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Jackson RJ, Keiser MS, Meltzer JC, Fykstra DP, Dierksmeier SE, Hajizadeh S, Kreuzer J, Morris R, Melloni A, Nakajima T, Tecedor L, Ranum PT, Carrell E, Chen Y, Nishtar MA, Holtzman DM, Haas W, Davidson BL, Hyman BT. APOE2 gene therapy reduces amyloid deposition and improves markers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1373-1386. [PMID: 38504517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that individuals who carry the relatively uncommon APOE ε2 allele rarely develop Alzheimer disease, and if they do, they have a later age of onset, milder clinical course, and less severe neuropathological findings than people without this allele. The contrast is especially stark when compared with the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease, APOE ε4, which has an age of onset several decades earlier, a more aggressive clinical course and more severe neuropathological findings, especially in terms of the amount of amyloid deposition. Here, we demonstrate that brain exposure to APOE ε2 via a gene therapy approach, which bathes the entire cortical mantle in the gene product after transduction of the ependyma, reduces Aβ plaque deposition, neurodegenerative synaptic loss, and, remarkably, reduces microglial activation in an APP/PS1 mouse model despite continued expression of human APOE ε4. This result suggests a promising protective effect of exogenous APOE ε2 and reveals a cell nonautonomous effect of the protein on microglial activation, which we show is similar to plaque-associated microglia in the brain of Alzheimer disease patients who inherit APOE ε2. These data increase the potential that an APOE ε2 therapeutic could be effective in Alzheimer disease, even in individuals born with the risky ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Megan S Keiser
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonah C Meltzer
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dustin P Fykstra
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven E Dierksmeier
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Soroush Hajizadeh
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Kreuzer
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK
| | - Alexandra Melloni
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tsuneo Nakajima
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luis Tecedor
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul T Ranum
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellie Carrell
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - YongHong Chen
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maryam A Nishtar
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Sultan T, Khatlani T, Alshehri AA, Radhakrishnan R, Lobo GP, Alsirhy E, Almobarak FA, Osman EA, Al-Obeidan SA. APOE ε2-Carriers Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma in Patients of Saudi Origin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4571. [PMID: 38674156 PMCID: PMC11050284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms (rs429358 and rs7412) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) in a Saudi cohort. Genotyping of 437 DNA samples (251 controls, 92 PACG, 94 PXG) was conducted using PCR-based Sanger sequencing. The results showed no significant differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of rs429358 and rs7412 between the PACG/PXG cases and controls. Haplotype analysis revealed ε3 as predominant, followed by ε4 and ε2 alleles, with no significant variance in PACG/PXG. However, APOE genotype analysis indicated a significant association between ε2-carriers and PACG (odds ratio = 4.82, 95% CI 1.52-15.26, p = 0.007), whereas no notable association was observed with PXG. Logistic regression confirmed ε2-carriers as a significant predictor for PACG (p = 0.008), while age emerged as significant for PXG (p < 0.001). These findings suggest a potential role of ε2-carriers in PACG risk within the Saudi cohort. Further validation and larger-scale investigations are essential to elucidate the precise role of APOE in PACG pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A. Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A. Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Tanvir Khatlani
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alshehri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Abdulrahman Alfaisal Hospital, Riyadh 14723, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55347, USA; (R.R.)
| | - Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55347, USA; (R.R.)
| | - Ehab Alsirhy
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Faisal A. Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Essam A. Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Saleh A. Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Lacey C, Paterson T, Gawryluk JR. Impact of APOE-ε alleles on brain structure and cognitive function in healthy older adults: A VBM and DTI replication study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292576. [PMID: 38635499 PMCID: PMC11025752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has been established in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) literature to impact brain structure and function and may also show congruent effects in healthy older adults, although findings in this population are much less consistent. The current study aimed to replicate and expand the multimodal approach employed by Honea et al. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and neuropsychological measures were used to investigate the impact of APOE-ε status on grey matter structure, white matter integrity, and cognitive functioning. METHODS Data were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Initiative Phase 3 (ADNI3) database. Baseline MRI, DTI and cognitive composite scores for memory (ADNI-Mem) and executive function (ADNI-EF) were acquired from 116 healthy controls. Participants were grouped according to APOE allele presence (APOE-ε2+ N = 17, APOE-ε3ε3 N = 64, APOE-ε4+ N = 35). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were used to compare grey matter volume (GMV) and white matter integrity, respectively, between APOE-ε2+ and APOE-ε3ε3 controls, and again between APOE-ε4+ and APOE-ε3ε3 controls. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to examine the effects of APOE polymorphism on memory and EF across all APOE groups with age, sex and education as regressors of no interest. Cognitive scores were correlated (Pearson r) with imaging metrics within groups. RESULTS No significant differences were seen across groups, within groups in MRI metrics, or cognitive performance (p>0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). CONCLUSIONS The current study partially replicated and extended previous findings from an earlier multimodal study (Honea 2009). Future studies should clarify APOE mechanisms in healthy ageing by adding other imaging, cognitive, and lifestyle metrics and longitudinal design in larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Lacey
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theone Paterson
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jodie R. Gawryluk
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Satny M, Todorovova V, Altschmiedova T, Hubacek JA, Dlouha L, Lanska V, Soska V, Kyselak O, Freiberger T, Bobak M, Vrablik M. Genetic risk score in patients with the APOE2/E2 genotype as a predictor of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. J Clin Lipidol 2024; 18:e230-e237. [PMID: 38044203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD) is an autosomal recessive (rarely dominant) inherited disorder that is almost exclusively associated with the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) variability. Nonetheless, only a small proportion of APOE2/E2 subjects develop the phenotype for mixed dyslipidemia; the context of other trigger metabolic or genetic factors remains unknown. METHODS One hundred and one patients with FD and eighty controls (all APOE2/E2 homozygotes; rs429358) were screened for 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes involved in triglyceride metabolism. RESULTS Two SNPs were significantly associated with the FD phenotype (rs439401 within APOE; P < 0.0005 and rs964184 within ZPR1/APOA5/A4/C3/A1 gene cluster; P < 0.0001). Unweighted genetic risk scores - from these two SNPs (GRS2), and, also, additional 13 SNPs with P-value below 0.9 (GRS15) - were created as an additional tool to improve the risk estimation of FD development in subjects with the APOE2/E2 genotype. Both GRS2 and GRS15 were significantly (P < 0.0001) increased in patients and both GRSs discriminated almost identically between the groups (P = 0.86). Subjects with an unweighted GRS2 of three or more had an almost four-fold higher risk of FD development than other individuals (odds ratio (OR) 3.58, 95% confidence interva (CI): 1.78-7.18, P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS We identified several SNPs that are individual additive factors influencing FD development. The use of unweighted GRS2 is a simple and clinically relevant tool that further improves the prediction of FD in APOE2/E2 homozygotes with corresponding biochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Satny
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (Drs Satny, Todorovova, Altschmiedova, Hubacek and Vrablik).
| | - Veronika Todorovova
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (Drs Satny, Todorovova, Altschmiedova, Hubacek and Vrablik)
| | - Tereza Altschmiedova
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (Drs Satny, Todorovova, Altschmiedova, Hubacek and Vrablik)
| | - Jaroslav A Hubacek
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (Drs Satny, Todorovova, Altschmiedova, Hubacek and Vrablik); Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (Drs Hubacek and Lanska)
| | - Lucie Dlouha
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (Dr Dlouha)
| | - Vera Lanska
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (Drs Hubacek and Lanska)
| | - Vladimir Soska
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, St. Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (Drs Soska and Kyselak); 2nd Internal Department, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University and St. Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (Drs Soska and Kyselak)
| | - Ondrej Kyselak
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, St. Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (Drs Soska and Kyselak); 2nd Internal Department, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University and St. Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (Drs Soska and Kyselak)
| | - Tomas Freiberger
- Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (Dr Freiberger)
| | - Martin Bobak
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom, and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic (Dr Bobak)
| | - Michal Vrablik
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (Drs Satny, Todorovova, Altschmiedova, Hubacek and Vrablik)
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5
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Toribio-Fernández R, Tristão-Pereira C, Carlos Silla-Castro J, Callejas S, Oliva B, Fernandez-Nueda I, Garcia-Lunar I, Perez-Herreras C, María Ordovás J, Martin P, Blanco-Kelly F, Ayuso C, Lara-Pezzi E, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Garcia-Alvarez A, Dopazo A, Sanchez-Cabo F, Ibanez B, Cortes-Canteli M, Fuster V. Apolipoprotein E-ε2 and Resistance to Atherosclerosis in Midlife: The PESA Observational Study. Circ Res 2024; 134:411-424. [PMID: 38258600 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE is a known genetic contributor to cardiovascular disease, but the differential role APOE alleles play in subclinical atherosclerosis remains unclear. METHODS The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) is an observational cohort study that recruited 4184 middle-aged asymptomatic individuals to be screened for cardiovascular risk and multiterritorial subclinical atherosclerosis. Participants were APOE-genotyped, and omics data were additionally evaluated. RESULTS In the PESA study, the frequencies for APOE -ε2, -ε3, and -ε4 alleles were 0.060, 0.844, and 0.096, respectively. This study included a subcohort of 3887 participants (45.8±4.3 years of age; 62% males). As expected, APOE-ε4 carriers were at the highest risk for cardiovascular disease and had significantly greater odds of having subclinical atherosclerosis compared with ε3/ε3 carriers, which was mainly explained by their higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. In turn, APOE-ε2 carriers were at the lowest risk for cardiovascular disease and had significantly lower odds of having subclinical atherosclerosis in several vascular territories (carotids: 0.62 [95% CI, 0.47-0.81]; P=0.00043; femorals: 0.60 [0.47-0.78]; P=9.96×10-5; coronaries: 0.53 [0.39-0.74]; P=0.00013; and increased PESA score: 0.58 [0.48-0.71]; P=3.16×10-8). This APOE-ε2 atheroprotective effect was mostly independent of the associated lower LDL-cholesterol levels and other cardiovascular risk factors. The protection conferred by the ε2 allele was greater with age (50-54 years: 0.49 [95% CI, 0.32-0.73]; P=0.00045), and normal (<150 mg/dL) levels of triglycerides (0.54 [0.44-0.66]; P=4.70×10-9 versus 0.90 [0.57-1.43]; P=0.67 if ≥150 mg/dL). Omics analysis revealed an enrichment of several canonical pathways associated with anti-inflammatory mechanisms together with the modulation of erythrocyte homeostasis, coagulation, and complement activation in ε2 carriers that might play a relevant role in the ε2's atheroprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS This work sheds light on the role of APOE in cardiovascular disease development with important therapeutic and prevention implications on cardiovascular health, especially in early midlife. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01410318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Toribio-Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., F.B.-K., C.A., B.I., M.C.-C.)
| | - Catarina Tristão-Pereira
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Juan Carlos Silla-Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Sergio Callejas
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Belen Oliva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Irene Fernandez-Nueda
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Ines Garcia-Lunar
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital La Moraleja, Madrid, Spain (I.G.-L.)
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (I.G.-L., P.M., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., B.I.)
| | | | - José María Ordovás
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- Precision Nutrition and Obesity Research Program, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSI, Madrid, Spain (J.M.O.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center of Aging, Tufts University, MA (J.M.O.)
| | - Pilar Martin
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (I.G.-L., P.M., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., B.I.)
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., F.B.-K., C.A., B.I., M.C.-C.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.B.-K., C.A.)
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., F.B.-K., C.A., B.I., M.C.-C.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (F.B.-K., C.A.)
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Antonio Fernandez-Ortiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (I.G.-L., P.M., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., B.I.)
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (A.F.-O.)
| | - Ana Garcia-Alvarez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (I.G.-L., P.M., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., B.I.)
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain (A.G.-A.)
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Fatima Sanchez-Cabo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., F.B.-K., C.A., B.I., M.C.-C.)
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (I.G.-L., P.M., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., B.I.)
| | - Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., F.B.-K., C.A., B.I., M.C.-C.)
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (R.T.-F., C.T.-P., J.C.S.-C., S.C., B.O., I.F.-N., I.G.-L., J.M.O., P.M., E.L.-P., A.F.-O., A.G.-A., A.D., F.S.-C., B.I., M.C.-C., V.F.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (V.F.)
