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VanWormer JJ, Berg RL, VanWormer A, Weichelt BP. Race, Rurality, and Suicidality in Children and Adolescents. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:883-887. [PMID: 38072296 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is among the leading causes of death in U.S. youth. Rural residency is a risk factor, but suicide variability by race/ethnicity is more nuanced. Early detection of suicidal ideation and intent are key components of prevention, but to the authors' knowledge, few prior studies have examined how rurality and race interact on youth suicidality. This study examined suicidality between White non-Hispanic versus non-White or Hispanic youth, as well as those who lived in rural versus non-rural areas. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using data from youth age 5-17 years who had complete capture of their medical care in a Wisconsin healthcare system. Suicidality was extracted from medical records by screening for diagnoses indicative of suicidal attempt or ideation between 2017 and 2022. Race/ethnicity and rural residence were extracted from administrative records. Analyses were done in 2023. RESULTS The sample included 27,392 rural and 20,370 non-rural youth, with suicidality observed in 2% of participants. There was a significant interaction between rural residence and race/ethnicity (p=0.015). Non-White or Hispanic youth in rural areas had the highest risk of suicidality at 75 (CI: 57, 97) per 10,000. Non-White or Hispanic youth in non-rural areas had the lowest risk of suicidality at 38 (CI: 28, 52) per 10,000. CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic minority youth who lived in rural areas were more likely to experience suicidality as compared to their non-rural counterparts. Larger prospective studies are needed to identify causal elements of the rural environment that may hasten racial disparities in youth suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J VanWormer
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin.
| | - Richard L Berg
- Office of Research Computing and Analytics, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Arin VanWormer
- Department of Nursing, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin
| | - Bryan P Weichelt
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin
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Cooley E, Brown-Iannuzzi JL, Lei RF, Cipolli W, Philbrook LE. Beliefs That White People Are Poor, Above and Beyond Beliefs That Black People Are Poor, Predict White (But Not Black) Americans' Attitudes Toward Welfare Recipients and Policy. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2024; 50:450-465. [PMID: 36476094 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
In past work, White Americans' beliefs about Black poverty have predicted lower perceived work ethic of the poor, and, thus, less welfare support. In this article, we examine whether beliefs about White poverty predict more positive attributions about the poor among three representative samples of White Americans. Study 1 reveals that White (but not Black) Americans' White-poor beliefs predict increased perceptions that welfare recipients are hardworking, which predict more welfare support. Study 2 demonstrates that the link between White Americans' White-poor beliefs and the humanization of welfare recipients is stronger among White Americans who feel intergroup status threat (i.e., those who hold racial zero-sum beliefs). Study 3 replicates and extends Study 2 by using an experimental approach. Together, these data suggest that White Americans' White-poor beliefs function to humanize welfare recipients as a means to justify policies that could help the ingroup, preserving the racial status quo.
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Prince C. Emotional reactions to concepts of racism and white privilege in non-Aboriginal professionals working in remote Aboriginal communities. Rural Remote Health 2024; 24:7749. [PMID: 38453674 DOI: 10.22605/rrh7749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research, conducted by a non-Aboriginal, White researcher, examines how health professionals working in remote Aboriginal communities engage with antiracism as instructed by national standards, whether strong emotions are elicited while reflecting on these concepts, and how these reactions impact on antiracist professional practice. METHODS Eleven non-Indigenous allied health professionals were interviewed in a semi-structured format. Interviews were transcribed, thematically analysed and compared to existing literature. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Every participant identified overwhelming emotions that they linked to reflecting on racism, White privilege and colonisation. Professionals reported grappling with denial, anger, guilt, shame, fear, anxiety and perfectionism, loss of belonging, disgust and care. They reported that these emotions caused overwhelm, exhaustion, tensions with colleagues and managers, and disengagement from antiracism efforts, and contributed to staff turmoil and turnover. CONCLUSION Previously, these emotional reactions and their impact on antiracism have only been described in the context of universities and by antiracist activists. This research identifies for the first time that these reactions also occur in health services in Aboriginal communities. Wider research is needed to better understand how these reactions impact on health service delivery to Aboriginal communities, and to evaluate ways of supporting staff to constructively navigate these reactions and develop antiracist, decolonised professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Prince
- School of Allied Health Science and Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Wallace DM, Grant AB, Belisova-Gyure Z, Ebben M, Bubu OM, Johnson DA, Jean-Louis G, Williams NJ. Discrimination Predicts Suboptimal Adherence to CPAP Treatment and Mediates Black-White Differences in Use. Chest 2024; 165:437-445. [PMID: 37741324 PMCID: PMC10851273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although racial and ethnic differences in CPAP adherence for OSA are widely established, no studies have examined the influence of perceived racial discrimination on CPAP usage, to our knowledge. RESEARCH QUESTION (1) Do Black adults with OSA report experiencing greater amounts of discrimination than non-Hispanic White adults? (2) Is discrimination associated with poorer CPAP adherence over time, independent of self-identified race? (3) Does discrimination mediate the relationship between self-identified Black race and CPAP usage? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this prospective study, Black and non-Hispanic White adults with OSA initiating CPAP were enrolled from two sleep centers and completed questionnaires including sociodemographics, perceived discrimination, daytime sleepiness, insomnia symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Perceived discrimination was measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS). Black and White group comparisons for baseline sociodemographic variables, sleep symptoms, and perceived discrimination were performed with Student t test or χ2/Fisher exact test, as appropriate. A linear regression model was completed with self-identified Black race and EDS total score as the primary independent variables of interest and mean daily CPAP usage at 30 and 90 days serving as the dependent outcomes. This regression modeling was repeated after adjusting for psychosocial variables known to be associated with CPAP usage. EDS total score was explored as a potential mediator of the association between self-identified Black race and mean daily CPAP adherence at 30 and 90 days. RESULTS The sample for this analysis consisted of 78 participants (31% female, 38% Black) with a mean age of 57 ± 14 years. Sixty percent of the Black adults reported they experienced racial discrimination at least a few times each year. Relative to White adults, Black adults were also more likely to indicate more than one reason for discrimination (27% vs 4%, P = .003). Adjusting for discrimination, self-identified Black race was associated with 1.4 (95% CI, -2.3 to -0.4 h; P = .006) and 1.6 (95% CI, -2.6 to -0.6 h; P = .003) fewer hours of mean daily CPAP usage at 30 and 90 days, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, a 1-unit change in the total discrimination score (more discrimination) was associated with a 0.08-h (95% CI, 0.01-0.15 h; P = .029) and 0.08-h (95% CI, 0.01-0.16 h; P = .045) change in mean daily CPAP usage at 30 and 90 days, respectively. INTERPRETATION Adults with OSA who encountered racial discrimination experienced greater decrement in CPAP usage than those who did not experience racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Wallace
- Neurology Service, Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | | | - Matthew Ebben
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Sleep Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Omonigho M Bubu
- Departments of Population Health and Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Dayna A Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Girardin Jean-Louis
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neurology, Psychology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Natasha J Williams
- Department of Population Health, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
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Han SD, Barnes LL, Leurgans S, Yu L, Lamar M, Glover CM, Bennett DA, Boyle PA. Financial Risk Aversion Among Older Black and White Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbad169. [PMID: 37987706 PMCID: PMC10824163 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Risk aversion has a substantial impact on decision making and is associated with key demographic characteristics. However, few studies have investigated whether risk aversion varies by race. METHODS We investigated racial differences in financial risk aversion in 684 older Black and White adults without dementia in the Minority Aging Research Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project matched for age, education, sex, and cognition using Mahalanobis distance. We also investigated whether select contextual factors (self-reported discrimination, socioeconomic status, and literacy) mediated or affective factors (trust, loneliness, and neuroticism) moderated any observed racial differences. RESULTS In regression models adjusted for age, education, sex, and cognitive function, older Black adults were more risk averse than older White adults (Beta = 0.1264, standard error = 0.0227, p value ≤ .00001). None of the contextual or affective factors mediated or moderated this association. DISCUSSION Older Black adults are more financially risk averse than older White adults. Because risk aversion may be associated with important financial and health outcomes in older age, more research is needed to investigate the reasons for this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Duke Han
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sue Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Crystal M Glover
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Plájás IZ. InterFaces: On the relationality of vision, face and race in practices of identification. A multimodal intervention. Soc Stud Sci 2023; 53:938-953. [PMID: 36786130 PMCID: PMC10696900 DOI: 10.1177/03063127231151237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This article problematizes vision in practices of identification. It draws on the metaphor of the 'interface' to emphasize that vision emerges 'in between' eyes, faces, bodies, objects and ideas of belonging and otherness. As such, vision can be a material and political technology that enacts certain people as racial others. To attend to the materiality and politics of vision and its messy relationship with race, I bring together three European stories in which faces are drawn, seen or identified, while race hides or surfaces in intriguing ways. Through these stories we learn that race is saturated with affect and is recalled in objects and bodies. In addition, this article offers a novel methodological approach. It employs the eyes of the reader not only to read but also to watch. Vision itself becomes a technology, this time not to produce or reinforce, but to disturb and perhaps even undo ideas of racial otherness. Through the use of experimental montage, I attend to the complexities and incongruities of seeing faces and race without settling on a single narrative. I actively engage the eyes of the viewer to argue that vision is always relational and partial and therefore, it can also be harnessed to undo racial otherness by fragmenting, multiplying and affecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Zonga Plájás
- Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Xiao C, Pappas I, Aksman LM, O'Bryant SE, Toga AW. Comparison of genetic and health risk factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white participants. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5086-5094. [PMID: 37104247 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well studied in the non-Hispanic white (NHW) population but not in the Hispanic population. Additionally, health risk factors such as hypertension, stroke, and depression may also differ between the two populations. METHODS We combined three data sets (National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center [NACC], Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI], Health and Aging Brain Study: Health Disparities [HABS-HD]) and compared risk factors for MCI and AD between Hispanic and NHW participants, with a total of 24,268 participants (11.1% Hispanic). RESULTS APOEε4 was associated with fewer all-cause MCI cases in Hispanic participants (Hispanic odds ratio [OR]: 1.114; NHW OR: 1.453), and APOEε2 (Hispanic OR: 1.224; NHW OR: 0.592) and depression (Hispanic OR: 2.817; NHW OR: 1.847) were associated with more AD cases in Hispanic participants. DISCUSSION APOEε2 may not be protective for AD in Hispanic participants and Hispanic participants with depression may face a higher risk for AD. HIGHLIGHTS GAAIN allows for discovery of data sets to use in secondary analyses. APOEε2 was not protective for AD in Hispanic participants. APOEε4 was associated with fewer MCI cases in Hispanic participants. Depression was associated with more AD cases in Hispanic participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cally Xiao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ioannis Pappas
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leon M Aksman
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Efird CR, Barrington C, Metzl JM, Muessig KE, Matthews DD, Lightfoot AF. "We grew up in the church": A critical discourse analysis of Black and White rural residents' perceptions of mental health. Soc Sci Med 2023; 336:116245. [PMID: 37793270 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Known as the "Black-White mental health paradox," Black Americans typically report better mental health than White Americans, despite chronic exposure to the psychologically harmful effects of racism and discrimination. Yet, researchers rarely examine how mental health is experienced across racial groups in economically distressed rural regions where all residents have disproportionately less access to mental healthcare resources. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore how the racialized social system potentially contributes to the mental health beliefs and attitudes of racially majoritized and minoritized rural residents. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of 29 health-focused oral history interviews from Black American (n = 16) and White American (n = 13) adults in rural North Carolina. Through critical discourse analysis, we found nuanced discourses linked to three mental-health-related topics: mental illness, stressors, and coping. RESULTS White rural residents' condemning discourses illustrated how their beliefs about mental illnesses were rooted in meritocratic notions of individual choice and personal responsibility. Conversely, Black rural residents offered compassionate discourses toward those who experience mental illness, and they described how macro-level mechanisms can affect individual well-being. Stressors also differed along racial lines, such that White residents were primarily concerned about perceived social changes, and Black residents referenced experiences of interpersonal and structural racism. Related to coping, Black and White rural residents characterized the mental health benefits of social support from involvement in their respective religious organizations. Only Black residents signified that a personal relationship with a higher power was an essential positive coping mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that belief (or disbelief) in meritocratic ideology and specific religious components could be important factors to probe with Black-White patterning in mental health outcomes. This research also suggests that sociocultural factors can disparately contribute to mental health beliefs and attitudes among diverse rural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Efird
