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Porticella N, Cannon JS, Wu CL, Ferguson SG, Thrasher JF, Hackworth EE, Niederdeppe J. Recruitment Methods, Inclusion, and Successful Participation in a Longitudinal Clinical Trial Using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Health Educ Behav 2024; 51:280-290. [PMID: 38008973 PMCID: PMC10980577 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231210520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Underrepresentation of historically marginalized populations in clinical trials continues to threaten the validity of health intervention research. Evidence supports the merits of intercept and other proactive forms of recruitment for achieving more equitable representation. However, researchers also report lower retention and adherence to protocols among these populations, particularly in longitudinal studies. Few studies have compared recruitment methods for longitudinal randomized trials testing health interventions, with even fewer having done so for trials involving ecological momentary assessment (EMA). As intervention research integrates EMA and other data collection approaches requiring substantial participant effort, it is critical to better understand the effectiveness and implications of strategies to improve the representativeness of health research. This secondary data analysis compared outcomes of proactive and reactive recruitment strategies (mobile lab intercepts and internet/flyer advertising, respectively) in study inclusion, task completion, and retention within a 14-day randomized controlled trial that used EMA to evaluate cigarette package health messages. Proactive recruitment resulted in higher proportions of participants with low income and education, limited health literacy, and of diverse racial/ethnic makeup. However, this recruitment method also resulted in lower task completion, especially in the second week of the trial period, and lower retention, although group differences were not explained by participant sociodemographic characteristics targeted by inclusion efforts. We conclude that proactive recruitment via intercepts is an effective strategy for health intervention research that aims to include stakeholders from historically marginalized groups but that researchers and funders must recognize these methods require additional resources, considerations, and capacity to address non-trivial challenges to successful participation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie S. Cannon
- Department of English and Communication Studies, Roanoke College, Salem, VA, USA
| | - Chung Li Wu
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stuart G. Ferguson
- Tasmania School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - James F. Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Emily E. Hackworth
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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King AJ, Margolin D, Tong C, Chunara R, Niederdeppe J. Making Sense of Social Media Data About Colorectal Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol 2024; 21:543-544. [PMID: 37838186 PMCID: PMC10954397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2023.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy J. King
- Cancer Control & Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Drew Margolin
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chau Tong
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rumi Chunara
- Department of Biostatistics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Niederdeppe J, Porticella NA, Mathios A, Avery R, Dorf M, Greiner Safi A, Kalaji M, Scolere L, Byrne SE. Managing a policy paradox? Responses to textual warning labels on E-cigarette advertisements among U.S. national samples of youth overall and adults who smoke or vape. Soc Sci Med 2024; 344:116543. [PMID: 38335714 PMCID: PMC10923179 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current use and potential future uptake of e-cigarettes among youth remain public health concerns in the U.S., even as people who smoke combustible cigarettes could benefit from switching completely to e-cigarettes. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering alternative warning messages, but warnings that discourage youth from use may also deter people who smoke from switching. This study tests ten pre-registered hypotheses on effects of warning messages with national samples of youth overall and adults who smoke and/or vape. METHODS NORC recruited 1639 adults (ages 18+) who smoke, vape, or use both products, from their probability-sampled AmeriSpeak Panel and augmented their AmeriSpeak Teen Panel with Lucid's nonprobability opt-in panel to recruit 1217 youth (ages 14-17) to participate in a web-based survey experiment. We randomly assigned respondents to view one of five warning label conditions and respond to measures of their e-cigarette risk beliefs, willingness to use e-cigarettes, and (among people who smoke or vape) considerations to quit these products. FINDINGS Relative to the current FDA warning about nicotine, warning messages about the harms of e-cigarette use for youth brain development did not influence risk beliefs or reduce willingness to use these products among youth. Brain development warning messages did increase beliefs about these harms among adults but did not increase quit considerations among people who vape, relative to the FDA warning. Warning messages with information about chemical constituents of vaping products and the harm of these chemicals produced higher e-cigarette quit considerations than did the FDA warning among adults who vape. CONCLUSION Potential alternative warning label messages were largely ineffective relative to the current FDA warning about nicotine, though limited evidence suggests some potential for chemical + harm messaging to encourage people who use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes to consider quitting both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | | | - Alan Mathios
- Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Economics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rosemary Avery
- Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael Dorf
- Cornell Law School, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Motasem Kalaji
- Department of Communication Studies, California State Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Leah Scolere
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sahara E Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Safi AG, Kalaji M, Avery R, Niederdeppe J, Mathios A, Dorf M, Byrne S. Examining Perceptions of Uncertain Language in Potential E-Cigarette Warning Labels: Results from 16 Focus Groups with Adult Tobacco Users and Youth. Health Commun 2024; 39:460-481. [PMID: 36717390 PMCID: PMC10387126 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2170092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette use among youth presents a public health risk. Yet, cigarette smokers who substantially reduce their smoking or switch completely from traditional combustible cigarettes could benefit. As science about e-cigarettes is continually emerging, any potential warnings are likely to contain uncertain language. Hedged verbiage may impact decision making. To assess reactions, we conducted 16 online focus groups; 8 with youth (n = 32, grouped by gender and by vaping experience) and 8 with adult tobacco users (n = 37, grouped by smokers, dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes, and former smokers who switched to e-cigarettes). Each focus group viewed and discussed 8 potential warnings messages. We conducted an inductive thematic analysis of the reactions to warning messages that contain uncertain language. Respondents' reactions were often negative, but varied based on specific usages of uncertainty, existing beliefs about uncertainty in law and science, and smoking/vaping use patterns that supported the use of uncertainty related to e-cigarettes. Many youth (and some adults) believed that uncertain language enabled audiences to minimize the likelihood of harm or interpreted it as meaning there are both healthy and unhealthy e-cigarettes. This qualitative study provides evidence that the use of types of uncertain language, the frequency of that use, and/or the selection of particular words in warnings, might not achieve the intended public health aims of increasing understanding of risk, deterring youth uptake, and/or facilitating a substantial switch from cigarettes. The use of certain types of uncertain language appears to have significant potential to bring unintended consequences. Suggestions for research and policy are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, USA
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, USA
| | - Motasem Kalaji
- Department of Communication Studies, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Rosemary Avery
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, USA
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, USA
| | - Alan Mathios
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, USA
| | | | - Sahara Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, USA
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Thrasher JF, Ferguson SG, Hackworth EE, Wu CL, Lambert VC, Porticella N, Kim M, Hardin JW, Niederdeppe J. Combining Inserts With Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs to Promote Smoking Cessation: A 2-Week Randomized Trial. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:56-66. [PMID: 37738629 PMCID: PMC10729784 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette pack inserts with messages on cessation benefits and advice are a promising labeling policy that may help promote smoking cessation. PURPOSE To assess insert effects, with and without accompanying pictorial health warning labels(HWLs), on hypothesized psychosocial and behavioral outcomes. METHODS We conducted a 2 × 2 between-subject randomized trial (inserts with efficacy messages vs. no inserts; large pictorial HWLs vs. small text HWLs), with 367 adults who smoked at least 10 cigarettes a day. Participants received a 14-day supply of their preferred cigarettes with packs modified to reflect their experimental condition. Over 2 weeks, we surveyed participants approximately 4-5 times a day during their smoking sessions, querying feelings about smoking, level of worry about harms from smoking, self-efficacy to cut down on cigarettes, self-efficacy to quit, hopefulness about quitting, and motivation to quit. Each evening, participants reported their perceived susceptibility to smoking harms and, for the last 24 hr, their frequency of thinking about smoking harms and cessation benefits, conversations about smoking cessation or harms, and foregoing or stubbing out cigarettes before they finished smoking. Mixed-effects ordinal and logistic models were estimated to evaluate differences between groups. RESULTS Participants whose packs included inserts were more likely than those whose packs did not include inserts to report foregoing or stubbing out of cigarettes (OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.36, 4.20). Otherwise, no statistically significant associations were found between labeling conditions and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides some evidence, albeit limited, that pack inserts with efficacy messages can promote behaviors that predict smoking cessation attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- College of Health & Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Emily E Hackworth
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chung-Li Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Victoria C Lambert
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Norman Porticella
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy and Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James W Hardin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy and Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Chen-Sankey J, Jeong M, Wackowski OA, Unger JB, Niederdeppe J, Bernat E, Bansal-Travers M, Moran M, Kennedy RD, Broun A, Hacker K, Choi K. Noticing people, discounts and non-tobacco flavours in e-cigarette ads may increase e-cigarette product appeal among non-tobacco-using young adults. Tob Control 2023; 33:30-37. [PMID: 35672144 PMCID: PMC9726993 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2022-057269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults new to tobacco (including e-cigarettes) are at an increased risk of e-cigarette use after e-cigarette exposure. This study examined the association between noticing e-cigarette advertising features and perceived product appeal among non-tobacco-using young adults. METHODS A sample of non-tobacco-using young adults (ages 18-29 years; n=1993) completed an online survey in 2021. We content analysed visible features from 12 e-cigarette ads that represented commonly used e-cigarette brands. Participants viewed the ads and clicked on the areas of the ads that drew their attention. Participants reported e-cigarette product appeal for each ad, including ad liking, product curiosity and use interest. We used generalised estimating equations to examine within-person associations between noticing specific ad features and reporting each and any type of product appeal, adjusting for noticing other features and participant characteristics. RESULTS Noticing people, discounts, non-tobacco (menthol and mint/fruit) flavours, positive experience claims or product images was positively associated with having any e-cigarette product appeal. Noticing discounts or mint/fruit flavours was also positively associated with e-cigarette use interest. In contrast, noticing nicotine warnings or smoking cessation claims was negatively associated with ad liking and product curiosity. CONCLUSIONS Attention to several e-cigarette ad features (eg, people, discounts, non-tobacco flavours) was associated with increased e-cigarette product appeal, whereas attention to nicotine warnings and smoking cessation claims was associated with reduced appeal among non-tobacco-using young adults. Restricting appeal-promoting features while strengthening the effects of nicotine warnings and smoker-targeted claims in e-cigarette ads may potentially reduce e-cigarettes' overall appeal among this priority population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chen-Sankey
