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Parlak AE, Selçuk ÖT, Yilmaz GÖ, Aydenizoz D, Selçuk NT, Öcal R, Seyman D, Yilmaz M, Eyigör H. Olfactory Bulb Volume and Morphology Changes in COVID-19 Patients With Olfactory Disorders Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2024; 48:317-322. [PMID: 37876233 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study are to explore the morphological changes of olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory sulcus in COVID-19 patients with associated olfactory dysfunction (OD) by measuring the OB volume (OBV) and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) and to compare the measurement values with those of healthy individuals. METHODS Between March 2020 and January 2022, 31 consecutive hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 with anosmia and hyposmia who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and 35 normosmic control individuals were retrospectively included in the study. Bilateral OBV and OSD were measured and shape of the OB was determined based on the consensus by a neuroradiologist and an otorrhynolaryngologist. RESULTS The mean measurements for the right and the left sides for OBV (38 ± 8.5 and 37.1 ± 8.4, respectively) and OSD (7.4 ± 0.1 and 7.4 ± 1.0 mm, respectively) were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients with OD than those in control group (for the right and the left sides mean OBV 56.3 ± 17.1 and 49.1 ± 13.5, respectively, and mean OSD 9.6 ± 0.8 and 9.4 ± 0.8 mm, respectively). Abnormally shaped OB (lobulated, rectangular, or atrophic) were higher in patient group than those of controls.For the optimal cutoff values, OBV showed sensitivity and specificity values of 90.32% and, 57.14%, for the right, and 87.1% and 62.86% for the left side, respectively (area under the curve, 0.819 and 0.780). Olfactory sulcus depth showed sensitivity and specificity values of 90.32% and 94.29%, for the right, and 96.77% and 85.71%, for the left side, respectively (area under the curve, 0.960 and 0.944). CONCLUSIONS Decrease in OBV and OSD measurements in COVID-19 patients with OD at the early chronic stage of the disease supports direct damage to olfactory neuronal pathways and may be used to monitor olfactory nerve renewal while returning back to normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Derya Seyman
- Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences University Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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Shimizu S, Nakayama M, Nguyen CT, Ishigaki H, Kitagawa Y, Yasui F, Yagi Y, Kusayanagi T, Kohara M, Itoh Y, Tojima I, Kouzaki H, Shimizu T. SARS-CoV-2 induces inflammation and intracranial infection through the olfactory epithelium-olfactory bulb pathway in non-human primates. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 387:578288. [PMID: 38237527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We examined the histopathological changes in the olfactory mucosa of cynomolgus and rhesus macaque models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced severe inflammatory changes in the olfactory mucosa. A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule, HLA-DR was expressed in macrophage and supporting cells, and melanocytes were increased in olfactory mucosa. Supporting cells and olfactory neurons were infected, and SARS-CoV-2 N protein was detected in the axons of olfactory neurons and in olfactory bulbs. Viral RNA was detected in olfactory bulbs and brain tissues. The olfactory epithelium-olfactory bulb pathway may be important as a route for intracranial infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Cong Thanh Nguyen
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yasui
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kouzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Genetzaki S, Nikolaidis V, Markou K, Konstantinidis I. Olfactory training with four and eight odors: comparison with clinical testing and olfactory bulb volumetrics. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:497-502. [PMID: 37924364 PMCID: PMC10764551 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) is one of the most common causes of olfactory impairment but has limited treatment options. Recently, olfactory training (OT) has been considered an effective treatment method; however, several questions have arisen regarding its optimal scheme. The aim of this study was to assess whether an OT scheme with 8 odors is more effective than the classic OT scheme with 4 odors by comparing psychophysical test results and olfactory bulb (OB) volumetrics. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 72 patients with PIOD were included. The patients followed either the classic 4-odor OT scheme (COT; n = 34 patients) or an extended 8-odor scheme (EOT; n = 38 patients) for 16 weeks. All patients underwent olfactory testing with a Sniffin'Sticks battery test at 0, 8, and 16 weeks. Of the patients, 38 underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging for OB volumetric assessment before and after treatment. RESULTS The comparison of the olfactory test results did not show any significant difference between the two study groups, in agreement with the OB volumetrics. The convex OB showed better test results than the non-convex OB, with significantly better improvement after treatment regardless of OT type. The EOT group presented significantly better adherence than the COT group. CONCLUSION The number of odors did not appear to play a significant role in the effect of the OT. However, the training scheme with more than four odors showed better adherence among the patients in a long-term treatment plan. The shape of the OB may have prognostic value in clinical assessment and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Genetzaki