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Ambikairajah A, Khondoker M, Morris E, de Lange AG, Saleh RNM, Minihane AM, Hornberger M. Investigating the synergistic effects of hormone replacement therapy, apolipoprotein E and age on brain health in the UK Biobank. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26612. [PMID: 38339898 PMCID: PMC10836173 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Global prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease has a strong sex bias, with women representing approximately two-thirds of the patients. Yet, the role of sex-specific risk factors during midlife, including hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and their interaction with other major risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease, such as apolipoprotein E (APOE)-e4 genotype and age, on brain health remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between HRT (i.e., use, age of initiation and duration of use) and brain health (i.e., cognition and regional brain volumes). We then consider the multiplicative effects of HRT and APOE status (i.e., e2/e2, e2/e3, e3/e3, e3/e4 and e4/e4) via a two-way interaction and subsequently age of participants via a three-way interaction. Women from the UK Biobank with no self-reported neurological conditions were included (N = 207,595 women, mean age = 56.25 years, standard deviation = 8.01 years). Generalised linear regression models were computed to quantify the cross-sectional association between HRT and brain health, while controlling for APOE status, age, time since attending centre for completing brain health measure, surgical menopause status, smoking history, body mass index, education, physical activity, alcohol use, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, vascular/heart problems and diabetes diagnosed by doctor. Analyses of structural brain regions further controlled for scanner site. All brain volumes were normalised for head size. Two-way interactions between HRT and APOE status were modelled, in addition to three-way interactions including age. Results showed that women with the e4/e4 genotype who have used HRT had 1.82% lower hippocampal, 2.4% lower parahippocampal and 1.24% lower thalamus volumes than those with the e3/e3 genotype who had never used HRT. However, this interaction was not detected for measures of cognition. No clinically meaningful three-way interaction between APOE, HRT and age was detected when interpreted relative to the scales of the cognitive measures used and normative models of ageing for brain volumes in this sample. Differences in hippocampal volume between women with the e4/e4 genotype who have used HRT and those with the e3/e3 genotype who had never used HRT are equivalent to approximately 1-2 years of hippocampal atrophy observed in typical health ageing trajectories in midlife (i.e., 0.98%-1.41% per year). Effect sizes were consistent within APOE e4/e4 group post hoc sensitivity analyses, suggesting observed effects were not solely driven by APOE status and may, in part, be attributed to HRT use. Although, the design of this study means we cannot exclude the possibility that women who have used HRT may have a predisposition for poorer brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthan Ambikairajah
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of HealthUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- Centre for Ageing Research and Translation, Faculty of HealthUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | | | | | - Ann‐Marie G. de Lange
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rasha N. M. Saleh
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of MedicineAlexandria UniversityAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Norwich Institute of Healthy AgeingNorwichUK
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7
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Ye X, Jia Y, Song G, Liu X, Wu C, Li G, Zhao X, Wang X, Huang S, Zhu S. Apolipoprotein E ɛ2 Is Associated with the White Matter Hyperintensity Multispot Pattern in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:101-109. [PMID: 36495423 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The white matter hyperintensity (WMH) multispot pattern, as multiple punctate subcortical foci, could differentiate cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) from hypertensive arteriolopathy. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology underlying the multispot sign is still inexplicit. We aimed to explore risk factors for multispot patterns in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD)-related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Between June 2018 and January 2020, we retrospectively rated the WMH multispot pattern while blinded to our prospective spontaneous ICH cohort's clinical data. Demographic, genetic, and neuroimaging characteristics were applied in establishing the multispot pattern models via multiple logistic regression. In total, 268 participants were selected from our cohort. The possession of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 (P = 0.051) was associated with multispot WMH in univariate analysis. Multispot WMHs were accompanied by multiple CAA features, such as centrum semiovale (CSO)-perivascular space (PVS) predominance (P = 0.032) and severe CSO-PVS (P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, APOE ε2 possession (OR 2.99, 95% CI [1.07, 8.40]; P = 0.037), severe CSO-PVS (OR 2.39, 95% CI [1.09, 5.26]; P = 0.031), and large posterior subcortical patches (P = 0.001) were independently correlated with the multispot pattern in multivariate analysis. Moreover, APOE ε2 possession (OR 4.34, 95% CI [1.20, 15.62]; P = 0.025) and severe CSO-PVS (OR 3.39, 95% CI [1.23, 9.34]; P = 0.018) remained statistically significant among the participants older than 55 years of age and with categorizable CSVD. APOE ε2 and severe CSO-PVS contribute to the presence of WMH multispot patterns. Because the multispot pattern is a potential diagnostic biomarker in CAA, genetics-driven effects shed light on its underlying vasculopathy. Clinical Trial Registration: URL- http://www.chictr.org.cn . Unique identifier: ChiCTR-ROC-2000039365. Registration date 2020/10/24 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Jia
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guini Song
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Aravena JM, Lee J, Schwartz AE, Nyhan K, Wang SY, Levy BR. Beneficial Effect of Societal Factors on APOE-ε2 and ε4 Carriers' Brain Health: A Systematic Review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glad237. [PMID: 37792627 PMCID: PMC10803122 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 and ε2 are the most prevalent risk-increasing and risk-reducing genetic predictors of Alzheimer's disease, respectively. However, the extent to which societal factors can reduce the harmful impact of APOE-ε4 and enhance the beneficial impact of APOE-ε2 on brain health has not yet been examined systematically. METHODS To fill this gap, we conducted a systematic review searching for studies in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus until June 2023, that included: (a) 1 of 5 social determinants of health (SDH) identified by Healthy People 2030, (b) APOE-ε2 or APOE-ε4 allele carriers, (c) cognitive or brain-biomarker outcomes, and (d) studies with an analysis of how APOE-ε2 and/ or APOE-ε4 carriers differ on outcomes when exposed to SDH. RESULTS From 14 076 articles retrieved, 124 met the inclusion criteria. In most of the studies, exposure to favorable SDH reduced APOE-ε4's detrimental effect and enhanced APOE-ε2's beneficial effect on cognitive and brain-biomarker outcomes (cognition: 70.5%, n: 74/105; brain-biomarkers: 71.4%, n: 20/28). A similar pattern of results emerged in each of the 5 Healthy People 2030 SDH categories, where finishing high school, having resources to satisfy basic needs, less air pollution, less negative external stimuli that can generate stress (eg, negative age stereotypes), and exposure to multiple favorable SDH were associated with better cognitive and brain health among APOE-ε4 and APOE-ε2 carriers. CONCLUSIONS Societal factors can reduce the harmful impact of APOE-ε4 and enhance the beneficial impact of APOE-ε2 on cognitive outcomes. This suggests that plans to reduce dementia should include community-level policies promoting favorable SDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Aravena
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jakyung Lee
- Institute for Community Care and Health Equity, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Anna E Schwartz
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kate Nyhan
- Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shi-Yi Wang
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Becca R Levy
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Reas ET, Triebswetter C, Banks SJ, McEvoy LK. Effects of APOE2 and APOE4 on brain microstructure in older adults: modification by age, sex, and cognitive status. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:7. [PMID: 38212861 PMCID: PMC10782616 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas APOE2 confers protection. However, effects of APOE on neurodegeneration in cognitively intact individuals, and how these associations evolve with cognitive decline, are unclear. Furthermore, few studies have evaluated whether effects of APOE on neurodegenerative changes are modified by other AD key risk factors including age and sex. METHODS Participants included older adults (57% women; 77 ± 7 years) from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Health Aging and the University of California San Diego Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, including 192 cognitively normal (CN) individuals and 33 with mild cognitive impairment. Participants underwent diffusion MRI, and multicompartment restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) metrics were computed in white matter, gray matter, and subcortical regions of interest. Participants were classified as APOE4 carriers, APOE2 carriers, and APOE3 homozygotes. Analysis of covariance among CN (adjusting for age, sex, and scanner) assessed differences in brain microstructure by APOE, as well as interactions between APOE and sex. Analyses across all participants examined interactions between APOE4 and cognitive status. Linear regressions assessed APOE by age interactions. RESULTS Among CN, APOE4 carriers showed lower entorhinal cortex neurite density than non-carriers, whereas APOE2 carriers showed lower cingulum neurite density than non-carriers. Differences in entorhinal microstructure by APOE4 and in entorhinal and cingulum microstructure by APOE2 were present for women only. Age correlated with lower entorhinal restricted isotropic diffusion among APOE4 non-carriers, whereas age correlated with lower putamen restricted isotropic diffusion among APOE4 carriers. Differences in microstructure between cognitively normal and impaired participants were stronger for APOE4-carriers in medial temporal regions, thalamus, and global gray matter, but stronger for non-carriers in caudate. CONCLUSIONS The entorhinal cortex may be an early target of neurodegenerative changes associated with APOE4 in presymptomatic individuals, whereas APOE2 may support beneficial white matter and entorhinal microstructure, with potential sex differences that warrant further investigation. APOE modifies microstructural patterns associated with aging and cognitive impairment, which may advance the development of biomarkers to distinguish microstructural changes characteristic of normal brain aging, APOE-dependent pathways, and non-AD etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie T Reas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0841, UCSD,9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0841, USA.
| | - Curtis Triebswetter
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0841, UCSD,9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0841, USA
| | - Sarah J Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0841, UCSD,9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0841, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Valencia-Olvera AC, Balu D, Moore A, Shah M, Ainis R, Xiang B, Saleh Y, Cai D, LaDu MJ, Tai LM. APOE2 Heterozygosity Reduces Hippocampal Soluble Amyloid-β42 Levels in Non-Hyperlipidemic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1629-1639. [PMID: 38306049 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
APOE2 lowers Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk; unfortunately, the mechanism remains poorly understood and the use of mice models is problematic as APOE2 homozygosity is associated with hyperlipidemia. In this study, we developed mice that are heterozygous for APOE2 and APOE3 or APOE4 and overexpress amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) (EFAD) to evaluate the effect of APOE2 dosage on Aβ pathology. We found that heterozygous mice do not exhibit hyperlipidemia. Hippocampal but not cortical levels of soluble Aβ42 followed the order E2/2FAD > E2/3FAD≤E3/3FAD and E2/2FAD > E2/4FAD < E4/4FAD without an effect on insoluble Aβ42. These findings offer initial insights on the impact of APOE2 on Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Maitri Shah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca Ainis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yaseen Saleh
- University of Miami/Jackson Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dongming Cai
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Moon HS, Mahzarnia A, Stout J, Anderson RJ, Strain M, Tremblay JT, Han ZY, Niculescu A, MacFarlane A, King J, Ashley-Koch A, Clark D, Lutz MW, Badea A. Multivariate investigation of aging in mouse models expressing the Alzheimer's protective APOE2 allele: integrating cognitive metrics, brain imaging, and blood transcriptomics. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:231-249. [PMID: 38091051 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
APOE allelic variation is critical in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The APOE2 allele associated with cognitive resilience and neuroprotection against AD remains understudied. We employed a multipronged approach to characterize the transition from middle to old age in mice with APOE2 allele, using behavioral assessments, image-derived morphometry and diffusion metrics, structural connectomics, and blood transcriptomics. We used sparse multiple canonical correlation analyses (SMCCA) for integrative modeling, and graph neural network predictions. Our results revealed brain sub-networks associated with biological traits, cognitive markers, and gene expression. The cingulate cortex emerged as a critical region, demonstrating age-associated atrophy and diffusion changes, with higher fractional anisotropy in males and middle-aged subjects. Somatosensory and olfactory regions were consistently highlighted, indicating age-related atrophy and sex differences. The hippocampus exhibited significant volumetric changes with age, with differences between males and females in CA3 and CA1 regions. SMCCA underscored changes in the cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex, olfactory regions, and hippocampus in relation to cognition and blood-based gene expression. Our integrative modeling in aging APOE2 carriers revealed a central role for changes in gene pathways involved in localization and the negative regulation of cellular processes. Our results support an important role of the immune system and response to stress. This integrative approach offers novel insights into the complex interplay among brain connectivity, aging, and sex. Our study provides a foundation for understanding the impact of APOE2 allele on brain aging, the potential for detecting associated changes in blood markers, and revealing novel therapeutic intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sol Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ali Mahzarnia
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jacques Stout
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Anderson
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Madison Strain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica T Tremblay
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zay Yar Han
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrei Niculescu
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna MacFarlane
- Department of Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jasmine King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Darin Clark
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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12
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Sultan T, Khatlani T, Alshehri AA, Lobo GP, Kalantan H, Al-Obeidan SA, Al-Muammar AM. Association between Polymorphism rs61876744 in PNPLA2 Gene and Keratoconus in a Saudi Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2108. [PMID: 38136930 PMCID: PMC10742661 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic etiology of Keratoconus (KC) in Middle Eastern Arabs of Saudi origin is still unclear. A recent genome-wide study identified two significant loci in the region of PNPLA2 (rs61876744) and CSNK1E (rs138380) for KC that may be associated with KC in the Saudi population. In addition, polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, namely, rs429358 and rs7412, responsible for APOE allelic variants ε2, ε3, and ε4, may influence KC via oxidative stress mechanism(s). Thus, we investigated the possible association of polymorphisms rs61876744, rs138380, rs429358, rs7412, and APOE genotypes in KC patients of the Saudi population. This study included 98 KC cases and 167 controls. Polymorphisms rs6187644 and rs138380 were genotyped using TaqMan assays, and rs429358 and rs7412 were genotyped via Sanger sequencing. Although the allele frequency of rs61876744(T) in PNPLA2 was a protective effect against KC (odds ratio (OR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.44-0.93), the p-value (p = 0.020) was not significant for multiple testing correction (p = 0.05/4 = 0.015). However, rs6187644 genotype showed a modestly significant protective effect in the dominant model (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.32-0.88, p = 0.013). Polymorphisms rs138380, rs429358, and rs7412 showed no significant allelic or genotype association with KC. However, the ε2-carriers (ε2/ε2 and ε2/ε3 genotypes) exhibited a greater than 5-fold increased risk of KC, albeit non-significantly (p = 0.055). Regression analysis showed no significant effect of age, gender, and the four polymorphisms on KC. Our results suggest that polymorphism rs6187644 in PNPLA2 might be associated with KC in the Middle Eastern Arabs of Saudi origin but warrant a large-scale association analysis at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A. Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.A.); (T.S.); (H.K.); (S.A.A.-O.); (A.M.A.-M.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A. Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.A.); (T.S.); (H.K.); (S.A.A.-O.); (A.M.A.-M.)
| | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.A.); (T.S.); (H.K.); (S.A.A.-O.); (A.M.A.-M.)
| | - Tanvir Khatlani
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alshehri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Abdulrahman Alfaisal Hospital, Riyadh 14723, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55347, USA;
| | - Hatem Kalantan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.A.); (T.S.); (H.K.); (S.A.A.-O.); (A.M.A.-M.)
| | - Saleh A. Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.A.); (T.S.); (H.K.); (S.A.A.-O.); (A.M.A.-M.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Al-Muammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.A.); (T.S.); (H.K.); (S.A.A.-O.); (A.M.A.-M.)
- King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
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Xiao C, Pappas I, Aksman LM, O'Bryant SE, Toga AW. Comparison of genetic and health risk factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white participants. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5086-5094. [PMID: 37104247 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well studied in the non-Hispanic white (NHW) population but not in the Hispanic population. Additionally, health risk factors such as hypertension, stroke, and depression may also differ between the two populations. METHODS We combined three data sets (National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center [NACC], Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI], Health and Aging Brain Study: Health Disparities [HABS-HD]) and compared risk factors for MCI and AD between Hispanic and NHW participants, with a total of 24,268 participants (11.1% Hispanic). RESULTS APOEε4 was associated with fewer all-cause MCI cases in Hispanic participants (Hispanic odds ratio [OR]: 1.114; NHW OR: 1.453), and APOEε2 (Hispanic OR: 1.224; NHW OR: 0.592) and depression (Hispanic OR: 2.817; NHW OR: 1.847) were associated with more AD cases in Hispanic participants. DISCUSSION APOEε2 may not be protective for AD in Hispanic participants and Hispanic participants with depression may face a higher risk for AD. HIGHLIGHTS GAAIN allows for discovery of data sets to use in secondary analyses. APOEε2 was not protective for AD in Hispanic participants. APOEε4 was associated with fewer MCI cases in Hispanic participants. Depression was associated with more AD cases in Hispanic participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cally Xiao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ioannis Pappas
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leon M Aksman
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Allphin AJ, Mahzarnia A, Clark DP, Qi Y, Han ZY, Bhandari P, Ghaghada KB, Badea A, Badea CT. Advanced photon counting CT imaging pipeline for cardiac phenotyping of apolipoprotein E mouse models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291733. [PMID: 37796905 PMCID: PMC10553338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to develop an imaging-based pipeline to comprehensively assess cardiac structure and function in mouse models expressing different APOE genotypes using photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT). METHODS 123 mice grouped based on APOE genotype (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4, APOE knockout (KO)), gender, human NOS2 factor, and diet (control or high fat) were used in this study. The pipeline included PCCT imaging on a custom-built system with contrast-enhanced in vivo imaging and intrinsic cardiac gating, spectral and temporal iterative reconstruction, spectral decomposition, and deep learning cardiac segmentation. Statistical analysis evaluated genotype, diet, sex, and body weight effects on cardiac measurements. RESULTS Our results showed that PCCT offered high quality imaging with reduced noise. Material decomposition enabled separation of calcified plaques from iodine enhanced blood in APOE KO mice. Deep learning-based segmentation showed good performance with Dice scores of 0.91 for CT-based segmentation and 0.89 for iodine map-based segmentation. Genotype-specific differences were observed in left ventricular volumes, heart rate, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac index. Statistically significant differences were found between control and high fat diets for APOE2 and APOE4 genotypes in heart rate and stroke volume. Sex and weight were also significant predictors of cardiac measurements. The inclusion of the human NOS2 gene modulated these effects. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of PCCT in assessing cardiac structure and function in mouse models of CVD which can help in understanding the interplay between genetic factors, diet, and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Allphin
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ali Mahzarnia
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Darin P. Clark
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Yi Qi
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Zay Y. Han
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Prajwal Bhandari
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ketan B. Ghaghada
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Cristian T. Badea
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Wood ME, Xiong LY, Wong YY, Buckley RF, Swardfager W, Masellis M, Lim ASP, Nichols E, Joie RL, Casaletto KB, Kumar RG, Dams-O'Connor K, Palta P, George KM, Satizabal CL, Barnes LL, Schneider JA, Binet AP, Villeneuve S, Pa J, Brickman AM, Black SE, Rabin JS. Sex differences in associations between APOE ε2 and longitudinal cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4651-4661. [PMID: 36994910 PMCID: PMC10544702 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined whether sex modifies the association between APOE ε2 and cognitive decline in two independent samples. METHODS We used observational data from cognitively unimpaired non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) adults. Linear mixed models examined interactive associations of APOE genotype (ε2 or ε4 carrier vs. ε3/ε3) and sex on cognitive decline in NHW and NHB participants separately. RESULTS In both Sample 1 (N = 9766) and Sample 2 (N = 915), sex modified the association between APOE ε2 and cognitive decline in NHW participants. Specifically, relative to APOE ε3/ε3, APOE ε2 protected against cognitive decline in men but not women. Among APOE ε2 carriers, men had slower decline than women. Among APOE ε3/ε3 carriers, cognitive trajectories did not differ between sexes. There were no sex-specific associations of APOE ε2 with cognition in NHB participants (N = 2010). DISCUSSION In NHW adults, APOE ε2 may protect men but not women against cognitive decline. HIGHLIGHTS We studied sex-specific apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 effects on cognitive decline. In non-Hispanic White (NHW) adults, APOE ε2 selectively protects men against decline. Among men, APOE ε2 was more protective than APOE ε3/ε3. In women, APOE ε2 was no more protective than APOE ε3/ε3. Among APOE ε2 carriers, men had slower decline than women. There were no sex-specific APOE ε2 effects in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Wood
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Y Xiong
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuen Yan Wong
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Buckley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew S P Lim
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Nichols
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raj G Kumar
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Priya Palta
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen M George
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Department of Population Health Science and Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexa Pichette Binet
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judy Pa
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Adaku N, Ostendorf BN, Mei W, Tavazoie SF. Apolipoprotein E2 Stimulates Protein Synthesis and Promotes Melanoma Progression and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3013-3025. [PMID: 37335131 PMCID: PMC10740391 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The secreted lipid transporter apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays important roles in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and has been implicated as a suppressor of melanoma progression. The APOE germline genotype predicts human melanoma outcomes, with APOE4 and APOE2 allele carriers exhibiting prolonged and reduced survival, respectively, relative to APOE3 homozygotes. While the APOE4 variant was recently shown to suppress melanoma progression by enhancing antitumor immunity, further work is needed to fully characterize the melanoma cell-intrinsic effects of APOE variants on cancer progression. Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we showed that human germline APOE genetic variants differentially modulate melanoma growth and metastasis in an APOE2>APOE3>APOE4 manner. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptor mediated the cell-intrinsic effects of APOE variants on melanoma progression. Protein synthesis was a tumor cell-intrinsic process differentially modulated by APOE variants, with APOE2 promoting translation via LRP1. These findings reveal a gain-of-function role for the APOE2 variant in melanoma progression, which may aid in predicting melanoma patient outcomes and understanding the protective effect of APOE2 in Alzheimer's disease. SIGNIFICANCE APOE germline variants impact melanoma progression through disparate mechanisms, such as the protein synthesis-promoting function of the APOE2 variant, indicating that germline genetic variants are causal contributors to metastatic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneoma Adaku
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Ostendorf
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sohail F. Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Shinohara M, Gheni G, Hitomi J, Bu G, Sato N. APOE genotypes modify the obesity paradox in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:670-680. [PMID: 37414536 PMCID: PMC10695687 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-331034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While obesity in midlife is a risk factor for dementia, several studies suggested that obesity also protected against dementia, hence so-called obesity paradox. The current study aims to address the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and obesity in dementia. METHODS Clinical and neuropathological records of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) in the USA, which longitudinally followed approximately 20 000 subjects with different cognitive statues, APOE genotype and obesity states, were reviewed. RESULTS Obesity was associated with cognitive decline in early elderly cognitively normal individuals without APOE4, especially those with APOE2. Neuropathological analyses adjusted for dementia status showed that APOE2 carriers tended to have more microinfarcts and haemorrhages due to obesity. On the other hand, obesity was associated with a lower frequency of dementia and less cognitive impairment in individuals with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Such trends were particularly strong in APOE4 carriers. Obesity was associated with fewer Alzheimer's pathologies in individuals with dementia. CONCLUSIONS Obesity may accelerate cognitive decline in middle to early elderly cognitive normal individuals without APOE4 likely by provoking vascular impairments. On the other hand, obesity may ease cognitive impairment in both individuals with dementia and individuals at the predementia stage, especially those with APOE4, through protecting against Alzheimer's pathologies. These results support that APOE genotype modifies the obesity paradox in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ghupurjan Gheni
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichi Hitomi
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Naoyuki Sato
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Walters S, Contreras AG, Eissman JM, Mukherjee S, Lee ML, Choi SE, Scollard P, Trittschuh EH, Mez JB, Bush WS, Kunkle BW, Naj AC, Peterson A, Gifford KA, Cuccaro ML, Cruchaga C, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Wang LS, Haines JL, Jefferson AL, Kukull WA, Keene CD, Saykin AJ, Thompson PM, Martin ER, Bennett DA, Barnes LL, Schneider JA, Crane PK, Hohman TJ, Dumitrescu L. Associations of Sex, Race, and Apolipoprotein E Alleles With Multiple Domains of Cognition Among Older Adults. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:929-939. [PMID: 37459083 PMCID: PMC10352930 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Importance Sex differences are established in associations between apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it is unclear whether sex-specific cognitive consequences of APOE are consistent across races and extend to the APOE ε2 allele. Objective To investigate whether sex and race modify APOE ε4 and ε2 associations with cognition. Design, Setting, and Participants This genetic association study included longitudinal cognitive data from 4 AD and cognitive aging cohorts. Participants were older than 60 years and self-identified as non-Hispanic White or non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, White and Black). Data were previously collected across multiple US locations from 1994 to 2018. Secondary analyses began December 2021 and ended September 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Harmonized composite scores for memory, executive function, and language were generated using psychometric approaches. Linear regression assessed interactions between APOE ε4 or APOE ε2 and sex on baseline cognitive scores, while linear mixed-effect models assessed interactions on cognitive trajectories. The intersectional effect of race was modeled using an APOE × sex × race interaction term, assessing whether APOE × sex interactions differed by race. Models were adjusted for age at baseline and corrected for multiple comparisons. Results Of 32 427 participants who met inclusion criteria, there were 19 007 females (59%), 4453 Black individuals (14%), and 27 974 White individuals (86%); the mean (SD) age at baseline was 74 years (7.9). At baseline, 6048 individuals (19%) had AD, 4398 (14%) were APOE ε2 carriers, and 12 538 (38%) were APOE ε4 carriers. Participants missing APOE status were excluded (n = 9266). For APOE ε4, a robust sex interaction was observed on baseline memory (β = -0.071, SE = 0.014; P = 9.6 × 10-7), whereby the APOE ε4 negative effect was stronger in females compared with males and did not significantly differ among races. Contrastingly, despite the large sample size, no APOE ε2 × sex interactions on cognition were observed among all participants. When testing for intersectional effects of sex, APOE ε2, and race, an interaction was revealed on baseline executive function among individuals who were cognitively unimpaired (β = -0.165, SE = 0.066; P = .01), whereby the APOE ε2 protective effect was female-specific among White individuals but male-specific among Black individuals. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, while race did not modify sex differences in APOE ε4, the APOE ε2 protective effect could vary by race and sex. Although female sex enhanced ε4-associated risk, there was no comparable sex difference in ε2, suggesting biological pathways underlying ε4-associated risk are distinct from ε2 and likely intersect with age-related changes in sex biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Walters
