes ((n=25), primarily mint or mango) as part of a randomised switching trial. RESULTS No clear evidence of effects was found between menthol versus non-menthol e-cigarettes on use or subjective effects/acceptability, effect sizes for all comparisons were small (effect size=0.0-0.2), and Bayes factor ranged from 0.10 to 0.15. Specifically, 82.1% of participants who used menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes fully or partially switched to e-cigarettes compared with 88.0% of participants who used a non-menthol (p=0.75). Further, both groups demonstrated substantial reductions in cigarettes per day (menthol e-cigarettes: -8.5±10.4 vs non-menthol e-cigarettes: -8.8±5.8, p=0.87), comparable grams of e-liquid consumed (menthol e-cigarettes: 9.2±9.8 g vs non-menthol e-cigarettes: 11.0±11.0 g, p=0.47), and positive subjective effects, including 'just right' throat hit (menthol e-cigarettes: 70.7% vs non-menthol e-cigarettes: 66.7%, p=0.93) and flavour liking (menthol e-cigarettes: 75.6% vs non-menthol e-cigarettes: 66.7%, p=0.32). CONCLUSIONS Both menthol and non-menthol e-cigarettes were associated with high rates of use and acceptability among menthol smokers. Findings require confirmation in a fully powered non-inferiority or equivalence study but provide preliminary evidence to inform regulatory action on menthol e-cigarettes that could slow youth initiation without impacting black and Latinx menthol cigarette smokers interested in switching to e-cigarettes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03511001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine and the University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Eleanor L S Leavens
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine and the University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Alpert Medical School, and Legorreta Cancer Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Myra Rice
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew S Mayo
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas School of Medicine and the University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Kim Pulvers
- Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang Y, Wei W, Du W, Cai J, Liao Y, Lu H, Kong B, Zhang Z. Deep-Learning-Based Mixture Identification for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Applied to Plant Flavors. Molecules 2023; 28:7380. [PMID: 37959799 PMCID: PMC10648966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a crucial technique for analyzing mixtures consisting of small molecules, providing non-destructive, fast, reproducible, and unbiased benefits. However, it is challenging to perform mixture identification because of the offset of chemical shifts and peak overlaps that often exist in mixtures such as plant flavors. Here, we propose a deep-learning-based mixture identification method (DeepMID) that can be used to identify plant flavors (mixtures) in a formulated flavor (mixture consisting of several plant flavors) without the need to know the specific components in the plant flavors. A pseudo-Siamese convolutional neural network (pSCNN) and a spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) layer were used to solve the problems due to their high accuracy and robustness. The DeepMID model is trained, validated, and tested on an augmented data set containing 50,000 pairs of formulated and plant flavors. We demonstrate that DeepMID can achieve excellent prediction results in the augmented test set: ACC = 99.58%, TPR = 99.48%, FPR = 0.32%; and two experimentally obtained data sets: one shows ACC = 97.60%, TPR = 92.81%, FPR = 0.78% and the other shows ACC = 92.31%, TPR = 80.00%, FPR = 0.00%. In conclusion, DeepMID is a reliable method for identifying plant flavors in formulated flavors based on NMR spectroscopy, which can assist researchers in accelerating the design of flavor formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Weiwei Wei
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha 410014, China; (W.W.); (W.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Wen Du
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha 410014, China; (W.W.); (W.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiaxiao Cai
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha 410014, China; (W.W.); (W.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Yuxuan Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Bo Kong
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha 410014, China; (W.W.); (W.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Do EK, O'Connor K, Diaz MC, Schillo BA, Kreslake JM, Hair EC. Relative increases in direct-to-consumer menthol ads following 2020 FDA guidance on flavoured e-cigarettes. Tob Control 2023; 32:779-781. [PMID: 35184047 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine potential changes in email and direct mail advertisements for flavoured e-cigarettes following the 2020 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) flavour guidance. METHODS Digital copies of e-cigarette advertisements were obtained from Mintel Comperemedia (November 2019-May 2020) and coded for the presence of flavours. Χ2 tests were used to determine changes in the prevalence of email and direct mail advertisements for e-cigarettes with menthol, non-menthol and no flavours. RESULTS Following FDA guidance, the relative proportion of menthol-flavoured e-cigarette advertisements sent via email significantly increased from 22.5% to 52.2%. No changes were found for e-cigarette advertisements mentioning no flavours, nor non-menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes, sent via email or direct mail. CONCLUSIONS The 2020 FDA flavour guidance was followed by an increased proportion of direct-to-consumer email advertisements of menthol-flavoured e-cigarette products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Do