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michelle Jeong
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Edward Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Meghan Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan David Kennedy
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Broun
- School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kiana Hacker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Hackworth EE, Budiongan JR, Lambert VC, Kim M, Ferguson SG, Niederdeppe J, Hardin J, Thrasher JF. A mixed-method study of perceptions of cigarette pack inserts among adult smokers from New York and South Carolina exposed as part of a randomized controlled trial. Health Educ Res 2023; 38:548-562. [PMID: 37450334 PMCID: PMC10714041 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
While many countries require prominent pictorial health warning labels (PHWLs) on the outside of cigarette packs to communicate the harms of smoking, there is evidence that cigarette pack inserts that contain efficacy messages may enhance the effectiveness of PHWLs. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulatory authority to communicate with smokers through inserts. While current labeling regulations do not require inclusion of inserts, the FDA could implement them in the future. This study assesses US smokers' perceptions of cigarette package inserts at the conclusion of a two-week randomized trial on cigarette labeling where half of participants were exposed to insert messages (two response-efficacy messages and two self-efficacy messages) in their packs. Participants (n = 359) completed a 30- to 60-min interview with both quantitative and qualitative assessments, including measures of recall and perceived message effectiveness (PME) for specific inserts. Correlates of recall and PME were estimated using mixed-effects regression models. Qualitative responses to PME items were analyzed using thematic analysis. Response-efficacy messages had higher PME and recall than self-efficacy messages. People had diverse responses to the inserts, including that they were positive, thought-provoking, and helpful. Reactions to and perceptions of the inserts indicate potential benefits of integrating efficacy messages into labeling policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Hackworth
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Julia R Budiongan
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Victoria C Lambert
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 450 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James Hardin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29203, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Liu J, Niederdeppe J. Effects of communicating lifetime risks and screening rates of colorectal cancer and breast cancer. Risk Anal 2023; 43:2581-2596. [PMID: 36810789 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer and breast cancer are among the most common types of cancer in the United States, and cancer screening is an effective way to detect and treat these cancers early. Health news stories, medical websites, and media campaigns regularly highlight the national lifetime risks of specific cancers and their screening rates, but recent research suggests that people tend to overestimate the prevalence of health problems but underestimate the prevalence of disease prevention behaviors in the absence of numerical information. This study featured two online experiments, one focused on breast cancer (N = 632) and one focused on colorectal cancer (N = 671), to examine the effects of communicating national cancer lifetime risks and screening rates among samples of screening-eligible adults in the United States. Findings confirmed prior work in showing that people overestimated colorectal/breast cancer lifetime risks but underestimated colorectal/breast cancer screening rates. Communicating the national lifetime risk of dying from colorectal/breast cancer lowered people's national risk estimates, which in turn was associated with lower perceived cancer risks for themselves. In contrast, communicating the national colorectal/breast cancer screening rate increased people's estimates of the prevalence of cancer screening, which in turn was associated with higher perceived self-efficacy to engage in cancer screening and greater screening intentions. We conclude that efforts to promote cancer screening may benefit from messages that include data on national cancer screening rates but may not benefit from including national rates of lifetime cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Dixon H, Scully M, Niederdeppe J, Brennan E, O'Brien K, Vandenberg B, Pettigrew S, Wakefield M. Can counter-advertising dilute marketing effects of alcohol sponsorship of elite sport: A field experiment. Addiction 2023; 118:2360-2373. [PMID: 37563764 PMCID: PMC10952974 DOI: 10.1111/add.16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To test whether showing spectators counter-advertisements exposing alcohol harms alone, or exposing alcohol harms and alcohol sponsorship, before watching an alcohol-sponsored sporting event promotes less favourable post-event attitudes and intentions towards alcohol sponsor brands and alcohol in general. DESIGN On-line between-subjects experiment. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS A sample of Australian adults aged 18-49 years who planned to watch an alcohol-sponsored National Rugby League (NRL) State of Origin series game was recruited through an online panel. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to one of three counter-advertising conditions: control (neutral advertisement); counter-advertisement exposing alcohol harms; and counter-advertisement exposing alcohol sponsorship and harms, to view at least four times during the week before watching the alcohol-sponsored sporting event. MEASUREMENTS Participants (n = 1932) completed a pre-test questionnaire a week before the sporting event. Within 4 days of watching the sporting event, participants completed post-test measures assessing sponsor brand awareness, attitudes and preferences towards the brand, as well as knowledge, attitudes and intentions for alcohol in general (n = 1075). FINDINGS Compared with the control advertisement, the counter-advertisement exposing alcohol sponsorship and harms promoted higher (6-13%) awareness of sponsor brands, less favourable attitudes towards sponsor brands and drinking beer, lower purchase intentions for sponsor brands (Cohen's d = 0.15, 0.31, 0.27, respectively) and perceived less image-based similarity and fit between the sporting event and sponsor brands (Cohen's d = 0.20 and 0.56). Both counter-advertisements promoted lower perceptions of the appropriateness of consuming alcohol while watching sport (Cohen's d = 0.22 and 0.34), higher awareness of alcohol harms (6-34%) and higher intentions (8-13%) to reduce alcohol consumption than the control advertisement. CONCLUSIONS At alcohol-sponsored sporting events, counter-advertisements addressing alcohol harms may promote knowledge of harms and intentions to drink less. Counter-advertisements that additionally expose and critique alcohol sponsorship may detract from perceptions of sponsor brand image and intentions to purchase the sponsor's products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dixon
- Cancer Council VictoriaMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne School of Psychological SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy and Department of CommunicationCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Emily Brennan
- Cancer Council VictoriaMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne School of Psychological SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Kerry O'Brien
- School of Social SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Brian Vandenberg
- School of Social SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
- Present address:
Australian Institute of Family StudiesSouthbankVICAustralia
| | | | - Melanie Wakefield
- Cancer Council VictoriaMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne School of Psychological SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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King AJ, Dunbar NM, Margolin D, Chunara R, Tong C, Jih-Vieira L, Matsen CB, Niederdeppe J. Global prevalence and content of information about alcohol use as a cancer risk factor on Twitter. Prev Med 2023; 177:107728. [PMID: 37844803 PMCID: PMC10872596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alcohol use is a major risk factor for several forms of cancer, though many people have limited knowledge of this link. Public health communicators and cancer advocates desire to increase awareness of this link with the long-term goal of reducing cancer burden. The current study is the first to examine the prevalence and content of information about alcohol use as a cancer risk on social media internationally. METHODS We used a three-phase process (hashtag search, dictionary-based auto-identification of content, and human coding of content) to identify and evaluate information from Twitter posts between January 2019 and December 2021. RESULTS Our hashtag search retrieved a large set of cancer-related tweets (N = 1,122,397). The automatic search process using an alcohol dictionary identified a small number of messages about cancer that also mentioned alcohol (n = 9061, 0.8%), a number that got small after adjusting for human coded estimates of the dictionary precision (n = 5927, 0.5%). When cancer-related messages also mentioned alcohol, 82% (n = 1003 of 1225 examined through human coding) indicated alcohol use as a risk factor. Coding found rare instances of problematic information (e.g., promotion of alcohol, misinformation) in messages about alcohol use and cancer. CONCLUSIONS Few social media messages about cancer types that can be linked to alcohol mention alcohol as a cancer risk factor. If public health communicators and cancer advocates want to increase knowledge and understanding of alcohol use as a cancer risk factor, efforts will need to be made on social media and through other communication platforms to increase exposure to this information over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J King
- Cancer Control & Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Natalie M Dunbar
- Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew Margolin
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rumi Chunara
- Department of Biostatistics, New York University, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Computer Science & Engineering, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Chau Tong
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lea Jih-Vieira
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cindy B Matsen
- Cancer Control & Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Jeb E. Brooks School of Public policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Fowler EF, Moore ST, Floyd B, Yao J, Neumann M, Lewis N, Niederdeppe J, Gollust SE. Invoking Identity? Partisan Polarization in Discussions of Race, Racism, and Gender in 2022 Midterm Advertising in the U.S. J Health Polit Policy Law 2023:11066296. [PMID: 37987197 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-11066296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Media messaging matters for public opinion and policy, and analyzing patterns of campaign strategy can provide important windows into policy priorities. METHODS We used content analysis supplemented with keyword-based text analysis to assess the volume, proportion and distribution of attention to race-related issues in comparison to gender-related issues during the general election period of the 2022 midterm campaigns for federal office. FINDINGS Race-related mentions were overwhelmingly focused on crime and law and order with very little attention to racism, racial injustice, and the structural barriers that lead to widespread inequities. In stark contrast to mentions of gender, racial appeals were less identity focused and were competitively contested between the parties in their messaging, but much more likely to be led by Republicans. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that discussion of race and gender were highly polarized with consequences for public understanding of and belief in disparities and policies important to population health.