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alex G. Contreras
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jaclyn M. Eissman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Michael L. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Seo-Eun Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Emily H. Trittschuh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jesse B. Mez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William S. Bush
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Brian W. Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Adam C. Naj
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Amalia Peterson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Katherine A. Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li-San Wang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Walter A. Kukull
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Services, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Eden R. Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul K. Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Boutros SW, Zimmerman B, Nagy SC, Unni VK, Raber J. Age, sex, and apolipoprotein E isoform alter contextual fear learning, neuronal activation, and baseline DNA damage in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3343-3354. [PMID: 36732588 PMCID: PMC10618101 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Age, female sex, and apolipoprotein E4 (E4) are risk factors to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are three major human apoE isoforms: E2, E3, and E4. Compared to E3, E4 increases while E2 decreases AD risk. However, E2 is associated with increased risk and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In cognitively healthy adults, E4 carriers have greater brain activation during learning and memory tasks in the absence of behavioral differences. Human apoE targeted replacement (TR) mice display differences in fear extinction that parallel human data: E2 mice show impaired extinction, mirroring heightened PTSD symptoms in E2 combat veterans. Recently, an adaptive role of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in immediate early gene expression (IEG) has been described. Age and disease synergistically increase DNA damage and decrease DNA repair. As the mechanisms underlying the relative risks of apoE, sex, and their interactions in aging are unclear, we used young (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) male and female TR mice to investigate the influence of these factors on DSBs and IEGs at baseline and following contextual fear conditioning. We assessed brain-wide changes in neural activation following fear conditioning using whole-brain cFos imaging in young female TR mice. E4 mice froze more during fear conditioning and had lower cFos immunoreactivity across regions important for somatosensation and contextual encoding compared to E2 mice. E4 mice also showed altered co-activation compared to E3 mice, corresponding to human MRI and cognitive data, and indicating that there are differences in brain activity and connectivity at young ages independent of fear learning. There were increased DSB markers in middle-aged animals and alterations to cFos levels dependent on sex and isoform, as well. The increase in hippocampal DSB markers in middle-aged animals and female E4 mice may play a role in the risk for developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Boise State University, 2133 W Cesar Chavez Ln, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Benjamin Zimmerman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Helfgott Research Institute, NUNM, 2201 SW First Avenue, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N, Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sydney C Nagy
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Vivek K Unni
- Department of Neurology, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, OHSU; and OHSU Parkinson Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Neurology, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiation Medicine, OHSU, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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20
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Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Arendt-Nielsen L, Díaz-Gil G, Gómez-Esquer F, Gil-Crujera A, Gómez-Sánchez SM, Ambite-Quesada S, Palomar-Gallego MA, Pellicer-Valero OJ, Giordano R. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 Genotype (ApoE rs429358-ApoE rs7412 Polymorphisms) Is Not Associated with Long COVID Symptoms in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Survivors. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1420. [PMID: 37510324 PMCID: PMC10379077 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of genetics as a predisposing factor related to an increased risk of developing long COVID symptomatology is under debate. The aim of the current secondary analysis was to identify the association between the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene, a gene affecting cholesterol metabolism and previously associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity, and the development of long COVID in a cohort of individuals who had been hospitalized by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 287 previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors. Three genotypes of the ApoE gene (ApoE ε2, ε3, ε4) were obtained based on the combination of ApoE rs429358 and ApoE rs7412 polymorphisms. Participants were asked to self-report the presence of any post-COVID symptom in a face-to-face interview at 17.8 ± 5.2 months after hospital discharge and medical records were obtained. Each participant reported 3.0 (1.9) post-COVID symptoms. Overall, no significant differences in long COVID symptoms were observed depending on the ApoE genotype (ApoE ε2, ApoE ε3, ApoE ε4). The presence of the ApoE ε4 genotype, albeit associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity, did not appear to predispose for the presence of long COVID in our cohort of previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (L.A.-N.); (R.G.)
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (L.A.-N.); (R.G.)
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Mech-Sense, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gema Díaz-Gil
- Research Group GAMDES, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain; (G.D.-G.); (F.G.-E.); (A.G.-C.); (S.M.G.-S.); (M.A.P.-G.)
| | - Francisco Gómez-Esquer
- Research Group GAMDES, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain; (G.D.-G.); (F.G.-E.); (A.G.-C.); (S.M.G.-S.); (M.A.P.-G.)
| | - Antonio Gil-Crujera
- Research Group GAMDES, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain; (G.D.-G.); (F.G.-E.); (A.G.-C.); (S.M.G.-S.); (M.A.P.-G.)
| | - Stella M. Gómez-Sánchez
- Research Group GAMDES, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain; (G.D.-G.); (F.G.-E.); (A.G.-C.); (S.M.G.-S.); (M.A.P.-G.)
| | - Silvia Ambite-Quesada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
| | - María A. Palomar-Gallego
- Research Group GAMDES, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain; (G.D.-G.); (F.G.-E.); (A.G.-C.); (S.M.G.-S.); (M.A.P.-G.)
| | - Oscar J. Pellicer-Valero
- Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de València, Parc Científic, Paterna, 46100 València, Spain;
| | - Rocco Giordano
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (L.A.-N.); (R.G.)
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21
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Hou X, Zhang X, Zou H, Guan M, Fu C, Wang W, Zhang ZR, Geng Y, Chen Y. Differential and substrate-specific inhibition of γ-secretase by the C-terminal region of ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. Neuron 2023; 111:1898-1913.e5. [PMID: 37040764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant low γ-secretase activity is associated with most of the presenilin mutations that underlie familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the role of γ-secretase in the more prevalent sporadic AD (sAD) remains unaddressed. Here, we report that human apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the most important genetic risk factor of sAD, interacts with γ-secretase and inhibits it with substrate specificity in cell-autonomous manners through its conserved C-terminal region (CT). This ApoE CT-mediated inhibitory activity is differentially compromised in different ApoE isoforms, resulting in an ApoE2 > ApoE3 > ApoE4 potency rank order inversely correlating to their associated AD risk. Interestingly, in an AD mouse model, neuronal ApoE CT migrates to amyloid plaques in the subiculum from other regions and alleviates the plaque burden. Together, our data reveal a hidden role of ApoE as a γ-secretase inhibitor with substrate specificity and suggest that this precision γ-inhibition by ApoE may protect against the risk of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Hou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Zou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingfeng Guan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoying Fu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zai-Rong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Geng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yelin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China.
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22
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Nichols E, Brickman AM, Casaletto KB, Dams-O’Connor K, George KM, Kumar RG, Palta P, Rabin JS, Satizabal CL, Schneider J, Pa J, La Joie R. AD and non-AD mediators of the pathway between the APOE genotype and cognition. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2508-2519. [PMID: 36516004 PMCID: PMC10264550 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is a driver of cognitive decline and dementia. We used causal mediation methods to characterize pathways linking the APOE genotype to late-life cognition through Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-AD neuropathologies. METHODS We analyzed autopsy data from 1671 individuals from the Religious Orders Study, Memory and Aging Project, and Minority Aging Research Study (ROS/MAP/MARS) studies with cognitive assessment within 5 years of death and autopsy measures of AD (amyloid beta (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles), vascular (athero/arteriolo-sclerosis, micro-infarcts/macro-infarcts), and non-AD neurodegenerative neuropathologies (TAR DNA protein 43 [TDP-43], Lewy bodies, amyloid angiopathy, hippocampal sclerosis). RESULTS The detrimental effect of APOE ε4 on cognition was mediated by summary measures of AD and non-AD neurodegenerative neuropathologies but not vascular neuropathologies; effects were strongest in individuals with dementia. The protective effect of APOE ε2 was partly mediated by AD neuropathology and stronger in women than in men. DISCUSSION The APOE genotype influences cognition and dementia through multiple neuropathological pathways, with implications for different therapeutic strategies targeting people at increased risk for dementia. HIGHLIGHTS Both apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 and APOE ε4 effects on late-life cognition are mediated by AD neuropathology. The estimated mediated effects of most measures of AD neuropathology were similar. Non-Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurodegenerative pathologies mediate the effect of ε4 independently from AD. Non-AD vascular pathologies did not mediate the effect of the APOE genotype on cognition. The protective effect of APOE ε2 on cognition was stronger in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nichols
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaitlin B. Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill
Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Dams-O’Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen M. George
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of
California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Raj G. Kumar
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Palta
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia
University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Rabin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook
Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain
Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of
Toronto, Canada
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Department of Population Health Science and Biggs
Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL,
USA
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy Pa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill
Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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23