- Racial Justice Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Clare Barrington
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan M Metzl
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Derrick D Matthews
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra F Lightfoot
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Middleton A, Costa A, Milne R, Patch C, Robarts L, Tomlin B, Danson M, Henriques S, Atutornu J, Aidid U, Boraschi D, Galloway C, Yazmir K, Pettit S, Harcourt T, Connolly A, Li A, Cala J, Lake S, Borra J, Parry V. The legacy of language: What we say, and what people hear, when we talk about genomics. HGG Adv 2023; 4:100231. [PMID: 37869565 PMCID: PMC10589723 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The way we "talk" about genetics plays a vital role in whether public audiences feel at ease in having conversations about it. Our research explored whether there was any difference between "what we say" and "what people hear" when providing information about genetics to community groups who are known to be missing from genomics datasets. We conducted 16 focus groups with 100 members of the British public who had limited familiarity with genomics and self-identified as belonging to communities with Black African, Black Caribbean, and Pakistani ancestry as well as people of various ancestral heritage who came from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds. Participants were presented with spoken messages explaining genomics and their responses to these were analyzed. Results indicated that starting conversations that framed genomics through its potential benefits were met with cynicism and skepticism. Participants cited historical and present injustices as reasons for this as well as mistrust of private companies and the government. Instead, more productive conversations led with an acknowledgment that some people have questions-and valid concerns-about genomics, before introducing any of the details about the science. To diversify genomic datasets, we need to linguistically meet public audiences where they are at. Our research has demonstrated that everyday talk about genomics, used by researchers and clinicians alike, is received differently than it is likely intended. We may inadvertently be further disengaging the very audiences that diversity programs aim to reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Middleton
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB4 8PQ, UK
| | - Alessia Costa
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Milne
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB4 8PQ, UK
| | - Christine Patch
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lauren Robarts
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ben Tomlin
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Danson
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sasha Henriques
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB4 8PQ, UK
| | - Jerome Atutornu
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB4 8PQ, UK
| | - Ugbaad Aidid
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB4 8PQ, UK
| | - Daniela Boraschi
- Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB4 8PQ, UK
| | - Catherine Galloway
- Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB4 8PQ, UK
| | - Keith Yazmir
- Maslansky and Partners, 200 Varick Street, Suite 601, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Sachi Pettit
- Maslansky and Partners, 200 Varick Street, Suite 601, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Tegan Harcourt
- Maslansky and Partners, 200 Varick Street, Suite 601, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Alannah Connolly
- Maslansky and Partners, 200 Varick Street, Suite 601, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Amanda Li
- Maslansky and Partners, 200 Varick Street, Suite 601, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Jacob Cala
- Maslansky and Partners, 200 Varick Street, Suite 601, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Shelby Lake
- Maslansky and Partners, 200 Varick Street, Suite 601, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Julian Borra
- The Thin Air Factory Ltd, 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK
| | - Vivienne Parry
- Genomics England, Queen Mary University of London, Dawson Hall, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Mayer SE, Guan J, Lin J, Hamlat E, Parker JE, Brownell K, Price C, Mujahid M, Tomiyama AJ, Slavich GM, Laraia BA, Epel ES. Intergenerational effects of maternal lifetime stressor exposure on offspring telomere length in Black and White women. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6171-6182. [PMID: 36457292 PMCID: PMC10235210 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although maternal stressor exposure has been associated with shorter telomere length (TL) in offspring, this literature is based largely on White samples. Furthermore, timing of maternal stressors has rarely been examined. Here, we examined how maternal stressors occurring during adolescence, pregnancy, and across the lifespan related to child TL in Black and White mothers. METHOD Mothers (112 Black; 110 White; Mage = 39) and their youngest offspring (n = 222; Mage = 8) were part of a larger prospective cohort study, wherein mothers reported their stressors during adolescence (assessed twice during adolescence for the past year), pregnancy (assessed in midlife for most recent pregnancy), and across their lifespan (assessed in midlife). Mother and child provided saliva for TL measurement. Multiple linear regression models examined the interaction of maternal stressor exposure and race in relation to child TL, controlling for maternal TL and child gender and age. Race-stratified analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Neither maternal adolescence nor lifespan stressors interacted with race in relation to child TL. In contrast, greater maternal pregnancy stressors were associated with shorter child TL, but this effect was present for children of White but not Black mothers. Moreover, this effect was significant for financial but not social pregnancy stressors. Race-stratified models revealed that greater financial pregnancy stressors predicted shorter telomeres in offspring of White, but not Black mothers. CONCLUSIONS Race and maternal stressors interact and are related to biological aging across generations, but these effects are specific to certain races, stressors, and exposure time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie E. Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA
| | - Joanna Guan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elissa Hamlat
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA
| | - Jordan E. Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristy Brownell
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Candice Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mahasin Mujahid
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A. Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Barbara A. Laraia
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elissa S. Epel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA
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Jester DJ, Kohn JN, Tibiriçá L, Thomas ML, Brown LL, Murphy JD, Jeste DV. Differences in Social Determinants of Health Underlie Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Psychological Health and Well-Being: Study of 11,143 Older Adults. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:483-494. [PMID: 37038741 PMCID: PMC10329971 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to determine the impact of selected social determinants of health (SDoH) on psychological health and well-being (defined as depression, cognition, and self-rated health) among Black and Hispanic/Latinx adults relative to White adults 51-89 years of age. METHODS Disparities in depressive symptomatology, cognition, and self-rated health were measured among 2,306 non-Hispanic/Latinx Black, 1,593 Hispanic/Latinx, and 7,244 non-Hispanic/Latinx White adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study (N=11,143). Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was used to examine whether differences in selected SDoH explained a larger share of the disparities than age, sex, measures of health, health behaviors, and health care utilization. Selected SDoH included education, parental education, number of years worked, marital status, veteran status, geographic residence, nativity status, income, and insurance coverage. RESULTS Black and Hispanic/Latinx adults reported worse depressive symptomatology, cognition, and self-rated health than White adults. Selected SDoH were associated with a larger proportion of the Black-White disparities in depressive symptomatology (51%), cognition (39%), and self-rated health (37%) than were age, sex, measures of health, health behaviors, and health care utilization. SDoH were associated with a larger proportion of the Hispanic/Latinx-White disparity in cognition (76%) and self-rated health (75%), but age and physical health correlated with the disparity in depressive symptomatology (28%). Education, parental education, years worked, income, and insurance parity were SDoH associated with these disparities. CONCLUSIONS Differences in SDoH underlie racial/ethnic disparities in depression, cognition, and self-rated health among older adults. Education, income, number of years worked, and insurance parity are key SDoH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Jester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jordan N. Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lize Tibiriçá
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael L. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Lauren L. Brown
- Divison of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - James D. Murphy
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Abstract
Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) research suggests that recategorization with an arbitrarily defined group may be sufficient to override empathy biases among salient social categories like race. However, most studies utilizing MGPs do not consider sufficiently the socio-historical contexts of social groups. Here we investigated whether the recategorization of White participants into arbitrarily defined mixed-race teams using a non-competitive MGP would ameliorate racial empathy biases towards ingroup team members in the South African context. Sixty participants rated their empathic and counter-empathic (Schadenfreude, Glückschmerz) responses to ingroup and outgroup team members in physically painful, emotionally distressing, and positive situations. As anticipated, results indicated significant ingroup team biases in empathic and counter-empathic responses. However, mixed-race minimal teams were unable to override ingroup racial empathy biases, which persisted across events. Interestingly, a manipulation highlighting purported political ideological differences between White and Black African team members did not exacerbate racial empathy bias, suggesting that such perceptions were already salient. Across conditions, an internal motivation to respond without prejudice was most strongly associated with empathy for Black African target individuals, regardless of their team status. Together, these results suggest that racial identity continues to provide a salient motivational guide in addition to more arbitrary group memberships, even at an explicit level, for empathic responding in contexts characterized by historical power asymmetry. These data further problematize the continued official use of race-based categories in such contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Deist
- Centre for the Study of the Afterlife of Violence and the Reparative Quest, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Melike M Fourie
- Centre for the Study of the Afterlife of Violence and the Reparative Quest, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Chen W, Kassa MT, Cheung OS. The role of implicit social bias on holistic processing of out-group faces. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2023; 8:7. [PMID: 36701034 PMCID: PMC9880135 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-023-00464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although faces of in-group members are generally thought to be processed holistically, there are mixed findings on whether holistic processing remains robust for faces of out-group members and what factors contribute to holistic processing of out-group faces. This study examined how implicit social bias, experience with out-group members, and ability to process in-group faces holistically might predict the magnitude of holistic processing for faces of two out-groups: other-race and other-age groups. In Experiment 1, Caucasian participants viewed Caucasian (own-race) and East Asian (other-race) faces. In Experiment 2, young adult participants viewed young adult (own-age) and baby (other-age) faces. Each participant completed a composite task with in-group and out-group faces, an implicit association test, and questionnaires about their experience with in-group and out-group members. We found that while the participants had relatively extensive experience with the other-race group, they had limited experience with the other-age group. Nonetheless, implicit social bias was found to positively predict the magnitude of holistic processing for both other-race and other-age faces. Exploratory analyses on the interactions among the predictors suggest that the effect of implicit social bias was primarily observed in participants with strong holistic processing ability of in-group faces but with low level of experience with members of the out-groups. These findings suggest that observers utilize different kinds of information when processing out-group faces, and that social features, such as race or age, are incorporated to influence how out-group faces are processed efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Mahlet T Kassa
- Department of Psychology, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivia S Cheung
- Department of Psychology, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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14
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Mitsdarffer ML, Alang SM. Factors Associated with Perceptions of Respect in Health Care Settings. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:1234-1253. [PMID: 38661753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
How individuals are treated in health care settings matters for continuity of care and overall health outcomes. Feeling respected within health care settings is important for health care utilization and elimination of health disparities, especially among ethnoracially marginalized groups. This study identifies within and between ethno-racial group differences in individual-level characteristics associated with perceived respect in health care settings. Using data from the Survey of the Health of Urban Residents, we preform stepwise ordinary least squares regressions to assess within and between group differences. The analytic sample consisted of respondents who identified as Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx, and White (N=3,801). We find that racial identity and daily experiences of discrimination are significantly tied to perceived respect in health care settings, especially among Black health care users. We conclude that experiences of discrimination are not equitable among minoritized groups.