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Phan L, Seyl C, Chen-Sankey J, Niederdeppe J, Guy MC, Sterling KL, Choi K. Exploring Young Adults' Beliefs About Cigar Smoking by Susceptibility: A Belief Elicitation Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1648-1658. [PMID: 37294098 PMCID: PMC10445255 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults are at risk for cigar smoking, which is associated with cancers and pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Little is known about young adults' beliefs about smoking cigarillos, little filtered cigars, and large cigars, and how these beliefs may vary across cigar types and by cigar susceptibility. AIMS AND METHODS The larger study surveyed a U.S. sample of young adults (18-30 years old) who never used tobacco products (n = 948) through Qualtrics online panel services in August 2021-January 2022. We assessed participants' susceptibility to using different cigar types. Participants were randomly assigned to open-ended questions about one of the three cigar types to elicit behavioral, normative, and control beliefs. We conducted thematic analysis to code emergent themes within each belief and examined the frequency of reported themes at the intersection of cigar type and cigar susceptibility. RESULTS Cigar susceptible participants reported positive behavioral beliefs (eg, anticipated relaxation, mood regulation, being cool), friends as supportive referents, and easy-to-smoke control beliefs (eg, high accessibility, low cost) more frequently than non-susceptible participants. Varied frequency by cigar type also emerged. For example, cigarillo and little filtered cigar features were mentioned more frequently as easy-to-smoke control beliefs, while low accessibility was reported more frequently as a hard-to-smoke control belief for large cigars. CONCLUSIONS Findings identify salient beliefs about cigarillo, little filtered cigar, and large cigar smoking among young adult tobacco never-users. Future research should investigate the potential importance of these beliefs in cigar smoking susceptibility and initiation among young adults, and their potential utility in prevention research. IMPLICATIONS This thematic analysis identified salient beliefs about cigarillos, little filtered cigars, and large cigars among a U.S. young adult sample, and differentiated emergent beliefs by cigar susceptibility status and by cigar type. Given the lack of cigar smoking prevention media campaigns, identifying these beliefs is the one of the first steps in developing effective cigar smoking prevention strategies. Future quantitative studies are needed to confirm the relationships between these beliefs and smoking initiation of each cigar type to further inform the types of beliefs to be targeted in strategic communication and help prevent cigar smoking initiation among susceptible young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianna Phan
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christen Seyl
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Julia Chen-Sankey
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- School of Public Health, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Department of Communication, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Mignonne C Guy
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kymberle L Sterling
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, Dallas, TX
| | - Kelvin Choi
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland
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Mahmood H, Mejia P, Perez-Sanz SB, Garcia K, Gollust S, Niederdeppe J, Fowler E, Baum L, Floyd B, Dorfman LE. "Those Who Need It the Most": Equity Framing in 2021 U.S. Print News About Food Assistance. Health Equity 2023; 7:411-414. [PMID: 37645377 PMCID: PMC10460959 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To understand how equity appeared in news about food assistance from 2021. Methods We assessed a national sample of news articles (N=298) for equity arguments and language about racial and health equity. Results Only 28% of coverage argued that food assistance programs promote equity. Just 6% mentioned people of color or named racial disparities in food access. Discussion Narratives that explain how food assistance programs reduce inequities could deepen their policy appeal and broaden public perceptions around recipients. Health Equity Implications There are opportunities for news coverage to expand the discussion of how food assistance programs improve racial and health equity outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Mahmood
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Pamela Mejia
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sarah B. Perez-Sanz
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kim Garcia
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sarah Gollust
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Erika Fowler
- Government Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura Baum
- Government Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Breeze Floyd
- Government Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lori E. Dorfman
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA
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14
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Yeh JC, Premachandra B, Lewis NA, Niederdeppe J, Jernigan DH. Identities, drinking behaviors and cancer beliefs among African-American and White American adults: A qualitative analysis. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37435873 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2232738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is causally linked to multiple cancers. African-Americans are at greater risk of cancer than other demographic groups and suffer more serious consequences. Awareness and knowledge of the alcohol-cancer link are low, especially among African-Americans compared to other racial/ethnic groups. This study built on the theory of identity-based motivation (TIBM) to explore how people think about alcohol consumption in relation to their social identities and beliefs about cancer. METHODS Data come from 20 in-depth interviews with current drinkers (10 White and 10 African-American adults) in a major mid-Atlantic city in the summer of 2021, using race- and gender-concordant interviewers. An abductive and iterative approach identified salient themes about how drinkers thought about alcohol, social identities, and cancer. RESULTS While most participants discussed alcohol use as an important part of American culture, African-American participants were more likely to discuss drinking as a way to cope with racism and other hardships. Participants also noted the need to address structural issues that would make it difficult to cut back on drinking. Both White and African-American participants talked about stressors in life that drive them to drink and make cutting back difficult, and African-American participants discussed how the location of liquor stores in their neighborhoods made alcohol too readily available. CONCLUSIONS Insights from these interviews confirm the relevance of racial and other identities in shaping responses to alcohol-cancer messaging, and emphasize the need to consider both behavior change and policy change to create supportive environments for such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Neil A Lewis
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Yeh JC, Niederdeppe J, Lewis NA, Jernigan DH. Social Media Campaigns to Influence Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms, Attitudes, and Awareness: A Systematic Review. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:546-559. [PMID: 37014651 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given social media's reach and potential, a systematic review is needed to assess their effectiveness in influencing alcohol consumption and related harms, attitudes, and awareness. METHOD We searched 12 databases from inception to December 2022, along with reference lists of eligible studies. We included studies of any design conducted in any country, reported in English, evaluating campaigns using social media alone or in combination with other media. We assessed study quality, extracted data, and completed a narrative synthesis. RESULTS Eleven of 6,442 unique studies met inclusion criteria, spanning 17 countries, targeting diverse populations, and predominantly using repeated cross-sectional study designs. Most were of weak quality. Only three studies evaluated campaigns relying solely or primarily on social media. Two drink-driving campaigns had no behavioral impact, whereas two others found behavior change. Two of three studies targeting college student drinking found significant reductions in drinking after the campaign, but a third detected no differences in quality or duration of drinking. Only one study measured changes in attitudes, finding that the campaign significantly increased policy support for key alcohol policies. All studies noted awareness, but only six quantified short-term measures, showing increased campaign awareness. CONCLUSIONS It is unclear from the peer-reviewed literature whether public health-oriented social media campaigns can influence alcohol consumption and related harms, attitudes, and/or awareness. Our review nevertheless indicates that social media campaigns offer potential in some populations to influence these outcomes. There is an urgent need for the public health field to test and rigorously evaluate social media's utility as a vehicle for influencing population-level alcohol consumption and related problems, attitudes, and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy and Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Neil A Lewis
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy and Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Niederdeppe J, Avery RJ, Liu J, Mann C, Sood N, Eisenberg MD. Is exposure to pharmaceutical direct-to-consumer advertising for heart disease and diabetes associated with physical activity and dietary behavior? Soc Sci Med 2023; 330:116062. [PMID: 37418992 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Scholars have suggested that direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs may discourage or encourage changes in lifestyle to improve health. The current paper informs this debate by examining associations between estimated exposure to DTCA for drugs focused on heart disease/cholesterol and diabetes and self-reported exercise and consumption of a variety of unhealthy foods (candy, sugary drinks, alcohol, and fast food). METHODS We estimated exposure to DTCA by combining data from Kantar Media Intelligence (Kantar) on televised pharmaceutical DTCA airings in the U.S. from January 2003 to August 2016 (n = 7,696,851 airings) with thirteen years of data from the Simmons National Consumer Survey (Simmons), a mailed survey on television viewing patterns. We estimated associations between exposure to advertising (both overall and for advertisements with specific content) and self-reported physical activity and dietary behavior using Simmons data from January 2004 to December 2016 (n = 288,483 respondents from n = 157,621 unique households in the U.S.). Our analysis controls for many potential confounders including respondent demographics, temporal trends, and program placement to account for purposeful ad targeting to higher-risk adults. FINDINGS Higher estimated exposure to DTCA for heart disease and diabetes drugs were not consistently associated with meaningful differences in the frequency of engaging in regular physical activity. Greater estimated exposure to DTCA for both diseases were, linked to small but consistently higher volume of consumption of candy, sugar-sweetened beverages, alcohol, and fast food. Specific DTCA message content about diet and exercise explained very little of the observed association between overall DTCA exposure volume and study outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Many Americans were regularly exposed to pharmaceutical DTCA for heart disease and diabetes from 2003 to 2016. Widespread exposure to such DTCA is associated with higher levels (though small in magnitude) of consuming alcohol, fast food, candy, and sugar-sweetened beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Rosemary J Avery
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charlie Mann
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Neeraj Sood
- Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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17
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Avery RJ, Kalaji M, Niederdeppe J, Mathios A, Dorf M, Byrne S, Safi AG. Perceived threat and fear responses to e-cigarette warning label messages: Results from 16 focus groups with U.S. youth and adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286806. [PMID: 37352255 PMCID: PMC10289367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A warning on e-cigarette packaging is one way the U.S. government can inform the public of known harms of e-cigarette use. Currently, the only required warning on these products is: "WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive chemical." This exploratory study aims to inform potential future investigations and FDA decisions regarding alternative warnings that may generate fear in addition to being intentionally informational. METHOD Data were obtained from responses by 16 online focus groups with adult (N = 47, age range = 18-64) and youth (N = 32, age range 14-16) participants with various smoking and vaping experiences. We showed each focus group a set of hypothetical e-cigarette warning labels to determine how they respond to currently existing public statements that communicate information on the toxicity of ingredients in e-cigarettes, potential health risks, addiction to nicotine, and the uncertainty of the science regarding health effects of using these products. The focus group interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were subjected to a multiphase coding process to identify common response themes. Codes derived from the Extended Parallel Processing Model were then applied to understand impact of potentially fear-inducing language by warning category and age group. RESULTS For adults, all warnings-except those about addiction-gave rise to spontaneous danger control (intended) responses, such as quit intentions. Warnings highlighting cognitive and uncertain effects may be particularly promising for adult consumers of tobacco products because both gengerated danger control and response efficacy without evidence of fear control. However, responses also suggest that warnings risk discouraging some adults who use combustible cigarettes from transitioning to e-cigarettes for harm reduction. For youth, while evidence of response efficacy and danger control emerged among youth exposed to messages in all warning categories but one-addiction-unproductive reactions indicative of fear control were also prevalent among youth respondent across most warning types. On average, youth were more skeptical than adults about the harms of using e-cigarettes. POLICY IMPLICATIONS Implications of study findings for the development of future effective e-cigarette warning messages are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J. Avery
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Motasem Kalaji
- Department of Communication Studies, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Alan Mathios