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Mok KKS, Yeung SHS, Cheng GWY, Ma IWT, Lee RHS, Herrup K, Tse KH. Apolipoprotein E ε4 disrupts oligodendrocyte differentiation by interfering with astrocyte-derived lipid transport. J Neurochem 2023; 165:55-75. [PMID: 36549843 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of the APOE4 (apolipoprotein E ε4) variant of the APOE gene are subject to several age-related health risks, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The deficient lipid and cholesterol transport capabilities of the APOE4 protein are one reason for the altered risk profile. In particular, APOE4 carriers are at elevated risk for sporadic AD. While deposits o misfolded proteins are present in the AD brain, white matter (WM) myelin is also disturbed. As myelin is a lipid- and cholesterol-rich structure, the connection to APOE makes considerable biological sense. To explore the APOE-WM connection, we have analyzed the impact of human APOE4 on oligodendrocytes (OLs) of the mouse both in vivo and in vitro. We find that APOE proteins is enriched in astrocytes but sparse in OL. In human APOE4 (hAPOE4) knock-in mice, myelin lipid content is increased but the density of major myelin proteins (MBP, MAG, and PLP) is largely unchanged. We also find an unexpected but significant reduction of cell density of the OL lineage (Olig2+ ) and an abnormal accumulation of OL precursors (Nkx 2.2+ ), suggesting a disruption of OL differentiation. Gene ontology analysis of an existing RNA-seq dataset confirms a robust transcriptional response to the altered chemistry of the hAPOE4 mouse brain. In culture, the uptake of astrocyte-derived APOE during Lovastatin-mediated depletion of cholesterol synthesis is sufficient to sustain OL differentiation. While endogenous hAPOE protein isoforms have no effects on OL development, exogenous hAPOE4 abolishes the ability of very low-density lipoprotein to restore myelination in Apoe-deficient, cholesterol-depleted OL. Our data suggest that APOE4 impairs myelination in the aging brain by interrupting the delivery of astrocyte-derived lipids to the oligodendrocytes. We propose that high myelin turnover and OL exhaustion found in APOE4 carriers is a likely explanation for the APOE-dependent myelin phenotypes of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingston King-Shi Mok
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny Hoi-Sang Yeung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gerald Wai-Yeung Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Wai-Ting Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ralph Hon-Sun Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Meneses AD, Koga S, Li Z, O’Leary J, Li F, Chen K, Murakami A, Qiao W, Kurti A, Heckman MG, White L, Xie M, Chen Y, Finch NA, Lim MJ, Delenclos M, DeTure MA, Linares C, Martin NB, Ikezu TC, van Blitterswijk MM, Wu LJ, McLean PJ, Rademakers R, Ross OA, Dickson DW, Bu G, Zhao N. APOE2 Exacerbates TDP-43 Related Toxicity in the Absence of Alzheimer Pathology. Ann Neurol 2023; 93:830-843. [PMID: 36546684 PMCID: PMC10471132 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence supports a link between increased TDP-43 burden and the presence of an APOE4 gene allele in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, it is difficult to conclude the direct effect of APOE on TDP-43 pathology due to the presence of mixed AD pathologies. The goal of this study is to address how APOE isoforms impact TDP-43 pathology and related neurodegeneration in the absence of typical AD pathologies. METHODS We overexpressed human TDP-43 via viral transduction in humanized APOE2, APOE3, APOE4 mice, and murine Apoe-knockout (Apoe-KO) mice. Behavior tests were performed across ages. Animals were harvested at 11 months of age and TDP-43 overexpression-related neurodegeneration and gliosis were assessed. To further address the human relevance, we analyzed the association of APOE with TDP-43 pathology in 160 postmortem brains from autopsy-confirmed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with motor neuron disease (FTLD-MND) in the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank. RESULTS We found that TDP-43 overexpression induced motor function deficits, neuronal loss, and gliosis in the motor cortex, especially in APOE2 mice, with much milder or absent effects in APOE3, APOE4, or Apoe-KO mice. In the motor cortex of the ALS and FTLD-MND postmortem human brains, we found that the APOE2 allele was associated with more severe TDP-43-positive dystrophic neurites. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest a genotype-specific effect of APOE on TDP-43 proteinopathy and neurodegeneration in the absence of AD pathology, with the strongest association seen with APOE2. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:830-843.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel D. Meneses
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Justin O’Leary
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Fuyao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Aya Murakami
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Michael G. Heckman
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Launia White
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - NiCole A. Finch
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Melina J. Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Marion Delenclos
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Michael A. DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Cynthia Linares
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Tadafumi C. Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Pamela J. McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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25
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Pettigrew C, Nazarovs J, Soldan A, Singh V, Wang J, Hohman T, Dumitrescu L, Libby J, Kunkle B, Gross AL, Johnson S, Lu Q, Engelman C, Masters CL, Maruff P, Laws SM, Morris JC, Hassenstab J, Cruchaga C, Resnick SM, Kitner-Triolo MH, An Y, Albert M. Alzheimer's disease genetic risk and cognitive reserve in relationship to long-term cognitive trajectories among cognitively normal individuals. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36978190 PMCID: PMC10045505 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk factors and indices of cognitive reserve (CR) influence risk of cognitive decline, but it remains unclear whether they interact. This study examined whether a CR index score modifies the relationship between AD genetic risk factors and long-term cognitive trajectories in a large sample of individuals with normal cognition. METHODS Analyses used data from the Preclinical AD Consortium, including harmonized data from 5 longitudinal cohort studies. Participants were cognitively normal at baseline (M baseline age = 64 years, 59% female) and underwent 10 years of follow-up, on average. AD genetic risk was measured by (i) apolipoprotein-E (APOE) genetic status (APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 vs. APOE-ε3; N = 1819) and (ii) AD polygenic risk scores (AD-PRS; N = 1175). A CR index was calculated by combining years of education and literacy scores. Longitudinal cognitive performance was measured by harmonized factor scores for global cognition, episodic memory, and executive function. RESULTS In mixed-effects models, higher CR index scores were associated with better baseline cognitive performance for all cognitive outcomes. APOE-ε4 genotype and AD-PRS that included the APOE region (AD-PRSAPOE) were associated with declines in all cognitive domains, whereas AD-PRS that excluded the APOE region (AD-PRSw/oAPOE) was associated with declines in executive function and global cognition, but not memory. There were significant 3-way CR index score × APOE-ε4 × time interactions for the global (p = 0.04, effect size = 0.16) and memory scores (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.22), indicating the negative effect of APOE-ε4 genotype on global and episodic memory score change was attenuated among individuals with higher CR index scores. In contrast, levels of CR did not attenuate APOE-ε4-related declines in executive function or declines associated with higher AD-PRS. APOE-ε2 genotype was unrelated to cognition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that APOE-ε4 and non-APOE-ε4 AD polygenic risk are independently associated with global cognitive and executive function declines among individuals with normal cognition at baseline, but only APOE-ε4 is associated with declines in episodic memory. Importantly, higher levels of CR may mitigate APOE-ε4-related declines in some cognitive domains. Future research is needed to address study limitations, including generalizability due to cohort demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Pettigrew
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Jurijs Nazarovs
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Anja Soldan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vikas Singh
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Timothy Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Julia Libby
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Brian Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alden L Gross
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sterling Johnson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Corinne Engelman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health and Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Edith Cowan University, 270 Jundaloop Drive, Jundaloop, WA, 6027, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - John C Morris
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Melissa H Kitner-Triolo
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yang An
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Fleeman RM, Snyder AM, Kuhn MK, Chan DC, Smith GC, Crowley NA, Arnold AC, Proctor EA. Predictive link between systemic metabolism and cytokine signatures in the brain of apolipoprotein E ε4 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:154-169. [PMID: 36572594 PMCID: PMC9892258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ε4 variant of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest and most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the mechanism of conveyed risk is incompletely understood, promotion of inflammation, dysregulated metabolism, and protein misfolding and aggregation are contributors to accelerating disease. Here we determined the concurrent effects of systemic metabolic changes and brain inflammation in young (3-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) male and female mice carrying the APOE4 gene. Using functional metabolic assays alongside multivariate modeling of hippocampal cytokine levels, we found that brain cytokine signatures are predictive of systemic metabolic outcomes, independent of AD proteinopathies. Male and female mice each produce different cytokine signatures as they age and as their systemic metabolic phenotype declines, and these signatures are APOE genotype dependent. Ours is the first study to identify a quantitative and predictive link between systemic metabolism and specific pathological cytokine signatures in the brain. Our results highlight the effects of APOE4 beyond the brain and suggest the potential for bi-directional influence of risk factors in the brain and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dennis C Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Grace C Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Zhang X, Wu L, Swerdlow RH, Zhao L. Opposing Effects of ApoE2 and ApoE4 on Glycolytic Metabolism in Neuronal Aging Supports a Warburg Neuroprotective Cascade against Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:410. [PMID: 36766752 PMCID: PMC9914046 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the most recognized genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), whereas ApoE2 reduces the risk for LOAD. The underlying mechanisms are unclear but may include effects on brain energy metabolism. Here, we used neuro-2a (N2a) cells that stably express human ApoE isoforms (N2a-hApoE), differentiated N2a-hApoE neuronal cells, and humanized ApoE knock-in mouse models to investigate relationships among ApoE isoforms, glycolytic metabolism, and neuronal health and aging. ApoE2-expressing cells retained robust hexokinase (HK) expression and glycolytic activity, whereas these endpoints progressively declined with aging in ApoE4-expressing cells. These divergent ApoE2 and ApoE4 effects on glycolysis directly correlated with markers of cellular wellness. Moreover, ApoE4-expressing cells upregulated phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase with the apparent intent of compensating for the HK-dependent glycolysis reduction. The introduction of ApoE2 increased HK levels and glycolysis flux in ApoE4 cells. PI3K/Akt signaling was distinctively regulated by ApoE isoforms but was only partially responsible for the ApoE-mediated effects on HK. Collectively, our findings indicate that human ApoE isoforms differentially modulate neuronal glycolysis through HK regulation, with ApoE2 upregulating and ApoE4 downregulating, which markedly impacts neuronal health during aging. These findings lend compelling support to the emerging inverse-Warburg theory of AD and highlight a therapeutic opportunity for bolstering brain glycolytic resilience to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Ostendorf BN, Patel MA, Bilanovic J, Hoffmann HH, Carrasco SE, Rice CM, Tavazoie SF. Common human genetic variants of APOE impact murine COVID-19 mortality. Nature 2022; 611:346-351. [PMID: 36130725 PMCID: PMC10957240 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are highly heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic infection to lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The factors underlying this heterogeneity remain insufficiently understood. Genetic association studies have suggested that genetic variants contribute to the heterogeneity of COVID-19 outcomes, but the underlying potential causal mechanisms are insufficiently understood. Here we show that common variants of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, homozygous in approximately 3% of the world's population1 and associated with Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and anti-tumour immunity2-5, affect COVID-19 outcome in a mouse model that recapitulates increased susceptibility conferred by male sex and advanced age. Mice bearing the APOE2 or APOE4 variant exhibited rapid disease progression and poor survival outcomes relative to mice bearing the most prevalent APOE3 allele. APOE2 and APOE4 mice exhibited increased viral loads as well as suppressed adaptive immune responses early after infection. In vitro assays demonstrated increased infection in the presence of APOE2 and APOE4 relative to APOE3, indicating that differential outcomes are mediated by differential effects of APOE variants on both viral infection and antiviral immunity. Consistent with these in vivo findings in mice, our results also show that APOE genotype is associated with survival in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the UK Biobank (candidate variant analysis, P = 2.6 × 10-7). Our findings suggest APOE genotype to partially explain the heterogeneity of COVID-19 outcomes and warrant prospective studies to assess APOE genotyping as a means of identifying patients at high risk for adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Ostendorf
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mira A Patel
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jana Bilanovic