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15
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Hong JS, Kim DH, Thornberg R, Wachs S, Wright MF. Racial Discrimination to Bullying Behavior among White and Black Adolescents in the USA: From Parents' Perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19127084. [PMID: 35742331 PMCID: PMC9222328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study proposes and tests pathways by which racial discrimination might be positively related to bullying victimization among Black and White adolescents. Data were derived from the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health, a national survey that provides data on children’s physical and mental health and their families. Data were collected from households with one or more children between June 2016 to February 2017. A letter was sent to randomly selected households, who were invited to participate in the survey. The caregivers consisted of 66.9% females and 33.1% males for the White sample, whose mean age was 47.51 (SD = 7.26), and 76.8% females and 23.2% males for the Black sample, whose mean age was 47.61 (SD = 9.71). In terms of the adolescents, 49.0% were females among the White sample, whose mean age was 14.73 (SD = 1.69). For Black adolescents, 47.9% were females and the mean age was 14.67(SD = 1.66). Measures for the study included bullying perpetration, racial discrimination, academic disengagement, and socio-demographic variables of the parent and child. Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and structural path analyses. For adolescents in both racial groups, racial discrimination appears to be positively associated with depression, which was positively associated with bullying perpetration. For White adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with academic disengagement, which was also positively associated with bullying perpetration. For Black adolescents, although racial discrimination was not significantly associated with academic disengagement, academic disengagement was positively associated with bullying perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dong Ha Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, Chungwoon University, Hongseong 32244, Korea;
| | - Robert Thornberg
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning (IBL), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Sebastian Wachs
- Department of Educational Studies, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Center, Dublin City University, D09 AW21 Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Nguyen LH, Joshi AD, Drew DA, Merino J, Ma W, Lo CH, Kwon S, Wang K, Graham MS, Polidori L, Menni C, Sudre CH, Anyane-Yeboa A, Astley CM, Warner ET, Hu CY, Selvachandran S, Davies R, Nash D, Franks PW, Wolf J, Ourselin S, Steves CJ, Spector TD, Chan AT. Self-reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among participants from different racial and ethnic groups in the United States and United Kingdom. Nat Commun 2022; 13:636. [PMID: 35105869 PMCID: PMC8807721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, racial and ethnic minorities have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 with increased risk of infection, its related complications, and death. In the initial phase of population-based vaccination in the United States (U.S.) and United Kingdom (U.K.), vaccine hesitancy may result in differences in uptake. We performed a cohort study among U.S. and U.K. participants who volunteered to take part in the smartphone-based COVID Symptom Study (March 2020-February 2021) and used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios of vaccine hesitancy and uptake. In the U.S. (n = 87,388), compared to white participants, vaccine hesitancy was greater for Black and Hispanic participants and those reporting more than one or other race. In the U.K. (n = 1,254,294), racial and ethnic minority participants showed similar levels of vaccine hesitancy to the U.S. However, associations between participant race and ethnicity and levels of vaccine uptake were observed to be different in the U.S. and the U.K. studies. Among U.S. participants, vaccine uptake was significantly lower among Black participants, which persisted among participants that self-reported being vaccine-willing. In contrast, statistically significant racial and ethnic disparities in vaccine uptake were not observed in the U.K sample. In this study of self-reported vaccine hesitancy and uptake, lower levels of vaccine uptake in Black participants in the U.S. during the initial vaccine rollout may be attributable to both hesitancy and disparities in access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long H Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Merino
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun-Han Lo
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark S Graham
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carole H Sudre
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adjoa Anyane-Yeboa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina M Astley
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computational Epidemiology Lab and Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica T Warner
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claire J Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Daugherty SL, Helmkamp L, Vupputuri S, Hanratty R, Steiner JF, Blair IV, Dickinson LM, Maertens JA, Havranek EP. Effect of Values Affirmation on Reducing Racial Differences in Adherence to Hypertension Medication: The HYVALUE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2139533. [PMID: 34913976 PMCID: PMC8678693 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Stereotype threat, or the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group, may contribute to racial differences in adherence to medications by decreasing patient activation to manage chronic conditions. OBJECTIVE To examine whether a values affirmation writing exercise improves medication adherence and whether the effect differs by patient race. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Hypertension and Values trial, a patient-level, blinded randomized clinical trial, compared an intervention and a control writing exercise delivered immediately prior to a clinic appointment. Of 20 777 eligible, self-identified non-Hispanic Black and White patients with uncontrolled hypertension who were taking blood pressure (BP) medications, 3891 were approached and 960 enrolled. Block randomization by self-identified race ensured balanced randomization. Patients enrolled between February 1, 2017, and December 31, 2019, at 11 US safety-net and community primary care clinics, with outcomes assessed at 3 and 6 months. Analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. INTERVENTIONS From a list of 11 values, intervention patients wrote about their most important values and control patients wrote about their least important values. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome of adherence to BP medications was measured using pharmacy fill data (proportion of days covered >90%) at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The secondary outcome was systolic and diastolic BP. Patient activation to manage their health was also measured. RESULTS Of 960 patients, 474 (286 women [60.3%]; 256 Black patients [54.0%]; mean [SD] age, 63.4 [11.9] years) were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 486 (288 women [59.3%]; 272 Black patients [56.0%]; mean [SD] age, 62.8 [12.0] years) to the control group. Baseline medication adherence was lower (318 of 482 [66.0%] vs 331 of 412 [80.3%]) and mean (SE) BP higher among Black patients compared with White patients (systolic BP, 140.6 [18.5] vs 137.3 [17.8] mm Hg; diastolic BP, 83.9 [12.6] vs 79.7 [11.3] mm Hg). Compared with baseline, pharmacy fill adherence did not differ between intervention and control groups at 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.57-1.43]) or at 6 months (OR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.53-1.38]). There were also no treatment effect differences in pharmacy fill adherence by patient race (Black patients at 3 months: OR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.61-1.92]; at 6 months: OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.58-1.87]; White patients at 3 months: OR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.33-1.44]; at 6 months: OR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.24-1.27]). Immediately after the intervention, the median patient activation was higher in intervention patients than in control patients, but this difference was not statistically significant in an unadjusted comparison (75.0 [IQR, 65.5-84.8] vs 72.5 [IQR, 63.1-80.9]; P = .06). In adjusted models, the Patient Activation Measure score immediately after the intervention was significantly higher in the intervention patients than in control patients (mean difference, 2.3 [95% CI, 0.1-4.5]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A values affirmation intervention was associated with higher patient activation overall but did not improve adherence or blood pressure among Black and White patients with hypertension. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03028597.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L. Daugherty
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
- Adult and Children Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora
- Colorado Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Group, University of Colorado, Aurora, Denver
| | - Laura Helmkamp
- Adult and Children Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Suma Vupputuri
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Hanratty
- Department of Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado
| | - John F. Steiner
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver
| | - Irene V. Blair
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder
| | - L. Miriam Dickinson
- Adult and Children Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Julie A. Maertens
- Adult and Children Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Edward P. Havranek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
- Adult and Children Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora
- Colorado Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Group, University of Colorado, Aurora, Denver
- Department of Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado
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18
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Willis DE, Andersen JA, Bryant‐Moore K, Selig JP, Long CR, Felix HC, Curran GM, McElfish PA. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2200-2207. [PMID: 34213073 PMCID: PMC8444681 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding and minimizing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy is critical to population health and minimizing health inequities, which continue to be brought into stark relief by the pandemic. We investigate questions regarding vaccine hesitancy in a sample (n = 1205) of Arkansas adults surveyed online in July/August of 2020. We examine relationships among sociodemographics, COVID-19 health literacy, fear of COVID-19 infection, general trust in vaccines, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy using bivariate analysis and a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) logistic regression model. One in five people (21,21.86%) reported hesitancy to take a COVID-19 vaccine. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was highest among Black/African Americans (50.00%), respondents with household income less than $25K (30.68%), some college (32.17%), little to no fear of infection from COVID-19 (62.50%), and low trust in vaccines in general (55.84%). Odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were 2.42 greater for Black/African American respondents compared to White respondents (p < 0.001), 1.67 greater for respondents with some college/technical degree compared to respondents with a 4-year degree (p < 0.05), 5.48 greater for respondents with no fear of COVID-19 infection compared to those who fear infection to a great extent (p < 0.001), and 11.32 greater for respondents with low trust in vaccines (p < 0.001). Sociodemographic differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy raise concerns about the potential of vaccine implementation to widen existing health disparities in COVID-19 related infections, particularly among Black/African Americans. Fear of infection and general mistrust in vaccines are significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don E. Willis
- College of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences NorthwestFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Jennifer A. Andersen
- College of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences NorthwestFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Keneshia Bryant‐Moore
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public HealthUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - James P. Selig
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public HealthUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - Christopher R. Long
- College of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences NorthwestFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Holly C. Felix
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public HealthUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - Geoffrey M. Curran
- College of PharmacyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - Pearl A. McElfish
- College of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences NorthwestFayettevilleArkansasUSA
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19
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Lu Y, Yang J, Xiao K, Pointer M, Li C, Wuerger S. Skin coloration is a culturally-specific cue for attractiveness, healthiness, and youthfulness in observers of Chinese and western European descent. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259276. [PMID: 34710190 PMCID: PMC8553160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial skin coloration signals information about an individual and plays an important role in social interactions and mate choice, due its putative association with health, attractiveness, and age. Whether skin coloration as an evolutionary significant cue is universal or specific to a particular culture is unclear and current evidence on the universality of skin color as a cue to health and attractiveness are equivocal. The current study used 80 calibrated, high-resolution, non-manipulated images of real human faces, either of Chinese or western European descent, which were rated in terms of attractiveness, healthiness, and perceived age by 44 observers, 22 western European (13 male; mean age ± SD = 24.27 ± 5.30) and 22 Chinese (7 male; mean age ± SD = 26.05 ± 3.96) observers. To elucidate the associations between skin coloration and these perceptual ratings and whether these associations are modulated by observer or image ethnicity, a linear mixed-effect model was setup with skin lightness (L*; CIELAB), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), observer and image ethnicity as independent variables and perceived attractiveness, healthiness, and estimated age as dependent variables. We found robust positive associations between facial skin lightness (L*) and attractiveness, healthiness, and youthfulness, but only when Chinese observers judge facial images of their own ethnicity. Observers of European descent, on the other hand, associated an increase in yellowness(b*) with greater attractiveness and healthiness in Chinese facial images. We find no evidence that facial redness is positively associated with these attributes; instead, an increase in redness (a*) is associated with an increase in the estimated age of European facial images. We conclude that observers of both ethnicities make use of skin color and lightness to rate attractiveness, healthiness, and perceived age, but to a lesser degree than previously thought. Furthermore, these coloration cues are not universal and are utilized differently within the Chinese and western European ethnic groups. Our study adds to the growing body of work demonstrating the importance of skin color manipulations within an evolutionary meaningful parameter space, ideally using realistic skin models based on physical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of New Media, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China