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael Dorf
- Law School, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Sahara Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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18
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Liu J, Niederdeppe J. Effects of Race-Specific Prevalence and Racial Disparity Information About Obesity and Diabetes. Health Commun 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37157159 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2210384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There are significant racial disparities in obesity and diabetes such that prevalence rates are higher among Black Americans than White Americans. This study examined effects of communicating the prevalence of obesity/diabetes and comparing race-specific prevalence rates between White and Black Americans to highlight racial health disparities. We conducted two preregistered, between-subjects randomized online experiments with an analytic sample of 1,232 U.S. adults (n = 609 for the obesity study and n = 623 for the diabetes study) stratified by race. In each experiment, we randomly assigned respondents to read an obesity/diabetes message 1) without disease prevalence information, 2) with the national obesity/diabetes prevalence rate, 3) with the race-specific obesity/diabetes prevalence rate among White Americans, 4) with the race-specific prevalence rate among Black Americans, or 5) comparing the race-specific prevalence rates between White and Black Americans, or 6) to a no-message condition. Results showed that diabetes prevalence information reduced the overestimation of race-specific diabetes prevalence. Comparing the obesity prevalence rate among White Americans to that of Black Americans increased support for policies to reduce racial health disparities, but also made Black respondents less likely to cut calories. Race-specific disease prevalence information and intergroup disease prevalence comparisons may have both positive and unintended consequences on message recipients. Health educators should be more cautious when communicating disease prevalence information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University
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19
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Niederdeppe J, Liu J, Spruill M, Lewis NA, Moore S, Fowler EF, Gollust SE. Strategic Messaging to Promote Policies that Advance Racial Equity: What Do We Know, and What Do We Need to Learn? Milbank Q 2023. [PMID: 37096590 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Many studies have explored the impact of message strategies to build support for policies that advance racial equity, but few studies examine the effects of richer stories of lived experience and detailed accounts of the ways racism is embedded in policy design and implementation. Longer messages framed to emphasize social and structural causes of racial inequity hold significant potential to enhance support for policies to advance racial equity. There is an urgent need to develop, test, and disseminate communication interventions that center perspectives from historically marginalized people and promote policy advocacy, community mobilization, and collective action to advance racial equity. CONTEXT Long-standing racial inequities in health and well-being are shaped by racialized public policies that perpetuate disadvantage among Black, Brown, Indigenous, and people of color. Strategic messaging can accelerate public and policymaker support for public policies that advance population health. We lack a comprehensive understanding of lessons learned from work on policy messaging to advance racial equity and the gaps in knowledge it reveals. METHODS A scoping review of peer-reviewed studies from communication, psychology, political science, sociology, public health, and health policy that have tested how various message strategies influence support and mobilization for racial equity policy domains across a wide variety of social systems. We used keyword database searches, author bibliographic searches, and reviews of reference lists from relevant sources to compile 55 peer-reviewed papers with 80 studies that used experiments to test the effects of one or more message strategies in shaping support for racial equity-related policies, as well as the cognitive/emotional factors that predict their support. FINDINGS Most studies report on the short-term effects of very short message manipulations. Although many of these studies find evidence that reference to race or use of racial cues tend to undermine support for racial equity-related policies, the accumulated body of evidence has generally not explored the effects of richer, more nuanced stories of lived experience and/or detailed historical and contemporary accounts of the ways racism is embedded in public policy design and implementation. A few well-designed studies offer evidence that longer-form messages framed to emphasize social and structural causes of racial inequity can enhance support for policies to advance racial equity, though many questions require further research. CONCLUSIONS We conclude by laying out a research agenda to fill numerous wide gaps in the evidentiary base related to building support for racial equity policy across sectors.
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Tait ME, Bogucki C, Baum L, Fowler EF, Niederdeppe J, Gollust SE. News Media Coverage of Childcare: How U.S. Local TV News Framed the Problem Before and During the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Child Fam Stud 2023; 32:1617-1626. [PMID: 37304390 PMCID: PMC10108775 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-023-02573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Early care and education (ECE), or the care young children receive before entering formal schooling, can take multiple forms and is delivered in different settings, such as a center, church, or public school. Federal and state governments regularly fund ECE programs and policies through the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act (CCDBG). Many families, however, face significant challenges in access, cost, and quality of ECE programs, and ECE professionals report substantial challenges in the workplace (e.g., inadequate training) and beyond (e.g., low wages). Policies addressing issues related to ECE were proposed in 2021, but stalled on the U.S. federal policy agenda. In this study, we examine the ECE content of local television news coverage both for its representations of and for its potential influences on ECE policy agendas. We use data from local stations affiliated with the major networks (ABC, NBC, CBS, and FOX) in media markets across the U.S., airing before and during the pandemic. We analyze elements of coverage that could affect public recognition of ECE-related issues, including how problems were framed (e.g., news coverage highlighting scandals or adverse events at ECE facilities) and solutions identified (e.g., public policy). We find that during 2018 and 2019, more coverage highlighted scandalous activity than public policy. The reverse was true, however, during the early period of the pandemic (from mid-March through June of 2020). Researchers and health professionals were seldom included in stories in either sample, and very few stories offered context about the benefits of ECE for health and well-being. These coverage patterns have implications for the public's understanding of ECE policy and the perceived need for reform. Policymakers, advocates, and researchers looking to advance support for ECE should consider ways to use local television news to present health and policy-relevant information to broad segments of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Tait
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, D305 Mayo Building, MMC 729, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | - Laura Baum
- Wesleyan Media Project, Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave, Middletown, CT 06459 USA
| | - Erika Franklin Fowler
- Wesleyan Media Project, Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave, Middletown, CT 06459 USA
- Department of Government, Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave, Middletown, CT 06459 USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 476 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Sarah E. Gollust
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, D305 Mayo Building, MMC 729, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN USA
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21
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Chen-Sankey J, Unger JB, Bernat E, Niederdeppe J, Bansal-Travers M, Choi K. Price promotion receipt and use progression of any tobacco, cigarettes, e-cigarettes and cigars among US youth between 2016 and 2018. Tob Control 2023; 32:225-232. [PMID: 34301838 PMCID: PMC8782922 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco price promotions may prompt tobacco trials among youth. We assessed whether receiving price promotions for any tobacco, cigarettes, e-cigarettes and cigars was associated with product use progression. METHODS The analysis included a nationally representative sample of youth never tobacco users (aged 12-16; n=9405) from wave 4 (2016-2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. We assessed past-year receipt of price promotions and use progression (initiation, current use and ever regular use) for any tobacco, cigarettes, e-cigarettes and cigars 1 year later at wave 4.5 (2017-2018). Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between receiving price promotions and use progression by product type, controlling for covariates. RESULTS At wave 4.5, 9.4% of youth initiated any tobacco (1.8%, 7.8% and 0.9% for cigarettes, e-cigarettes and cigars), and 5.4% received any price promotions (3.8%, 3.1% and 0.9% for cigarettes, e-cigarettes and cigars). Receiving any tobacco price promotions was associated with any tobacco initiation (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.77; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.41), current use (AOR=1.54; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.23) and ever regular use (AOR=1.76; 95% CI 1.04 to 3.10). Receiving e-cigarette price promotions was associated with e-cigarette initiation (AOR=1.78; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.26), current use (AOR=1.88; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.02) and ever regular use (AOR=2.10; 95% CI 1.02 to 4.40). The associations specific to cigarettes and cigars were only found for product initiation. DISCUSSION Receiving price promotions for any tobacco and e-cigarettes was respectively associated with the use progression of any tobacco and e-cigarettes. Continuous monitoring of tobacco marketing activities is needed to identify youth-appealing price promotion tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chen-Sankey
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edward Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Scully M, Dixon H, Brennan E, Niederdeppe J, O'Brien K, Pettigrew S, Vandenberg B, Wakefield M. Can counter-advertising exposing alcohol sponsorship and harms influence sport spectators' support for alcohol policies? An experimental study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:396. [PMID: 36849894 PMCID: PMC9969365 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to alcohol advertising and sponsorship through elite sport is associated with harmful use of alcohol. Owing to strong financial and cultural ties between alcohol and sport in Australia, policy action to restrict alcohol sport sponsorship is unlikely to occur without strong public support for change. This study tested whether exposure to counter-advertising exposing industry marketing of harmful products-a technique shown to be effective in tobacco control-promotes higher support for policy change and less favourable beliefs about the alcohol industry among sport spectators. METHODS A sample of 1,075 Australian adults aged 18-49 years who planned to watch an National Rugby League (NRL) State of Origin series game, featuring prominent alcohol sponsorship, was recruited through an online panel and randomly assigned to one of three conditions: control (neutral advertisement); counter-advertisement exposing alcohol harms; counter-advertisement exposing alcohol sponsorship and harms. Participants completed a pre-test questionnaire and viewed their assigned counter-advertisement multiple times in the 5-7 days before the NRL game. Within four days of watching the game, participants completed post-test measures. RESULTS Compared to both the control advertisement and the counter-advertisement exposing alcohol harms, participants who viewed the counter-advertisement exposing alcohol sponsorship and harms were significantly more likely to indicate support for each of four policies aimed at restricting sports-related alcohol marketing, including the complete removal of alcohol sponsorship from sport (51% vs. 32% and 37%). They were also significantly less likely to agree with statements such as "alcohol companies should be allowed to sponsor sport since their products are legal" (39% vs. 63% and 60%) and significantly less likely to report liking alcohol companies in general (38% vs. 59% and 54%). There were no significant differences in policy support or industry beliefs between participants who saw the counter-advertisement exposing alcohol harms and those who saw the control advertisement. CONCLUSION Counter-advertising employing messages that expose and critique the intent and impact of pervasive alcohol sponsorship in sport has potential to bolster public support for policies targeting alcohol sport sponsorship, diminish beliefs supportive of alcohol industry marketing strategies and enhance negative views of alcohol companies and their marketing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kerry O'Brien
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute of Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian Vandenberg
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Australian Institute of Family Studies, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Avery RJ, Byrne S, Dorf MC, Greiner Safi A, Kalaji M, Mathios AD, Niederdeppe J, Porticella N. Challenges in communicating the benefits of switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes: Responses from eight adult focus groups with varying smoking experience. Prev Med Rep 2022; 30:102060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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24
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Gollust SE, Frenier C, Tait M, Bogucki C, Niederdeppe J, Moore ST, Baum L, Fowler EF. Television airings of U.S. federal COVID-19 public service announcements in 2020 were associated with market-level political orientation, not COVID-19 rates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275595. [PMID: 36201500 PMCID: PMC9536622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Televised public service announcements were one of the ways that the U.S. federal government distributed health information about the COVID-19 pandemic to Americans in 2020. However, little is known about the reach of these campaigns or the populations who might have been exposed to the information these ads conveyed. We conducted a descriptive analysis of federally-affiliated public service announcement airings to assess where they were aired and the market-level social and demographic characteristics associated with the airings. We found no correspondence between airings and COVID-19 incidence rates from March to December 2020, but we found a positive association between airings and the Democratic vote share of the market, adjusting for other market demographic characteristics. Our results suggest that PSAs may have contributed to divergent exposure to health information among the U.S. public during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Gollust
