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Long LH, Cao WY, Xu Y, Xiang YY. [Research progress on the role of microglia in sepsis-associated encephalopathy]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2024; 76:289-300. [PMID: 38658377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) refers to diffuse brain dysfunction caused by sepsis, which is characterized by decreased attention, directional impairment, being prone to irritation, and in severe cases the patient will experience drowsiness and coma. The pathogenesis of SAE mainly includes neuroinflammation, damage of blood-brain barrier, cerebral vascular dysfunction, and neurometabolic changes, among which neuroinflammation is the core pathological process. Microglia are considered to be important immune cells of the central nervous system and play an important role in neuroinflammation. This article systematically describes the role of microglia in the development of SAE, and discusses the phenotype and related signaling pathways of microglia, in order to clarify the role of microglia in SAE and provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Hong Long
- Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wen-Yu Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yu-Yan Xiang
- Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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2
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Saponjic J, Mejías R, Nikolovski N, Dragic M, Canak A, Papoutsopoulou S, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Fladmark KE, Ntavaroukas P, Bayar Muluk N, Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Fontán-Lozano Á, Comi C, Marino F. Experimental Models to Study Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4330. [PMID: 38673915 PMCID: PMC11050170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to study the changes in central and peripheral immunity in PD, the advantages and limitations of the techniques, and their applicability to humans. Although a single animal model cannot replicate all pathological features of the human disease, neuroinflammation is present in most animal models of PD and plays a critical role in understanding the involvement of the immune system (IS) in the pathogenesis of PD. The IS and its interactions with different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Even though culture models do not fully reflect the complexity of disease progression, they are limited in their ability to mimic long-term effects and need validation through in vivo studies. They are an indispensable tool for understanding the interplay between the IS and the pathogenesis of this disease. Understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms may lead to potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD. We believe that the development of methodological guidelines for experiments with animal models and PD patients is crucial to ensure the validity and consistency of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rebeca Mejías
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asuman Canak
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey;
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | | | - Kari E. Fladmark
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey;
| | - Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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Berríos-Cárcamo P, Núñez S, Castañeda J, Gallardo J, Bono MR, Ezquer F. Two-Month Voluntary Ethanol Consumption Promotes Mild Neuroinflammation in the Cerebellum but Not in the Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, or Striatum of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4173. [PMID: 38673763 PMCID: PMC11050159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol exposure often triggers neuroinflammation in the brain's reward system, potentially promoting the drive for ethanol consumption. A main marker of neuroinflammation is the microglia-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) in animal models of alcohol use disorder in which ethanol is forcefully given. However, there are conflicting findings on whether MCP1 is elevated when ethanol is taken voluntarily, which challenges its key role in promoting motivation for ethanol consumption. Here, we studied MCP1 mRNA levels in areas implicated in consumption motivation-specifically, the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum-as well as in the cerebellum, a brain area highly sensitive to ethanol, of C57BL/6 mice subjected to intermittent and voluntary ethanol consumption for two months. We found a significant increase in MCP1 mRNA levels in the cerebellum of mice that consumed ethanol compared to controls, whereas no significant changes were observed in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, or striatum or in microglia isolated from the hippocampus and striatum. To further characterize cerebellar neuroinflammation, we measured the expression changes in other proinflammatory markers and chemokines, revealing a significant increase in the proinflammatory microRNA miR-155. Notably, other classical proinflammatory markers, such as TNFα, IL6, and IL-1β, remained unaltered, suggesting mild neuroinflammation. These results suggest that the onset of neuroinflammation in motivation-related areas is not required for high voluntary consumption in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, cerebellar susceptibility to neuroinflammation may be a trigger to the cerebellar degeneration that occurs after chronic ethanol consumption in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Berríos-Cárcamo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile; (J.G.); (F.E.)
| | - Sarah Núñez
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Los Leones 7510602, Chile;
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 8580702, Chile
| | - Justine Castañeda
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (J.C.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Javiera Gallardo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile; (J.G.); (F.E.)
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (J.C.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile; (J.G.); (F.E.)
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutics Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago 7610658, Chile
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4
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López Lloreda C. COVID's toll on the brain: new clues emerge. Nature 2024; 628:20. [PMID: 38509295 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
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5
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Zhang X, Li J, Cao C, Liu Z, Chen Q, Gu Z, Wang W, Fang D, Ge Q, Ding L, Pang C, Wang X. Nrf2 activation by neferine mitigates microglial neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage through inhibiting TAK1-NF-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111693. [PMID: 38428144 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are two major causes leading to early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a critical transcription factor that contributes to antioxidant responses. Additionally, Nrf2 could inhibit transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which plays a vital role in microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. Neferine (NE) exhibits considerable protective effects in diverse disease models. However, the detailed effect and mechanism of NE on SAH remain unknown. Our data showed that NE treatment significantly reduced behavior and cognitive impairment, and brain edema in the early period after SAH. In addition, NE mitigated SAH-induced oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and neural death. Moreover, NE inhibited M1 microglial polarization and enhanced M2 phenotype microglia both in vivo and in vitro. Further investigations revealed that NE enhanced the Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway and suppressed TAK1-NF-κB signaling. In contrast, depletion of Nrf2 by ML385 suppressed Nrf2-ARE signaling, induced TAK1-NF-κB activation, and further promoted M1 microglial polarization. Additionally, ML385 abated the neuroprotective effects of NE against SAH. Notably, LPS also aggravated TAK1-NF-κB activation and reversed the beneficial effects of NE after SAH. In summary, NE provides protection after SAH by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating microglial polarization through Nrf2 activation and TAK1-NF-κB suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Changchun Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Qiushi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Zhijiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Dazhao Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - QianQian Ge
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Lianshu Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China.
| | - Cong Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe Road West, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China.
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Fan X, Zang C, Lao K, Mu XH, Dai S. Neuroprotective effects of tetramethylpyrazine on spinal cord injury-Related neuroinflammation mediated by P2X7R/NLRP3 interaction. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176267. [PMID: 38072038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inflammatory response is acknowledged as a crucial pathological aspect of spinal cord injury (SCI). Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been demonstrated to possess neuroprotective properties within the central nervous system via its anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanism by which TMP alleviates SCI from an anti-inflammatory standpoint. METHODS The SCI model was established using the MASCIS impactor device. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale was utilised to assess rat locomotion. Nissl and Golgi staining were used to observe neuron and dendritic spine morphology, respectively. A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the microcosmic morphology of the axon. ELISA kits were used to measure the concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in the spinal cord. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect P2X7R+/IBA-1+ cells, and Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to analyze the protein and mRNA expression of P2X7R in the spinal cord. Additionally, Western blot was used to detect NLRP3 and Cleaved-Caspase-1 (p20), the critical proteins in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. RESULTS TMP ameliorated the microcosmic morphology of the axon and had an inhibitory effect on the concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 after SCI. Furthermore, TMP inhibited the expression of both P2X7R and critical proteins of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway on microglia after SCI. The aforementioned effects of TMP exhibit similarities to those of BBG (P2X7R antagonist); however, they can be effectively reversed by BzATP (P2X7R activator). CONCLUSION TMP alleviated SCI via reducing tissue damage, neuroinflammation, and the expression of P2X7R, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Zang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Kecheng Lao
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Mu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shiyou Dai
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, China.