| | - Kaida Xiao
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Pointer
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Changjun Li
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China
| | - Sophie Wuerger
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tran TB, Raoof M, Melstrom L, Kyulo N, Shaikh Z, Jones VC, Erhunmwunsee L, Fong Y, Warner SG. Racial and Ethnic Bias Impact Perceptions of Surgeon Communication. Ann Surg 2021; 274:597-604. [PMID: 34506314 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate patient satisfaction scores as a function of physician and patient race and sex. BACKGROUND Patient satisfaction is increasingly used as a surrogate for physician performance. How patient and surgeon race and ethnicity affect perceptions of surgeon communication and care is not widely explored. METHODS Press Ganey patient satisfaction surveys collected from January 2019 to September 2020 were studied. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with favorable surgeon performance as a function of patient and surgeon demographics. RESULTS A total of 4732 unique outpatient satisfaction survey responses were analyzed. The majority of patients were White (60.5%), followed by Asian (8.6%), Black (4.2%), and Hispanic (4.3%). URM accounted for 8.9% of the 79 surgeons evaluated, and 34% were female. Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients were more likely to report unfavorable experiences than their White counterparts (P < 0.01). Spanish-speaking patients were most likely to perceive that surgeon show less respect for patient concerns (13.9% vs 9.3%, P = 0.004) and inadequate time spent explaining health concerns (12.6% vs 9.2%, P < 0.001). Female surgeons were more likely to achieve the highest overall ratings for effective communication, whereas Asian surgeons received lower scores. Asian surgeons were more likely than non-Asian surgeons to receive lower scores in explanation (37.3% vs 44.1%, P = 0.003). After adjusting for confounding factors, Asian surgeons had 26% lower odds of receiving favorable scores for overall communication (odds ratio: 0.736, 95% confidence interval: 0.619-0.877, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both patient and surgeon race and sex drive negative perceptions of patient-physician communication. As URM report more negative experiences, further studies should focus on effects of surgeon cultural awareness on underrepresented patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy B Tran
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Mustafa Raoof
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Laleh Melstrom
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Namgyal Kyulo
- Department of Patient Experience, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Zameer Shaikh
- Department of Patient Experience, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Veronica C Jones
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Loretta Erhunmwunsee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
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Abstract
A myriad of emotion perception studies has shown infants' ability to discriminate different emotional categories, yet there has been little investigation of infants' perception of cultural differences in emotions. Hence little is known about the extent to which culture-specific emotion information is recognised in the beginning of life. Caucasian Australian infants of 10-12 months participated in a visual-paired comparison task where their preferential looking patterns to three types of infant-directed emotions (anger, happiness, surprise) from two different cultures (Australian, Japanese) were examined. Differences in racial appearances were controlled. Infants exhibited preferential looking to Japanese over Caucasian Australian mothers' angry and surprised expressions, whereas no difference was observed in trials involving East-Asian Australian mothers. In addition, infants preferred Caucasian Australian mothers' happy expressions. These findings suggest that 11-month-olds are sensitive to cultural differences in spontaneous infant-directed emotional expressions when they are combined with a difference in racial appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Liu
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Multilingualism in Society Across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mieke du Toit
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Weidemann
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Tilstra AM, Simon DH, Masters RK. Trends in "Deaths of Despair" Among Working-Aged White and Black Americans, 1990-2017. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:1751-1759. [PMID: 33778856 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Life expectancy for US White men and women declined between 2013 and 2017. Initial explanations for the decline focused on increases in "deaths of despair" (i.e., deaths from suicide, drug use, and alcohol use), which have been interpreted as a cohort-based phenomenon afflicting middle-aged White Americans. There has been less attention on Black mortality trends from these same causes, and whether the trends are similar or different by cohort and period. We complement existing research and contend that recent mortality trends in both the US Black and White populations most likely reflect period-based exposures to 1) the US opioid epidemic and 2) the Great Recession. We analyzed cause-specific mortality trends in the United States for deaths from suicide, drug use, and alcohol use among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White Americans, aged 20-64 years, over 1990-2017. We employed sex-, race-, and cause-of-death-stratified Poisson rate models and age-period-cohort models to compare mortality trends. Results indicate that rising "deaths of despair" for both Black and White Americans are overwhelmingly driven by period-based increases in drug-related deaths since the late 1990s. Further, deaths related to alcohol use and suicide among both White and Black Americans changed during the Great Recession, despite some racial differences across cohorts.
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23
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McClendon J, Chang K, J Boudreaux M, Oltmanns TF, Bogdan R. Black-White racial health disparities in inflammation and physical health: Cumulative stress, social isolation, and health behaviors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 131:105251. [PMID: 34153589 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Black Americans have vastly increased odds and earlier onsets of stress- and age-related disease compared to White Americans. However, what contributes to these racial health disparities remains poorly understood. Using a sample of 1577 older adults (32.7% Black; ages 55-65 at baseline), we examined whether stress, health behaviors, social isolation, and inflammation are associated with racial disparities in self-reported physical health. A latent cumulative stress factor and unique stress-domain specific factors were modeled by applying bifactor confirmatory analysis to assessments across the lifespan (i.e., childhood maltreatment, trauma exposure, discrimination, stressful life events, and indices of socioeconomic status). Physical health, health behavior, and social isolation were assessed using self-report. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assayed from morning fasting serum samples; a z-scored inflammation index was formed across these 2 cytokines. A parallel serial mediational model tested whether race (i.e., Black/White) is indirectly associated with health through the following 3 independent pathways: (1) cumulative stress to preventative health behaviors (e.g., healthy eating) to inflammation, (2) cumulative stress to risky health behaviors (e.g., substance use) to inflammation; and (3) cumulative stress to social isolation to inflammation. There were significant indirect effects between race and self-reported physical health through cumulative stress, preventative health behaviors, and inflammation (B = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.05, -0.01). Specifically, Black Americans were exposed to greater cumulative stress, which was associated with reduced engagement in preventative health behaviors, which was, in turn, associated with greater inflammation and reduced physical health. A unique SES factor also indirectly linked race to physical health through preventative health behaviors. Cumulative stress exposure and unique aspects of socioeconomic status are indirectly associated with Black-White racial health disparities through behavioral (i.e., preventative health behavior) and biological (i.e., inflammation) factors. Culturally responsive evidence-based interventions that enhance engagement in preventative health behaviors are needed to directly confront health disparities. Ultimately, large scale anti-racist public policies that reduce cumulative stress burden (e.g., a living wage, universal healthcare) may best attenuate racial health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette McClendon
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Bogdan
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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24
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Stockman JK, Wood BA, Anderson KM. Racial and Ethnic Differences in COVID-19 Outcomes, Stressors, Fear, and Prevention Behaviors Among US Women: Web-Based Cross-sectional Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e26296. [PMID: 33819909 PMCID: PMC8276781 DOI: 10.2196/26296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by COVID-19, with persistent social and structural factors contributing to these disparities. At the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender, women of color may be disadvantaged in terms of COVID-19 outcomes due to their role as essential workers, their higher prevalence of pre-existing conditions, their increased stress and anxiety from the loss of wages and caregiving, and domestic violence. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to examine racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of COVID-19 outcomes, stressors, fear, and prevention behaviors among adult women residing in the United States. METHODS Between May and June 2020, women were recruited into the Capturing Women's Experiences in Outbreak and Pandemic Environments (COPE) Study, a web-based cross-sectional study, using advertisements on Facebook; 491 eligible women completed a self-administered internet-based cross-sectional survey. Descriptive statistics were used to examine racial and ethnic differences (White; Asian; Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; Black; Hispanic, Latina, or Spanish Origin; American Indian or Alaskan Native; multiracial or some other race, ethnicity, or origin) on COVID-19 outcomes, stressors, fear, and prevention behaviors. RESULTS Among our sample of women, 16% (73/470) reported COVID-19 symptoms, 22% (18/82) were concerned about possible exposure from the people they knew who tested positive for COVID-19, and 51.4% (227/442) knew where to get tested; yet, only 5.8% (27/469) had been tested. Racial/ethnic differences were observed, with racial/ethnic minority women being less likely to know where to get tested. Significant differences in race/ethnicity were observed for select stressors (food insecurity, not enough money, homeschooling children, unable to have a doctor or telemedicine appointment) and prevention behaviors (handwashing with soap, self-isolation if sick, public glove use, not leaving home for any activities). Although no racial/ethnic differences emerged from the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, significant racial/ethnic differences were observed for some of the individual scale items (eg, being afraid of getting COVID-19, sleep loss, and heart racing due to worrying about COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS The low prevalence of COVID-19 testing and knowledge of where to get tested indicate a critical need to expand testing for women in the United States, particularly among racial/ethnic minority women. Although the overall prevalence of engagement in prevention behaviors was high, targeted education and promotion of prevention activities are warranted in communities of color, particularly with consideration for stressors and adverse mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila K Stockman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brittany A Wood
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Katherine M Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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25
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Boyd RW. The Harms of Structural Whiteness on Weapon Carrying, Policing, and Child Health. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-050314. [PMID: 33888568 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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Engel-Rebitzer E, Dolan AR, Aronowitz SV, Shofer FS, Nguemeni Tiako MJ, Schapira MM, Perrone J, Hess EP, Rhodes KV, Bellamkonda VR, Cannuscio CC, Goldberg E, Bell J, Rodgers MA, Zyla M, Becker LB, McCollum S, Meisel ZF. Patient Preference and Risk Assessment in Opioid Prescribing Disparities: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2118801. [PMID: 34323984 PMCID: PMC8322998 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although racial disparities in acute pain control are well established, the role of patient analgesic preference and the factors associated with these disparities remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To characterize racial disparities in opioid prescribing for acute pain after accounting for patient preference and to test the hypothesis that racial disparities may be mitigated by giving clinicians additional information about their patients' treatment preferences and risk of opioid misuse. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study is a secondary analysis of data collected from Life STORRIED (Life Stories for Opioid Risk Reduction in the ED), a multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted between June 2017 and August 2019 in the emergency departments (EDs) of 4 academic medical centers. Participants included 1302 patients aged 18 to 70 years who presented to the ED with ureter colic or musculoskeletal back and/or neck pain. INTERVENTIONS The treatment arm was randomized to receive a patient-facing intervention (not examined in this secondary analysis) and a clinician-facing intervention that consisted of a form containing information about each patient's analgesic treatment preference and risk of opioid misuse. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Concordance between patient preference for opioid-containing treatment (assessed before ED discharge) and receipt of an opioid prescription at ED discharge. RESULTS Among 1302 participants in the Life STORRIED clinical trial, 1012 patients had complete demographic and treatment preference data available and were included in this secondary analysis. Of those, 563 patients (55.6%) self-identified as female, with a mean (SD) age of 40.8 (14.1) years. A total of 455 patients (45.0%) identified as White, 384 patients (37.9%) identified as Black, and 173 patients (17.1%) identified as other races. After controlling for demographic characteristics and clinical features, Black patients had lower odds than White patients of receiving a prescription for opioid medication at ED discharge (odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.65). When patients who did and did not prefer opioids were considered separately, Black patients continued to have lower odds of being discharged with a prescription for opioids compared with White patients (among those who preferred opioids: OR, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.24-0.77]; among those who did not prefer opioids: OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.23-0.89]). These disparities were not eliminated in the treatment arm, in which clinicians were given additional data about their patients' treatment preferences and risk of opioid misuse. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial, Black patients received different acute pain management than White patients after patient preference was accounted for. These disparities remained after clinicians were given additional patient-level data, suggesting that a lack of patient information may not be associated with opioid prescribing disparities. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03134092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Engel-Rebitzer