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Epidemiology, The George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katie O'Connor
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Megan C Diaz
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M Kreslake
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Hair
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Leventhal AM, Tackett AP, Whitted L, Jordt SE, Jabba SV. Ice flavours and non-menthol synthetic cooling agents in e-cigarette products: a review. Tob Control 2023; 32:769-777. [PMID: 35483721 PMCID: PMC9613790 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes with cooling flavours have diversified in ways that complicate tobacco control with the emergence of: (1) Ice-hybrid flavours (eg, 'Raspberry Ice') that combine cooling and fruity/sweet properties; and (2) Products containing non-menthol synthetic cooling agents (eg, Wilkinson Sword (WS), WS-3, WS-23 (termed 'koolada')). This paper reviews the background, chemistry, toxicology, marketing, user perceptions, use prevalence and policy implications of e-cigarette products with ice-hybrid flavours or non-menthol coolants. Scientific literature search supplemented with industry-generated and user-generated information found: (a) The tobacco industry has developed products containing synthetic coolants since 1974, (b) WS-3 and WS-23 are detected in mass-manufactured e-cigarettes (eg, PuffBar); (c) While safe for limited oral ingestion, inhalational toxicology and health effects from daily synthetic coolant exposure are unknown and merit scientific inquiry and attention from regulatory agencies; (d) Ice-hybrid flavours are marketed with themes incorporating fruitiness and/or coolness (eg, snow-covered raspberries); (e) WS-23/WS-3 concentrates also are sold as do-it-yourself additives, (f) Pharmacology research and user-generated and industry-generated information provide a premise to hypothesise that e-cigarette products with ice flavours or non-menthol cooling agents generate pleasant cooling sensations that mask nicotine's harshness while lacking certain aversive features of menthol-only products, (g) Adolescent and young adult use of e-cigarettes with ice-hybrid or other cooling flavours may be common and cross-sectionally associated with more frequent vaping and nicotine dependence in convenience samples. Evidence gaps in the epidemiology, toxicology, health effects and smoking cessation-promoting potential of using these products exist. E-cigarettes with ice flavours or synthetic coolants merit scientific and regulatory attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alayna P Tackett
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lauren Whitted
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Eric Jordt
- Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sairam V Jabba
- Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
von Wallbrunn C, Buchhaupt M, Zorn H. Bioflavour 2022 - Biotechnology of Flavours, Fragrances, and Functional Ingredients. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:14947-14950. [PMID: 37850238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Wallbrunn
- Hochschule Geisenheim University, Institute for Microbiology and Biochemistry, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Markus Buchhaupt
- Microbial Biotechnology, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Farsalinos K, Russell C, Polosa R, Poulas K, Lagoumintzis G, Barbouni A. Patterns of flavored e-cigarette use among adult vapers in the USA: an online cross-sectional survey of 69,233 participants. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:147. [PMID: 37838658 PMCID: PMC10576309 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavored e-cigarettes remain a controversial topic with regulators planning or already implementing restrictions worldwide. In this study, we examined patterns of flavor use in e-cigarettes among a convenience sample of US adult vapers. METHODS Participants aged ≥ 18 years who reported ever using an e-cigarette were included in the study (N = 69,233) and responded to an online questionnaire. Their smoking status was recorded as well as patterns of flavor use at e-cigarette use initiation, at the time of the survey and at the time of smoking cessation (for participants who used to smoke and were using e-cigarettes at the time of quitting). RESULTS The most popular flavors at e-cigarette use initiation were fruit (82.8%), followed by dessert/pastry/bakery (68.6%) and candy/chocolate/sweet (52.2%). Slightly higher prevalence of