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris Frenier
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - Margaret Tait
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Colleen Bogucki
- Division of Health and Environment, Abt Associates, United States of America
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven T. Moore
- Department of Government, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Laura Baum
- Wesleyan Media Project, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut United States of America
| | - Erika Franklin Fowler
- Department of Government, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States of America
- Wesleyan Media Project, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut United States of America
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25
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Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are widespread health conditions with rising prevalence rates in the United States. News stories and health campaign messages frequently feature prevalence rates of obesity and diabetes, at times under the expectation that such messages will increase readers' disease awareness, health behaviors, and policy support. At the same time, American adults overestimate the prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the absence of prevalence information, raising important questions about the implications of communicating accurate prevalence information that may be lower than baseline estimates. The current study examines the effects of communicating information about the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, varying the format of this information (using qualitative terms, raw frequencies, or percentages). Results from two pre-registered, web-based randomized experiments suggest that only prevalence statistics in percentage formats shift readers' prevalence estimates, though in some percentage formats these estimates were lower than observed in a no-message control group. Prevalence estimates, in turn, were positively associated with perceived social causes of obesity/diabetes, intensions for healthy behaviors, and support for policy-level solutions. These findings offer guidance for health communication campaigns that seek to increase healthy behavior and support for policies to address health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, New York, USA
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26
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Phan L, McNeel TS, Chen-Sankey J, Niederdeppe J, Tan ASL, Choi K. U.S. Trends in Age of Cigar Smoking Initiation by Race/Ethnicity and Education. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:624-629. [PMID: 35618548 PMCID: PMC9509412 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Younger age of initiating cigar smoking is associated with greater nicotine dependence and current use. Age of initiating cigarette smoking has increased over time, whereas trends in age of initiating cigar smoking remain understudied. These trends were examined by race/ethnicity, by education, and at their intersection. METHODS The analytic sample included U.S. Hispanic, Black, and White cigar-ever-smokers aged 24‒25 years (n=29,715) from the 2002‒2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Participants reported their age, race/ethnicity, sex, education (≤high school; some college; ≥bachelor's degree), age of initiating cannabis use, and cigar smoking. Weighted multivariable linear regressions adjusted for sex and age of cannabis use initiation were used to examine trends in age of initiating cigar smoking by race/ethnicity, education, and education Χ year interactions within racial/ethnic groups. Age of initiating cigar smoking comparisons across race/ethnicity and education were examined using the most recent 2019 data. RESULTS During 2002‒2019, across education, White cigar-ever-smokers started smoking cigars at an older age, whereas it remained unchanged among Hispanic cigar-ever-smokers. Among Black cigar-ever-smokers, age of initiating cigar smoking did not change among those with ≤high school and some college, and was older among those with ≥bachelor's degree. In 2019, age of initiating cigar smoking did not vary by educational level among Hispanic and White cigar-ever-smokers. Black cigar-ever-smokers with ≥bachelor's degree initiated cigar smoking at older ages than their White counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Black individuals experienced widening education-related disparities, and Hispanic individuals had no progress in delaying age of initiating cigar smoking. Regulatory action banning cigar flavors may impact these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianna Phan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | - Julia Chen-Sankey
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey; School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Communication, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Andy S L Tan
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Bethesda, Maryland
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27
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Gollust SE, Frenier C, Tait M, Baum LL, Kennedy‐Hendricks A, Niederdeppe J, Franklin Fowler E. When talk is not cheap: What factors predict political campaign messaging on social determinants of health issues? World Med & Health Policy 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Gollust
- Division of Health Policy and Management University of Minnesota School of Public Health Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Chris Frenier
- Division of Health Policy and Management University of Minnesota School of Public Health Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Margaret Tait
- Division of Health Policy and Management University of Minnesota School of Public Health Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Laura L. Baum
- Department of Government Wesleyan University Middletown Connecticut USA
| | - Alene Kennedy‐Hendricks
- Department of Health Policy and Management Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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28
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Tong C, Margolin D, Chunara R, Niederdeppe J, Taylor T, Dunbar N, King AJ. Search Term Identification Methods for Computational Health Communication: Word Embedding and Network Approach for Health Content on YouTube. JMIR Med Inform 2022; 10:e37862. [PMID: 36040760 PMCID: PMC9472050 DOI: 10.2196/37862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Common methods for extracting content in health communication research typically involve using a set of well-established queries, often names of medical procedures or diseases, that are often technical or rarely used in the public discussion of health topics. Although these methods produce high recall (ie, retrieve highly relevant content), they tend to overlook health messages that feature colloquial language and layperson vocabularies on social media. Given how such messages could contain misinformation or obscure content that circumvents official medical concepts, correctly identifying (and analyzing) them is crucial to the study of user-generated health content on social media platforms. Objective Health communication scholars would benefit from a retrieval process that goes beyond the use of standard terminologies as search queries. Motivated by this, this study aims to put forward a search term identification method to improve the retrieval of user-generated health content on social media. We focused on cancer screening tests as a subject and YouTube as a platform case study. Methods We retrieved YouTube videos using cancer screening procedures (colonoscopy, fecal occult blood test, mammogram, and pap test) as seed queries. We then trained word embedding models using text features from these videos to identify the nearest neighbor terms that are semantically similar to cancer screening tests in colloquial language. Retrieving more YouTube videos from the top neighbor terms, we coded a sample of 150 random videos from each term for relevance. We then used text mining to examine the new content retrieved from these videos and network analysis to inspect the relations between the newly retrieved videos and videos from the seed queries. Results The top terms with semantic similarities to cancer screening tests were identified via word embedding models. Text mining analysis showed that the 5 nearest neighbor terms retrieved content that was novel and contextually diverse, beyond the content retrieved from cancer screening concepts alone. Results from network analysis showed that the newly retrieved videos had at least one total degree of connection (sum of indegree and outdegree) with seed videos according to YouTube relatedness measures. Conclusions We demonstrated a retrieval technique to improve recall and minimize precision loss, which can be extended to various health topics on YouTube, a popular video-sharing social media platform. We discussed how health communication scholars can apply the technique to inspect the performance of the retrieval strategy before investing human coding resources and outlined suggestions on how such a technique can be extended to other health contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Tong
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Drew Margolin
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rumi Chunara
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Jeb E Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Teairah Taylor
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Natalie Dunbar
- Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andy J King
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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29
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Kalaji M, Mathios AD, Skurka C, Niederdeppe J, Byrne S. Youth and Young Adult-targeted E-cigarette Warnings and Advertising Messages: An Experiment with Young Adults in the US. J Health Commun 2022; 27:574-584. [PMID: 36322452 PMCID: PMC10868649 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2138640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Warnings specifically focused on harm to younger users have been understudied in vaping warning research, even while vaping products may appeal specifically to a younger population through implicit advertising strategies. This study examined how youth and young adult-focused e-cigarette health warning messages and implicit advertising strategies influence affective responses, risk perceptions, cognitive elaboration about e-cigarette harms, and willingness to vape in the future. We recruited young adults (who, at the time, were not smoking combustible cigarettes) aged 18-25 to participate in an online survey experiment with a 3 (warning label type: current FDA/youth and young adult risk-focused/none) × 3 (advertising health message strategy: explicit/implicit/none) + 3 (non-vaping products control) design. The results show a main effect for warning such that both FDA and targeted warnings increased negative affect and decreased positive affect compared to no warning. Moreover, the youth and young adult-focused warning boosted youth-specific harm beliefs and cognitive elaboration relative to control and the FDA warning, which did not differ from one another. Implicit health messages produced greater positive affect relative to explicit messages and no message, but the ad strategy manipulations did not influence other outcomes. While the population studied here with a single exposure reported no effects of either manipulation on willingness to vape, previous research has associated similar emotions and cognitions with lowered intentions to vape. Regulatory bodies should consider further exploration of vaping warnings that emphasize youth and young adult-specific harms to educate young people about relevant risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motasem Kalaji
- Department of Communication Studies, Mike Curb College of Arts, Media, and Communication, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA
| | - Alan D Mathios
- Jeb E Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Chris Skurka
- Department of Film Production and Media Studies, Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeb E Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sahara Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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30
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Xu Y, Farkouh EK, Dunetz CA, Varanasi SL, Mathews S, Gollust SE, Fowler EF, Moore S, Lewis NA, Niederdeppe J. Local TV News Coverage of Racial Disparities in COVID-19 During the First Wave of the Pandemic, March-June 2020. Race Soc Probl 2022; 15:201-213. [PMID: 35855105 PMCID: PMC9283845 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted health and social outcomes for people of color in the United States. This study examined how local TV news stories attributed causes and solutions for COVID-19-related racial health and social disparities, and whether coverage of such disparities changed after George Floyd's murder, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We systematically validated keywords to extract relevant news content and conducted a content analysis of 169 discrete local TV news stories aired between March and June 2020 from 80 broadcast networks within 22 purposefully selected media markets. We found that social determinants of COVID-19 related racial disparities have been part of the discussion in local TV news, but racism as a public health crisis was rarely mentioned. Coverage of racial disparities focused far more attention on physical health outcomes than broader social impacts. Stories cited more structural factors than individual factors, as causes of these disparities. After the murder of George Floyd, stories were more likely to mention Black and Latinx people than other populations impacted by COVID-19. Only 9% of local news stories referenced racism, and stories referenced politicians more frequently than public health experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xu
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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31