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Abby R. Dolan
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Frances S. Shofer
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Max Jordan Nguemeni Tiako
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marilyn M. Schapira
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of General and Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jeanmarie Perrone
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Penn Center for Addiction Medicine and Policy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erik P. Hess
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Karin V. Rhodes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Venkatesh R. Bellamkonda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn C. Cannuscio
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Erica Goldberg
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jeffrey Bell
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Melissa A. Rodgers
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin
| | - Michael Zyla
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lance B. Becker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Sharon McCollum
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Zachary F. Meisel
- Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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27
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Arseniev-Koehler A, Foster JG, Mays VM, Chang KW, Cochran SD. Aggression, Escalation, and Other Latent Themes in Legal Intervention Deaths of Non-Hispanic Black and White Men: Results From the 2003‒2017 National Violent Death Reporting System. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:S107-S115. [PMID: 33984244 PMCID: PMC8319068 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate racial/ethnic differences in legal intervention‒related deaths using state-of-the-art topic modeling of law enforcement and coroner text summaries drawn from the 2003-2017 US National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). Methods. Employing advanced topic modeling, we identified 8 topics consistent with dangerousness in death incidents in the NVDRS death narratives written by public health workers (PHWs). Using logistic regression, we then evaluated racial/ethnic differences in PHW-coded variables and narrative topics among 4981 males killed by legal intervention, while adjusting for age, county-level characteristics, and year. Results. Black, as compared with White, decedents were younger and their deaths were less likely to include PHW-coded mental health or substance use histories, weapon use, or positive toxicology for alcohol or psychoactive drugs, but more likely to include "gangs-as-an-incident-precipitant" coding. Topic modeling revealed less frequent thematic representation of "physical aggression" or "escalation" but more of "gangs or criminal networks" among Black versus White decedents. Conclusions. While Black males were more likely to be victims of legal intervention deaths, PHW-coded variables in the NVDRS and death narratives suggest lower threat profiles among Black versus similar White decedents. The source of this greater risk remains undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Arseniev-Koehler
- Alina Arseniev-Koehler and Jacob Gates Foster are with the Department of Sociology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Vickie M. Mays is with the Department of Psychology, UCLA, and the Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and the BRITE Center, UCLA. Kai-Wei Chang is with the Department of Computer Science, UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. Susan D. Cochran is with the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Statistics, UCLA
| | - Jacob Gates Foster
- Alina Arseniev-Koehler and Jacob Gates Foster are with the Department of Sociology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Vickie M. Mays is with the Department of Psychology, UCLA, and the Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and the BRITE Center, UCLA. Kai-Wei Chang is with the Department of Computer Science, UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. Susan D. Cochran is with the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Statistics, UCLA
| | - Vickie M Mays
- Alina Arseniev-Koehler and Jacob Gates Foster are with the Department of Sociology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Vickie M. Mays is with the Department of Psychology, UCLA, and the Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and the BRITE Center, UCLA. Kai-Wei Chang is with the Department of Computer Science, UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. Susan D. Cochran is with the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Statistics, UCLA
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Alina Arseniev-Koehler and Jacob Gates Foster are with the Department of Sociology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Vickie M. Mays is with the Department of Psychology, UCLA, and the Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and the BRITE Center, UCLA. Kai-Wei Chang is with the Department of Computer Science, UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. Susan D. Cochran is with the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Statistics, UCLA
| | - Susan D Cochran
- Alina Arseniev-Koehler and Jacob Gates Foster are with the Department of Sociology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Vickie M. Mays is with the Department of Psychology, UCLA, and the Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and the BRITE Center, UCLA. Kai-Wei Chang is with the Department of Computer Science, UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. Susan D. Cochran is with the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Statistics, UCLA
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Berkowitz L, Henríquez MP, Salazar C, Rojas E, Echeverría G, Love GD, Rigotti A, Coe CL, Ryff CD. Association between serum sphingolipids and eudaimonic well-being in white U.S. adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13139. [PMID: 34162955 PMCID: PMC8222370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging research has linked psychological well-being with many physiological markers as well as morbidity and mortality. In this analysis, the relationship between components of eudaimonic well-being and serum sphingolipids levels was investigated using data from a large national survey of middle-aged American adults (Midlife in the United States). Health behaviors (i.e., diet, exercise, and sleep) were also examined as potential mediators of these relationships. Serum levels of total ceramides-the main molecular class of sphingolipids previously associated with several disease conditions-were inversely linked with environmental mastery. In addition, significant correlations were found between specific ceramide, dihydroceramide, and hexosylceramides species with environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Using hierarchical regression and mediation analyses, health behaviors appeared to mediate these associations. However, the link between ceramides and environmental mastery was partially independent of health behaviors, suggesting the role of additional mediating factors. These findings point to sphingolipid metabolism as a novel pathway of health benefits associated with psychological well-being. In particular, having a sense of environmental mastery may promote restorative behaviors and benefit health via improved blood sphingolipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loni Berkowitz
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 328, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Cristian Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 328, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Rojas
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guadalupe Echeverría
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 328, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gayle D Love
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 328, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher L Coe
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carol D Ryff
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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29
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Abstract
Peter Sterling expands upon his recent Q & A article by discussing his participation in the Freedom Rides and the reasons for his involvement in the civil rights movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sterling
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 24 High Point Drive, Amherst, MA 00102, USA, and Finca Tangara, Palmira Abajo, Chiriqui Province, Panamá.
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30
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Sutton AL, Hagiwara N, Perera RA, Sheppard VB. Assessing Perceived Discrimination as Reported by Black and White Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 8:589-595. [PMID: 32808196 PMCID: PMC7962667 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a number of factors contribute to racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes, perceived discrimination in healthcare may be a key factor that hinders positive interactions and negatively impacts patient outcomes. The goals of our study were to (1) assess the prevalence of perceived discrimination as reported by breast cancer patients and (2) identify factors related to discrimination in women overall as well as by race. DESIGN This study is a secondary analysis of a larger study, "Narrowing the Gaps in Adjuvant Therapy," where a convenience sample of 359 women completed one telephone survey assessing sociodemographics, and attitudes and beliefs concerning breast cancer treatments and care. Chi-square analysis was used to assess the relationship of categorical variables with perceived discrimination, while the F-test was employed for continuous variables. Logistic regression determined predictors of perceived discrimination, a dichotomous variable (none vs. any). RESULTS A majority of women were Black (58%), privately insured (85%), and had at least a Bachelor's degree (48%). Discrimination was reported by 32.4% of women, with significantly more Black women reporting discrimination than White women. Insurance status, attitudes toward treatment, and distress factors were significantly related to perceived discrimination. In the logistic model, women who were less trusting of their providers (OR = 0.863 [0.751, 0.993], p = .021) and Black women (OR = 7.241 [0.751, 0.993], p = .039) were more likely to report incidences of discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a need to understand Black survivor's experiences with healthcare. Similarly, future work must focus on identifying ways to improve provider trust amongst breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnethea L Sutton
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 980149, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.
| | - Nao Hagiwara
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Perera
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vanessa B Sheppard
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 980149, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
- Office of Health Equity and Disparities Research, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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Fernandez A, Loukas A, Pasch KE. Child disclosure, parental solicitation, and adjustment problems: Parental support as a mediator. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:430-438. [PMID: 32712742 PMCID: PMC10460518 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how perceived parental solicitation and child disclosure are negatively associated with early adolescent adjustment problems and/or if these associations are consistent across race/ethnic groups. This study used data from 209 early adolescents to examine perceived parental support as a mediator in the associations between perceived parental solicitation and child disclosure and subsequent adjustment problems, while also examining race/ethnic group differences across non-Hispanic White and Hispanic early adolescents using multi-group path analyses. Perceived parent support did not mediate the associations between child disclosure and perceived parental solicitation and subsequent adjustment problems. However, child disclosure was directly associated with subsequent conduct problems for Hispanic adolescents. Child disclosure and perceived parental solicitation may positively influence the parent-adolescent relationship by increasing parental support but may not entirely help in reducing the prevalence of adjustment problems. Child disclosure may be particularly beneficial for Hispanic early adolescents in reducing adjustment problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Fernandez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1018, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Alexandra Loukas
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keryn E Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Fine AD, Amemiya J, Frick P, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. Perceptions of police legitimacy and bias from ages 13 to 22 among Black, Latino, and White justice-involved males. Law Hum Behav 2021; 45:243-255. [PMID: 34351206 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although researchers, policymakers, and practitioners recognize the importance of the public's perceptions of police, few studies have examined developmental trends in adolescents and young adults' views of police. HYPOTHESES Hypothesis 1: Perceptions of police legitimacy would exhibit a U-shaped curve, declining in adolescence before improving in young adulthood. Hypothesis 2: At all ages, Black youth would report more negative perceptions of police legitimacy than Latino youth, who would report more negative perceptions than White youth. Hypothesis 3: Perceptions of police bias would be consistently associated with worse perceptions of police legitimacy. METHOD Utilizing longitudinal data from the Crossroads Study, this study examined within-person trends in males' perceptions of police legitimacy from ages 13 to 22, as well as whether perceptions of police bias were associated with perceptions of police legitimacy. RESULTS Perceptions of police legitimacy followed a U-shaped curve that declined during adolescence, reached its lowest point around age 18, and improved during the transition to young adulthood. Compared with White youth, Latino and Black youth had shallower curves in perceptions of police legitimacy that exhibited less improvement during the transition to adulthood. Further, perceptions of police bias were consistently associated with more negative perceptions of police legitimacy across races and ages. CONCLUSIONS While perceptions of police legitimacy may decline during adolescence before improving during the transition to adulthood, perceptions of police bias are consistently negatively related to youth and young adults' perceptions of police legitimacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Fine
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University
| | - Jamie Amemiya
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Paul Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University