- 2nd ORL Academic Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kapici OB, Kapici Y, Tekin A. Reduced olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 332:111644. [PMID: 37087810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that limbic system abnormalities are seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the neurobiological changes in OCD are still unclear. Moreover, olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and its association with symptom severity have not been yet investigated in patients with OCD. This is the first study on OBV and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) values in OCD patients, to the best of our knowledge. Between January 2018 and March 2022, 25 patients with OCD and 26 healthy controls with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included. Detailed disease history of OCD patients was taken, and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (YBOCS) was applied. The mean age of the patient group was 33.40±9.58, the mean age of the control group was 32.84±8.01. LOBV, ROBV, TOBV, and LOSD in the patient group were significantly lower than in the control group (p=.013, p=.005, p=.001, p=.015, respectively). ROBV and TOBV were negatively correlated with YBOCS total and subscale scores. A negative correlation was found between ROBV and TOBV and disease duration (r=-0.749 and r=-0.640, respectively). The negative correlation of ROBV and TOBV values with disease duration and disease severity can be used to monitor the neurodegenerative process of OCD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bayar Kapici
- Adıyaman Training and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Adıyaman, 02040, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Kapici
- Kahta State Hospital, Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Adıyaman, 02020, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Tekin
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Adıyaman, 02040, Turkey
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Baykan AH, Aydın E, Şahin Ş, Altunışık E. Quantitative analysis of the olfactory system in pediatric epilepsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Diagn Interv Radiol 2023; 29:396-401. [PMID: 36988051 PMCID: PMC10679695 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2022.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Olfactory dysfunction is a well-known complication in epilepsy. Studies have demonstrated that olfactory bulb volume (OBV), olfactory tract length (OTL), and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) can be reliably evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we compared the OBV, OTL, and OSD values of children with epilepsy and those of healthy children (controls) of similar age. Our aim was to determine the presence of olfactory dysfunction in children with epilepsy and demonstrate the effects of the epilepsy type and treatment on olfactory function in these patients. METHODS Cranial MRI images of 36 patients with epilepsy and 108 controls (3-17 years) were evaluated. The patients with epilepsy were divided into groups according to the type of disease and treatment method. Subsequently, OBV and OSD were measured from the coronal section and OTL from the sagittal section. The OBV, OTL, and OSD values were compared between the epilepsy group, subgroups, and controls. RESULTS OBV was significantly reduced in the children with epilepsy compared with the control group (P < 0.001). No significant difference between the healthy children and those with epilepsy was determined in terms of OTL and OSD. Although OBV was moderately positively correlated with age in the control group (r = 0.561, P < 0.001), it was poorly correlated with age in children with epilepsy (r = 0.393, P = 0.018). CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that OBV decreases in children with epilepsy, but epilepsy type and treatment method do not affect OBV, OTL, or OSD (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Haydar Baykan
- Department of Radiology, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Elçin Aydın
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Şahin
- Department of Radiology, Adıyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Erman Altunışık
- Department of Neurology, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
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Tan C, Nawaz H, Lageman SK, Cloud LJ, Amara AW, Newman BT, Druzgal TJ, Berman BD, Mukhopadhyay N, Barrett MJ. Cholinergic Nucleus 4 Degeneration and Cognitive Impairment in Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2023; 38:474-479. [PMID: 36598142 PMCID: PMC10033349 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic nucleus 4 (Ch4) degeneration is associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, but it is unknown if Ch4 degeneration is also present in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine if there is evidence of Ch4 degeneration in patients with iRBD and if it is associated with cognitive impairment. METHODS We analyzed the clinical and neuropsychological data of 35 iRBD patients and 35 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Regional gray matter density (GMD) was calculated for Ch4 using probabilistic maps applied to brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Ch4 GMD was significantly lower in the iRBD group compared to controls (0.417 vs. 0.441, P = 0.02). Ch4 GMD was also found to be a significant predictor of letter number sequencing (β-coefficient = 58.31, P = 0.026, 95% confidence interval [7.47, 109.15]), a measure of working memory. CONCLUSIONS iRBD is associated with Ch4 degeneration, and Ch4 degeneration in iRBD is associated with impairment in working memory. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tan