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7
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Albalawi YA, Shull T, Virdi AK, Subra C, Mitchell J, Slike BM, Jian N, Krebs SJ, Sacdalan C, Ratnaratorn N, Hsu DC, Phanuphak N, Spudich S, Trautmann L, Al-Harthi L. CD4 dim CD8 bright T cells are inversely associated with neuro-inflammatory markers among people with HIV. AIDS 2024; 38:1-7. [PMID: 37792358 PMCID: PMC10715695 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-associated neuroinflammation persists in the brain despite suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We evaluated associations between a subset of CD8 + T cells, termed CD4 dim CD8 bright T cells, and soluble markers of immune activation and/or neuroinflammation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of people with HIV (PWH). DESIGN Fifteen cART-naive PWH were enrolled and underwent blood draw, lumbar puncture for CSF collection, and neuropsychological tests at week 0 (pre-cART) and 24 weeks after cART initiation. METHODS CSF and peripheral blood T cells were evaluated with flow cytometry and soluble markers of immune activation were measured by multiplex and singleplex assays. Spearman bootstrap correlation coefficients with 10 000 resamples were computed and reported with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each marker of interest and T-cell type. RESULTS The frequency of CSF CD4 dim CD8 bright T cells at week 0 was inversely related with CSF neopterin. In contrast, at week 24, CSF CD4 - CD8 + T cells were positively correlated with CSF s100β, a marker of brain injury. In the blood, at week 0, CD4 dim CD8 bright T cells were inversely correlated with MCP-1, IP-10, IL-8, IL-6, G-CSF, and APRIL and positively correlated with plasma RANTES and MMP1. At week 0, the frequency of blood CD4 - CD8 + were positively correlated with CRP and BAFF. CONCLUSION CD4 dim CD8 bright T cells are associated with some anti-inflammatory properties, whereas CD4 - CD8 + T cells may contribute to inflammation and injury. Assessing the contrast between these two cell populations in neuroHIV may inform targeted therapeutic intervention to reduce neuroinflammation and associated neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen A. Albalawi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanner Shull
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amber K. Virdi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline Subra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie Mitchell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Bonnie M. Slike
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ningbo Jian
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shelly J. Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- SEARCH Research Foundation
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Denise C. Hsu
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Park TY, Jeon J, Lee N, Kim J, Song B, Kim JH, Lee SK, Liu D, Cha Y, Kim M, Leblanc P, Herrington TM, Carter BS, Schweitzer JS, Kim KS. Co-transplantation of autologous T reg cells in a cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. Nature 2023; 619:606-615. [PMID: 37438521 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The specific loss of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDANs) causes major motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, which makes cell replacement a promising therapeutic approach1-4. However, poor survival of grafted mDANs remains an obstacle to successful clinical outcomes5-8. Here we show that the surgical procedure itself (referred to here as 'needle trauma') triggers a profound host response that is characterized by acute neuroinflammation, robust infiltration of peripheral immune cells and brain cell death. When midbrain dopamine (mDA) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were transplanted into the rodent striatum, less than 10% of implanted tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ mDANs survived at two weeks after transplantation. By contrast, TH- grafted cells mostly survived. Notably, transplantation of autologous regulatory T (Treg) cells greatly modified the response to needle trauma, suppressing acute neuroinflammation and immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, intra-striatal co-transplantation of Treg cells and human-iPS-cell-derived mDA cells significantly protected grafted mDANs from needle-trauma-associated death and improved therapeutic outcomes in rodent models of Parkinson's disease with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Co-transplantation with Treg cells also suppressed the undesirable proliferation of TH- grafted cells, resulting in more compact grafts with a higher proportion and higher absolute numbers of TH+ neurons. Together, these data emphasize the importance of the initial inflammatory response to surgical injury in the differential survival of cellular components of the graft, and suggest that co-transplanting autologous Treg cells effectively reduces the needle-trauma-induced death of mDANs, providing a potential strategy to achieve better clinical outcomes for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yoon Park
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nayeon Lee
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bin Song
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyou Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T Cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongxin Liu
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Young Cha
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Minseon Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Leblanc
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Todd M Herrington
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Schweitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Costello A, Linning-Duffy K, Vandenbrook C, Lonstein JS, Yan L. Daytime Light Deficiency Leads to Sex- and Brain Region-Specific Neuroinflammatory Responses in a Diurnal Rodent. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1369-1384. [PMID: 35864429 PMCID: PMC10635710 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in peripheral inflammation are well documented in both humans and animal models, but seasonal changes in neuroinflammation, especially the impact of seasonal lighting environment on neuroinflammation remain unclear. To address this question, the present study examined the effects of environmental lighting conditions on neuroinflammation in a diurnal rodent model, Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Male and female grass rats were housed in either bright (brLD) or dim (dimLD) light during the day to simulate a summer or winter light condition, respectively. After 4 weeks, microglia markers Iba-1 and CD11b, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, were examined in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dorsal hippocampus (dHipp). The results revealed that winter-like dim light during the day leads to indicators of increased neuroinflammation in a brain site- and sex-specific manner. Specifically, relatively few changes in the neuroinflammatory markers were observed in the ACC, while numerous changes were found in the BLA and dHipp. In the BLA, winter-like dimLD resulted in hyper-ramified microglia morphology and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, but only in males. In the dHipp, dimLD led to a higher number and hyper-ramified morphology of microglia as well as increased expression of CD11b and TNF-α, but only in females. Neuroinflammatory state is thus influenced by environmental light, differently in males and females, and could play a role in sex differences in the prevalence and symptoms of psychiatric or neurological disorders that are influenced by season or other environmental light conditions. Diurnal Nile grass rats were housed under bright or dim light during the day for 4 weeks, simulating seasonal fluctuations in daytime lighting environment. Dim light housing resulted in hyper-ramified morphology of microglia (scale bar, 15 μm) and altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in a sex- and brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Costello
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katrina Linning-Duffy
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Carleigh Vandenbrook
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joseph S Lonstein
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lily Yan
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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10
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Elsaafien K, Sloan JM, Evans RG, Cochrane AD, Marino B, McCall PR, Hood SG, Yao ST, Korim WS, Bailey SR, Jufar AH, Peiris RM, Bellomo R, Miles LF, May CN, Lankadeva YR. Associations Between Systemic and Cerebral Inflammation in an Ovine Model of Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Anesth Analg 2023; 136:802-813. [PMID: 36928157 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative inflammation may contribute to postoperative neurocognitive disorders after cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, the relative contributions of general anesthesia (GA), surgical site injury, and CPB are unclear. METHODS In adult female sheep, we investigated (1) the temporal profile of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and (2) the extent of microglia activation across major cerebral cortical regions during GA and surgical trauma with and without CPB (N = 5/group). Sheep were studied while conscious, during GA and surgical trauma, with and without CPB. RESULTS Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (mean [95% confidence intervals], 3.7 [2.5-4.9] vs 1.6 [0.8-2.3] ng/mL; P = .0004) and interleukin-6 levels (4.4 [3.0-5.8] vs 1.6 [0.8-2.3] ng/mL; P = .029) were significantly higher at 1.5 hours, with a further increase in interleukin-6 at 3 hours (7.0 [3.7-10.3] vs 1.8 [1.1-2.6] ng/mL; P < .0001) in animals undergoing CPB compared with those that did not. Although cerebral oxygen saturation was preserved throughout CPB, there was pronounced neuroinflammation as characterized by greater microglia circularity within the frontal cortex of sheep that underwent CPB compared with those that did not (0.34 [0.32-0.37] vs 0.30 [0.29-0.32]; P = .029). Moreover, microglia had fewer branches within the parietal (7.7 [6.5-8.9] vs 10.9 [9.4-12.5]; P = .001) and temporal (7.8 [7.2-8.3] vs 9.9 [8.2-11.7]; P = .020) cortices in sheep that underwent CPB compared with those that did not. CONCLUSIONS CPB enhanced the release of proinflammatory cytokines beyond that initiated by GA and surgical trauma. This systemic inflammation was associated with microglial activation across 3 major cerebral cortical regions, with a phagocytic microglia phenotype within the frontal cortex, and an inflammatory microglia phenotype within the parietal and temporal cortices. These data provide direct histopathological evidence of CPB-induced neuroinflammation in a large animal model and provide further mechanistic data on how CPB-induced cerebral inflammation might drive postoperative neurocognitive disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elsaafien
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- Cardiovascular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jasmine M Sloan
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- Cardiovascular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger G Evans
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Cochrane
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Monash Health, and Department of Surgery (School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Marino
- Cellsaving and Perfusion Resources, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R McCall
- Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australiaand
| | - Sally G Hood
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Song T Yao
- Cardiovascular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Willian S Korim
- Cardiovascular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alemayehu H Jufar
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M Peiris
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australiaand
| | - Lachlan F Miles
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australiaand
| | - Clive N May
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australiaand
| | - Yugeesh R Lankadeva
- From the Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australiaand
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11
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Stavely R, Sahakian L, Filippone RT, Stojanovska V, Bornstein JC, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Oxidative Stress-Induced HMGB1 Translocation in Myenteric Neurons Contributes to Neuropathy in Colitis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121831. [PMID: 36551259 PMCID: PMC9776169 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern released by dying cells to stimulate the immune response. During cell death, HMGB1 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and passively released. High levels of secreted HMGB1 are observed in the faeces of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, indicating its role in IBD pathophysiology and potential as a non-invasive IBD biomarker. HMGB1 is important in regulating neuronal damage in the central nervous system; its pathological activity is intertwined with oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, HMGB1 expression in the enteric nervous system and its relevance to intestinal neuroinflammation is explored in organotypic cultures of the myenteric plexus exposed to oxidative stimuli and in Winnie mice with spontaneous chronic colitis. Oxidative stimuli induced cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in myenteric neurons in organotypic preparations. HMGB1 translocation correlated with enteric neuronal loss and oxidative stress in the myenteric ganglia of Winnie mice. Inhibition of HMGB1 by glycyrrhizic acid ameliorated HMGB1 translocation and myenteric neuronal loss in Winnie mice. These data highlight modulation of HMGB1 signalling as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the consequences of enteric neuroinflammation in colitis, warranting the exploration of therapeutics acting on the HMGB1 pathway as an adjunct treatment with current anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T. Filippone
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vanesa Stojanovska
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Health Translation Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Joel C. Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Singh S, Shaikh IA, More SS, Mahnashi MH, Almohaimeed HM, El-Sherbiny M, Ghoneim MM, Umar A, Soni HK, Agrawal H, Mannasaheb BA, Khan AA, Muddapur UM, Iqubal SMS. Blockage of KHSRP-NLRP3 by MCC950 Can Reverse the Effect of Manganese-Induced Neuroinflammation in N2a Cells and Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13224. [PMID: 36362011 PMCID: PMC9658363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Manganese neurotoxicity has been reported to cause a neurodegenerative disease known as parkinsonism. Previous reports have shown that the expression of the KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP), a nucleic acid-binding protein, and NLRP3 is increased upon Mn exposure. However, the relation between these two during Mn toxicity has not been fully deduced. The mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) and SD rats are treated with LPS and MnCl2 to evaluate the expression of KHSRP and NLRP3. Further, the effect of the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 is checked on the expression of NLRP3, KHSRP and pro-inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-18 and IL-1β) as well as the caspase-1 enzyme. Our results demonstrated an increment in NLRP3 and KHSRP expression post-MnCl2 exposure in N2a cells and rat brain, while on the other hand with LPS exposure only NLRP3 expression levels were elevated and KHSRP was found to be unaffected. An increased expression of KHSRP, NLRP3, pro-inflammatory markers and the caspase-1 enzyme was observed to be inhibited with MCC950 treatment in MnCl2-exposed cells and rats. Manganese exposure induces NLRP3 and KHSRP expression to induce neuroinflammation, suggesting a correlation between both which functions in toxicity-related pathways. Furthermore, MCC950 treatment reversed the role of KHSRP from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Singh
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, Karnataka, India
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil S. More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, Karnataka, India
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hailah M. Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harshit Kumar Soni
- Department of Zoology, Government Science College, Pandhurna 480334, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Agrawal
- Jubilant Biosys Limited (Discovery Biology), Bangalore 560022, Karnataka, India
| | - Basheer Ahmed Mannasaheb
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aejaz Abdullatif Khan
- Department of General Science, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, P.O. Box 31906, Jeddah 21418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday M. Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - S. M. Shakeel Iqubal