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Heard-Garris N, Ekwueme PO, Gilpin S, Sacotte KA, Perez-Cardona L, Wong M, Cohen A. Adolescents' Experiences, Emotions, and Coping Strategies Associated With Exposure to Media-Based Vicarious Racism. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2113522. [PMID: 34129023 PMCID: PMC8207240 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Adolescents frequently encounter racism vicariously through online news and social media and may experience negative emotional responses due to these exposures. To mitigate potential adverse health impacts, including negative emotional health, it is important to understand how adolescents cope with these exposures. Objectives To examine adolescents' responses to online and media-based vicarious racism exposure and to explore coping strategies, particularly positive coping strategies, that may be used to combat negative emotions. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative study rooted in phenomenological research methods conducted 4 semistructured focus groups, with 3 to 6 English-speaking adolescents (aged 13-19 years) in each group, between November 2018 and April 2019. Focus groups were facilitated by 2 research team members. The study was conducted at community sites and youth organizations in the greater Chicago, Illinois, area. Interview transcripts were analyzed thematically. Exposures Lived experiences of media-based vicarious racism. Main Outcomes and Measures Focus group participants shared their experiences with media-based vicarious racism online, including their responses to exposure and the coping strategies used. Results Four focus group sessions were conducted with a total of 18 adolescents. Participants had a mean (SD) age of 16.4 (1.6) years. Overall, 7 participants (39%) self-identified as Black/African American, 8 (44%) as Hispanic/Latinx, and 3 (17%) as White individuals; 7 (39%) were in grades 7 to 9, 8 (44%) in grades 10 to 12 grade, and 3 (17%) at the college or university level. Central themes emerged related to adolescents' experiences, including their emotional and coping responses to media-based vicarious racism. Many participants reported helplessness as a major negative emotion associated with these exposures. Activism was endorsed as a key positive coping strategy that participants used, including online and in-person modalities. Conclusions and Relevance The findings from this qualitative study suggest adolescents may experience helplessness as a primary negative emotion after exposure to media-based vicarious racism and activism may serve as a coping mechanism. Activism may represent an important and constructive means by which adolescents cope with and combat structural racism, mitigate negative emotions, and potentially prevent adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Heard-Garris
- Division of Advanced General Pediatrics and Primary Care, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outreach, Research, and Evaluation Center, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patricia O. Ekwueme
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shawnese Gilpin
- Department of Pediatrics, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kaitlyn Ann Sacotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leishla Perez-Cardona
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outreach, Research, and Evaluation Center, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megan Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alyssa Cohen
- Division of Advanced General Pediatrics and Primary Care, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Gibbons J. Distancing the socially distanced: Racial/ethnic composition's association with physical distancing in response to COVID-19 in the U.S. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251960. [PMID: 34038459 PMCID: PMC8153499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Social distancing prescribed by policy makers in response to COVID-19 raises important questions as to how effectively people of color can distance. Due to inequalities from residential segregation, Hispanic and Black populations have challenges in meeting health expectations. However, segregated neighborhoods also support the formation of social bonds that relate to healthy behaviors. We evaluate the question of non-White distancing using social mobility data from Google on three sites: workplaces, grocery stores, and recreational locations. Employing hierarchical linear modeling and geographically weighted regression, we find the relation of race/ethnicity to COVID-19 distancing is varied across the United States. The HLM models show that compared to Black populations, Hispanic populations overall more effectively distance from recreation sites and grocery stores: each point increase in percent Hispanic was related to residents being 0.092 percent less likely (p< 0.05) to visit recreational sites and 0.127 percent less likely (p< 0.01) to visit grocery stores since the onset of COVID-19. However, the GWR models show there are places where the percent Black is locally related to recreation distancing while percent Hispanic is not. Further, these models show the association of percent Black to recreation and grocery distancing can be locally as strong as 1.057 percent (p< 0.05) and 0.989 percent (p< 0.05), respectively. Next, the HLM models identified that Black/White residential isolation was related to less distancing, with each point of isolation residents were 11.476 percent more likely (p< 0.01) to go to recreational sites and 7.493 percent more likely (p< 0.05) to visit grocery stores compared to before COVID-19. These models did not find a measurable advantage/disadvantage for Black populations in these places compared to White populations. COVID-19 policy should not assume disadvantage in achieving social distancing accrue equally to different racial/ethnic minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gibbons
- Sociology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Beatty Moody DL, Waldstein SR, Leibel DK, Hoggard LS, Gee GC, Ashe JJ, Brondolo E, Al-Najjar E, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Race and other sociodemographic categories are differentially linked to multiple dimensions of interpersonal-level discrimination: Implications for intersectional, health research. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251174. [PMID: 34010303 PMCID: PMC8133471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine whether intersections of race with other key sociodemographic categories contribute to variations in multiple dimensions of race- and non-race-related, interpersonal-level discrimination and burden in urban-dwelling African Americans and Whites. Methods Data from 2,958 participants aged 30–64 in the population-based Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study were used to estimate up to four-way interactions of race, age, gender, and poverty status with reports of racial and everyday discrimination, discrimination across multiple social statuses, and related lifetime discrimination burden in multiple regression models. Results We observed that: 1) African Americans experienced all forms of discrimination more frequently than Whites, but this finding was qualified by interactions of race with age, gender, and/or poverty status; 2) older African Americans, particularly African American men, and African American men living in poverty reported the greatest lifetime discrimination burden; 3) older African Americans reported greater racial discrimination and greater frequency of multiple social status-based discrimination than younger African Americans; 4) African American men reported greater racial and everyday discrimination and a greater frequency of social status discrimination than African American women; and, 5) White women reported greater frequency of discrimination than White men. All p’s < .05. Conclusions Within African Americans, older, male individuals with lower SES experienced greater racial, lifetime, and multiple social status-based discrimination, but this pattern was not observed in Whites. Among Whites, women reported greater frequency of discrimination across multiple social statuses and other factors (i.e., gender, income, appearance, and health status) than men. Efforts to reduce discrimination-related health disparities should concurrently assess dimensions of interpersonal-level discrimination across multiple sociodemographic categories, while simultaneously considering the broader socioecological context shaping these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Beatty Moody
- Department of Human Services Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shari R. Waldstein
- Department of Human Services Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel K. Leibel
- Department of Human Services Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lori S. Hoggard
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gilbert C. Gee
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason J. Ashe
- Department of Human Services Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Brondolo
- Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elias Al-Najjar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Thompson HS, Manning M, Mitchell J, Kim S, Harper FWK, Cresswell S, Johns K, Pal S, Dowe B, Tariq M, Sayed N, Saigh LM, Rutledge L, Lipscomb C, Lilly JY, Gustine H, Sanders A, Landry M, Marks B. Factors Associated With Racial/Ethnic Group-Based Medical Mistrust and Perspectives on COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Participation and Vaccine Uptake in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2111629. [PMID: 34042990 PMCID: PMC8160590 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The impact of COVID-19 in the US has been far-reaching and devastating, especially in Black populations. Vaccination is a critical part of controlling community spread, but vaccine acceptance has varied, with some research reporting that Black individuals in the US are less willing to be vaccinated than other racial/ethnic groups. Medical mistrust informed by experiences of racism may be associated with this lower willingness. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between race/ethnicity and rejection of COVID-19 vaccine trial participation and vaccine uptake and to investigate whether racial/ethnic group-based medical mistrust is a potential mediator of this association. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional survey study was conducted from June to December 2020 using a convenience sample of 1835 adults aged 18 years or older residing in Michigan. Participants were recruited through community-based organizations and hospital-academic networks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Separate items assessed whether respondents, if asked, would agree to participate in a research study to test a COVID-19 vaccine or to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants also completed the suspicion subscale of the Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale. RESULTS Of the 1835 participants, 1455 (79%) were women, 361 (20%) men, and 19 (1%) other gender. The mean (SD) age was 49.4 (17.9) years, and 394 participants (21%) identified as Black individuals. Overall, 1376 participants (75%) reported low willingness to participate in vaccine trials, and 945 (52%) reported low willingness to be vaccinated. Black participants reported the highest medical mistrust scores (mean [SD], 2.35 [0.96]) compared with other racial/ethnic groups (mean [SD] for the total sample, 1.83 [0.91]). Analysis of path models revealed significantly greater vaccine trial and vaccine uptake rejection among Black participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], 0.51 [0.08]; vaccine uptake: B [SE], 0.51 [0.08]; both P < .001) compared with the overall mean rejection. The association was partially mediated by medical mistrust among Black participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], 0.04 [0.01]; P = .003; vaccine uptake: B [SE], 0.07 [0.02]; P < .001) and White participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], -0.06 [0.02]; P = .001; vaccine uptake: B [SE], -0.10 [0.02]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this survey study of US adults, racial/ethnic group-based medical mistrust partially mediated the association between individuals identifying as Black and low rates of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine trial participation and actual vaccination. The findings suggest that partnerships between health care and other sectors to build trust and promote vaccination may benefit from socially and culturally responsive strategies that acknowledge and address racial/ethnic health care disparities and historical and contemporary experiences of racism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley S. Thompson
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mark Manning
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Seongho Kim
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Felicity W. K. Harper
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sheena Cresswell
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kristopher Johns
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shoma Pal
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Brittany Dowe
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Rutledge
- Western Wayne Family Health Center, Inkster, Michigan
| | | | | | - Heidi Gustine
- Area Agency on Aging of Northwest Michigan, Traverse City
| | - Annie Sanders
- United Way of Gratiot & Isabella Counties, Mt Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Megan Landry
- American Cancer Society–North Central Region, Southfield, Michigan
| | - Bertram Marks
- Faith-Based Genetic Research Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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Bridges C, Duenas DM, Lewis H, Anderson K, Opel DJ, Wilfond BS, Kraft SA. Patient perspectives on how to demonstrate respect: Implications for clinicians and healthcare organizations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250999. [PMID: 33914815 PMCID: PMC8084197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinicians and healthcare organizations are ethically obligated to treat patients with respect, yet it is not clear what actions best demonstrate respect to patients. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to understand what actions on both an individual and organizational level effectively demonstrate respect for primary care patients. METHODS We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with primary care patients in an integrated healthcare delivery system in Oregon and an integrated safety net health system in Colorado who were participating in a genomics implementation research study of a hereditary cancer screening program. We systematically coded interview transcripts using a coding framework developed based on iterative review of the interview guide and transcripts. We further analyzed the data coded with sub-codes relating to patients' experiences with respect in healthcare using a descriptive content analysis approach. RESULTS We interviewed 40 English-speaking (n = 30, 75%) and Spanish-speaking (n = 10, 25%) patients. Most interviewees identified as female (n = 35, 88%) and either Hispanic/Latino(a) (n = 17, 43%) or White or European American (n = 15, 38%). Interviewees identified two categories of efforts by individual clinicians that demonstrate respect: engaging with patients and being transparent. They identified five efforts by healthcare organizations: promoting safety and inclusivity, protecting patient privacy, communicating about scheduling, navigating financial barriers to care, and ensuring continuity of care. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that patients' experiences of respect depend on efforts by individual clinicians as well as healthcare organizations. Our findings offer insight into how clinicians can build stronger partnerships with patients and how organizations can seek to promote access to care and patient safety and comfort. They also illustrate areas for future research and quality improvement to more effectively respect patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Bridges
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Devan M. Duenas
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hannah Lewis
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katherine Anderson
- Denver Health Ambulatory Care Services, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Opel
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S. Wilfond
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Kraft