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohail F Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Steele OG, Stuart AC, Minkley L, Shaw K, Bonnar O, Anderle S, Penn AC, Rusted J, Serpell L, Hall C, King S. A multi-hit hypothesis for an APOE4-dependent pathophysiological state. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5476-5515. [PMID: 35510513 PMCID: PMC9796338 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The APOE gene encoding the Apolipoprotein E protein is the single most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The APOE4 genotype confers a significantly increased risk relative to the other two common genotypes APOE3 and APOE2. Intriguingly, APOE4 has been associated with neuropathological and cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid or tau pathology. Here, we review the extensive literature surrounding the impact of APOE genotype on central nervous system dysfunction, focussing on preclinical model systems and comparison of APOE3 and APOE4, given the low global prevalence of APOE2. A multi-hit hypothesis is proposed to explain how APOE4 shifts cerebral physiology towards pathophysiology through interconnected hits. These hits include the following: neurodegeneration, neurovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endosomal trafficking impairments, lipid and cellular metabolism disruption, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered transcriptional regulation. The hits, individually and in combination, leave the APOE4 brain in a vulnerable state where further cumulative insults will exacerbate degeneration and lead to cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease pathology and also a state in which such pathology may more easily take hold. We conclude that current evidence supports an APOE4 multi-hit hypothesis, which contributes to an APOE4 pathophysiological state. We highlight key areas where further study is required to elucidate the complex interplay between these individual mechanisms and downstream consequences, helping to frame the current landscape of existing APOE-centric literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Minkley
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Kira Shaw
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Orla Bonnar
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah King
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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Nazarian A, Loika Y, He L, Culminskaya I, Kulminski AM. Genome-wide analysis identified abundant genetic modulators of contributions of the apolipoprotein E alleles to Alzheimer's disease risk. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2067-2078. [PMID: 34978151 PMCID: PMC9250541 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 and ε4 alleles have beneficial and adverse impacts on Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively, with incomplete penetrance, which may be modulated by other genetic variants. METHODS We examined whether the associations of the APOE alleles with other polymorphisms in the genome can be sensitive to AD-affection status. RESULTS We identified associations of the ε2 and ε4 alleles with 314 and 232 polymorphisms, respectively. Of them, 35 and 31 polymorphisms had significantly different effects in AD-affected and -unaffected groups, suggesting their potential involvement in the AD pathogenesis by modulating the effects of the ε2 and ε4 alleles, respectively. Our survival-type analysis of the AD risk supported modulating roles of multiple group-specific polymorphisms. Our functional analysis identified gene enrichment in multiple immune-related biological processes, for example, B cell function. DISCUSSION These findings suggest involvement of local and inter-chromosomal modulators of the effects of the APOE alleles on the AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nazarian
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yury Loika
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liang He
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Irina Culminskaya
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander M. Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Wang T, Huynh K, Giles C, Mellett NA, Duong T, Nguyen A, Lim WLF, Smith AAT, Olshansky G, Cadby G, Hung J, Hui J, Beilby J, Watts GF, Chatterjee P, Martins I, Laws SM, Bush AI, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Ames D, Masters CL, Taddei K, Doré V, Fripp J, Arnold M, Kastenmüller G, Nho K, Saykin AJ, Baillie R, Han X, Martins RN, Moses EK, Kaddurah‐Daouk R, Meikle PJ. APOE ε2 resilience for Alzheimer's disease is mediated by plasma lipid species: Analysis of three independent cohort studies. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2151-2166. [PMID: 35077012 PMCID: PMC9787288 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. However, its effect on lipid metabolic pathways, and their mediating effect on disease risk, is poorly understood. METHODS We performed lipidomic analysis on three independent cohorts (the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle [AIBL] flagship study, n = 1087; the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI] 1 study, n = 819; and the Busselton Health Study [BHS], n = 4384), and we defined associations between APOE ε2 and ε4 and 569 plasma/serum lipid species. Mediation analysis defined the proportion of the treatment effect of the APOE genotype mediated by plasma/serum lipid species. RESULTS A total of 237 and 104 lipid species were associated with APOE ε2 and ε4, respectively. Of these 68 (ε2) and 24 (ε4) were associated with prevalent Alzheimer's disease. Individual lipid species or lipidomic models of APOE genotypes mediated up to 30% and 10% of APOE ε2 and ε4 treatment effect, respectively. DISCUSSION Plasma lipid species mediate the treatment effect of APOE genotypes on Alzheimer's disease and as such represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Jun GR, You Y, Zhu C, Meng G, Chung J, Panitch R, Hu J, Xia W, Bennett DA, Foroud TM, Wang L, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak‐Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Au R, Lunetta KL, Ikezu T, Stein TD, Farrer LA. Protein phosphatase 2A and complement component 4 are linked to the protective effect of APOE ɛ2 for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2042-2054. [PMID: 35142023 PMCID: PMC9360190 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ2 allele reduces risk against Alzheimer's disease (AD) but mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unknown. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study for AD among 2096 ɛ2 carriers. The potential role of the top-ranked gene and complement 4 (C4) proteins, which were previously linked to AD in ɛ2 carriers, was investigated using human isogenic APOE allele-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and astrocytes and in 224 neuropathologically examined human brains. RESULTS PPP2CB rs117296832 was the second most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism among ɛ2 carriers (P = 1.1 × 10-7 ) and the AD risk allele increased PPP2CB expression in blood (P = 6.6 × 10-27 ). PPP2CB expression was correlated with phosphorylated tau231/total tau ratio (P = .01) and expression of C4 protein subunits C4A/B (P = 2.0 × 10-4 ) in the iPSCs. PPP2CB (subunit of protein phosphatase 2A) and C4b protein levels were correlated in brain (P = 3.3 × 10-7 ). DISCUSSION PP2A may be linked to classical complement activation leading to AD-related tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungah R. Jun
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yang You
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gaoyuan Meng
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBedfordMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rebecca Panitch
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Junming Hu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBedfordMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Li‐San Wang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health SciencesCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak‐Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, and Dr. John T. Macdonald FoundationUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Thor D. Stein
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBedfordMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Wang H, Zhang L, Xia Z, Cui JY. Effect of Chronic Cadmium Exposure on Brain and Liver Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Male and Female Mice Genetically Predisposed to Alzheimer's Disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1414-1428. [PMID: 35878927 PMCID: PMC9513859 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure is associated with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risks. The human Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene encodes a lipid-transporting protein that is critical for brain functions. Compared with ApoE2 and E3, ApoE4 is associated with increased AD risk. Xenobiotic biotransformation-related genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. However, little is known about the effects of Cd, ApoE, and sex on drug-processing genes. We investigated the Cd-ApoE interaction on the transcriptomic changes in the brains and livers of ApoE3/ApoE4 transgenic mice. Cd disrupts the transcriptomes of transporter and drug-processing genes in brain and liver in a sex- and ApoE-genotype-specific manner. Proinflammation related genes were enriched in livers of Cd-exposed ApoE4 males, whereas circadian rhythm and lipid metabolism related genes were enriched in livers of Cd-exposed ApoE3 females. In brains, Cd up-regulated the arachidonic acid-metabolizing Cyp2j isoforms only in the brains of ApoE3 mice, whereas the dysregulation of cation transporters was male-specific. In livers, several direct target genes of the major xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor were uniquely upregulated in Cd-exposed ApoE4 males. There was a female-specific hepatic upregulation of the steroid hormone-metabolizing Cyp2 isoforms and the bile acid synthetic enzyme Cyp7a1 by Cd exposure. The dysregulated liver transporters were mostly involved in intermediary metabolism, with the most significant response observed in ApoE3 females. In conclusion, Cd dysregulated the brain and liver drug-processing genes in a sex- and ApoE-genotype specific manner, and this may serve as a contributing factor for the variance in the susceptibility to Cd neurotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic biotransformation plays an important role in modulating the toxicity of environmental pollutants. The human ApoE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, and cadmium (Cd) is increasingly recognized as an environmental factor of AD. Very little is known regarding the interactions between Cd exposure, sex, and the genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation in brain and liver. The present study has addressed this critical knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Hostettler IC, Seiffge D, Wong A, Ambler G, Wilson D, Shakeshaft C, Banerjee G, Sharma N, Jäger HR, Cohen H, Yousry TA, Al-Shahi Salman R, Lip GYH, Brown MM, Muir K, Houlden H, Werring DJ. APOE and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Markers in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurology 2022; 99:e1290-e1298. [PMID: 36123141 PMCID: PMC9576291 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations between the APOE genotype, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and neuroimaging markers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). METHODS We included patients from a prospective, multicenter UK observational cohort study of patients with ICH and representative UK population controls. First, we assessed the association of the APOE genotype with ICH (compared with controls without ICH). Second, among patients with ICH, we assessed the association of APOE status with the hematoma location (lobar or deep) and brain CT markers of CAA (finger-like projections [FLP] and subarachnoid extension [SAE]). RESULTS We included 907 patients with ICH and 2,636 controls. The mean age was 73.2 (12.4 SD) years for ICH cases vs 69.6 (0.2 SD) for population controls; 50.3% of cases and 42.1% of controls were female. Compared with controls, any APOE ε2 allele was associated with all ICH (lobar and nonlobar) and lobar ICH on its own in the dominant model (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.13-1.7, p = 0.002 and OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.1-2.04, p = 0.01, respectively) but not deep ICH in an age-adjusted analyses (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.97-1.63, p = 0.08). In the cases-only analysis, the APOE ε4 allele was associated with lobar compared with deep ICH in an age-adjusted analyses (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.1-2.2, p = 0.01). When assessing CAA markers, APOE alleles were independently associated with FLP (ε4: OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.04-2.93, p = 0.04 and ε2/ε4: 2.56, 95% CI 0.99-6.61, p = 0.05). We did not find an association between APOE alleles and SAE. DISCUSSION We confirmed associations between APOE alleles and ICH including lobar ICH. Our analysis shows selective associations between APOE ε2 and ε4 alleles with FLP, a CT marker of CAA. Our findings suggest that different APOE alleles might have diverging influences on individual neuroimaging biomarkers of CAA-associated ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Charlotte Hostettler
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - David Seiffge
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Clare Shakeshaft
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Gargi Banerjee
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Hannah Cohen
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Tarek A Yousry
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Martin M Brown
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Keith Muir
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - David J Werring
- From the Stroke Research Centre (I.C.H., D.S., Duncan Wilson, C.S., G.B., M.M.B., David Werring), University College London, Institute of Neurology; Neurogenetics Laboratory (I.C.H., H.H.), The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (I.C.H.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Stroke Centre (D.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (D.S.), University Hospital Berne; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (A.W.), London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience (N.S.), Institute of Neurology, London; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J., T.A.Y.), Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology; Haemostasis Research Unit (H.C.), Department of Haematology, University College London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital; Department of Clinical Medicine (G.Y.H.L.), Aalborg University, Denmark; and Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (K.M.), University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK.