- Department of General Science, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, P.O. Box 31906, Jeddah 21418, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Grant CV, Russart KLG, Pyter LM. A novel targeted approach to delineate a role for estrogen receptor-β in ameliorating murine mammary tumor-associated neuroinflammation. Endocrine 2022; 75:949-958. [PMID: 34797509 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circulating estrogens in breast cancer patients and survivors are often extremely low due to menopause and estrogen-reducing cancer treatments. Simultaneously, circulating inflammatory markers, and inflammatory proteins in brains of rodent tumor models, can be elevated and correlate with debilitating neurological and psychological comorbidities. Because estrogen has anti-inflammatory properties in the brain, we hypothesized that mammary tumor-induced neuroinflammation is driven, in part, by reduced brain estrogen signaling. METHODS An ovariectomized mouse model of postmenopausal breast cancer utilizing the ERα-positive 67NR mammary tumor cell line was used for these experiments. A novel, orally bioavailable, and brain penetrant ERβ agonist was administered daily via oral gavage. Following treatment, estrogen-responsive genes were measured in brain regions. Central and circulating inflammatory markers were measured via RT-qPCR and a multiplex cytokine array, respectively. RESULTS We present novel findings that peripheral mammary tumors alter estrogen signaling genes including receptors and aromatase in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Mammary tumors induced peripheral and central inflammation, however, pharmacological ERβ activation was not sufficient to reduce this inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Data presented here suggest that compensating for low circulating estrogen with ERβ brain activation is not sufficient to attenuate mammary tumor-induced neuroinflammation, and is therefore not a likely candidate for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in patients. The novel finding that mammary tumors alter estrogen signaling-related genes is a clinically relevant advancement to the understanding of how peripheral tumor biology modulates neurobiology. This is necessary to predict and prevent behavioral comorbidities (e.g., cognitive impairment) prevalent in cancer patients and survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corena V Grant
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn L G Russart
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Leah M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The advent of high-throughput sequencing has facilitated genotype-phenotype correlations in congenital diseases. This has provided molecular diagnosis and benefited patient management but has also revealed substantial phenotypic heterogeneity. Although distinct neuroinflammatory diseases are scarce among the several thousands of established congenital diseases, elements of neuroinflammation are increasingly recognized in a substantial proportion of inborn errors of immunity, where it may even dominate the clinical picture at initial presentation. Although each disease entity is rare, they collectively can constitute a significant proportion of neuropediatric patients in tertiary care and may occasionally also explain adult neurology patients. We focus this review on the signs and symptoms of neuroinflammation that have been reported in association with established pathogenic variants in immune genes and suggest the following subdivision based on proposed underlying mechanisms: autoinflammatory disorders, tolerance defects, and immunodeficiency disorders. The large group of autoinflammatory disorders is further subdivided into IL-1β-mediated disorders, NF-κB dysregulation, type I interferonopathies, and hemophagocytic syndromes. We delineate emerging pathogenic themes underlying neuroinflammation in monogenic diseases and describe the breadth of the clinical spectrum to support decisions to screen for a genetic diagnosis and encourage further research on a neglected phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Lindahl
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T. Bryceson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Brogelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Hatton SL, Pandey MK. Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1089. [PMID: 35163013 PMCID: PMC8835271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, affecting up to 10 million people. This disease mainly happens due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons accountable for memory and motor function. Partial glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency and the resultant excess accumulation of glycosphingolipids and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation have been linked to predominant risk factors that lead to neurodegeneration and memory and motor defects in PD, with known and unknown causes. An increasing body of evidence uncovers the role of several other lipids and their association with α-syn aggregation, which activates the innate and adaptive immune system and sparks brain inflammation in PD. Here, we review the emerging role of a number of lipids, i.e., triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG), glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sphingolipids, gangliosides, glycerophospholipids (GPL), and cholesterols, and their connection with α-syn aggregation as well as the induction of innate and adaptive immune reactions that trigger neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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16
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Martin S, Foulon A, El Hage W, Dufour-Rainfray D, Denis F. Is There a Link between Oropharyngeal Microbiome and Schizophrenia? A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020846. [PMID: 35055031 PMCID: PMC8775665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to examine the impact of the oropharyngeal microbiome in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to clarify whether there might be a bidirectional link between the oral microbiota and the brain in a context of dysbiosis-related neuroinflammation. We selected nine articles including three systemic reviews with several articles from the same research team. Different themes emerged, which we grouped into 5 distinct parts concerning the oropharyngeal phageome, the oropharyngeal microbiome, the salivary microbiome and periodontal disease potentially associated with schizophrenia, and the impact of drugs on the microbiome and schizophrenia. We pointed out the presence of phageoma in patients suffering from schizophrenia and that periodontal disease reinforces the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, saliva could be an interesting substrate to characterize the different stages of schizophrenia. However, the few studies we have on the subject are limited in scope, and some of them are the work of a single team. At this stage of knowledge, it is difficult to conclude on the existence of a bidirectional link between the brain and the oral microbiome. Future studies on the subject will clarify these questions that for the moment remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Audrey Foulon
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Wissam El Hage
- U1253, iBrain, Inserm, CHU Tours, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (W.E.H.); (D.D.-R.)
| | - Diane Dufour-Rainfray
- U1253, iBrain, Inserm, CHU Tours, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (W.E.H.); (D.D.-R.)
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Denis
- Department of Odontology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, Nantes University, 44000 Nantes, France
- EA 75-05 Education, Ethics, Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-77-15-69-68
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17
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Lee SL, Hsu JY, Chen TC, Huang CC, Wu TY, Chin TY. Erinacine A Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Glial Cell Activation to Protect Dopaminergic Neurons against Inflammatory Factor-Induced Cell Death In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020810. [PMID: 35054997 PMCID: PMC8776144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus (HE) is a common edible mushroom consumed in several Asian countries and considered to be a medicinal mushroom with neuroprotective effects. Erinacine A (EA) is a bioactive compound in Hericium erinaceus mycelium (HEM) that has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect against neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although the etiology of PD is still unclear, neuroinflammation may play an important role in causing dopaminergic neuron loss, which is a pathological hallmark of PD. However, glial cell activation has a close relationship with neuroinflammation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of EA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glial cell activation and neural damage in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro experiments, glial cells, BV-2 microglial cells and CTX TNA2 astrocytes were pretreated with EA and then stimulated with LPS and/or IFN-γ. The expression of proinflammatory factors in the cells and culture medium was analyzed. In addition, differentiated neuro-2a (N2a) cells were pretreated with EA or HEM and then stimulated with LPS-treated BV-2 conditioned medium (CM). The cell viability and the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were analyzed. In vivo, rats were given EA or HEM by oral gavage prior to injection of LPS into the substantia nigra (SN). Motor coordination of the rats and the expression of proinflammatory mediators in the midbrain were analyzed. EA pretreatment prevented LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production in BV-2 cells and TNF-α expression in CTX TNA2 cells. In addition, both EA and HEM pretreatment significantly increased cell viability and TH expression and suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK and NF- κB in differentiated N2a cells treated with CM. In vivo, both EA and HEM significantly improved motor dysfunction in the rotarod test and the amphetamine-induced rotation test and reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS in the midbrain of rats intranigrally injected with LPS. The results demonstrate that EA ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and has neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Lun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.L.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Jing-Ya Hsu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Ting-Chun Chen
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
| | | | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.L.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Ting-Yu Chin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.L.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-Y.C.)
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18
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Venugopal C, Shobha K, Rai KS, Dhanushkodi A. Neurogenic and cognitive enhancing effects of human dental pulp stem cells and its secretome in animal model of hippocampal neurodegeneration. Brain Res Bull 2022; 180:46-58. [PMID: 34979238 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Progressive hippocampal neuronal losses, neuroinflammation, declined neurogenesis and impaired hippocampal functions are pathological features of Alzheimer's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Halting neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration in the hippocampus is a major challenge in treating such disease conditions which, if unsuccessful would lead to learning/memory dysfunction and co-morbidities like anxiety/depression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy provides hope for treating neurodegenerative diseases by either replacing lost neurons by transplantation of MSCs which might differentiate into appropriate neuronal phenotypes or by stimulating the resident neural stem cells for proliferation/differentiation. In this current study, we demonstrate that the intrahippocampal transplantation of ectoderm originated dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) or intrahippocampal injection of DPSCs condition medium (DPSCs-CM) in a mouse model of hippocampal neurodegeneration could efficiently prevent neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning and memory functions much superior to commonly used bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) or its secretome. Probing the possible mechanisms of neuroprotection revealed that DPSCs/DPSCs-CM treatment upregulated an array of hosts' endogenous neural survival factors expression, reduced pro-apoptotic caspase activity and upregulated the anti-apoptotic factors BCL-2 and phosphorylated PI3K prominently than BM-MSCs/BM-MSCs-CM, suggesting that among MSCs, neural crest originated DPSCs might be a better adult stem cell candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Venugopal
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - K Shobha
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Kiranmai S Rai
- Dept. of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher, Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anandh Dhanushkodi
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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19
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Kozlova EV, Carabelli B, Bishay AE, Liu R, Denys ME, Macbeth JC, Piamthai V, Crawford MS, McCole DF, Zur Nieden NI, Hsiao A, Curras-Collazo MC. Induction of distinct neuroinflammatory markers and gut dysbiosis by differential pyridostigmine bromide dosing in a chronic mouse model of GWI showing persistent exercise fatigue and cognitive impairment. Life Sci 2022; 288:120153. [PMID: 34801513 PMCID: PMC9048156 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize neuroinflammatory and gut dysbiosis signatures that accompany exaggerated exercise fatigue and cognitive/mood deficits in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness (GWI). METHODS Adult male C57Bl/6N mice were exposed for 28 d (5 d/wk) to pyridostigmine bromide (P.O.) at 6.5 mg/kg/d, b.i.d. (GW1) or 8.7 mg/kg/d, q.d. (GW2); topical permethrin (1.3 mg/kg), topical N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (33%) and restraint stress (5 min). Animals were phenotypically evaluated as described in an accompanying article [124] and sacrificed at 6.6 months post-treatment (PT) to allow measurement of brain neuroinflammation/neuropathic pain gene expression, hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein, brain Interleukin-6, gut dysbiosis and serum endotoxin. KEY FINDINGS Compared to GW1, GW2 showed a more intense neuroinflammatory transcriptional signature relative to sham stress controls. Interleukin-6 was elevated in GW2 and astrogliosis in hippocampal CA1 was seen in both GW groups. Beta-diversity PCoA using weighted Unifrac revealed that gut microbial communities changed after exposure to GW2 at PT188. Both GW1 and GW2 displayed systemic endotoxemia, suggesting a gut-brain mechanism underlies the neuropathological signatures. Using germ-free mice, probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri produced less gut permeability than microbiota transplantation using GW2 feces. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that GW agents dose-dependently induce differential neuropathology and gut dysbiosis associated with cognitive, exercise fatigue and mood GWI phenotypes. Establishment of a comprehensive animal model that recapitulates multiple GWI symptom domains and neuroinflammation has significant implications for uncovering pathophysiology, improving diagnosis and treatment for GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kozlova
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Carabelli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Bishay
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maximillian E Denys
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - John C Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Varadh Piamthai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Meli'sa S Crawford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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20
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Li W, Xu Y, Liu Z, Shi M, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Zhong X, Chen L, He J, Zeng J, Luo M, Cao W, Wan W. TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047 produces antidepressant-like effect in LPS-induced depression mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2021; 201:108834. [PMID: 34637786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial component that contributes to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. It has been revealed that the nonselective cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) profoundly affects a variety of physiological processes, including inflammation. However, its roles and mechanisms in LPS-induced depression are still unclear. Here, for the first time, we found that there was a significant increase in TRPV4 in the hippocampus in a depression mouse model induced by LPS. TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047 or knockdown the hippocampal TRPV4 with TRPV4 shRNA could effectively rescue the aberrant behaviors. Furthermore, TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047 reduced the activation of astrocyte and microglia, decreased expression of CaMKII-NLRP3 inflammasome and increased the expression of neurogenesis marker DCX in the hippocampus. In addition, enhanced neuroinflammation in the serum was also reversed by TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047. Thus, we consider that TRPV4 has an important role in contributing to the depression-like behavior following LPS-induced systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenghai Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yingcheng Deng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Pathology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayu Zeng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mingying Luo
- Department of Anatomy & Histology & Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenyu Cao
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei Wan
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, 571199, Haikou, China.