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Grant S, Liao K, Miller C, Peterson S, Elting L, Guadagnolo BA. Lower Levels of Trust in the Medical Profession Among White, Younger, and More-educated Individuals With Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2021; 44:150-157. [PMID: 33653973 PMCID: PMC7987575 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Levels of medical mistrust have historically been higher among racial/ethnic minority patients compared with whites, largely owing to societal and health system inequities and history of discrimination or experimentation. However, recently trust in physicians has declined in the United States in general. We investigated trust in physicians among a large cohort of cancer patients residing in Texas. METHODS A sample of recently diagnosed cancer patients in Texas were identified from the Texas Cancer Registry with 1344 patients returning surveys between March 2017 and March 2020. The multiscale inventory was mailed to each individual and included the Trust in the Medical Profession Scale which assesses levels of agreement with 11 trust-related statements. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed to assess the adjusted relationship between trust in the medical profession aggregate score and sociodemographic and clinical factors. RESULTS A total of 1250 surveys were evaluable for trust in the medical profession. The mean aggregate trust score for all patients was 37.3 (95% confidence interval: 36.8-37.7). Unadjusted trust scores were higher for Hispanic (40.5) and black (38.2) respondents compared with white (36.4) (P<0.001). Multivariable analyses showed white, younger, more-educated, or those with lower levels of self-reported health estimated toward lower adjusted scores for trust in the medical profession. CONCLUSIONS We observed relatively higher levels of medical mistrust among white, younger, more-educated individuals with cancer or those with poorer health. While the relatively higher trust among minority individuals is encouraging, these findings raise the possibility that recent societal trends toward mistrust in science may have implications for cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Grant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kaiping Liao
- Department of Health Services Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher Miller
- Department of Behavioral Science, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Susan Peterson
- Department of Behavioral Science, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Linda Elting
- Department of Health Services Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - B. Ashleigh Guadagnolo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Health Services Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Sánchez-Díaz CT, Strayhorn S, Tejeda S, Vijayasiri G, Rauscher GH, Molina Y. What mediates the racial/ethnic disparity in psychosocial stress among breast cancer patients? Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:357-367. [PMID: 33559770 PMCID: PMC7946668 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have observed greater levels of psychosocial stress (PSS) among non-Hispanic (nH) African American and Hispanic women when compared to nH White patients after a breast cancer diagnosis. We aimed to determine the independent and interdependent roles of socioeconomic position (SEP) and unmet support in the racial disparity in PSS among breast cancer patients. METHODS Participants were recruited from the Breast Cancer Care in Chicago study (n = 989). For all recently diagnosed breast cancer patients, aged 25-79, income, education, and tract-level disadvantage and affluence were summed to create a standardized socioeconomic position (SEP) score. Three measures of PSS related to loneliness, perceived stress, and psychological consequences of a breast cancer diagnosis were defined based on previously validated scales. Five domains of unmet social support needs (emotional, spiritual, informational, financial, and practical) were defined from interviews. We conducted path models in MPlus to estimate the extent to which PSS disparities were mediated by SEP and unmet social support needs. RESULTS Black and Hispanic patients reported greater PSS compared to white patients and greater unmet social support needs (p = 0.001 for all domains). Virtually all of the disparity in PSS could be explained by SEP. A substantial portion of the mediating influence of SEP was further transmitted by unmet financial and practical needs among Black patients and by unmet emotional needs for Hispanic patients. CONCLUSIONS SEP appeared to be a root cause of the racial/ethnic disparities in PSS within our sample. Our findings further suggest that different interventions may be necessary to alleviate the burden of SEP for nH AA (i.e., more financial support) and Hispanic patients (i.e., more emotional support).
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Sánchez-Díaz
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - S Strayhorn
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - S Tejeda
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - G Vijayasiri
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - G H Rauscher
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Y Molina
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Benville JR, Compton P, Giordano NA, Cheatle MD. Perceived social support in patients with chronic pain with and without opioid use disorder and role of medication for opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108619. [PMID: 33667781 PMCID: PMC8796693 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant predictor of treatment outcomes for patients with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and opioid use disorder (OUD) is the degree and quality of social support they receive. Specifically, in patients with CNCP and on long-term opioid therapy, the development of OUD tends to be associated with losses in social support, while engagement in treatment for OUD improves support networks. Delivery of the evidence-based OUD treatment medications, methadone and buprenorphine, occurs in clinical environments which patently differ with respect to social support resources. The aims of this study were to describe perceived social support in patients with CNCP without OUD (no-OUD), with OUD and on buprenorphine (OUD-BP), and with OUD and on methadone (OUD-methadone). METHODS Using the Duke Social Support Index (DSSI), perceived social support in a sample of Caucasian patients with CNCP and on opioid therapy was compared between no-OUDs (n = 834), OUD-methadone (n = 83) and OUD-BP (n = 99) therapy. Average DSSI scores were compared across groups and a linear regression model computed to describe association between group and perceived social support. RESULTS No difference was observed in DSSI scores between no-OUDs and OUD-methadone, however scores were lower among OUD-BP participants than those receiving methadone (x = -5.2; 95% CI: -7.5, -2.9) and (x = -6.5, 95% CI: -8.2, -4.9). CONCLUSIONS Patients with CNCP and OUD on methadone therapy endorse levels of social support comparable to those without OUD, however those on buprenorphine therapy report significantly less support, bringing implications for OUD treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Benville
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital, 462 First Avenue, Room A842, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Peggy Compton
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Claire Fagin Hall, Room 402, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Nicholas A Giordano
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States.
| | - Martin D Cheatle
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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Sullivan PS, Knox J, Jones J, Taussig J, Valentine Graves M, Millett G, Luisi N, Hall E, Sanchez TH, Del Rio C, Kelley C, Rosenberg ES, Guest JL. Understanding disparities in viral suppression among Black MSM living with HIV in Atlanta Georgia. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25689. [PMID: 33821554 PMCID: PMC8022103 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to factors associated with structural racism, Black men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV are less likely to be virally suppressed compared to white MSM. Most of these data come from clinical cohorts and modifiable reasons for these racial disparities need to be defined in order to intervene on these inequities. Therefore, we examined factors associated with racial disparities in baseline viral suppression in a community-based cohort of Black and white MSM living with HIV in Atlanta, GA. METHODS We conducted an observational cohort of Black and white MSM living with HIV infection in Atlanta. Enrolment occurred from June 2016 to June 2017 and men were followed for 24 months; laboratory and behavioural survey data were collected at 12 and 24 months after enrolment. Explanatory factors for racial disparities in viral suppression included sociodemographics and psychosocial variables. Poisson regression models with robust error variance were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for Black/white differences in viral suppression. Factors that diminished the PR for race by ≥5% were considered to meaningfully attenuate the racial disparity and were included in a multivariable model. RESULTS Overall, 26% (104/398) of participants were not virally suppressed at baseline. Lack of viral suppression was significantly more prevalent among Black MSM (33%; 69/206) than white MSM (19%; 36/192) (crude Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.5). The age-adjusted Black/white PR was diminished by controlling for: ART coverage (12% decrease), housing stability (7%), higher income (6%) and marijuana use (6%). In a multivariable model, these factors cumulatively mitigated the PR for race by 21% (adjusted PR = 1.1 [95% CI: 0.8 to 1.6]). CONCLUSIONS Relative to white MSM, Black MSM living with HIV in Atlanta were less likely to be virally suppressed. This disparity was explained by several factors, many of which should be targeted for structural, policy and individual-level interventions to reduce racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Sullivan
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Justin Knox
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jeb Jones
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jennifer Taussig
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - Greg Millett
- American Foundation for AIDS ResearchWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Nicole Luisi
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Eric Hall
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Travis H Sanchez
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Colleen Kelley
- Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - Jodie L Guest
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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Marks LR, Acuff SF, Withers AJ, MacKillop J, Murphy JG. Adverse childhood experiences, racial microaggressions, and alcohol misuse in Black and White emerging adults. Psychol Addict Behav 2021; 35:274-282. [PMID: 33734786 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research indicates that emerging adults (EAs) are at an increased risk for heavy drinking and its associated alcohol problems, and that both proximal and distal stressors (e.g., adverse childhood experiences [ACEs], and subtle racial discrimination [racial microaggressions]) may contribute to these high-risk outcomes. We investigated the relationship of ACEs with alcohol consumption and alcohol problems in a sample of Black and White EAs, and racial microaggressions with alcohol consumption and alcohol problems in the Black EAs in our sample. METHOD Six hundred two EAs (41.5% Black, 47% White; 57.3% women) completed measures assessing ACEs, alcohol consumption, and alcohol problems. One hundred ninety-six Black EAs in the sample were also asked to complete a measure of racial microaggressions that assessed their level of distress related to these experiences. RESULTS Regression analyses demonstrated a positive association of ACEs with alcohol consumption and alcohol problems. Sex moderated the relation of ACEs with alcohol consumption such that the positive relationship between ACEs and alcohol consumption was minimally stronger for females. College status moderated the relation of ACEs with alcohol consumption such that the relationship between ACEs and alcohol consumption was stronger for college students than non-college students. Racial microaggressions were positively associated with alcohol problems, but not alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Findings underscore the importance of childhood stressors with alcohol consumption and problems for EAs, and the need for additional research on racial microaggressions and alcohol problems in Black EAs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Dai YG, Porto KS, Skapek M, Barton ML, Dumont-Mathieu T, Fein DA, Robins DL. Comparison of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) Positive Predictive Value by Race. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:855-867. [PMID: 32125566 PMCID: PMC7483574 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised, with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) is the most widely used screener for ASD. Despite the comparable rate of ASD in Black and White children, the M-CHAT-R/F was validated on a primarily White, Non-Hispanic sample. Few studies have assessed whether the screener performs adequately with racial minorities. This study compared the M-CHAT-R/F Positive Predictive Value (PPV), for ASD, and for any developmental condition, in Black and White children. We also examined M-CHAT-R/F item-level PPV by race. The PPVs for ASD and other developmental disorders were similar in both racial groups for total score and individual items. Therefore, our findings support the use of the M-CHAT-R/F with Black and White children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael G Dai
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.
| | - Katelynn S Porto
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Mary Skapek
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Marianne L Barton
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Thyde Dumont-Mathieu
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Deborah A Fein
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Diana L Robins
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Pavlovič O, Fiala V, Kleisner K. Environmental convergence in facial preferences: a cross-group comparison of Asian Vietnamese, Czech Vietnamese, and Czechs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:550. [PMID: 33436663 PMCID: PMC7804147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that sociocultural environment has a significant impact on human behavior. This contribution focuses on differences in the perception of attractiveness of European (Czech) faces as rated by Czechs of European origin, Vietnamese persons living in the Czech Republic and Vietnamese who permanently reside in Vietnam. We investigated whether attractiveness judgments and preferences for facial sex-typicality and averageness in Vietnamese who grew up and live in the Czech Republic are closer to the judgements and preferences of Czech Europeans or to those of Vietnamese born and residing in Vietnam. We examined the relative contribution of sexual shape dimorphism and averageness to the perception of facial attractiveness across all three groups of raters. Czech Europeans, Czech Vietnamese, and Asian Vietnamese raters of both sexes rated facial portraits of 100 Czech European participants (50 women and 50 men, standardized, non-manipulated) for attractiveness. Taking Czech European ratings as a standard for Czech facial attractiveness, we showed that Czech Vietnamese assessments of attractiveness were closer to this standard than assessments by the Asian Vietnamese. Among all groups of raters, facial averageness positively correlated with perceived attractiveness, which is consistent with the "average is attractive" hypothesis. A marginal impact of sexual shape dimorphism on attractiveness rating was found only in Czech European male raters: neither Czech Vietnamese nor Asian Vietnamese raters of either sex utilized traits associated with sexual shape dimorphism as a cue of attractiveness. We thus conclude that Vietnamese people permanently living in the Czech Republic converge with Czechs of Czech origin in perceptions of facial attractiveness and that this population adopted some but not all Czech standards of beauty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Pavlovič
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Fiala
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic.