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Avery RJ, Niederdeppe J, Eisenberg MD, Sood N, Welch B, Kim JJ. Messages in prescription drug advertising for four chronic diseases, 2003-2016: A content analysis. Prev Med 2022; 158:107015. [PMID: 35248679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the frequency and content of messages related to pharmacological and evidence-based, non-pharmaceutical treatments in direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for prescription drugs treating four chronic diseases in the United States. We used content coding to identify theory-informed categories of messages appearing in a large sample of heart disease, diabetes, depression, and osteoarthritis advertisements, appearing on national and local television between 2003 and 2016 (N = 11,347,070). The data were originally accessed in 2019 and analyzed in 2020-2021. The central message in all pharmaceutical DTCA was drug efficacy. Advertisements for diabetes and heart disease, but not depression or osteoarthritis, contained general (not central) messages about diet and exercise. Advertisements for heart disease primarily portrayed diet and exercise as insufficient for controlling the target health condition. No advertisements in our sample portrayed changes in diet or physical activity as an alternative to drugs. Pharmaceutical DTCA across health conditions employ similar strategies to promote use of the advertised drug but vary widely in whether and how they describe non-pharmaceutical treatments that complement or serve as alternatives to medications. Regulators should consider the potential spillover effects of non-pharmaceutical messages in pharmaceutical DTCA when considering future regulatory endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Avery
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Eisenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Neeraj Sood
- Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Welch
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jungyon Janice Kim
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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32
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Liu J, Avery RJ, Kim JJ, Niederdeppe J. Maintaining a Fair Balance? Narrative and Non-Narrative Strategies in Televised Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements for Prescription Drugs Aired in the United States, 2003-2016. J Health Commun 2022; 27:183-191. [PMID: 35593131 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2077863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Televised direct-to-consumer advertising for prescription drugs (hereafter DTCA) are among the most widespread forms of health communication encountered by American adults. DTCA shape public understanding of health problems and support the commercial interests of pharmaceutical companies by offering prescription drugs as a treatment option. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires DTCA to present fair and balanced information regarding drug benefits versus risks. While narrative persuasion theory suggests that narratives can enhance persuasion by facilitating message processing and reducing counter-arguing, prior assessments of the balance between drug benefits versus risk information in DTCA have largely overlooked whether the ads employ narratives and/or other evidentiary strategies that may confer a persuasive advantage. This study content analyzed narrativity in DTCA aired on television between 2003 and 2016 for four different health conditions (heart disease, diabetes, depression, and osteoarthritis). Results showed that while televised DTCA spent more time discussing drug risks than drug benefits, both narratives and factual evidence were more frequently used to communicate drug benefits than drug risks. These findings raise concerns that narratives are strategically used by DTCA to highlight drug benefits rather than drug risks, which could lead to inaccurate perceptions of drug risks among viewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary J Avery
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jungyon Janice Kim
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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33
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Cannon JS, Niederdeppe J. Understanding Audience Beliefs and Values is Essential for Successful Organizational Health Policy Change. Am J Health Promot 2022; 36:575-579. [DOI: 10.1177/08901171211070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Xu Y, Margolin D, Niederdeppe J. Testing Strategies to Increase Source Credibility through Strategic Message Design in the Context of Vaccination and Vaccine Hesitancy. Health Commun 2021; 36:1354-1367. [PMID: 32308037 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1751400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Health communicators in the United States face substantial challenges in their efforts to increase parent uptake of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine for their children. One major set of challenges involves low levels of trust in medical science behind vaccination safety and effectiveness, pharmaceutical companies who produce these vaccines, and government health agencies who promote vaccination. We conducted a two-wave randomized experiment (N = 1,000 at time 1, t1, N = 803 at time 2, t2) to test whether messages designed to convey the expertise, trustworthiness, or caring/goodwill of a governmental source of information (the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) increased perceived source credibility, increased parent intentions to vaccinate their children, and/or reduced vaccine hesitancy. We found no support for any of the study's original, pre-registered hypotheses. However, post-hoc analyses reveal a variety of promising directions for future work on strategic messaging to increase source credibility in the context of vaccine hesitancy. A message designed to convey source expertise produced greater perceived caring/goodwill among parents overall. Furthermore, among parents who were vaccine hesitant at baseline, a message originally designed to convey source expertise produced greater perceived trustworthiness and reduced vaccine hesitancy among this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University
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35
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Abstract
While health communicators often study strategic health messages, investigations of how visual message elements complement or inhibit persuasive efforts are sparse in the literature. Visual juxtapositions, which refer to one visual presentation featuring two images placed next to each other, are one such visual element. In the context of improving public communication efforts related to promoting healthy dietary choices, we use visual persuasion theory and exemplification theory to test whether different visual juxtapositions influence message recipients' expectations to share message content and reduce their consumption of unhealthy products (i.e., sugary drinks and salty foods). We carried out two studies, each a two-wave, longitudinal randomized experiment, to test for direct effects and assess the potential for indirect or delayed associations of visual persuasion appeals using visual juxtapositions. We consistently observed that a similarity visual juxtaposition evoked higher levels of surprise and expectations to share message content than a comparison juxtaposition or control condition immediately following message exposure; however, visual juxtapositions had no direct effects on unhealthy consumption expectations immediately following exposure or one-week following exposure. Levels of surprise were associated with both intended outcomes in the short-term (increased message sharing expectations) and unintended outcomes in the longer-term (increased consumption expectations). Overall, the study offers insights into the effects and associations of visual juxtapositions on message processing and persuasion outcomes, as well as raises questions about how to apply visual persuasion concepts and improve theorizing related to visual persuasion in health communication contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy King
- Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University
| | | | - Ethan Dahl
- Wyoming Institute for Disabilities, University of Wyoming
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36
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Niederdeppe J, Winett LB, Xu Y, Fowler EF, Gollust SE. Evidence-Based Message Strategies to Increase Public Support for State Investment in Early Childhood Education: Results from a Longitudinal Panel Experiment. Milbank Q 2021; 99:1088-1131. [PMID: 34402554 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Investments in early childhood education can have long-lasting influence on health and well-being at later stages of the life course. Widespread public support and strategies to counter opposition will be critical to the future political feasibility of enhancing early childhood policies and programs. Simple advocacy messages emphasizing the need for affordable, accessible, high-quality childcare for all can increase public support for state investments in these policies. Policy narratives (short stories with a setting, characters, and a plot that unfolds over time and offers a policy solution to a social problem) that describe structural barriers to childcare and policy solutions to address these barriers may be particularly effective to persuade individuals inclined to oppose such policies to become supportive. Inoculation messages (messages designed to prepare audiences for encountering and building resistance to opposing messages) may protect favorable childcare policy attitudes in the face of oppositional messaging. CONTEXT Early childhood education (ECE) programs enhance the health and social well-being of children and families. This preregistered, randomized, controlled study tested the effectiveness of communication strategies to increase public support for state investments in affordable, accessible, and high-quality childcare for all. METHODS At time 1 (August-September 2019), we randomly assigned members of an online research panel (n = 4,363) to read one of four messages promoting state investment in childcare policies and programs, or to a no-exposure control group. Messages included an argument-based message ("simple pro-policy"), a message preparing audiences for encountering and building resistance to opposing messages ("inoculation"), a story illustrating the structural nature of the problem and solution ("narrative"), and both inoculation and narrative messages ("combined"). At time 2 (two weeks later) a subset of respondents (n = 1,436) read an oppositional anti-policy message and, in two conditions, another narrative or inoculation message. Ordinary least squares regression compared groups' levels of support for state investment in childcare policies and programs. FINDINGS As hypothesized, respondents who read the narrative message had higher support for state investment in childcare policies than those who read the inoculation message or those in the no-exposure control group at time 1. Among respondents who were initially opposed to such investments, those who read the narrative had greater support than respondents who read the simple pro-policy message. Those who received the inoculation message at time 2 were more resistant to the anti-policy message than respondents who did not receive such a message, but effects from exposures to strategic messages at time 1 did not persist at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Results offer guidance for policy advocates seeking to increase public support for early childhood policies and programs and could inform broader efforts to promote high-value policies with potential to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yiwei Xu
- Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health
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Cannon JS, Farkouh EK, Winett LB, Dorfman L, Ramírez AS, Lazar S, Niederdeppe J. Perceptions of Arguments in Support of Policies to Reduce Sugary Drink Consumption Among Low-Income White, Black and Latinx Parents of Young Children. Am J Health Promot 2021; 36:84-93. [PMID: 34269101 PMCID: PMC8669211 DOI: 10.1177/08901171211030849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To test for racial/ethnic differences in perceived argument strength in favor of structural interventions to curb childhood obesity among lower-income parents of young children. Design: Cross-sectional, self-report. Setting: Online research panel, national sample of 1485 US adults in Fall 2019. Participants: Parents of children (age 0-5 years) with an annual income <$40,000, stratified by White, Black and/or Latinx race/ethnicity. Measures: SSB consumption, policy support, and strength of arguments in favor of marketing restrictions and a penny-per-ounce tax. Analysis: Descriptive statistics, multivariable OLS models. Results: Race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor of the perceived strength of a composite of marketing arguments (pBlack = 0.07; pLatinx = 0.10), however it was a significant predictor of the perceived strength of tax arguments (pBlack = 0.01; pLatinx = 0.01). Perceptions of strength of 12 of 35 discrete SSB tax arguments differed by race/ethnicity (p < .05). Arguments regarding industry targeting of Black children (marketing: pBlack < .001; pLatinx = .001; tax: pBlack < .001; pLatinx = .001), were particularly demonstrative of this difference. In contrast, arguments that these policies would provide support for parents (marketing: pBlack = 0.20; pLatinx = 0.84) and communities (tax: pBlack = 0.24; pLatinx = 0.58) were seen as strong arguments across groups. Conclusions: Black and Hispanic/Latinx parents may be more prepared to move toward SSB policy support than white parents. Emphasizing community benefits of policy may be effective in moving constituents toward policy support across groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Cannon
- Communication Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Lori Dorfman
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, a program at the Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Spencer Lazar
- Communication Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Kennedy-Hendricks A, Fowler EF, Bandara S, Baum LM, Gollust SE, Niederdeppe J, Barry CL. Relationship between Drug Overdose Mortality and Coverage of Drug-Related Issues in US Television Political Campaign Advertising in the 2012 and 2016 Election Cycles. J Health Polit Policy Law 2021; 46:381-407. [PMID: 33647977 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-8893515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Understanding the role of drug-related issues in political campaign advertising can provide insight on the salience of this issue and the priorities of candidates for elected office. This study sought to quantify the share of campaign advertising mentioning drugs in the 2012 and 2016 election cycles and to estimate the association between local drug overdose mortality and drug mentions in campaign advertising across US media markets. METHODS The analysis used descriptive and spatial statistics to examine geographic variation in campaign advertising mentions of drugs across all 210 US media markets, and it used multivariable regression to assess area-level factors associated with that variation. FINDINGS The share of campaign ads mentioning drugs grew from 0.5% in the 2012 election cycle to 1.6% in the 2016 cycle. In the 2016 cycle, ads airing in media markets with overdose mortality rates in the 95th percentile were more than three times as likely to mention drugs as ads airing in areas with overdose mortality rates in the 5th percentile. CONCLUSIONS A small proportion of campaign advertising mentioned drug-related issues. In the 2016 cycle, the issue was more prominent in advertising in areas hardest hit by the drug overdose crisis and in advertising for local races.