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21
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Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
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22
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Chen J, Li Q, Zhu J, Yuan Z, Wang T, Song J. GPR40 Agonist Ameliorate Pathological Neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's Disease via the Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Immune System, a Mini-Review. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2175-2185. [PMID: 34505972 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a central disease with high incidence, and its pathological process is closely associated with changes of some biological indicators in the periphery. Among them, the intestinal flora mainly causes a series of pathological changes such as inflammation through the immune system, which may contribute to the pathological process of AD. In this paper, we mainly focused the relationship between gut microbiota and immune system disorder in the neuropathology of AD, underlining the significance of the advanced mechanism of inflammatory response and providing a new direction for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Abstract
The gut is connected to the CNS by immunological mediators, lymphocytes, neurotransmitters, microbes and microbial metabolites. A mounting body of evidence indicates that the microbiome exerts significant effects on immune cells and CNS cells. These effects frequently result in the suppression or exacerbation of inflammatory responses, the latter of which can lead to severe tissue damage, altered synapse formation and disrupted maintenance of the CNS. Herein, we review recent progress in research on the microbial regulation of CNS diseases with a focus on major gut microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and secondary bile acids. Pathological changes in the CNS are associated with dysbiosis and altered levels of microbial metabolites, which can further exacerbate various neurological disorders. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these gut microbial metabolites regulate inflammatory diseases in the CNS are discussed. We highlight the similarities and differences in the impact on four major CNS diseases, i.e., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, to identify common cellular and molecular networks governing the regulation of cellular constituents and pathogenesis in the CNS by microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang H Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Rogel Center for Cancer Research, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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24
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Rapaka D, Bitra VR, Challa SR, Adiukwu PC. Potentiation of microglial endocannabinoid signaling alleviates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2021; 90:102196. [PMID: 34508923 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) isaprogressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by chronic inflammation due to the presence of neurotoxic Aβ and tau proteins. Increased microglial activation and inflated immune response are the other factors to be considered in AD pathology. Microglial cells own biochemical machinery that synthesizes and release endocannabinoids. The exploitation of therapeutic actions of endocannabinoid system has newly emerged in the field of Alzheimer's disease. The activation of cannabinoid receptors/ cannabinoid system modulates inflammatory responses. This review assesses the association between the microglial endocannabinoid system and neuroinflammation in AD. The data supporting the anti-inflammatory role of pharmacological agents modulating cannabinoid system are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Rapaka
- A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India.
| | | | - Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61614, USA
| | - Paul C Adiukwu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, P/Bag-0022, Gaborone, Botswana
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25
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Zhang Y, Lei Y, Yao X, Yi J, Feng G. Pinoresinol diglucoside alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury by modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:986-996. [PMID: 34546621 PMCID: PMC9293043 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological process after ischemic stroke. Pinoresinol diglucoside (PDG) has antioxidation and anti-inflammation activities. However, whether PDG ameliorates brain I/R injury is still unclear. In this study, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established with male C57BL/6 mice, and the mice were treated with 5 and 10 mg/kg PDG via intravenous injection, respectively. The neurological deficit, infarct volume, and brain water content were then evaluated. HE staining and Nissl staining were used to analyze neuron injury. Besides, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetry assay were used to examine the level of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress markers, and Western blot was used to detect the expressions of p-p65, Nrf2, and HO-1. It was revealed that PDG could significantly alleviate the MCAO-induced neurological dysfunction of the mice and reduce the infarct volume, brain water content, and neuron injury. PDG treatment decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO, ROS, and MDA, and significantly increased the activities of SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px in the brain tissue of the mice. Additionally, PDG could repress the activation of p65 and promote Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions. In conclusion, PDG exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidation effects via regulating the NF-κB pathway and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, thereby reducing the I/R-induced brain injury of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of NeurologyChenzhou No. 1 People’s HospitalChenzhouChina
| | - Yuanbiao Lei
- Department of NeurologyChenzhou No. 1 People’s HospitalChenzhouChina
| | - Xiaoxi Yao
- Department of NeurologyChenzhou No. 1 People’s HospitalChenzhouChina
| | - Jiping Yi
- Department of NeurologyChenzhou No. 1 People’s HospitalChenzhouChina
| | - Ganghua Feng
- Department of NeurologyChenzhou No. 1 People’s HospitalChenzhouChina
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26
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Xue W, Li Y, Zhang M. Pristimerin inhibits neuronal inflammation and protects cognitive function in mice with sepsis-induced brain injuries by regulating PI3K/Akt signalling. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:1351-1358. [PMID: 34590530 PMCID: PMC8491740 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1981399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease; pristimerin exhibits strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVES We explored whether pristimerin protected against cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 J mice with sepsis-induced brain injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sepsis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6 J mice were separated into four groups (n = 10 per group): positive control, negative control, pristimerin 10 mg/kg and pristimerin 100 mg/kg. Pristimerin was administered orally for 28 days prior to LPS administration and for six days thereafter. Behavioural changes were assessed one day after LPS administration using the Morris water maze and via neurological dysfunction scoring. Molecular pathogenesis was explored by measurement of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokine levels in mouse brains. Neuronal apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL assay. The levels of p-Akt/Akt, p-PI3K/PI3K, mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins were determined via Western blotting. RESULTS Pristimerin improved cognitive function and reduces the neurological score to 1.15 ± 0.03. Pristimerin significantly reduced all cytokine levels: TNF-α by 18 ± 0.6 pg/mg, IL-1β by 43 ± 1.3 pg/mg and IL-6 by 34 ± 1.12 pg/mg. There was significant (p < 0.01) improvement in PI3K/Akt signalling and histopathological changes in the brain tissue of sepsis induced brain injured rats. CONCLUSIONS Pristimerin ameliorated neuronal injury by regulating PI3K/Akt signalling in mice with sepsis-induced brain injuries. Pristimerin may merit further development for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Xue
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, First People's Hospital of Huainan, Huainan, China
| | - Yaqiang Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, First People's Hospital of Huainan, Huainan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, First People's Hospital of Huainan, Huainan, China
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27
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Mathew DJ, Livne-Bar I, Sivak JM. An inducible rodent glaucoma model that exhibits gradual sustained increase in intraocular pressure with distinct inner retina and optic nerve inflammation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22880. [PMID: 34819548 PMCID: PMC8613281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve resulting in loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and vision. The most prominent glaucoma risk factor is increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and most models focus on reproducing this aspect to study disease mechanisms and targets. Yet, current models result in IOP profiles that often do not resemble clinical glaucoma. Here we introduce a new model that results in a gradual and sustained IOP increase over time. This approach modifies a circumlimbal suture method, taking care to make the sutures 'snug' instead of tight, without inducing an initial IOP spike. This approach did not immediately affect IOPs, but generated gradual ocular hypertension (gOHT) as the sutures tighten over time, in comparison to loosely sutured control eyes (CON), resulting in an average 12.6 mmHg increase in IOP at 17 weeks (p < 0.001). Corresponding characterization revealed relevant retinal and optic nerve pathology, such as thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, decreased optokinetic response, RGC loss, and optic nerve head remodeling. Yet, angles remained open, with no evidence of inflammation. Corresponding biochemical profiling indicated significant increases in TGF-β2 and 3, and IL-1 family cytokines in gOHT optic nerve tissues compared to CON, with accompanying microglial reactivity, consistent with active tissue injury and repair mechanisms. Remarkably, this signature was absent from optic nerves following acute ocular hypertension (aOHT) associated with intentionally tightened sutures, although the resulting RGC loss was similar in both methods. These results suggest that the pattern of IOP change has an important impact on underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mathew
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Izhar Livne-Bar
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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28