using fruit and dessert/pastry/bakery flavors was observed in those who never smoked compared to those who were currently and formerly smoking. Tobacco flavors were used by 20.8% of the participants and was by far the least prevalent among participants who never smoked. Similar patterns were observed with participants' choices at the time of the survey, but tobacco flavor use was substantially reduced (7.7%). Only 2.1% reported tobacco as the single most often used flavor. The most prevalent flavor at the time of quitting smoking was again fruit (83.3%), followed by dessert/pastry/bakery (68.0%) and candy/chocolate/sweet (44.5%). These flavors were considered the most helpful for quitting smoking. Tobacco flavor use at the time of smoking cessation was reported by 15.0%, while 9.3% considered it helpful for quitting smoking. CONCLUSION Non-tobacco flavors were popular among the US adult vapers who participated in the study, and were popular choices at the time of quitting smoking for those who formerly smoked. Tobacco flavor use prevalence was low and was further reduced over time. Regulators should consider the flavor choice of adult consumers, especially those who quit smoking, when preparing legislation on flavored e-cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Farsalinos
- Department of Public and Community Health, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | | | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Università Di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele," University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Teaching Hospital "AOU Policlinico - V. Emanuele - S. Marco," University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Anastasia Barbouni
- Department of Public and Community Health, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Duan Z, Wu Y, Zhang C, Niu J, Zhao J, Li W, Li X. Comparison of fungal communities and flavour substances in surface and inner layers of fermented grains during stacking fermentation of sauce-flavour baijiu. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:295-303. [PMID: 37544799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The stacking fermentation process plays a vital role in the production of sauce-flavour baijiu. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the effects of environmental variables on the fungal communities of different layers of fermented grains (zaopei) during the sixth round of stacking and the changes in volatile flavour substances during this process. The composition of the fungal communities in different layers during the stacking fermentation process was analysed. Principal coordinate analysis (pCoA) showed that the dominant fungal communities in different layers differed significantly with the stacking fermentation process. The dominant fungal genera were Thermoascus, Thermomyces and Issatchenkia. The total content of flavouring substances in the surface layer of zaopei were higher, but the types of flavouring substances were less than in the inner layer. The relationship between temperature, moisture content, acidity, starch content and reducing sugar content and microbial community was analysed by Redundancy analysis. The results showed that the correlation between microbial communities and physicochemical indexes in different layers of zaopei varied. The core fungal genera in the surface layer were mainly influenced by acidity, and the microorganisms in the inner layer were more strongly correlated with temperature. Spearman correlation coefficient revealed the correlation between fungal community and volatile flavour substances, and the results showed that microorganisms in different layers of zaopei have different correlations with flavour substances. This study contributes to the understanding of the evolution of different layers fungal communities during the stacking of sauce-flavour baijiu and their relationship with volatile aroma substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfu Duan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jialiang Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jingrong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chu M, Deng J, Hu H, Wang R, Li D, Chen Z, Liu XA, Lu J. Nicotine transport across calu-3 cell monolayer: effect of nicotine salts and flavored e-liquids. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:628-636. [PMID: 37751149 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2263791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the transport capability of nicotine across Calu-3 cell monolayer in various nicotine forms, including nicotine freebase, nicotine salts, and flavored e-liquids with nicotine benzoate. SIGNIFICANCE Nicotine is rapidly absorbed from the respiratory system into systemic circulation during e-cigarettes use. However, the mechanism of nicotine transport in the lung has not been well understood yet. This study may offer critical biological evidence and have implications for the use and regulation of e-cigarettes. METHODS The viability of Calu-3 cells after administration of nicotine freebase, nicotine salts and representative e-liquid were evaluated using the MTT assay, and the integrity of the Calu-3 cell monolayer was