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35
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Saroja SR, Gorbachev K, TCW J, Goate AM, Pereira AC. Astrocyte-secreted glypican-4 drives APOE4-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2108870119. [PMID: 35969759 PMCID: PMC9407658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108870119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau protein aggregates are a major driver of neurodegeneration and behavioral impairments in tauopathies, including in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the highest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, has been shown to exacerbate tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse models. However, the exact mechanisms through which APOE4 induces tau hyperphosphorylation remains unknown. Here, we report that the astrocyte-secreted protein glypican-4 (GPC-4), which we identify as a binding partner of APOE4, drives tau hyperphosphorylation. We discovered that first, GPC-4 preferentially interacts with APOE4 in comparison to APOE2, considered to be a protective allele to AD, and second, that postmortem APOE4-carrying AD brains highly express GPC-4 in neurotoxic astrocytes. Furthermore, the astrocyte-secreted GPC-4 induced both tau accumulation and propagation in vitro. CRISPR/dCas9-mediated activation of GPC-4 in a tauopathy mouse model robustly induced tau hyperphosphorylation. In the absence of GPC4, APOE4-induced tau hyperphosphorylation was largely diminished using in vitro tau fluorescence resonance energy transfer-biosensor cells, in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes and in an in vivo mouse model. We further show that APOE4-mediated surface trafficking of APOE receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 through GPC-4 can be a gateway to tau spreading. Collectively, these data support that APOE4-induced tau hyperphosphorylation is directly mediated by GPC-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam R. Saroja
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kirill Gorbachev
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Julia TCW
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ana C. Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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36
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Sebastiani P, Song Z, Ellis D, Tian Q, Schwaiger-Haber M, Stancliffe E, Lustgarten MS, Funk CC, Baloni P, Yao CH, Joshi S, Marron MM, Gurinovich A, Li M, Leshchyk A, Xiang Q, Andersen SL, Feitosa MF, Ukraintseva S, Soerensen M, Fiehn O, Ordovas JM, Haigis M, Monti S, Barzilai N, Milman S, Ferrucci L, Rappaport N, Patti GJ, Perls TT. A metabolomic signature of the APOE2 allele. GeroScience 2022; 45:415-426. [PMID: 35997888 PMCID: PMC9886693 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the goal of identifying metabolites that significantly correlate with the protective e2 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, we established a consortium of five studies of healthy aging and extreme human longevity with 3545 participants. This consortium includes the New England Centenarian Study, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, the Arivale study, the Longevity Genes Project/LonGenity studies, and the Long Life Family Study. We analyzed the association between APOE genotype groups E2 (e2e2 and e2e3 genotypes, N = 544), E3 (e3e3 genotypes, N = 2299), and E4 (e3e4 and e4e4 genotypes, N = 702) with metabolite profiles in the five studies and used fixed effect meta-analysis to aggregate the results. Our meta-analysis identified a signature of 19 metabolites that are significantly associated with the E2 genotype group at FDR < 10%. The group includes 10 glycerolipids and 4 glycerophospholipids that were all higher in E2 carriers compared to E3, with fold change ranging from 1.08 to 1.25. The organic acid 6-hydroxyindole sulfate, previously linked to changes in gut microbiome that were reflective of healthy aging and longevity, was also higher in E2 carriers compared to E3 carriers. Three sterol lipids and one sphingolipid species were significantly lower in carriers of the E2 genotype group. For some of these metabolites, the effect of the E2 genotype opposed the age effect. No metabolites reached a statistically significant association with the E4 group. This work confirms and expands previous results connecting the APOE gene to lipid regulation and suggests new links between the e2 allele, lipid metabolism, aging, and the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Zeyuan Song
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan Ellis
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qu Tian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michaela Schwaiger-Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ethan Stancliffe
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Michael S Lustgarten
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shakchhi Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan M Marron
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anastasia Gurinovich
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Mengze Li
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Qingyan Xiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MI, USA
| | - Svetlana Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mette Soerensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Team, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging and Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MB, USA
| | - Marcia Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Margrett JA, Schofield T, Martin P, Poon LW, Masaki K, Donlon TA, Kallianpur KJ, Willcox BJ. Novel Functional, Health, and Genetic Determinants of Cognitive Terminal Decline: Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1525-1533. [PMID: 34918073 PMCID: PMC9373950 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate interindividual differences in cognitive terminal decline and identify determinants including functional, health, and genetic risk and protective factors, data from the Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, a prospective cohort study of Japanese American men, were analyzed. The sample was recruited in 1965-1968 (ages 45-68 years). Longitudinal performance of cognitive abilities and mortality status were assessed from Exam 4 (1991-1993) through June 2014. Latent class analysis revealed 2 groups: maintainers retained relatively high levels of cognitive functioning until death and decliners demonstrated significant cognitive waning several years prior to death. Maintainers were more likely to have greater education, diagnosed coronary heart disease, and presence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 allele and FOXO3 G allele (SNP rs2802292). Decliners were more likely to be older and have prior stroke, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and greater depressive symptoms at Exam 4, and the APOE ε4 allele. Findings support terminal decline using distance to death as the basis for modeling change. Significant differences were observed between maintainers and decliners 15 years prior to death, a finding much earlier compared to the majority of previous investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Margrett
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas Schofield
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Peter Martin
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Leonard W Poon
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kamal Masaki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Timothy A Donlon
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Kalpana J Kallianpur
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Heath L, Earls JC, Magis AT, Kornilov SA, Lovejoy JC, Funk CC, Rappaport N, Logsdon BA, Mangravite LM, Kunkle BW, Martin ER, Naj AC, Ertekin-Taner N, Golde TE, Hood L, Price ND. Manifestations of Alzheimer's disease genetic risk in the blood are evident in a multiomic analysis in healthy adults aged 18 to 90. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6117. [PMID: 35413975 PMCID: PMC9005657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics play an important role in late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD) etiology and dozens of genetic variants have been implicated in AD risk through large-scale GWAS meta-analyses. However, the precise mechanistic effects of most of these variants have yet to be determined. Deeply phenotyped cohort data can reveal physiological changes associated with genetic risk for AD across an age spectrum that may provide clues to the biology of the disease. We utilized over 2000 high-quality quantitative measurements obtained from blood of 2831 cognitively normal adult clients of a consumer-based scientific wellness company, each with CLIA-certified whole-genome sequencing data. Measurements included: clinical laboratory blood tests, targeted chip-based proteomics, and metabolomics. We performed a phenome-wide association study utilizing this diverse blood marker data and 25 known AD genetic variants and an AD-specific polygenic risk score (PGRS), adjusting for sex, age, vendor (for clinical labs), and the first four genetic principal components; sex-SNP interactions were also assessed. We observed statistically significant SNP-analyte associations for five genetic variants after correction for multiple testing (for SNPs in or near NYAP1, ABCA7, INPP5D, and APOE), with effects detectable from early adulthood. The ABCA7 SNP and the APOE2 and APOE4 encoding alleles were associated with lipid variability, as seen in previous studies; in addition, six novel proteins were associated with the e2 allele. The most statistically significant finding was between the NYAP1 variant and PILRA and PILRB protein levels, supporting previous functional genomic studies in the identification of a putative causal variant within the PILRA gene. We did not observe associations between the PGRS and any analyte. Sex modified the effects of four genetic variants, with multiple interrelated immune-modulating effects associated with the PICALM variant. In post-hoc analysis, sex-stratified GWAS results from an independent AD case-control meta-analysis supported sex-specific disease effects of the PICALM variant, highlighting the importance of sex as a biological variable. Known AD genetic variation influenced lipid metabolism and immune response systems in a population of non-AD individuals, with associations observed from early adulthood onward. Further research is needed to determine whether and how these effects are implicated in early-stage biological pathways to AD. These analyses aim to complement ongoing work on the functional interpretation of AD-associated genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - John C Earls
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Thorne HealthTech, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
| | - Nathan D Price
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Thorne HealthTech, New York, NY, USA.
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Nir TM, Zhu AH, Gari IB, Dixon D, Islam T, Villalon-Reina JE, Medland SE, Thompson PM, Jahanshad N. Effects of ApoE4 and ApoE2 genotypes on subcortical magnetic susceptibility and microstructure in 27,535 participants from the UK Biobank. Pac Symp Biocomput 2022; 27:121-132. [PMID: 34890142 PMCID: PMC9009383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted iron homeostasis is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and may be partially modulated by genetic risk factors. Here we evaluated whether subcortical iron deposition is associated with ApoE genotype, which substantially affects risk for late-onset AD. We evaluated differences in subcortical quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), a type of MRI sensitive to cerebral iron deposition, between either ApoE4 (E3E4+E4E4) or ApoE2 (E2E3+E2E2) carriers and E3 homozygotes (E3E3) in 27,535 participants from the UK Biobank (age: 45-82 years). We found that ApoE4 carriers had higher hippocampal (d=0.036; p=0.012) and amygdalar (d=0.035; p=0.013) magnetic susceptibility, particularly individuals aged 65 years or older, while those carrying ApoE2 (which protects against AD) had higher QSM only in the hippocampus (d=0.05; p=0.006), particularly those under age 65. Secondary diffusion MRI microstructural associations in these regions revealed greater diffusivity and less diffusion restriction in E4 carriers, however no differences were detected in E2 carriers. Disease risk conferred by ApoE4 may be linked with higher subcortical iron burden in conjunction with inflammation or neuronal loss in aging individuals, while ApoE2 associations may not necessarily reflect unhealthy iron deposits earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Nir
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, 90292, USA,
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Dunk MM, Driscoll I. Total Cholesterol and APOE-Related Risk for Alzheimer's Disease in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1519-1528. [PMID: 34958023 PMCID: PMC10442640 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOEɛ4 allele confers greatest genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet mechanisms underlying this risk remain elusive. APOE is involved in lipid metabolism, and literature suggest relationships between high total cholesterol, APOE, and AD. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the potential role of total cholesterol in AD risk. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between total cholesterol and APOE-related AD risk in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. METHODS Participants (N = 1,534) were classified as controls (cognitively normal; N = 404), early mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 294), late MCI (N = 539), or AD (N = 297). Total cholesterol levels were compared across APOE genotype and diagnosis. Mendelian randomization was performed to examine causality between total cholesterol and AD risk using APOE as a genetic instrument. RESULTS Total cholesterol was higher in APOE4+ compared to APOE3 and APOE2+ (ps < 0.04) carriers. Those with AD and late MCI (ps < 0.001) had higher total cholesterol than the control group. Comparing APOE4+ to APOE3 carriers, the predicted odds ratios per mg/dL greater total cholesterol were 1.11 for MCI (95% confidence interval, 1.04-7.32), 1.05 for early MCI (1.01-3.22), 1.13 for late MCI (1.05-11.70), 1.21 for AD (1.09-54.05), and 1.13 for composite dementia (MCI or AD; 1.06-11.59) (ps < 0.05, F-statistics > 10). CONCLUSION Higher total cholesterol may be a significant contributor to AD risk, particularly in APOE4 carriers who, based on existing literature, tend to have impaired cholesterol metabolism. Our findings highlight a possible mechanism by which APOE confers AD risk and indicate potential for AD risk modification through maintenance of healthy total cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Dunk
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ira Driscoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Ogura M, Toyoda Y, Sakiyama M, Kawamura Y, Nakayama A, Yamanashi Y, Takada T, Shimizu S, Higashino T, Nakajima M, Naito M, Hishida A, Kawai S, Okada R, Sasaki M, Ayaori M, Suzuki H, Takata K, Ikewaki K, Harada-Shiba M, Shinomiya N, Matsuo H. Increase of serum uric acid levels associated with APOE ε2 haplotype: a clinico-genetic investigation and in vivo approach. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1727-1733. [PMID: 34532841 PMCID: PMC8490264 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum uric acid (SUA)-hyperuricemia-is caused by overproduction of urate or by its decreased renal and/or intestinal excretion. This disease, which is increasing in prevalence worldwide, is associated with both gout and metabolic diseases. Several studies have reported relationships between apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotypes and SUA levels in humans; however, their results remain inconsistent. This prompted us to investigate the relationship between APOE polymorphisms and SUA levels. Our subjects were 5,272 Japanese men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed the ε2 haplotype of APOE to be independently associated with higher SUA in men (N = 1,726) and postmenopausal women (N = 1,753), but not in premenopausal women (N = 1,793). In contrast, the ε4 haplotype was little related to SUA levels in each group. Moreover, to examine the effect of Apoe deficiency on SUA levels, we conducted animal experiments using Apoe knockout mice, which mimics ε2/ε2 carriers. We found that SUA levels in Apoe knockout mice were significantly higher than those in wild-type mice, which is consistent with the SUA-raising effect of the ε2 haplotype observed in our clinico-genetic analyses. Further analyses suggested that renal rather than intestinal underexcretion of urate could be involved in Apoe deficiency-related SUA increase. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated that the ε2 haplotype, but not the ε4 haplotype, increases SUA levels. These findings will improve our understanding of genetic factors affecting SUA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2 Okayamadai, Togane, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan.