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Redaelli V, Bosi A, Luzi F, Cappella P, Zerbi P, Ludwig N, Di Lernia D, Roughan JV, Porcu L, Soranna D, Parati G, Calvillo L. Neuroinflammation, body temperature and behavioural changes in CD1 male mice undergoing acute restraint stress: An exploratory study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259938. [PMID: 34780550 PMCID: PMC8592432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models used to study pathologies requiring rehabilitation therapy, such as cardiovascular and neurologic disorders or oncologic disease, must be as refined and translationally relevant as possible. Sometimes, however, experimental procedures such as those involving restraint may generate undesired effects which may act as a source of bias. However, the extent to which potentially confounding effects derive from such routine procedures is currently unknown. Our study was therefore aimed at exploring possible undesirable effects of acute restraint stress, whereby animals were exposed to a brightly lit enclosed chamber (R&L) similar to those that are commonly used for substance injection. We hypothesised that this would induce a range of unwanted physiological alterations [such as neuroinflammatory response and changes in body weight and in brown adipose tissue (BAT)] and behavioural modification, and that these might be mitigated via the use of non-aversive handling methods: Tunnel Handling (NAH-T) and Mechanoceptive Handling (NAH-M)) as compared to standard Tail Handling (TH). METHODS Two indicators of physiological alterations and three potentially stress sensitive behavioural parameters were assessed. Physiological alterations were recorded via body weight changes and assessing the temperature of Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) using infra-red thermography (IRT), and at the end of the experiment we determined the concentration of cytokines CXCL12 and CCL2 in bone marrow (BM) and activated microglia in the brain. Nest complexity scoring, automated home-cage behaviour analysis (HCS) and Elevated Plus Maze testing (EPM) were used to detect any behavioural alterations. Recordings were made before and after a 15-minute period of R&L in groups of mice handled via TH, NAH-T or NAH-M. RESULTS BAT temperature significantly decreased in all handling groups following R&L regardless of handling method. There was a difference, at the limit of significance (p = 0.06), in CXCL12 BM content among groups. CXCL12 content in BM of NAH-T animals was similar to that found in Sentinels, the less stressed group of animals. After R&L, mice undergoing NAH-T and NAH-M showed improved body-weight maintenance compared to those exposed to TH. Mice handled via NAH-M spent a significantly longer time on the open arms of the EPM. The HCS results showed that in all mice, regardless of handling method, R&L resulted in a significant reduction in walking and rearing, but not in total distance travelled. All mice also groomed more. No difference among the groups was found in Nest Score, in CCL2 BM content or in brain activated microglia. CONCLUSIONS Stress induced by a common restraint procedure caused metabolic and behavioural changes that might increase the risk of unexpected bias. In particular, the significant decrease in BAT temperature could affect the important metabolic pathways controlled by this tissue. R&L lowered the normal frequency of walking and rearing, increased grooming and probably carried a risk of low-grade neuro-inflammation. Some of the observed alterations can be mitigated by Non-aversive handlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Redaelli
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences–One Health Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Bosi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences–One Health Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Zerbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ludwig
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Lernia
- Humane Technology Lab, Dipartimento di psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - John Vincent Roughan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Porcu
- Laboratory of Methodology for Clinical Research, Oncology Department, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Soranna
- Biostatistics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Calvillo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Przykaza Ł. Understanding the Connection Between Common Stroke Comorbidities, Their Associated Inflammation, and the Course of the Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Cascade. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782569. [PMID: 34868060 PMCID: PMC8634336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous progress in the understanding of the course of the ischemic stroke over the last few decades, a therapy that effectively protects neurovascular units (NVUs) and significantly improves neurological functions in stroke patients has still not been achieved. The reasons for this state are unclear, but it is obvious that the cerebral ischemia and reperfusion cascade is a highly complex phenomenon, which includes the intense neuroinflammatory processes, and comorbid stroke risk factors strongly worsen stroke outcomes and likely make a substantial contribution to the pathophysiology of the ischemia/reperfusion, enhancing difficulties in searching of successful treatment. Common concomitant stroke risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia) strongly drive inflammatory processes during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion; because these factors are often present for a long time before a stroke, causing low-grade background inflammation in the brain, and already initially disrupting the proper functions of NVUs. Broad consideration of this situation in basic research may prove to be crucial for the success of future clinical trials of neuroprotection, vasculoprotection and immunomodulation in stroke. This review focuses on the mechanism by which coexisting common risk factors for stroke intertwine in cerebral ischemic/reperfusion cascade and the dysfunction and disintegration of NVUs through inflammatory processes, principally activation of pattern recognition receptors, alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules and the subsequent pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Przykaza
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Wang YJ, Downey MA, Choi S, Shoup TM, Elmaleh DR. Cromolyn platform suppresses fibrosis and inflammation, promotes microglial phagocytosis and neurite outgrowth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22161. [PMID: 34772945 PMCID: PMC8589953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic neuroinflammation and may perpetuate ongoing fibrotic reactions within the central nervous system. Unfortunately, there is no therapeutic available that treats neurodegenerative inflammation and its sequelae. Here we utilize cromolyn, a mast cell inhibitor with anti-inflammatory capabilities, and its fluorinated analogue F-cromolyn to study fibrosis-related protein regulation and secretion downstream of neuroinflammation and their ability to promote microglial phagocytosis and neurite outgrowth. In this report, RNA-seq analysis shows that administration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α to HMC3 human microglia results in a robust upregulation of fibrosis-associated genes. Subsequent treatment with cromolyn and F-cromolyn resulted in reduced secretion of collagen XVIII, fibronectin, and tenascin-c. Additionally, we show that cromolyn and F-cromolyn reduce pro-inflammatory proteins PLP1, PELP1, HSP90, IL-2, GRO-α, Eotaxin, and VEGF-Α, while promoting secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-4 in HMC3 microglia. Furthermore, cromolyn and F-cromolyn augment neurite outgrowth in PC12 neuronal cells in concert with nerve growth factor. Treatment also differentially altered secretion of neurogenesis-related proteins TTL, PROX1, Rab35, and CSDE1 in HMC3 microglia. Finally, iPSC-derived human microglia more readily phagocytose Aβ42 with cromolyn and F-cromolyn relative to controls. We propose the cromolyn platform targets multiple proteins upstream of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and GSK-3β signaling pathways to affect cytokine, chemokine, and fibrosis-related protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sungwoon Choi
- Department of New Drug Discovery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129-2060, USA
| | - David R Elmaleh
- AZTherapies, Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129-2060, USA.
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31
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Ding J, Huang J, Yin D, Liu T, Ren Z, Hu S, Ye Y, Le C, Zhao N, Zhou H, Li Z, Qi X, Huang J. Trilobatin Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Pathologies in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021; 2021:3298400. [PMID: 34777683 PMCID: PMC8589506 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3298400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease nowadays that causes memory impairments. It is characterized by extracellular aggregates of amyloid-beta (Aβ), intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), and other pathological features. Trilobatin (TLB), a natural flavonoid compound isolated from Lithocarpuspolystachyus Rehd., has emerged as a neuroprotective agent. However, the effects and mechanisms of TLB on Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear. In this research, different doses of TLB were orally introduced to 3×FAD AD model mice. The pathology, memory performance, and Toll-like receptor 4- (TLR4-) dependent inflammatory pathway protein level were assessed. Here, we show that TLB oral treatment protected 3×FAD AD model mice against the Aβ burden, neuroinflammation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic degeneration, hippocampal neuronal loss, and memory impairment. The TLR4, a pattern recognition immune receptor, has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease-related neuroinflammation. We found that TLB suppressed glial activation by inhibiting the TLR4-MYD88-NFκB pathway, which leads to the inflammatory factor TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 reduction. Our study shows that TLR4 might be a key target of TLB in AD treatment and suggests a multifaceted target of TLB in halting AD. Taken together, our findings suggest a potential therapeutic effect of TLB in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dan Yin
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zheng Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Good Clinical Practice Center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Yuanliang Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Cuiyun Le
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zhu Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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Roth W, Mohamadzadeh M. Vitamin B12 and gut-brain homeostasis in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103676. [PMID: 34749301 PMCID: PMC8586745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It inflicts immeasurable suffering on patients and their loved ones and carries an immense social cost. Efforts to mitigate the impact of stroke have focused on identifying therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment. The gut microbiome represents one such potential target given its multifaceted effects on conditions known to cause and worsen the severity of stroke. Vitamin B12 (VB12) serves as a cofactor for two enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA synthase and methionine synthase, vital for methionine and nucleotide biosynthesis. VB12 deficiency results in a buildup of metabolic substrates, such as homocysteine, that alter immune homeostasis and contribute to atherosclerotic disorders, including ischemic stroke. In addition to its support of cellular function, VB12 serves as a metabolic cofactor for gut microbes. By shaping microbial communities, VB12 further impacts local and peripheral immunity. Growing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis-related immune dysfunction induced by VB12 deficiency may potentially contributes to stroke pathogenesis, its severity, and patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the complex interactions of VB12, gut microbes and the associated metabolites, and immune homeostasis throughout the natural history of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Roth
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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33
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Kang YJ, Tan H, Lee CY, Cho H. An Air Particulate Pollutant Induces Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Human Brain Models. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101251. [PMID: 34561961 PMCID: PMC8564420 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a major component among air pollutants, highlights as a global health concern. Several epidemiological studies show the correlation between chronical PM2.5 exposure and incidents of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms have not been well understood, partly due to the lack of model systems that reflect the physiologically relevant innate immunity in human brains. Here, PM2.5-polluted human brain models (PMBs) are created in a 3D microfluidic platform reconstituting key aspects of human brain immunity under the PM2.5 exposure. PM2.5 penetration across a blood-brain barrier (BBB) model and accumulation in the brain tissue side of the model are first validated. Second, the PMB model shows that the BBB-penetrating PM2.5 initiates astrogliosis, resulting in slight neuronal loss and microglial infiltration. Third, it is demonstrated that the infiltrating microglia obtain M1 phenotype induced by interleukin-1β and interferon-γ from neurons and reactive astrocytes under the PM2.5 exposure. Finally, it is observed that additional proinflammatory mediators and nitric oxide released from the M1 microglia exacerbate neuronal damages, such as synaptic impairment, phosphoric tau accumulation, and neuronal death. This study suggests that PM2.5 can be a potential environmental risk factor for dementia mediated by the detrimental neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jung Kang
- Department Mechanical Engineering and Engineering ScienceDepartment of Biological SciencesCenter for Biomedical Engineering and ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
- Institute of Quantum BiophysicsDepartment of BiophysicsSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do16419ROK
| | - Hsih‐Yin Tan