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Tait M, Bogucki C, Baum L, Franklin Fowler E, Niederdeppe J, Gollust S. Paid family leave on local television news in the United States: Setting the agenda for policy reform. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100821. [PMID: 34095428 PMCID: PMC8164082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to paid family and medical leave (“paid leave”) has bipartisan support among lawmakers in the United States, but the issue remains stalled on the public policy agenda. The U.S. does not currently have a federal paid leave policy, and unpaid leave—guaranteed by the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993—is all that is available to the majority of workers. In this study, we examine the content of local television news as representations of, and potential influence on, paid leave policy agendas. To do so, we analyze the extent to which local television news coverage describes the problem of lack of employment leave, and whether coverage highlights public policy as a solution. We use data from local television stations affiliated with the four major networks (ABC, NBC, CBS, and FOX) in all 210 media markets in the U.S. during a period pre-pandemic, from October 2018 until July 2019. We find that 64% of local television news coverage related to paid leave discussed the issue in the context of public policy. Coverage more often cited early-stage policy actions such as a policy idea - reflected in 40% of stories discussing stages of public policymaking – or the introduction of a bill – detailed in 22% of these stories. This coverage aligns with actual policy activity at the state-level during the same time period. News coverage infrequently included elements that could shape public understanding of paid leave as a population health issue, such as including health-related sources of providers or researchers. Policymakers, advocates, and researchers looking to advance public support for paid leave should consider efforts to use local television news as a vehicle to present health and policy-relevant information to broad segments of the public and set the agenda for policy reform. Local tv news coverage of paid family leave was infrequent. Relevant coverage highlighted policy details and included political sources. Political sources in coverage potentially politicized the issue for viewers. Details of the health equity implications of policy were largely absent. Local tv news outlets are important to prioritize in research dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Tait
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, D305 Mayo Building, MMC 729 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Colleen Bogucki
- Wesleyan Media Project Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave. Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Laura Baum
- Wesleyan Media Project Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave. Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Erika Franklin Fowler
- Wesleyan Media Project Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave. Middletown, CT 06459, USA.,Department of Government Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave. Middletown, CT 06459 USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication Cornell University, 476 Mann Library Building Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Sarah Gollust
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, D305 Mayo Building, MMC 729 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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Niederdeppe J, Avery RJ, Liu J, Gollust SE, Baum L, Barry CL, Welch B, Tabor E, Lee NW, Fowler EF. Exposure to televised political campaign advertisements aired in the United States 2015-2016 election cycle and psychological distress. Soc Sci Med 2021; 277:113898. [PMID: 33848716 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prior research suggests the potential for political campaign advertisements to increase psychological distress among viewers. The current study tests relationships between estimated exposure to campaign advertising and the odds of respondents reporting that a doctor told them they have anxiety, depression, insomnia, or (as a negative control) cancer. METHODS A secondary analysis of U.S. data on televised campaign ad airings from January 2015 to November 2016 (n = 4,659,038 airings) and five waves of a mail survey on television viewing patterns and self-reported medical conditions from November 2015 to March 2017 (n = 28,199 respondents from n = 16,204 unique households in the U.S.). FINDINGS A 1 percent increase in the estimated volume of campaign advertising exposure was associated with a 0.06 [95% CI 0.03-0.09] percentage point increase in the odds of a respondent being told by a doctor that they have anxiety in the past 12 months. We observed this association regardless of the political party of the ad sponsor, the political party of the respondent, or their statistical interaction. We also observed this association for both Presidential campaign ads and non-Presidential (including local, state, and U.S. congressional election) campaign ads, providing evidence that these relationships were not driven by the unique divisiveness of the race between Donald Trump and Hilary Clinton. Some topic-specific models offered additional evidence of association between estimated volume of campaign advertising exposure and the odds of being told by a doctor that they have depression or insomnia, but these patterns were less consistent across models that utilized different categories of campaign exposure. Campaign ad exposure was not associated with cancer, which served as a negative control comparison. CONCLUSIONS There was a consistent positive association between the volume of campaign advertising exposure and a reported diagnosis of anxiety among American adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, 476 Mann Library Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Rosemary J Avery
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, 2303 Martha Van Rensselear Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, 476 Mann Library Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sarah E Gollust
- Division of Health Policy and Management, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 729, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Laura Baum
- Wesleyan Media Project and Department of Government, 238 Church St, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Colleen L Barry
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 Broadway, Hampton House 482, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins Center for Mental Health and Addiction Policy Research, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Brendan Welch
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, 2303 Martha Van Rensselear Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Emmett Tabor
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, 2303 Martha Van Rensselear Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Lee
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, 2303 Martha Van Rensselear Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Erika Franklin Fowler
- Wesleyan Media Project and Department of Government, 238 Church St, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
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Niederdeppe J, Avery RJ, Tabor E, Lee NW, Welch B, Skurka C. Estimated televised alcohol advertising exposure in the past year and associations with past 30-day drinking behavior among American adults: results from a secondary analysis of large-scale advertising and survey data. Addiction 2021; 116:280-289. [PMID: 32333434 DOI: 10.1111/add.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the volume of past-year televised alcohol advertising exposure by product category and demographic group among adults living in the United States and test associations between estimated alcohol advertising exposure and past 30-day drinking behavior. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from two national-level US data sets: Kantar data on appearances of televised alcohol advertisements and data from the Simmons National Consumer Survey (NCS), a large national mail survey on television viewing patterns and consumer behavior. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 54 671 adults, aged 21 years and older, who were randomly selected to participate in the Simmons NCS. MEASUREMENTS Estimated exposure to televised advertisements for beer, wine and spirits, self-reported alcohol use in the past year and number of drinks consumed in the past 30 days. FINDINGS The average respondent was exposed to an estimated 576 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 570-582] televised alcohol advertisements in the year preceding their survey. Exposure was higher among males versus females and African Americans versus whites. A 1% increase in the estimated volume of advertisement exposure was associated with a 0.11 (95% CI = 0.08-0.13) percentage point increase in the odds of having at least one drink in the last 30 days and, among past 30-day drinkers, a 0.05 (95% CI = 0.04-0.07) per cent increase in the number of alcoholic drinks consumed. Associations were consistent across product categories and demographics. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be a small but consistent positive association between alcohol advertising exposure and drinking behavior among American adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary J Avery
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell Uniersity, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emmett Tabor
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell Uniersity, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Lee
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell Uniersity, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brendan Welch
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell Uniersity, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christofer Skurka
- Department of Film/Video and Media Studies, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Jovanova M, Skurka C, Byrne S, Kalaji M, Greiner Safi A, Porticella N, Mathios AD, Avery RJ, Dorf MC, Niederdeppe J. Should Graphic Warning Labels Proposed for Cigarette Packages Sold in the United States Mention the Food and Drug Administration? Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:402-406. [PMID: 32770222 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under the US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to implement graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packages. Neither the original labels proposed by the FDA nor the revised labels include a source to indicate sponsorship of the warnings. This study tests the potential impact of adding a sponsor to the content of GWLs. METHODS We recruited adult smokers (N = 245) and middle-school youth (N = 242) from low-income areas in the Northeastern US. We randomly assigned participants to view one of three versions of the original FDA-proposed warning labels in a between-subjects experiment: no sponsor, "US Food and Drug Administration," or "American Cancer Society" sponsor. We tested the effect of varying sponsorship on source attribution and source credibility. RESULTS Compared to unsponsored labels, FDA sponsorship increased source attributions that the FDA sponsored the labels among both middle-school, largely nonsmoking youth and adult smokers. However, sponsorship had no effect on source credibility among either population. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that adding FDA as the source is likely to boost source credibility judgments, at least in the short term; though doing so would not appear to have adverse effects on credibility judgments. As such, our data are largely consistent with the Tobacco Control Act's provisions that allow, but do not require, FDA sponsorship on the labels. IMPLICATIONS This study addresses the FDA's regulatory efforts by informing the possible design and content of future cigarette warning labels. Our results do not offer compelling evidence that adding the FDA name on GWLs will directly increase source credibility. Future work may test more explicit FDA source labeling and continue to examine the credibility of tobacco message content among high-priority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Jovanova
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chris Skurka
- Department of Film/Video and Media Studies, Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Sahara Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Motasem Kalaji
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Alan D Mathios
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Rosemary J Avery
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Niederdeppe J, Gollust SE. Excess Medical Care Spending: An Opportunity but a Communication Challenge. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1753-1754. [PMID: 33180583 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Niederdeppe
- Jeff Niederdeppe is with the Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Sarah E. Gollust is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis
| | - Sarah E Gollust
- Jeff Niederdeppe is with the Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Sarah E. Gollust is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis
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Abstract