- Department of General Medical Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakiyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Yamanashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Toshihide Higashino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Oral Epidemiology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Sayo Kawai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako-karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Anti-Aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Makoto Ayaori
- Division of Anti-Aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koki Takata
- Takata Clinic, 10-15 Wakakusa-cho, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 732-0053, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Anti-Aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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Panitch R, Hu J, Chung J, Zhu C, Meng G, Xia W, Bennett DA, Lunetta KL, Ikezu T, Au R, Stein TD, Farrer LA, Jun GR. Integrative brain transcriptome analysis links complement component 4 and HSPA2 to the APOE ε2 protective effect in Alzheimer disease. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6054-6064. [PMID: 34480088 PMCID: PMC8758485 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the protective effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 against Alzheimer disease (AD) are not well understood. We analyzed gene expression data derived from autopsied brains donated by 982 individuals including 135 APOE ɛ2/ɛ3 carriers. Complement pathway genes C4A and C4B were among the most significantly differentially expressed genes between ɛ2/ɛ3 AD cases and controls. We also identified an APOE ε2/ε3 AD-specific co-expression network enriched for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells containing the genes C4A, C4B, and HSPA2. These genes were significantly associated with the ratio of phosphorylated tau at position 231 to total Tau but not with amyloid-β 42 level, suggesting this APOE ɛ2 related co-expression network may primarily be involved with tau pathology. HSPA2 expression was oligodendrocyte-specific and significantly associated with C4B protein. Our findings provide the first evidence of a crucial role of the complement pathway in the protective effect of APOE ε2 for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Panitch
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junming Hu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaoyuan Meng
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gyungah R Jun
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Brookhouser N, Raman S, Frisch C, Srinivasan G, Brafman DA. APOE2 mitigates disease-related phenotypes in an isogenic hiPSC-based model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5715-5732. [PMID: 33837271 PMCID: PMC8501163 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified polymorphism in the Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) to be the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compared to individuals homozygous for the APOE3 variant, individuals with the APOE4 variant have a significantly elevated risk of AD. On the other hand, longitudinal studies have shown that the presence of the APOE2 variant reduces the lifetime risk of developing AD by 40 percent. While there has been significant research that has identified the risk-inducing effects of APOE4, the underlying mechanisms by which APOE2 influences AD onset and progression have not been extensively explored. In this study, we utilize an isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based system to demonstrate that conversion of APOE3 to APOE2 greatly reduced the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in hiPSC-derived neural cultures. Mechanistically, analysis of pure populations of neurons and astrocytes derived from these neural cultures revealed that mitigating effects of APOE2 are mediated by cell autonomous and non-autonomous effects. In particular, we demonstrated the reduction in Aβ is potentially driven by a mechanism related to non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), suggesting a gain of the protective function of the APOE2 variant. Together, this study provides insights into the risk-modifying effects associated with the APOE2 allele and establishes a platform to probe the mechanisms by which APOE2 enhances neuroprotection against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sreedevi Raman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carlye Frisch
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Igel E, Haller A, Wolfkiel PR, Orr-Asman M, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. Distinct pro-inflammatory properties of myeloid cell-derived apolipoprotein E2 and E4 in atherosclerosis promotion. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101106. [PMID: 34425108 PMCID: PMC8437825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene are risk factors for chronic inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. The gene product apoE is synthesized in many cell types and has both lipid transport–dependent and lipid transport–independent functions. Previous studies have shown that apoE expression in myeloid cells protects against atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic ApoE−/− mice. However, the mechanism of this protection is still unclear. Using human APOE gene replacement mice as models, this study showed that apoE2 and apoE4 expressed endogenously in myeloid cells enhanced the inflammatory response via mechanisms independent of plasma lipoprotein transport. The data revealed that apoE2-expressing myeloid cells contained higher intracellular cholesterol levels because of impaired efflux, causing increasing inflammasome activation and myelopoiesis. In contrast, intracellular cholesterol levels were not elevated in apoE4-expressing myeloid cells, and its proinflammatory property was found to be independent of inflammasome signaling and related to enhanced oxidative stress. When ApoE−/− mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from various human APOE gene replacement mice, effective reduction of atherosclerosis was observed with marrow cells obtained from APOE3 but not APOE2 and APOE4 gene replacement mice. Taken together, these results documented that apoE2 and apoE4 expression in myeloid cells promotes inflammation via distinct mechanisms and promotes atherosclerosis in a plasma lipoprotein transport–independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Igel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - April Haller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick R Wolfkiel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Orr-Asman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Salvadó G, Grothe MJ, Groot C, Moscoso A, Schöll M, Gispert JD, Ossenkoppele R. Differential associations of APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 alleles with PET-measured amyloid-β and tau deposition in older individuals without dementia. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:2212-2224. [PMID: 33521872 PMCID: PMC8175302 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine associations between the APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 alleles and core Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological hallmarks as measured by amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau PET in older individuals without dementia. METHODS We analyzed data from 462 ADNI participants without dementia who underwent Aβ ([18F]florbetapir or [18F]florbetaben) and tau ([18F]flortaucipir) PET, structural MRI, and cognitive testing. Employing APOE-ε3 homozygotes as the reference group, associations between APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 carriership with global Aβ PET and regional tau PET measures (entorhinal cortex (ERC), inferior temporal cortex, and Braak-V/VI neocortical composite regions) were investigated using linear regression models. In a subset of 156 participants, we also investigated associations between APOE genotype and regional tau accumulation over time using linear mixed models. Finally, we assessed whether Aβ mediated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between APOE genotype and tau. RESULTS Compared to APOE-ε3 homozygotes, APOE-ε2 carriers had lower global Aβ burden (βstd [95% confidence interval (CI)]: - 0.31 [- 0.45, - 0.16], p = 0.034) but did not differ on regional tau burden or tau accumulation over time. APOE-ε4 participants showed higher Aβ (βstd [95%CI]: 0.64 [0.42, 0.82], p < 0.001) and tau burden (βstd range: 0.27-0.51, all p < 0.006). In mediation analyses, APOE-ε4 only retained an Aβ-independent effect on tau in the ERC. APOE-ε4 showed a trend towards increased tau accumulation over time in Braak-V/VI compared to APOE-ε3 homozygotes (βstd [95%CI]: 0.10 [- 0.02, 0.18], p = 0.11), and this association was fully mediated by baseline Aβ. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the established protective effect of the APOE-ε2 allele against developing clinical AD is primarily linked to resistance against Aβ deposition rather than tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Salvadó
- Alzheimer Prevention Program, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michel J Grothe
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot, s/n 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Colin Groot
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Moscoso
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- Alzheimer Prevention Program, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Van Dyk K, Zhou X, Small BJ, Ahn J, Zhai W, Ahles T, Graham D, Jacobsen PB, Jim H, McDonald BC, Nudelman Holohan K, Patel SK, Rebeck GW, Root JC, Saykin AJ, Cohen HJ, Mandelblatt JS, Carroll JE. Protective Effects of APOE ε2 Genotype on Cognition in Older Breast Cancer Survivors: The Thinking and Living With Cancer Study. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021; 5:pkab013. [PMID: 33748669 PMCID: PMC7962698 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-related cognitive decline (CRCD) has been linked to apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene ε4 polymorphisms. APOE ε4 polymorphisms are also the strongest genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), whereas ε2 polymorphisms protect against AD. However, the effects of ε2 polymorphisms on CRCD have not been evaluated. Methods We evaluated nonmetastatic breast cancer survivors (n = 427) and matched noncancer controls (n = 407) ages 60-98 years assessed presystemic therapy from August 2010 to December 2017 with annual follow-up to 24 months. Neuropsychological assessment measured attention, processing speed, executive function, and learning and memory. Linear mixed-effects models tested the effects of having an ε2 allele (vs none) on longitudinal cognitive domain z scores by treatment group (chemotherapy with or without hormonal therapy, hormonal therapy, and control) controlling for covariates; participants with ε2/ε4 genotype were excluded. Sensitivity analyses examined effects of other covariates and any ε4 positivity. Results There was an interaction with genotype for attention, processing speed, and executive functioning domain scores (Beta = 0.32, 95% confidence interval = 0.00 to 0.65); the chemotherapy group with an ε2 allele had higher scores at baseline and maintained higher scores over time compared with those without an ε2 allele, and this protective effect was not seen for other groups. There was no effect of ε2 on learning and memory domain scores. Conclusions APOE ε2 polymorphisms may protect against CRCD in older breast cancer survivors receiving chemotherapy. With replication, this information could be useful for survivorship care and informing future studies of possible links to AD and defining mechanisms of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Van Dyk
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brent J Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, and Senior Member, Health Outcome and Behavior Program and Biostatistics Resource Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute at the University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wanting Zhai
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tim Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul B Jacobsen
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Healthcare Delivery Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brenna C McDonald
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kelly Nudelman Holohan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sunita K Patel
- Departments of Population Sciences and Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neurosciences, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James C Root
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anesthesiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, and the Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Harvey Jay Cohen
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeanne S Mandelblatt
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Judith E Carroll
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Targeting gene-based therapeutics to the brain is a strategy actively sought to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings discovered the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms in the clearance of toxic amyloid beta proteins from the brain. ApoE2 isoform is beneficial for preventing AD development, whereas ApoE4 is a major contributing factor to the disease. In this paper, we demonstrated efficient brain-targeted delivery of ApoE2 encoding plasmid DNA (pApoE2) using glucose transporter-1 (glut-1) targeted liposomes. Liposomes were surface-functionalized with a glut-1 targeting ligand mannose (MAN) and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) to enhance brain-targeting and cellular internalization, respectively. Among various CPPs, rabies virus glycoprotein peptide (RVG) or penetratin (Pen) was selected as a cell-penetration enhancer. Dual (RVGMAN and PenMAN)-functionalized liposomes were cytocompatible at 100 nM phospholipid concentration and demonstrated significantly higher expression of ApoE2 in bEnd.3 cells, primary neurons, and astrocytes compared to monofunctionalized and unmodified (plain) liposomes. Dual-modified liposomes also showed ∼2 times higher protein expression than other formulation controls in neurons cultured below the in vitro BBB model. These results translated well to in vivo efficacy study with significantly higher transfection of pApoE2 in the C57BL/6 mice brain following single tail vein administration of RVGMAN and PenMAN functionalized liposomes without any noticeable signs of toxicity. These results illustrate the potential of surface-modified liposomes for safe and brain-targeted delivery of the pApoE2 gene for effective AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105 North Dakota, United States
| | - Buddhadev Layek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105 North Dakota, United States
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105 North Dakota, United States
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Walker RM, Vaher K, Bermingham ML, Morris SW, Bretherick AD, Zeng Y, Rawlik K, Amador C, Campbell A, Haley CS, Hayward C, Porteous DJ, McIntosh AM, Marioni RE, Evans KL. Identification of epigenome-wide DNA methylation differences between carriers of APOE ε4 and APOE ε2 alleles. Genome Med 2021; 13:1. [PMID: 33397400 PMCID: PMC7784364 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease, whilst the ε2 allele confers protection. Previous studies report differential DNA methylation of APOE between ε4 and ε2 carriers, but associations with epigenome-wide methylation have not previously been characterised. METHODS Using the EPIC array, we investigated epigenome-wide differences in whole blood DNA methylation patterns between Alzheimer's disease-free APOE ε4 (n = 2469) and ε2 (n = 1118) carriers from the two largest single-cohort DNA methylation samples profiled to date. Using a discovery, replication and meta-analysis study design, methylation differences were identified using epigenome-wide association analysis and differentially methylated region (DMR) approaches. Results were explored using pathway and methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) analyses. RESULTS We obtained replicated evidence for DNA methylation differences in a ~ 169 kb region, which encompasses part of APOE and several upstream genes. Meta-analytic approaches identified DNA methylation differences outside of APOE: differentially methylated positions were identified in DHCR24, LDLR and ABCG1 (2.59 × 10-100 ≤ P ≤ 2.44 × 10-8) and DMRs were identified in SREBF2 and LDLR (1.63 × 10-4 ≤ P ≤ 3.01 × 10-2). Pathway and meQTL analyses implicated lipid-related processes and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was identified as a partial mediator of the methylation differences in ABCG1 and DHCR24. CONCLUSIONS APOE ε4 vs. ε2 carrier status is associated with epigenome-wide methylation differences in the blood. The loci identified are located in trans as well as cis to APOE and implicate genes involved in lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M. Walker
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Present Address: Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Kadi Vaher
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Present Address: MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Mairead L. Bermingham
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Stewart W. Morris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Andrew D. Bretherick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Yanni Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Present address: Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Konrad Rawlik
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, UK
| | - Carmen Amador
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Chris S. Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Kathryn L. Evans
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
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Ren D, Lopez OL, Lingler JH, Conley Y. Association Between the APOEɛ2/ɛ4 Genotype and Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Among African Americans. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:943-948. [PMID: 33935088 PMCID: PMC10591216 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between APOEɛ2/ɛ4 with incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among African Americans using the national dataset from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) from 2005 to September 2019. Compared to ɛ3/ɛ3 carriers, ɛ2/ɛ4 carriers exhibited a similar risk of incident AD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.85, 95% CI [0.39, 1.84]) among the AD cohort and similar risk of incident MCI (aHR = 0.88, 95% CI [0.51, 1.50]) among the MCI cohort. Our findings suggest that, unlike the increased risk of AD and MCI in non-Latino whites, APOEɛ2/ɛ4 genotype is not associated with the incidence of AD and MCI among African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianxu Ren
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biostatistics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Lingler
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yvette Conley
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While both apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and diabetes affect longevity as well as Alzheimer's disease, their relationship remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE The current study investigated the potential interaction between diabetes and APOE for lifespan and their relationship with cognitive status. METHODS We reviewed the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) dataset, which documents longitudinally clinical records of 24,967 individuals with APOE genotype and diabetic status. RESULTS Diabetes was associated with shorter lifespan in APOE3 carriers (n = 12,415, HR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.17-1.42, p < 0.001) and APOE2 carriers (n = 2,390, HR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.10-1.69, p = 0.016), while such associations were weaker and not significant in APOE4 carriers (n = 9,490, HR = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.99-1.24, p = 0.162). As there is a significant interactive effect of cognitive status and diabetes on lifespan (p < 0.001), we stratified subjects by cognitive status and observed persistent APOE-dependent harmful effects of diabetes in nondemented individuals but not demented individuals. Notably, questionnaire-based activity status, with which we previously observed an association between APOE genotype and longevity, was also significantly affected by diabetes only in non-APOE4 carriers. CONCLUSION The effects of diabetes on longevity vary among APOE genotype. These effects are observed in nondemented individuals and are potentially associated with activity status during their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Naoyuki Sato
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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