- Institute for Health Innovation & TechnologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Charles Y. Lee
- Department Mechanical Engineering and Engineering ScienceDepartment of Biological SciencesCenter for Biomedical Engineering and ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Hansang Cho
- Institute of Quantum BiophysicsDepartment of BiophysicsSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do16419ROK
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare ConvergenceSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do16419ROK
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34
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Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Pryor D, Perez Garcia GS, Perez GM, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Hogg S, Ache B, Janssen WG, Sowa A, Tetreault T, Cook DG, Tappan SJ, Gandy S, Hof PR, Ahlers ST, Elder GA. Low-level blast exposure induces chronic vascular remodeling, perivascular astrocytic degeneration and vascular-associated neuroinflammation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:167. [PMID: 34654480 PMCID: PMC8518227 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular injury as a consequence of blast-induced traumatic brain injury is primarily the result of blast wave-induced mechanical disruptions within the neurovascular unit. In rodent models of blast-induced traumatic brain injury, chronic vascular degenerative processes are associated with the development of an age-dependent post-traumatic stress disorder-like phenotype. To investigate the evolution of blast-induced chronic vascular degenerative changes, Long-Evans rats were blast-exposed (3 × 74.5 kPa) and their brains analyzed at different times post-exposure by X-ray microcomputed tomography, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. On microcomputed tomography scans, regional cerebral vascular attenuation or occlusion was observed as early as 48 h post-blast, and cerebral vascular disorganization was visible at 6 weeks and more accentuated at 13 months post-blast. Progression of the late-onset pathology was characterized by detachment of the endothelial and smooth muscle cellular elements from the neuropil due to degeneration and loss of arteriolar perivascular astrocytes. Development of this pathology was associated with vascular remodeling and neuroinflammation as increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), collagen type IV loss, and microglial activation were observed in the affected vasculature. Blast-induced chronic alterations within the neurovascular unit should affect cerebral blood circulation, glymphatic flow and intramural periarterial drainage, all of which may contribute to development of the blast-induced behavioral phenotype. Our results also identify astrocytic degeneration as a potential target for the development of therapies to treat blast-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Gama Sosa
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Dylan Pryor
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Georgina S Perez Garcia
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gissel M Perez
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth Hogg
- Micro Photonics, Inc, 1550 Pond Road, Suite 110, Allentown, PA, 18104, USA
| | - Benjamin Ache
- Micro Photonics, Inc, 1550 Pond Road, Suite 110, Allentown, PA, 18104, USA
| | - William G Janssen
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Allison Sowa
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - David G Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Susan J Tappan
- MBF Bioscience LLC, 185 Allen Brook Lane, Williston, VT, 05495, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- NFL Neurological Care Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
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Wei G, Jiang D, Hu S, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Li W, Cai W, Liu D. Polydopamine-Decorated Microcomposites Promote Functional Recovery of an Injured Spinal Cord by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:47341-47353. [PMID: 34597036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury usually aggravates spinal cord damage. Many inflammatory cytokines are key players in neuroinflammation. Owing largely to the multiplicity of cytokine targets and the complexity of cytokine interactions, it is insufficient to suppress spinal cord damage progression by regulating only one or a few cytokines. Herein, we propose a two-pronged strategy to simultaneously capture the released cytokines and inhibit the synthesis of new ones in a broad-spectrum manner. To achieve this strategy, we designed a core/shell-structured microcomposite, which was composed of a methylprednisolone-incorporated polymer inner core and a biocompatible polydopamine outer shell. Thanks to the inherent adhesive nature of polydopamine, the obtained microcomposite (MP-PLGA@PDA) efficiently neutralized the excessive cytokines in a broad-spectrum manner within 1 day after spinal cord injury. Meanwhile, the controlled release of immunosuppressive methylprednisolone reduced the secretion of new inflammatory cytokines. Benefiting from its efficient and broad-spectrum capability in reducing the level of cytokines, this core/shell-structured microcomposite suppressed the recruitment of macrophages and protected the injured spinal cord, leading to an improved recovery of motor function. Overall, the designed microcomposite successfully achieved the two-pronged strategy in cytokine neutralization, providing an alternative approach to inhibit neuroinflammation in the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dongdong Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Li
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Filev AD, Kostyuk SV, Umriukhin PE, Pisarev VM. Oxidized Cell-Free DNA Rapidly Skews the Transcriptional Profile of Brain Cells toward Boosting Neurogenesis and Neuroplasticity. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1583-1591. [PMID: 34698136 PMCID: PMC8929019 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is liberated and accumulated in neural tissue due to cell damage. The oxidative and nitrosative stress in the brain that accompanies various pathological conditions has been shown to increase the oxidation of cellular and cell-free DNA. Whether the high concentration of non-oxidized and oxidized cfDNA may affect the transcriptome response of brain cells has not been studied. In the current work, we studied whether cfDNA fragments affect several key pathways, including neurogenesis, at the level of gene expression in brain cells. In the study, primary rat cerebellum cell cultures were used to assess the effects of oxidized and non-oxidized cfDNA on the expression of 91 genes in brain cells. We found that only oxidized cfDNA, not non-oxidized cfDNA, significantly altered the transcription in brain cells in 3 h. The pattern of change included all 10 upregulated genes (S100A8, S100A9, S100b, TrkB, Ngf, Pink1, Aqp4, Nmdar, Kcnk2, Mapk1) belonging to genes associated with neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. The expression of inflammatory and apoptosis genes, which oppose neurogenesis, decreased. The results show that the oxidized form of cfDNA positively regulates early gene expression of neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. At the same time, the question of whether chronic elevation of cfDNA concentration alters brain cells remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton D. Filev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.K.); (P.E.U.); (V.M.P.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, 107031 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Svetlana V. Kostyuk
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.K.); (P.E.U.); (V.M.P.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, 107031 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel E. Umriukhin
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.K.); (P.E.U.); (V.M.P.)
- Department of Normal Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir M. Pisarev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.K.); (P.E.U.); (V.M.P.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, 107031 Moscow, Russia
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Liu P, Qin D, Lv H, Fan W, Tao Z, Xu Y. Neuroprotective effects of dopamine D2 receptor agonist on neuroinflammatory injury in olfactory bulb neurons in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Neurotoxicology 2021; 87:174-181. [PMID: 34624383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that dopamine D2 receptor modulates the neurotoxic effects induced by glutamate. However, neurotoxicity mediated by AMPA-subtype glutamate receptor has rarely been studied in the olfactory bulb. This study mainly explores the neuroprotective effects of dopamine D2 receptor agonist on AMPA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in the olfactory bulb in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR) with olfactory dysfunction (OD). In our study, we found that AR with OD was closely associated with increased surface expression of the AMPA receptor GluR1, reduced surface expression of GluR2, and apoptosis damage in the olfactory bulb in vivo. Quinpirole (a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) improved olfactory function in mice, ameliorated apoptosis injury in the olfactory bulb but not in the olfactory mucosa, and inhibited the internalization of GluR2-containing AMPA receptor in vitro and in vivo. In addition, phosphorylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking. Our results showed that quinpirole reduced the phosphorylation of GluR1 S845 and GluR2 S880 in olfactory bulb neurons in vitro, but it had no obvious effect on GluR1 S831. Therefore, dopamine D2 receptor agonist may inhibit the phosphorylation of GluR1 S845 and GluR2 S880, thereby reducing AMPA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity and alleviating neurotoxic injury to the olfactory bulb caused by AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danxue Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zezhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Shaheryar ZA, Khan MA, Adnan CS, Zaidi AA, Hänggi D, Muhammad S. Neuroinflammatory Triangle Presenting Novel Pharmacological Targets for Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748663. [PMID: 34691061 PMCID: PMC8529160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Hundreds of clinical trials have proven ineffective in bringing forth a definitive and effective treatment for ischemic stroke, except a myopic class of thrombolytic drugs. That, too, has little to do with treating long-term post-stroke disabilities. These studies proposed diverse options to treat stroke, ranging from neurotropic interpolation to venting antioxidant activity, from blocking specific receptors to obstructing functional capacity of ion channels, and more recently the utilization of neuroprotective substances. However, state of the art knowledge suggests that more pragmatic focus in finding effective therapeutic remedy for stroke might be targeting intricate intracellular signaling pathways of the 'neuroinflammatory triangle': ROS burst, inflammatory cytokines, and BBB disruption. Experimental evidence reviewed here supports the notion that allowing neuroprotective mechanisms to advance, while limiting neuroinflammatory cascades, will help confine post-stroke damage and disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaib A. Shaheryar