Misperceptions about health conditions and behaviors may play a role in shaping health behaviors. Health messages frequently cite prevalence information in an effort to raise people's awareness of various health issues under the assumption that correcting misperceptions will increase healthy behavior. However, there is much to learn about the accuracy of estimates of the prevalence of prominent health conditions and behaviors among United States adults. We examined prevalence perceptions regarding a wide range of health conditions (obesity, diabetes, HIV infections, and HPV infections), health-risk behaviors (cigarette/e-cigarette use and binge drinking), and health-promotion behaviors (vegetable/fruit consumption, physical exercises, vaccination, and cancer screening) with a sample of U.S. adults stratified by race. We also examined perceptions of racial health disparities between white and black Americans. Respondents systematically overestimated the prevalence of health conditions and health-risk behaviors but underestimated the prevalence of health-promotion behaviors. Perceptions of racial disparities were comparable between white and black respondents. We end with a discussion of various implications related to misperceptions of prevalence estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Dowell G, Niederdeppe J, Vanucchi J, Dogan T, Donaghy K, Jacobson R, Mahowald N, Milstein M, Zelikova TJ. Rooting carbon dioxide removal research in the social sciences. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190138. [PMID: 32832066 PMCID: PMC7435040 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports from a variety of bodies have highlighted the role that carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies and practices must play in order to try to avoid the worst effects of anthropogenic climate change. Research into the feasibility of these technologies is primarily undertaken by scholars in the natural sciences, yet, as we argue in this commentary, there is great value in collaboration between these scholars and their colleagues in the social sciences. Spurred by this belief, in 2019, a university and a non-profit organization organized and hosted a workshop in Washington, DC, intended to bring natural and physical scientists, technology developers, policy professionals and social scientists together to explore how to better integrate social science knowledge into the field of CDR research. The workshop sought to build interdisciplinary collaborations across CDR topics, draft new social science research questions and integrate and exchange disciplinary-specific terminology. But a snowstorm kept many social scientists who had organized the conference from making the trip in person. The workshop went on without them and organizers did the best they could to include the team remotely, but in the age before daily video calls, remote participation was not as successful as organizers had hoped. And thus, a workshop that was supposed to focus on social science integration moved on, without many of the social scientists who organized the event. The social scientists in the room were supposed to form the dominant voice but with so many stuck in a snow storm, the balance of expertise shifted, as it often does when social scientists collaborate with natural and physical scientists. The outcomes of that workshop, lessons learned and opportunities missed, form the basis of this commentary, and they collectively indicate the barriers to integrating the natural, physical and social sciences on CDR. As the need for rapid, effective and successful CDR has only increased since that time, we argue that CDR researchers from across the spectrum must come together in ways that simultaneously address the technical, social, political, economic and cultural elements of CDR development, commercialization, adoption and diffusion if the academy is to have a material impact on climate change in the increasingly limited window we have to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Dowell
- SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jamie Vanucchi
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Timur Dogan
- Department of Architecture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kieran Donaghy
- Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rory Jacobson
- Carbon180, Oakland, CA, USA
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Natalie Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mark Milstein
- SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - T. Jane Zelikova
- Carbon180, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Gollust SE, Fowler EF, Niederdeppe J. Ten Years of Messaging about the Affordable Care Act in Advertising and News Media: Lessons for Policy and Politics. J Health Polit Policy Law 2020; 45:711-728. [PMID: 32589219 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-8543210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Messaging about the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has seemingly produced a variety of outcomes: millions of Americans gained access to health insurance, yet much of the US public remains confused about major components of the law, and there remain stark and persistent political divides in support of the law. Our analysis of the volume and content of ACA-related media (including both ads and news) helps explain these phenomena, with three conclusions. First, the information environment around the ACA has been complex and competitive, with messaging originating from diverse sponsors with multiple objectives. Second, partisan cues in news and political ads are abundant, likely contributing to the crystallized politically polarized opinion about the law. Third, partisan discussions of the ACA in political ads have shifted in volume, direction, and tone over the decade, presenting divergent views regarding which party is accountable for the law's successes (or failures). We offer evidence for each of these conclusions from longitudinal analyses of the volume and content of ACA messaging, also referencing studies that have linked these messages to attitudes and behavior. We conclude with implications for health communication, political science, and the future outlook for health reform.
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Pintor JK, Alberto CK, Arnold KT, Bandara S, Baum LM, Fowler EF, Gollust SE, Niederdeppe J, Barry CL. Targeting of Enrollment Assistance Resources in Health Insurance Television Advertising: A Comparison of Spanish- Vs. English-Language Ads. J Health Commun 2020; 25:605-612. [PMID: 33317426 PMCID: PMC7905836 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2020.1818150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Latinx adults, especially immigrants, face higher uninsurance and lower awareness of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) provisions and resources compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Television advertising of ACA health plans has directed many consumers to application assistance and enrollment, but little is known about how ads targeted Latinx consumers. We used Kantar Media/CMAG data from the Wesleyan Media Project to assess Spanish- vs. English-language ad targeting strategies and to assess which enrollment assistance resources (in person/telephone vs. online) were emphasized across three Open Enrollment Periods (OEP) (2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16). We examined differences in advertisement sponsorship and volume of Spanish- versus English-language ads across the three OEPs. State-based Marketplaces sponsored 47% of Spanish-language airings; insurance companies sponsored 55% of English-language airings. The proportion of Spanish-language airings increased over time (8.8% in OEP1, 11.1% in OEP2, 12.0% in OEP3, p <.001). Spanish-language airings had 49% lower (95%CI: 0.50,0.53) and 2.20 times higher odds (95%CI: 2.17,2.24) of mentioning online and telephone/in-person enrollment assistance resources, respectively. While there was a significant decrease in mention of telephone/in-person assistance over time for English-language airings, these mentions increased significantly in Spanish-language airings. Future research should examine the impact of the drastic federal cuts to ACA outreach and marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Kemmick Pintor
- Department of Health Management & Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cinthya K. Alberto
- Department of Health Management & Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kimberly T. Arnold
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sachini Bandara
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M. Baum
- Wesleyan Media Project, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT
| | | | - Sarah E. Gollust
- Department of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Colleen L. Barry
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Public stigma characterizes three leading health issues: prescription opioid addiction, obesity, and cigarette smoking. Attributions of individual responsibility are often embedded in negative public attitudes around these issues and can be important to stigma's development and reduction. Research suggests that narrative messages may hold promise for influencing attributions and stigma in these health contexts. Using a national sample of American adults from an online panel (N = 5,007), we conducted a survey-embedded randomized experiment, assigning participants to read one of six messages about one of three health issues. All participants read a statement detailing the magnitude of their assigned health problem, after which some respondents received a short inoculation message (serving as a comparison group) or a narrative message emphasizing external factors while acknowledging personal responsibility for the issue. Some participants also read a counter message emphasizing personal responsibility for the health issue to replicate competitive messaging environments surrounding these issues. Relative to those who received only the magnitude of problem message (comparison group 1) or the magnitude of problem and inoculation messages (comparison group 2), the narrative message reduced prescription opioid addiction stigma and increased attributions of responsibility to groups beyond the individual. Narrative effects were mixed for obesity, had no effect on attributions or stigma around cigarette smoking, and were generally consistent whether or not respondents received a counter message. Narrative messages may be a promising approach for shifting responsibility attributions and reducing public stigma around prescription opioid addiction, and may have some relevance for obesity stigma-reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Heley
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Johns Hopkins Center for Mental Health and Addiction Policy Research
| | - Alene Kennedy-Hendricks
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Johns Hopkins Center for Mental Health and Addiction Policy Research
| | | | - Colleen L Barry
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Johns Hopkins Center for Mental Health and Addiction Policy Research
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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49
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Liu J, King AJ, Margolin D, Niederdeppe J. Information Seeking and Scanning about Colorectal Cancer Screening among Black and White Americans, Ages 45-74: Comparing Information Sources and Screening Behaviors. J Health Commun 2020; 25:402-411. [PMID: 32529955 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2020.1776424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer information seeking and scanning predict a variety of preventive health behaviors. However, previous work has rarely gauged seeking and scanning of specific cancer screening information. Moreover, colorectal cancer prevalence and mortality rates are higher among black than white Americans and it remains unclear if these groups differ in their cancer screening information acquisition patterns. We surveyed black and white Americans between 45 and 74 years of age to investigate rates, sources, and correlates of colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) information seeking and scanning. Black and white Americans had similar likelihoods of engaging in information seeking and scanning regarding CRCS. However, black Americans reported using significantly more sources for CRCS information seeking and scanning than did white Americans. Both screening test-specific information seeking and scanning are associated with stool-based tests, but only information seeking is associated with flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. We discuss study implications for reaching out to different racial groups to promote colorectal cancer screening behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Andy J King
- Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University , Armes, Iowa, USA
| | - Drew Margolin
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, USA
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50
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Jesch E, Niederdeppe J, King AJ, Safi AG, Byrne S. "I Quit": Testing the Added Value and Sequencing Effects of an Efficacy-focused Message among Cigarette Warning Labels. J Health Commun 2020; 25:361-373. [PMID: 32476624 PMCID: PMC8579483 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2020.1767236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many emotional appeal theorists argue that negative affect and efficacy work together to promote adaptive behavioral responses to a threat, yet most research on cigarette warning label messages has not examined the intersection between negative affect, hope, and efficacy. The current study tests effects of exposure, at different points in a sequence, to an efficacy-focused warning label in the context of threat-focused warning labels. We conducted an online, between- and within-subjects experiment with 398 adult smokers, testing the effects of warning label exposure on negative affect, hope, efficacy beliefs, and intentions to quit. Exposure to the efficacy-focused "Quit" label aroused higher levels of reported hope and lower levels of reported negative affect than threat-focused labels. Negative affect increased with each additional exposure to a threat-focused warning label, regardless of the order in which respondents saw the "Quit" label. Exposure to the "Quit" label (within a larger set of three threat-focused labels) led to greater self-efficacy but did not influence response efficacy or intentions to quit. We conclude that "Quit" messaging on warning labels can inspire both hopeful feelings and efficacy beliefs. Future research should identify the optimal balance between threat-focused and hopeful quit messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jesch
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andy J King
- Greenlee School Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
- MPH Program, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sahara Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
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