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huma Nawaz
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah K. Lageman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Leslie J. Cloud
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amy W. Amara
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin T. Newman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - T. Jason Druzgal
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nitai Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Sancaktar M, Kocamer Şahin Ş, Demir B, Elboğa U, Elboğa G, Altındağ A. Is abnormal metabolism in the olfactory bulb and amygdala associated with bipolar disorder? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:145-152. [PMID: 36680695 PMCID: PMC9862245 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated abnormal amygdala activation in bipolar disorder (BD). The olfactory bulb (OB) has vigorous connections with the amygdala. Although odor-related functions of the OB decreased during the evolutionary process, we hypothesized that an evolved OB with increased activation in emotion regulation may be one of the main factors affecting amygdala functions in BD. Our aim was to investigate metabolism in the OB and amygdala in patients with BD. Twenty-six patients diagnosed with BD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were included in this cross-sectional study. Metabolism in the OB and amygdala was assessed using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT in patients with BD. The OB and amygdala metabolism was compared with the patients' Z scores. Both OB and amygdala metabolic activities were significantly higher than in the controls. A positive correlation was detected between right/left amygdala metabolism and right OB metabolism (p < 0.05, r:467 and r:662, respectively). This study increased our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of BD. In BD, the main cause of hypermetabolism in the amygdala may be increased metabolism in the OB. During evolution, the OB may have assumed a dominant role in emotional processing rather than olfactory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Sancaktar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Şengül Kocamer Şahin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry Osmangazi Neighbourhood, Gaziantep University, University Avenue- 27310 Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Demir
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Umut Elboğa
- Department of NuclearMedıcıne, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Elboğa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Altındağ
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Kulason S, Ratnanather JT, Miller MI, Kamath V, Hua J, Yang K, Ma M, Ishizuka K, Sawa A. A comparative neuroimaging perspective of olfaction and higher-order olfactory processing: on health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:22-30. [PMID: 34462249 PMCID: PMC9900497 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is often the earliest indicator of disease in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. One tempting working hypothesis is that pathological changes in the peripheral olfactory system where the body is exposed to many adverse environmental stressors may have a causal role for the brain alteration. Whether and how the peripheral pathology spreads to more central brain regions may be effectively studied in rodent models, and there is successful precedence in experimental models for Parkinson's disease. It is of interest to study whether a similar mechanism may underlie the pathology of psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia. However, direct comparison between rodent models and humans includes challenges under light of comparative neuroanatomy and experimental methodologies used in these two distinct species. We believe that neuroimaging modality that has been the main methodology of human brain studies may be a useful viewpoint to address and fill the knowledge gap between rodents and humans in this scientific question. Accordingly, in the present review article, we focus on brain imaging studies associated with olfaction in healthy humans and patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and if available those in rodents. We organize this review article at three levels: 1) olfactory bulb (OB) and peripheral structures of the olfactory system, 2) primary olfactory cortical and subcortical regions, and 3) associated higher-order cortical regions. This research area is still underdeveloped, and we acknowledge that further validation with independent cohorts may be needed for many studies presented here, in particular those with human subjects. Nevertheless, whether and how peripheral olfactory disturbance impacts brain function is becoming even a hotter topic in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, given the risk of long-term changes of mental status associated with olfactory infection of SARS-CoV-2. Together, in this review article, we introduce this underdeveloped but important research area focusing on its implications in neurological and psychiatric disorders, with several pioneered publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kulason