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahtab A. Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Awais Ali Zaidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Imran Idrees College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ryan F, Khoshnam SE, Khodagholi F, Ashabi G, Ahmadiani A. How cytosolic compartments play safeguard functions against neuroinflammation and cell death in cerebral ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1445-1467. [PMID: 34173922 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of mortality and disability globally. Neuronal damage following ischemic stroke is rapid and irreversible, and eventually results in neuronal death. In addition to activation of cell death signaling, neuroinflammation is also considered as another pathogenesis that can occur within hours after cerebral ischemia. Under physiological conditions, subcellular organelles play a substantial role in neuronal functionality and viability. However, their functions can be remarkably perturbed under neurological disorders, particularly cerebral ischemia. Therefore, their biochemical and structural response has a determining role in the sequel of neuronal cells and the progression of disease. However, their effects on cell death and neuroinflammation, as major underlying mechanisms of ischemic stroke, are still not understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of each organelle on these pathological processes after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Centre, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Evans AK, Park HH, Saw NL, Singhal K, Ogawa G, Leib RD, Shamloo M. Age-related neuroinflammation and pathology in the locus coeruleus and hippocampus: beta-adrenergic antagonists exacerbate impairment of learning and memory in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 106:241-256. [PMID: 34320462 PMCID: PMC8419102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) provides the primary noradrenergic input to the forebrain and hippocampus, and may be vulnerable to degeneration and contribute to age-related cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. Additionally, inhibition of noradrenergic transmission by brain-permeable beta-blockers could exacerbate cognitive impairment. This study examined effects of age and acute beta-blocker administration on LC and hippocampus pathology, neuroinflammation and learning and memory behavior in mice. Male mice, 3 and 18 months old, were administered propranolol (beta-blocker) or mabuterol (beta-adrenergic agonist) acutely around behavioral assessment. Terminal inflammatory markers in plasma, hippocampus and LC were assessed alongside histopathology. An increase in hippocampal and LC microgliosis and inflammatory proteins in the hippocampus was detected in aged mice. We report pathological hyperphosphorylation of the postsynaptic NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in the hippocampus, suggesting neuronal hyperexcitability. Furthermore, the aged proteome revealed an induction in proteins related to energy metabolism, and mitochondria dysfunction in the LC and hippocampus. In a series of hippocampal dependent behavioral assessment tasks acute beta-adrenergic agonist or beta blocker administration altered learning and memory behavior in both aged and young mice. In Y-maze, propranolol and mabuterol differentially altered time spent in novel versus familiar arms in young and aged mice. Propranolol impaired Novel Object Recognition in both young and aged mice. Mabuterol enhanced trace learning in fear conditioning. Aged mice froze more to context and less to cue. Propranolol impaired contextual recall in aged mice. Concluding, aged mice show LC and hippocampus pathology and heightened effects of beta-adrenergic pharmacology on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heui Hye Park
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nay Lui Saw
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kratika Singhal
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gaku Ogawa
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan D Leib
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Buhlman LM, Krishna G, Jones TB, Thomas TC. Drosophila as a model to explore secondary injury cascades after traumatic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112079. [PMID: 34463269 PMCID: PMC8458259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophilae are emerging as a valuable model to study traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury cascades that drive persisting neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative pathology that imposes significant risk for long-term neurological deficits. As in mammals, TBI in Drosophila triggers axonal injury, metabolic crisis, oxidative stress, and a robust innate immune response. Subsequent neurodegeneration stresses quality control systems and perpetuates an environment for neuroprotection, regeneration, and delayed cell death via highly conserved cell signaling pathways. Fly injury models continue to be developed and validated for both whole-body and head-specific injury to isolate, evaluate, and modulate these parallel pathways. In conjunction with powerful genetic tools, the ability for longitudinal evaluation, and associated neurological deficits that can be tested with established behavioral tasks, Drosophilae are an attractive model to explore secondary injury cascades and therapeutic intervention after TBI. Here, we review similarities and differences between mammalian and fly pathophysiology and highlight strategies for their use in translational neurotrauma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Buhlman
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Gokul Krishna
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - T Bucky Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Mishra A, Bandopadhyay R, Singh PK, Mishra PS, Sharma N, Khurana N. Neuroinflammation in neurological disorders: pharmacotherapeutic targets from bench to bedside. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1591-1626. [PMID: 34387831 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the host defensive mechanisms through which the nervous system protects itself from pathogenic and or infectious insults. Moreover, neuroinflammation occurs as one of the most common pathological outcomes in various neurological disorders, makes it the promising target. The present review focuses on elaborating the recent advancement in understanding molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and its role in the etiopathogenesis of various neurological disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Epilepsy. Furthermore, the current status of anti-inflammatory agents in neurological diseases has been summarized in light of different preclinical and clinical studies. Finally, possible limitations and future directions for the effective use of anti-inflammatory agents in neurological disorders have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Prabhakar Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Pragya Shakti Mishra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
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Kettwig M, Klemp H, Nessler S, Streit F, Krätzner R, Rosewich H, Gärtner J. Targeted metabolomics revealed changes in phospholipids during the development of neuroinflammation in Abcd1 tm1Kds mice and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1174-1185. [PMID: 33855724 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common leukodystrophy. Despite intensive research in recent years, it remains unclear, what drives the different clinical disease courses. Due to this missing pathophysiological link, therapy for the childhood cerebral disease course of X-ALD (CCALD) remains symptomatic; the allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or hematopoietic stem-cell gene therapy is an option for early disease stages. The inclusion of dried blood spot (DBS) C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine to newborn screening in an increasing number of countries is leading to an increasing number of X-ALD patients diagnosed at risk for CCALD. Current follow-up in asymptomatic boys with X-ALD requires repetitive cerebral MRIs under sedation. A reliable and easily accessible biomarker that predicts CCALD would therefore be of great value. Here we report the application of targeted metabolomics by AbsoluteIDQ p180-Kit from Biocrates to search for suitable biomarkers in X-ALD. LysoPC a C20:3 and lysoPC a C20:4 were identified as metabolites that indicate neuroinflammation after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in the serum of Abcd1tm1Kds mice. Analysis of serum from X-ALD patients also revealed different concentrations of these lipids at different disease stages. Further studies in a larger cohort of X-ALD patient sera are needed to prove the diagnostic value of these lipids for use as early biomarkers for neuroinflammation in CCALD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kettwig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henry Klemp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Streit
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Krätzner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rosewich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Hubert V, Hristovska I, Karpati S, Benkeder S, Dey A, Dumot C, Amaz C, Chounlamountri N, Watrin C, Comte J, Chauveau F, Brun E, Marche P, Lerouge F, Parola S, Berthezène Y, Vorup‐Jensen T, Pascual O, Wiart M. Multimodal Imaging with NanoGd Reveals Spatiotemporal Features of Neuroinflammation after Experimental Stroke. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101433. [PMID: 34197055 PMCID: PMC8425862 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to propose and validate a preclinical in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tool to monitor neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke, based on injection of a novel multimodal nanoprobe, NanoGd, specifically designed for internalization by phagocytic cells. First, it is verified that NanoGd is efficiently internalized by microglia in vitro. In vivo MRI coupled with intravenous injection of NanoGd in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model results in hypointense signals in the ischemic lesion. In these mice, longitudinal two-photon intravital microscopy shows NanoGd internalization by activated CX3CR1-GFP/+ cells. Ex vivo analysis, including phase contrast imaging with synchrotron X-ray, histochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy corroborate NanoGd accumulation within the ischemic lesion and uptake by immune phagocytic cells. Taken together, these results confirm the potential of NanoGd-enhanced MRI as an imaging biomarker of neuroinflammation at the subacute stage of ischemic stroke. As far as it is known, this work is the first to decipher the working mechanism of MR signals induced by a nanoparticle passively targeted at phagocytic cells by performing intravital microscopy back-to-back with MRI. Furthermore, using a gadolinium-based rather than an iron-based contrast agent raises future perspectives for the development of molecular imaging with emerging computed tomography technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Hubert
- Univ‐LyonIRIS TeamCarMeN LaboratoryInserm U1060INRA U1397INSA LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est59 bd. PinelBron69500France
| | - Ines Hristovska
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Szilvia Karpati
- Université de LyonÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieLyonF69342France
| | - Sarah Benkeder
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Arindam Dey
- Institut pour l'Avancée des BiosciencesCentre de Recherche UGA / Inserm U 1209 / CNRS UMR 5309Site Santé ‐ Allée des AlpesLa Tronche38700France
| | - Chloé Dumot
- Univ‐LyonIRIS TeamCarMeN LaboratoryInserm U1060INRA U1397INSA LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est59 bd. PinelBron69500France
| | - Camille Amaz
- Clinical Investigation CenterHospices Civils de LyonLouis Pradel Hospital28 avenue Doyen LépineBron69500France
| | - Naura Chounlamountri
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Chantal Watrin
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Jean‐Christophe Comte
- FORGETTING TeamLyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL)CNRS UMR5292INSERM U1028Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier ‐ Bâtiment 462 ‐ Neurocampus Michel Jouvet95 boulevard PinelBron69675France
| | - Fabien Chauveau
- Université de LyonLyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL)CNRS UMR5292INSERM U1028Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est ‐ CERMEP59 bd PinelBron Cedex69677France
| | - Emmanuel Brun
- Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedical Research (STROBE)UA7 INSERMUniversité Grenoble AlpesMedical Beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility71 Avenue des MartyrsGrenoble Cedex 938043France
| | - Patrice Marche
- Institut pour l'Avancée des BiosciencesCentre de Recherche UGA / Inserm U 1209 / CNRS UMR 5309Site Santé ‐ Allée des AlpesLa Tronche38700France
| | - Fréderic Lerouge
- Université de LyonÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieLyonF69342France
| | - Stéphane Parola
- Université de LyonÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieLyonF69342France
| | - Yves Berthezène
- Univ‐LyonCreatis LaboratoryCNRS UMR5220Inserm U1044INSA LyonVilleurbanne Cedex69621France
| | - Thomas Vorup‐Jensen
- Department of BiomedicineBiophysical Immunology LaboratoryAarhus UniversityAarhus CDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Olivier Pascual
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Marlène Wiart
- Univ‐LyonIRIS TeamCarMeN LaboratoryInserm U1060INRA U1397INSA LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est59 bd. PinelBron69500France