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Chui Z, Gazard B, MacCrimmon S, Harwood H, Downs J, Bakolis I, Polling C, Rhead R, Hatch SL. Inequalities in referral pathways for young people accessing secondary mental health services in south east London. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1113-1128. [PMID: 32683491 PMCID: PMC8295086 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Differences in health service use between ethnic groups have been well documented, but little research has been conducted on inequalities in access to mental health services among young people. This study examines inequalities in pathways into care by ethnicity and migration status in 12-29 years old accessing health services in south east London. This study analyses anonymized electronic patient record data for patients aged 12-29 referred to a south east London mental health trust between 2008 and 2016 for an anxiety or non-psychotic depressive disorder (n = 18,931). Multinomial regression was used to examine associations between ethnicity, migration status, and both referral source and destination, stratified by age group. Young people in the Black African ethnic group were more likely to be referred from secondary health or social/criminal justice services compared to those in the White British ethnic group; the effect was most pronounced for those aged 16-17 years. Young people in the Black African ethnic group were also significantly more likely to be referred to inpatient and emergency services compared to those in the White British ethnic group. Black individuals living in south east London, particularly those who identify as Black African, are referred to mental health services via more adverse pathways than White individuals. Our findings suggest that inequalities in referral destination may be perpetuated by inequalities generated at the point of access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Chui
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Billy Gazard
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shirlee MacCrimmon
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Harwood
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Johnny Downs
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ioannis Bakolis
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Polling
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Rhead
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephani L Hatch
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
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Oduola S, Das-Munshi J, Bourque F, Gayer-Anderson C, Tsang J, Murray RM, Craig TKJ, Morgan C. Change in incidence rates for psychosis in different ethnic groups in south London: findings from the Clinical Record Interactive Search-First Episode Psychosis (CRIS-FEP) study. Psychol Med 2021; 51:300-309. [PMID: 31739818 PMCID: PMC7893508 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher incidence of psychotic disorders has been consistently reported among black and other minority ethnic groups, particularly in northern Europe. It is unclear whether these rates have changed over time. METHODS We identified all individuals with a first episode psychosis who presented to adult mental health services between 1 May 2010 and 30 April 2012 and who were resident in London boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark. We estimated age-and-gender standardised incidence rates overall and by ethnic group, then compared our findings to those reported in the Aetiology and Ethnicity of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (ÆSOP) study that we carried out in the same catchment area around 10 years earlier. RESULTS From 9109 clinical records we identified 558 patients with first episode psychosis. Compared with ÆSOP, the overall incidence rates of psychotic disorder in southeast London have increased from 49.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 43.6-55.3) to 63.1 (95% CI 57.3-69.0) per 100 000 person-years at risk. However, the overall incidence rate ratios (IRR) were reduced in some ethnic groups: for example, IRR (95% CI) for the black Caribbean group reduced from 6.7 (5.4-8.3) to 2.8 (2.1-3.6) and the 'mixed' group from 2.7 (1.8-4.2) to 1.4 (0.9-2.1). In the black African group, there was a negligible difference from 4.1 (3.2-5.3) to 3.5 (2.8-4.5). CONCLUSIONS We found that incidence rates of psychosis have increased over time, and the IRR varied by the ethnic group. Future studies are needed to investigate more changes over time and determinants of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifat Oduola
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, UK
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Jayati Das-Munshi
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AZ, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Francois Bourque
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Division of Social and Cultural Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal (Quebec), H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jason Tsang
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tom K. J Craig
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
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Thomas MD, Jewell NP, Allen AM. Black and unarmed: statistical interaction between age, perceived mental illness, and geographic region among males fatally shot by police using case-only design. Ann Epidemiol 2021; 53:42-49.e3. [PMID: 32835768 PMCID: PMC7736192 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examine whether the race and armed status interact to modify the risk of being fatally shot by police within categories of civilian age and mental illness status, and U.S. region. METHODS Data are from The Washington Post online public-use database of all U.S. police-involved shooting deaths. The sample includes black and white males with known armed status who were killed from 1/1/2015 through 12/31/2019 (n = 3090). A case-only design is used to assess multiplicative interaction using adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS The fully adjusted interaction estimate is null (SOR = 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55-1.04). However, adjusted estimates within strata show that the risk of being armed versus unarmed when fatally shot is smaller for black than white males older than 54 years (SOR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.06-0.65), those showing mental illness signs (SOR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.26-0.98), and those killed in the South (SOR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.33-0.83), and that the risk is greater in the Midwest (SOR = 2.42; 95% CI = 1.11-5.26). Notably, there is no black-white difference in armed status among younger age groups (SOR≈0.89). CONCLUSION The race and armed status may interact leaving black males at a higher risk of being unarmed than white males when fatally shot by police among those older than 54 years, mentally impaired, and residing in the South. Causal interaction suggests a lower risk for unarmed blacks in the Midwest. Researchers should further explore the utility of the case-only design to study social-environmental interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn D Thomas
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.
| | - Nicholas P Jewell
- Berkeley Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Amani M Allen
- Berkeley Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
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Layland EK, Exten C, Mallory AB, Williams ND, Fish JN. Suicide Attempt Rates and Associations with Discrimination Are Greatest in Early Adulthood for Sexual Minority Adults Across Diverse Racial and Ethnic Groups. LGBT Health 2020; 7:439-447. [PMID: 33290152 PMCID: PMC7757577 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2020.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The study purpose was to investigate differences in past 5-year suicide attempts among racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority (SM) and heterosexual adults across the life course and examine the association of discrimination with past 5-year suicide attempts among SM adults. Methods: Using nationally representative data collected from 2012 to 2013, we assessed differences in age-varying prevalence of past 5-year suicide attempts among Black, Hispanic, and White SM and heterosexual adults (ages 18-60). We tested whether the association between discrimination and suicide attempts differed by race/ethnicity among SM adults. All secondary data analyses were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of The Pennsylvania State University and University of Maryland. Results: Compared with heterosexual adults of any race/ethnicity, SM adults exhibited elevated suicide attempt rates until the late twenties when prevalence for Black and Hispanic SM adults declined. Disparities persisted into the mid-40s for White SM adults. Among SM adults of all races/ethnicities, the relationship between SM discrimination and suicide attempts was strongest between ages 18 and 25. For SM adults reporting SM discrimination, odds of suicide attempts were 3.6 times higher for White SM adults and 4.5 times higher for Black and Hispanic SM adults, relative to same-race/ethnicity SM adults who did not report SM discrimination. The effect of SM discrimination was robust among Black and Hispanic SM young adults even when accounting for racial/ethnic discrimination. Conclusions: SM adults of all racial/ethnic groups demonstrated disparities when contrasted with heterosexual adults of any race/ethnicity, although ages characterized by heightened prevalence rates of suicide attempts differed by race/ethnicity. Early adulthood is a critical period for intervention seeking to disrupt the association between SM discrimination and suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. Layland
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cara Exten
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allen B. Mallory
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Natasha D. Williams
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica N. Fish
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Martell L, McDonald JD, Barragan B, Ziegler S, Williams V. Examining Cultural Identification and Alcohol Use Among American Indian and Caucasian College Students. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res 2020; 27:23-36. [PMID: 33253407 DOI: 10.5820/aian.2702.2020.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous research consistently concludes American Indians (AI) demonstrate higher levels of alcohol use than Caucasians (CA); however, recent research suggests AIs may be drinking at similar or lower rates than CAs. Little research has examined cultural identification as a contributing factor to alcohol use. This study sought to examine cultural identification and its relationship to alcohol use between AI and CA college students. Participants consisted of 56 AI and 87 CA college students who selfreported on past 6-month alcohol consumption and how they culturally identified per the Orthogonal Theory of Biculturalism. CAs reported a significantly higher average daily alcohol consumption than AIs who identified as Marginal, Traditional, and Assimilated. This research represents a compelling anecdotal and empirical socio-cultural paradigm shift from the "AIs drink more" mindset among college students. Further, understanding the relationship between cultural identification and alcohol use enhances assessment, diagnostic, and intervention efforts for both AIs and CAs.
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Wallace J, Affagato R, Brooke M, McAllister-Deitrick J, Moran RN, Covassin T. Racial disparities in parent knowledge of concussion and recognition of signs and symptoms. J Safety Res 2020; 75:166-172. [PMID: 33334474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that can be sustained through participation in different sports. It is important that a parent be able to identify common and uncommon symptoms of a concussion to ensure the safety and good health of their child. The purpose of this study was to compare knowledge of concussion scores among White and African American parents and guardians. METHODOLOGY This cross-sectional study consisted of a single survey of 53 questions that was given to parents/guardians of high school athletes at a preseason parent meeting. Parent and guardian knowledge of concussion was assessed through a series of 45 questions. Participants were asked to correctly identify signs and symptoms of concussion, answer questions regarding the anatomy of a concussion (i.e. a concussion is an injury to the brain), answer true/false questions about general concussion knowledge, select from a list the consequences of multiple concussions and select from a list the consequences of returning to play too soon from a concussion. Knowledge of concussion was calculated by summing correct responses for the 45 knowledge questions. Racial differences were calculated using an ANCOVA, controlling for socioeconomic school type. The statistical significance level was set a priori p ≤ 0.05 for all analyses. RESULTS Participants of this study consisted of 176 [115 (65.3%) White, 61 (34.7%) African American] parents/guardians of high school athletes. Significant differences in knowledge of concussion scores between White parents/guardians [38.50 ± 4.55 (85.6% correct)], and African American parents/guardians [35.15 ± 4.97, 78.1% correct)] were identified (F(1,172) = 4.82, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Knowledge of concussion disparities exist between African American and White parents/guardians. This disparity could cause complications from concussion to surface among children and adolescents participating in sport as their parents/guardians may not be able to correctly identify the signs and symptoms in order to seek proper medical care. Practical Application: Findings from this study highlight quantitative differences in concussion knowledge of parents from different demographics. These findings underline disparities and inequities in access to concussion-health resources that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wallace
- The University of Alabama, Department of Health Science, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States.
| | - Rachel Affagato
- Youngstown State University, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Science, Youngstown, OH 44555, United States
| | - Maxwell Brooke
- Youngstown State University, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Science, Youngstown, OH 44555, United States.
| | | | - Ryan N Moran
- The University of Alabama, Department of Health Science, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States.
| | - Tracey Covassin
- Athletic Training Program, Michigan State University, 105 IM Circle, East Lansing, MI 48840, United States.
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