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Tilak Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Chung EJ, Cho HJ, Hur DY, Kim YS, Lee KH, Kim SJ. One Autopsy Proved Neocortical Lewy Body Disease Without the Involvement of the Olfactory Bulb and Brainstem. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e195. [PMID: 35698841 PMCID: PMC9194488 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) or dementia with LBs (DLB). Incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD) is defined when LBs and LNs are found in the brain of normal elderly individuals. A 65-year-old man presented with autopsy-proven Lewy body pathology (LBP). He had never complained of cognitive impairments or parkinsonian motor symptoms, and he had always maintained independence in activities of daily living. Hypopigmentations in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra were discovered during the autopsy. The patient showed severe-to-extremely severe LBs in the neocortex and limbic areas, except in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, amygdala, and brainstem, according to microscopic findings. Hence, using several of the previously known staging systems, it was difficult to classify the patient's LBP type. Furthermore, these findings were unique because they had never been observed before in iLBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Chung
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital Brain Bank, Busan, Korea
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hwa Jin Cho
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital Brain Bank, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital Brain Bank, Busan, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yeong Seok Kim
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital Brain Bank, Busan, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Chonnam National University Hospital Brain Bank, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Pathology, BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea.
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital Brain Bank, Busan, Korea
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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Liu PQ, Qin DX, Lyu H, Fan WJ, Gao ZA, Tao ZZ, Xu Y. [Experimental study of dopamine ameliorating the inflammatory damage of olfactory bulb in mice with allergic rhinitis]. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2022; 57:442-451. [PMID: 35527435 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115330-20210628-00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of dopamine on olfactory function and inflammatory injury of olfactory bulb in mice with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: AR mouse model was established by using ovalbumin (OVA), and the mice were divided into two groups: olfactory dysfunction (OD) group and without OD group through buried food pellet test (BFPT). The OD mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, and OVA combined with dopamine (3, 6, 9 and 12 days, respectively) or OVA combined with an equal amount of PBS (the same treatment time) was administered nasally. The olfactory function of mice was evaluated by BFPT. The number of eosinophils and goblet cells in the nasal mucosa were detected by HE and PAS staining. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP) in olfactory epithelium, the important rate-limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) of dopamine, and the marker proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b of glial cell in the olfactory bulb. TUNEL staining was used to detect the damage of the olfactory bulb. SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: AR mice with OD had AR pathological characteristics. Compared with AR mice without OD, the expression of OMP in olfactory epithelium of AR mice with OD was reduced (F=26.09, P<0.05), the expression of GFAP and CD11b in the olfactory bulb was increased (F value was 38.95 and 71.71, respectively, both P<0.05), and the expression of TH in the olfactory bulb was decreased (F=77.00, P<0.05). Nasal administration of dopamine could shorten the time of food globule detection in mice to a certain extent, down-regulate the expression of GFAP and CD11b in the olfactory bulb (F value was 6.55 and 46.11, respectively, both P<0.05), and reduce the number of apoptotic cells in the olfactory bulb (F=25.64, P<0.05). But dopamine had no significant effect on the number of eosinophils and goblet cells in nasal mucosa (F value was 36.26 and 19.38, respectively, both P>0.05), and had no significant effect on the expression of OMP in the olfactory epithelium (F=55.27, P>0.05). Conclusion: Dopamine can improve olfactory function in mice with AR to a certain extent, possibly because of inhibiting the activation of glial cells in olfactory bulb and reducing the apoptotic injury of olfactory bulb cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Q Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - D X Qin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - H Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - W J Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Z A Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Z Z Tao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China Research Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China Research Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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Murray HC, Johnson K, Sedlock A, Highet B, Dieriks BV, Anekal