evaluated by transepithelial electrical resistance measurement and morphological analysis. Further, the nicotine transport capacity across the Calu-3 cell monolayer in various formulations of nicotine was investigated by analysis of nicotine transport amount. RESULTS The findings indicated that nicotine transport occurred passively and was time-dependent across the Calu-3cell monolayer. In addition, the nicotine transport was influenced by the type of nicotine salts and their respective pH value. The nicotine benzoate exhibited the highest apparent permeability coefficient (Papp), and higher nicotine-to-benzoic acid ratios led to higher Papp values. The addition of flavors to e-liquid resulted in increased Papp values, with the most significant increment being observed in tobacco-flavored e-liquid. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the transport capability of nicotine across the Calu-3 cell monolayer was influenced by the pH values of nicotine salts and flavor additives in e-liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Health Union Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Hao Hu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ding Li
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Health Union Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Zuxin Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-An Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jin Lu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Health Union Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Donaldson CD, Couch ET, Hoeft KS, Wilkinson ML, Guerra C, Gansky SA, Zhang X, Chaffee BW. Flavored Tobacco and Nicotine Use Among California Adolescents: Preferences by Use Experience and Survey Format Effects. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:753-760. [PMID: 37389531 PMCID: PMC10528341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed flavored tobacco use among adolescent e-cigarette, cigarette, cigar, hookah, and smokeless tobacco users; specific e-cigarette flavor preferences; risk profiles of youth that use various flavors; and the impact of survey question wording on prevalence. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 4,956 California adolescent participants (aged 12-17 years) in the Teens, Nicotine, and Tobacco 2021-2022 online panel survey estimated the survey-weighted prevalence of flavored tobacco use. An embedded randomized experiment assessed survey wording effects (i.e., any vs. "usual" flavor use). Qualitative data from four contemporaneous cycles of Teens, Nicotine, and Tobacco focus groups with California adolescents (N = 63) added themes relevant to the quantitative findings. RESULTS 88.1% of current any tobacco users reported flavored tobacco use in the past 30 days. Flavor use was lowest for cigarettes (66.7%) and highest for hookah (92.8%). Fruit was the most popular e-cigarette flavor (51.6% any use; 28.8% usual use). E-cigarette users also commonly reported use of candy and cooling flavors. Sweet flavors were used most often among adolescents otherwise at low risk of tobacco use. Survey item format did not meaningfully affect overall prevalence of flavored product use but did impact reports of specific e-cigarette flavors. Focus group participants described sweet and fruity flavors as a motivating factor in their own e-cigarette use and as designed to appeal to children. DISCUSSION Despite local policies, flavored tobacco use remains common among California adolescents. Survey items asking about any flavor use rather than usual use provide more information without affecting the overall prevalence of flavored tobacco use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice D Donaldson
- California Tobacco Control Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Elizabeth T Couch
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kristin S Hoeft
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Monica L Wilkinson
- California Tobacco Control Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Claudia Guerra
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stuart A Gansky
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Xueying Zhang
- California Tobacco Control Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Benjamin W Chaffee
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dunbar M, Setodji CM, Martino SC, Jensen D, Li R, Bialas A, Shadel WG. An experimental evaluation of the effects of banning the sale of flavored tobacco products on adolescents' and young adults' future nicotine vaping intentions. Addict Behav 2023; 145:107784. [PMID: 37364525 PMCID: PMC10478339 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some U.S. states and municipalities have banned the sale of flavored tobacco products to help curb youth vaping. However, evidence supporting such bans is limited. This experiment tested whether removing flavored tobacco products from a retail setting diminished adolescents' (ages 11-20) future intentions to use vaping products. METHODS The study was implemented in the RAND StoreLab, a life-sized model convenience store. The display of flavored tobacco products in the store was manipulated with these conditions: 1) tobacco, sweet, and menthol/mint flavors