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Gadde R, Betharia S. N,N'bis-(2-mercaptoethyl) isophthalamide (NBMI) exerts neuroprotection against lead-induced toxicity in U-87 MG cells. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2643-2657. [PMID: 34165617 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N,N'-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (NBMI) is a novel lipophilic heavy metal chelator and thiol redox antioxidant. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of NBMI in U-87 MG cells exposed to lead acetate (PbAc). Cells were pretreated with NBMI for 24 h prior to a 48 h exposure to PbAc. Cell death (55%, p < 0.0001) and reduction of intracellular GSH levels (0.70-fold, p < 0.005) induced by 250 µM Pb were successfully attenuated by NBMI pretreatment at concentrations as low as 10 µM. A similar pretreatment with the FDA-approved Pb chelator dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) proved ineffective, indicating a superior PKPD profile for NBMI. Pretreatment with NBMI successfully counteracted Pb-induced neuroinflammation by reducing IL-1β (0.59-fold, p < 0.05) and GFAP expression levels. NBMI alone was also found to significantly increase ferroportin expression (1.97-fold, p < 0.05) thereby enhancing cellular ability to efflux heavy metals. While no response was observed on the apoptotic pathway, this study demonstrated for the first time that necrotic cell death induced by Pb in U-87 MG cells is successfully attenuated by NBMI. Collectively these data demonstrate NBMI to be a promising neuroprotective compound in the realm of Pb poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Gadde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Swati Betharia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Aslani M, Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, Mirshafiey A. Efficient roles of miR-146a in cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammatory disorders: An effectual review in neuroimmunology. Immunol Lett 2021; 238:1-20. [PMID: 34293378 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Known as one of the most sophisticated systems of the human body, the nervous system consists of neural cells and controls all parts of the body. It is closely related to the immune system. The effects of inflammation and immune reactions have been observed in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders. Defined as the gene expression regulators, miRNAs participate in cellular processes. miR-146a is a mediator in the neuroimmune system, leaving substantial effects on the homeostasis of immune and brain cells, neuronal identities acquisition, and immune responses regulation in the nervous system. Its positive efficiency has been proven in modulating inflammatory reactions, hemorrhagic complications, and pain. Moreover, the miR-146a targets play a key role in the pathogenesis of these illnesses. Based on the performance of its targets, miR-146a can have various effects on the disease progress. The abnormal expression/function of miR-146a has been reported in neuroinflammatory disorders. There is research evidence that this molecule qualifies as a desirable biomarker for some disorders and can even be a therapeutic target. This study aims to provide a meticulous review regarding the roles of miR-146a in the pathogenesis and progression of several neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, temporal lobe epilepsy, ischemic stroke, etc. The study also considers its eligibility for use as an ideal biomarker and therapeutic target in these diseases. The awareness of these mechanisms can facilitate the disease management/treatment, lead to patients' amelioration, improve the quality of life, and mitigate the risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Xiao J, Cai T, Fang Y, Liu R, Flores JJ, Wang W, Gao L, Liu Y, Lu Q, Tang L, Zhang JH, Lu H, Tang J. Activation of GPR40 attenuates neuroinflammation and improves neurological function via PAK4/CREB/KDM6B pathway in an experimental GMH rat model. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:160. [PMID: 34275493 PMCID: PMC8286626 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is defined by the rupture of immature blood vessels in the germinal matrix, where subsequent hemorrhage enters the subependymal zone and the cerebral lateral ventricles. The consequent blood clot has been identified as the causative factor of secondary brain injury, which triggers a series of complex parallel and sequential harmful mechanisms, including neuroinflammation. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a free fatty acid (FFA) receptor 1, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects when activated and improved outcomes in animal models of stroke. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of GPR40 and its underlying mechanisms after GMH. METHODS GMH model was induced in 7-day-old rat pups by an intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. GPR40 agonist, GW9508, was administered intranasally 1 h, 25 h, and 49 h after GMH induction. CRISPR targeting GPR40, PAK4, and KDM6B were administered through intracerebroventricular injection 48 h before GMH induction. Neurologic scores, microglia polarization, and brain morphology were evaluated by negative geotaxis, right reflex, rotarod test, foot fault test, Morris water maze, immunofluorescence staining, Western blots, and nissl staining respectfully. RESULTS The results demonstrated that GW9508 improved neurological and morphological outcomes after GMH in the short (24 h, 48 h, 72h) and long-term (days 21-27). However, the neuroprotective effects of treatment were abolished by GW1100, a selective GPR40 antagonist. GW9508 treatment increased populations of M2 microglia and decreased M1 microglia in periventricular areas 24 h after GMH induction. GW9508 upregulated the phosphorylation of PAK4, CREB, and protein level of KDM6B, CD206, IL-10, which was also met with the downregulation of inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α. The mechanism study demonstrated that the knockdown of GPR40, PAK4, and KDM6B reversed the neuroprotective effects brought on by GW9508. This evidence suggests that GPR40/PAK4/CREB/KDM6B signaling pathway in microglia plays a role in the attenuation of neuroinflammation after GMH. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the activation of GPR40 attenuated GMH-induced neuroinflammation through the activation of the PAK4/CREB/KDM6B signaling pathway, and M2 microglia may be a major mediator of this effect. Thus, GPR40 may serve as a potential target in the reduction of the inflammatory response following GMH, thereby improving neurological outcomes in the short- and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Tao Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Wenna Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Lihui Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA.
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Sandre PC, da Silva Chagas L, de Velasco PC, Galvani RG, Dias Fraga KY, Tavares do Carmo MDG, Vianna PHO, Bonomo AC, Serfaty CA. Chronic nutritional restriction of omega-3 fatty acids induces a pro-inflammatory profile during the development of the rat visual system. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:366-378. [PMID: 34237395 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern western diets have been associated with a reduced proportion of dietary omega-3 fatty acids leading to decreased levels of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in the brain. Low DHA content has been associated with altered development of visual acuity in infants and also with an altered time course of synapse elimination and plasticity in subcortical visual nuclei in rodents. Microglia has an active role in normal developmental processes such as circuitry refinement and plasticity, and its activation status can be modulated by omega-3 (ω3) and omega-6 (ω6) essential fatty acids. In the present study, we investigated the impact of dietary restriction of DHA (ω3-), through the chronic administration of a coconut-based diet as the only fat source. This dietary protocol resulted in a reduction in DHA content in the retina and superior colliculus (SC) and in a neuroinflammatory outcome during the development of the rodent visual system. The ω3- group showed changes in microglial morphology in the retina and SC and a corresponding altered pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Early and late fish oil protocols supplementation were able to restore DHA levels. The early supplementation also decreased neuroinflammatory markers in the visual system. The present study indicates that a chronic dietary restriction of omega-3 fatty acids and the resulting deficits in DHA content, commonly observed in Western diets, interferes with the microglial profile leading to an inflamed microenvironment which may underlie a disruption of synapse elimination, altered topographical organization, abnormal plasticity, and duration of critical periods during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Capucho Sandre
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Luana da Silva Chagas
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Patricia Coelho de Velasco
- Josué Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Gonçalves Galvani
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karla Yasmin Dias Fraga
- Josué Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Cesar Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alberto Serfaty
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
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Moya M, San Felipe D, Ballesta A, Alén F, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, García-Bueno B, Marco EM, Orio L. Cerebellar and cortical TLR4 activation and behavioral impairments in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Pharmacological effects of oleoylethanolamide. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110190. [PMID: 33271211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder whose etiology is a thiamine deficiency (TD), with alcoholism being the main underlying cause. Previous evidence suggests the presence of initial neuroinflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress in the physiopathology, although the specific molecular mechanisms underlying TD-induced brain damage and behavioral disabilities are unknown. We explored the specific role of the innate immune receptor TLR4 in three murine models of WKS, based on the combination of a thiamine-deficient diet and pyrithiamine injections (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) over time. The Symptomatic Model (SM) allowed us to describe the complete neurological/neurobehavioral symptomatology over 16 days of TD. Animals showed an upregulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway both in the frontal cortex (FC) and cerebellum and clear motor impairments related with cerebellar dysfunction. However, in the Pre-Symptomatic Model (PSM), 12 days of TD induced the TLR4 pathway upregulation in the FC, which correlated with disinhibited-like behavior, but not in the cerebellum, and no motor impairments. In addition, we tested the effects of the biolipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA, 10 mg/kg, i.p., once daily, starting before any symptom of the pathology is manifested) through the Glucose-Precipitated Model (GPM), which was generated by glucose loading (5 g/kg, i.v., last day) in thiamine-deficient animals to accelerate damage. Pretreatment with OEA prevented the TLR4-induced signature in the FC, as well as an underlying incipient memory disability and disinhibited-like behavior. This study suggests a key role for TLR4 in TD-induced neuroinflammation in the FC and cerebellum, and it reveals different vulnerability of these brain regions in WKS over time. Pre-treatment with OEA counteracts TD-induced TLR4-associated neuroinflammation and may serve as co-adjuvant therapy to prevent WKS-induced neurobehavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Diego San Felipe
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, UCM, Spain
| | - Antonio Ballesta
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, UCM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Spain
| | - Eva M Marco
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, UCM, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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50
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Ruan J, Miao X, Schlüter D, Lin L, Wang X. Extracellular vesicles in neuroinflammation: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1946-1957. [PMID: 33895328 PMCID: PMC8178458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane vesicles and act as key messengers in intercellular communication. EVs can be secreted by both neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, EVs contribute to CNS homeostasis by facilitating omnidirectional communication among CNS cell populations. In response to CNS injury, EVs mediate neuroinflammatory responses and regulate tissue damage and repair, thereby influencing the pathogenesis, development, and/or recovery of neuroinflammatory diseases, including CNS autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, CNS traumatic injury, and CNS infectious diseases. The unique ability of EVs to pass through the blood-brain barrier further confers them an important role in the bidirectional communication between the CNS and periphery, and application of EVs enables the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of neuroinflammatory diseases in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ruan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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