PV, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Koretsky A, Maric D. Lamina-specific immunohistochemical signatures in the olfactory bulb of healthy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease patients. Commun Biol 2022; 5:88. [PMID: 35075270 PMCID: PMC8786934 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional neuroanatomy immunohistology studies involve low-content analyses of a few antibodies of interest, typically applied and compared across sequential tissue sections. The efficiency, consistency, and ultimate insights of these studies can be substantially improved using high-plex immunofluorescence labelling on a single tissue section to allow direct comparison of many markers. Here we present an expanded and efficient multiplexed fluorescence-based immunohistochemistry (MP-IHC) approach that improves throughput with sequential labelling of up to 10 antibodies per cycle, with no limitation on the number of cycles, and maintains versatility and accessibility by using readily available commercial reagents and standard epifluorescence microscopy imaging. We demonstrate this approach by cumulatively screening up to 100 markers on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human olfactory bulb sourced from neurologically normal (no significant pathology), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This brain region is involved early in the symptomology and pathophysiology of AD and PD. We also developed a spatial pixel bin analysis approach for unsupervised analysis of the high-content anatomical information from large tissue sections. Here, we present a comprehensive immunohistological characterisation of human olfactory bulb anatomy and a summary of differentially expressed biomarkers in AD and PD using the MP-IHC labelling and spatial protein analysis pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand.
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Kory Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Birger Victor Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Praju Vikas Anekal
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Alan Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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12
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Jang HN, Kim T, Jung AY, Lee BH, Yum MS, Ko TS. Identification of FOXG1 mutations in infantile hypotonia and postnatal microcephaly. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27949. [PMID: 34964776 PMCID: PMC8615421 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT FOXG1, located at chromosome 14q12, is critical for brain development, and patients with FOXG1 mutation exhibit developmental encephalopathy with high phenotypic variability, known as FOXG1 syndrome. Here, we report 3 cases of FOXG1 syndrome that presented with infantile hypotonia and microcephaly.A total of 145 children with developmental delay and/or hypotonia were evaluated by whole-exome sequencing (WES) in the pediatric neurology clinic and medical genetics center at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, from 2017 to 2019. Each FOXG1 mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The clinical findings of each patient with FOXG1 mutation were reviewed.WES identified de-novo, pathogenic, and heterozygous FOXG1 mutations in 3 of 145 patients in our patient cohort with developmental delay and/or hypotonia. The characteristics of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reported as callosal anomaly, decrease in frontal volume, fornix thickening, and hypoplastic olfactory bulbs. A phenotype-genotype correlation was demonstrated as a patient with a novel missense mutation, c.761A > C (p.Tyr254Ser), in the forkhead domain had better outcome and milder brain abnormalities than the other 2 patients with truncating mutation in the Groucho binding domain site, c.958delC (p.Arg320Alafs), or N-terminal domain, c.506dup (p.Lys170GlnfsThe). Importantly, all 3 patients had hypoplastic olfactory bulbs on their brain MRI, which is a distinct and previously unrecognized feature of FOXG1 syndrome.This is the first report of FOXG1 syndrome in a Korean population; this condition accounts for 2% (3 of 145 patients) of our patient cohort with developmental delays and/or hypotonia. Our report contributes to understanding this extremely rare genetic condition in the clinical and genetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Na Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ah Young Jung
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yum
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Liu P, Qin D, Lv H, Fan W, Tao Z, Xu Y. Neuroprotective effects of dopamine D2 receptor agonist on neuroinflammatory injury in olfactory bulb neurons in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Neurotoxicology 2021; 87:174-181. [PMID: 34624383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that dopamine D2 receptor modulates the neurotoxic effects induced by glutamate. However, neurotoxicity mediated by AMPA-subtype glutamate receptor has rarely been studied in the olfactory bulb. This study mainly explores the neuroprotective effects of dopamine D2 receptor agonist on AMPA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in the olfactory bulb in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR) with olfactory dysfunction (OD). In our study, we found that AR with OD was closely associated with increased surface expression of the AMPA receptor GluR1, reduced surface expression of GluR2, and apoptosis damage in the olfactory bulb in vivo. Quinpirole (a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) improved olfactory function in mice, ameliorated apoptosis injury in the olfactory bulb but not in the olfactory mucosa, and inhibited the internalization of GluR2-containing AMPA receptor in vitro and in vivo. In addition, phosphorylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking. Our results showed that quinpirole reduced the phosphorylation of GluR1 S845 and GluR2 S880 in olfactory bulb neurons in vitro, but it had no obvious effect on GluR1 S831. Therefore, dopamine D2 receptor agonist may inhibit the phosphorylation of GluR1 S845 and GluR2 S880, thereby reducing AMPA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity and alleviating neurotoxic injury to the olfactory bulb caused by AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danxue Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zezhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Kok EH, Savola S, Raunio A, Oinas M, Tuimala J, Polvikoski T, Kero M, Kaivola K, Tienari PJ, Paetau A, Myllykangas L. Alpha-synuclein pathology of olfactory bulbs/peduncles in the Vantaa85+ cohort exhibit two divergent patterns: a population-based study. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:777-780. [PMID: 34468835 PMCID: PMC8423630 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloise H Kok
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Savola
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Raunio
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Oinas
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Department of Neurosurgery, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromso, Norway
| | - Jarno Tuimala
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Polvikoski
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mia Kero
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karri Kaivola
- Translational Immunology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Translational Immunology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Paetau
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Deng I, Corrigan F, Garg S, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. Further Characterization of Intrastriatal Lipopolysaccharide Model of Parkinson's Disease in C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7380. [PMID: 34299000 PMCID: PMC8304722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder, characterized by progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway, which consists of dopaminergic cell bodies in substantia nigra and their neuronal projections to the striatum. Moreover, PD is associated with an array of non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, impaired regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Inflammation and concomitant oxidative stress are crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, this study aimed to model PD via intrastriatal injection of the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide (LPS)to investigate if the lesion causes olfactory and motor impairments, inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration in synaptic proteins in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and colon. Ten µg of LPS was injected unilaterally into the striatum of 27 male C57BL/6 mice, and behavioural assessment was conducted at 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment, followed by tissue collection. Intrastriatal LPS induced motor impairment in C57BL/6 mice at 8 weeks post-treatment evidenced by reduced latency time in the rotarod test. LPS also induced inflammation in the striatum characterized by increased expression of microglial marker Iba-1 and astrocytic marker GFAP, with degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal fibres (reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity), and reduction of synaptic proteins and DJ-1 protein. Additionally, intrastriatal LPS induced inflammation, oxidative stress and alterations in synaptic proteins within the olfactory bulb, although this did not induce a significant impairment in olfactory function. Intrastriatal LPS induced mild inflammatory changes in the distal colon, accompanied by increased protein expression of 3-nitrotyrosine-modified proteins. This model recapitulated the major features of PD such as motor impairment and degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal fibres in the striatum, as well as some pathological changes in the olfactory bulb and colon; thus, this model could be suitable for understanding clinical PD and testing neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Deng
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
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16
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Schwabenland M, Salié H, Tanevski J, Killmer S, Lago MS, Schlaak AE, Mayer L, Matschke J, Püschel K, Fitzek A, Ondruschka B, Mei HE, Boettler T, Neumann-Haefelin C, Hofmann M, Breithaupt A, Genc N, Stadelmann C, Saez-Rodriguez J, Bronsert P, Knobeloch KP, Blank T, Thimme R, Glatzel M, Prinz M, Bengsch B. Deep spatial profiling of human COVID-19 brains reveals neuroinflammation with distinct microanatomical microglia-T-cell interactions. Immunity 2021; 54:1594-1610.e11. [PMID: 34174183 PMCID: PMC8188302 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 can cause severe neurological symptoms, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. Here, we interrogated the brain stems and olfactory bulbs in postmortem patients who had COVID-19 using imaging mass cytometry to understand the local immune response at a spatially resolved, high-dimensional, single-cell