displayed; 2) only tobacco and menthol/mint displayed; and 3) only tobacco flavors displayed. Participants were randomly assigned to shop in one of these conditions and completed measures of future vaping intentions post-shopping. Separate logistic regression models assessed effect of condition on future intentions to use different flavors (tobacco-, menthol/mint-, and sweet-flavored) and any flavor (composite score across flavor categories) of vaping products. RESULTS Study condition was not associated with intentions to use menthol/mint-, sweet-flavored, or any flavor. Compared to the condition in which all flavored products were displayed, removing menthol/mint- and sweet-flavored products significantly increased future intentions to use tobacco-flavored vaping products (OR = 3.97, 95 % CI [1.01, 15.58], p < .05). This effect was only observed among adolescents with history of vaping (OR = 11.30, 95 % CI [1.42, 89.96], p = .02). CONCLUSIONS Flavor bans may not affect adolescents' intentions to use menthol/mint, sweet, or "any" flavor of vaping products but may increase intentions to use tobacco-flavored products for teens who have already started vaping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dunbar
- RAND Corporation, 4570 5th Avenue., Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Claude M Setodji
- RAND Corporation, 4570 5th Avenue., Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steven C Martino
- RAND Corporation, 4570 5th Avenue., Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Desmond Jensen
- Public Health Law Center, Mitchell Hamline School of Law, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Rosemary Li
- RAND Corporation, 4570 5th Avenue., Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Armenda Bialas
- RAND Corporation, 4570 5th Avenue., Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William G Shadel
- RAND Corporation, 4570 5th Avenue., Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Many different solid food pellets are available as reinforcers for rodents in operant behavior tests. Different reward formulations have not been compared, so it is unclear whether mice show strong preferences for different rewards and whether such preferences are consistent within or across sex and background strain. Here we show that mice have strong preferences for two balanced diet food rewards over sucrose pellets, and preference for one balanced diet pellet formulation over another, in a simultaneous choice test using a low effort fixed ratio operant test. All mice, of both sexes and both CD1 and C57 background strains, showed the same strong preferences among these three types of reinforcers. In contrast, flavorings added to the reward pellets had relatively small and more variable effects on preference. The preference for balanced diet pellets over sucrose pellets was seen also in the total numbers of rewards consumed in low effort tests with food pellets or only sucrose pellets available. However, progressive ratio testing showed that mice worked harder for sucrose pellets than for the preferred balanced diet pellets. These findings indicate that reinforcers with similar and very different preference profiles are readily available and that testing with different rewards can produce different, and sometimes unexpected, results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Karlsson
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ricciuto L, Fulgoni VL, Gaine PC, Scott MO, DiFrancesco L. Intakes of Added Sugars, with a Focus on Beverages and the Associations with Nutrient Adequacy in US Adults (NHANES 2003-2018). Nutrients 2023; 15:3916. [PMID: 37764700 PMCID: PMC10537713 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend adults increase their intake of nutrients that are under-consumed while limiting their intake of added sugars, sodium, and saturated fats. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between added sugars intake from specific types of beverages with added sugars (soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports and energy drinks, coffee and tea, and flavored milk) and nutrient adequacy among US adults (19+ y). Data from eight consecutive 2-y cycles of NHANES were combined (2003-2004 through 2017-2018), and regression analysis was conducted to test for trends in quantiles of added sugars intake from each beverage source and the rest of the diet (excluding those beverages) and nutrient adequacy. Results revealed significant associations that varied in direction according to the added sugars source, negative for some (i.e., soft drinks) in terms of greater percentages of adults not meeting a defined threshold of nutrient adequacy with higher added sugars intakes, and positive for others (i.e., fruit drinks, flavored milk, the rest of the diet) in terms of lower percentages of adults not meeting nutrient thresholds. In conclusion, the contribution of different added sugars sources to nutrient intakes is a critical consideration in developing population-based dietary recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Ricciuto
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Maria O Scott
- The Sugar Association, Inc., Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|