level and compared their immune map to non-COVID respiratory failure, multiple sclerosis, and control patients. We observed substantial immune activation in the central nervous system with pronounced neuropathology (astrocytosis, axonal damage, and blood-brain-barrier leakage) and detected viral antigen in ACE2-receptor-positive cells enriched in the vascular compartment. Microglial nodules and the perivascular compartment represented COVID-19-specific, microanatomic-immune niches with context-specific cellular interactions enriched for activated CD8+ T cells. Altered brain T-cell-microglial interactions were linked to clinical measures of systemic inflammation and disturbed hemostasis. This study identifies profound neuroinflammation with activation of innate and adaptive immune cells as correlates of COVID-19 neuropathology, with implications for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schwabenland
- Institute of Neuropathology and Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Salié
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jovan Tanevski
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marilyn Salvat Lago
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Emilia Schlaak
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Mayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Fitzek
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik E Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Nafiye Genc
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bronsert
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology and Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology and Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology and Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Lee JC, Nallani R, Cass L, Bhalla V, Chiu AG, Villwock JA. A Systematic Review of the Neuropathologic Findings of Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction: Implications and Novel Insight for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 35:323-333. [PMID: 32915650 PMCID: PMC10404900 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420957853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-viral olfactory dysfunction is a common cause of both short- and long-term smell alteration. The coronavirus pandemic further highlights the importance of post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Currently, a comprehensive review of the neural mechanism underpinning post-viral olfactory dysfunction is lacking. OBJECTIVES To synthesize the existing primary literature related to olfactory dysfunction secondary to viral infection, detail the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlight relevance for the current COVID-19 pandemic, and identify high impact areas of future research. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched to identify studies reporting primary scientific data on post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Results were supplemented by manual searches. Studies were categorized into animal and human studies for final analysis and summary. RESULTS A total of 38 animal studies and 7 human studies met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There was significant variability in study design, experimental model, and outcome measured. Viral effects on the olfactory system varies significantly based on viral substrain but generally include damage or alteration in components of the olfactory epithelium and/or the olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of post-viral olfactory dysfunction is highly complex, virus-dependent, and involves a combination of insults at multiple levels of the olfactory pathway. This will have important implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic developments for patients infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Rohit Nallani
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lauren Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Vidur Bhalla
- Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Alexander G. Chiu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jennifer A. Villwock
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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18
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Mishra SK, Hidau M. Intranasal Insulin Enhances Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin-Induced Decrease in Olfactory Discriminative Learning via Upregulation of Subventricular Zone-Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis in the Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1248-1259. [PMID: 33123980 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory perception and learning play a vital role in the animal's entire life for habituation and survival. Insulin and insulin receptor signaling is well known to modulate the olfactory function and is also involved in the regulation of neurogenesis. A very high density of insulin receptors is present in the olfactory bulb (OB), the brain area involved in the olfactory function, where active adult neurogenesis also takes place. Hence, our study was aimed to explore the effect of intranasal insulin treatment and the involvement of the subventricular zone-olfactory bulb (SVZ-OB) neurogenesis on olfactory discriminative learning and memory in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV STZ) rat model. Our findings revealed that intranasal insulin treatment significantly increased ICV STZ-induced decrease in the olfactory discriminative learning. No significant change was observed in the post-treatment olfactory memory upon ICV STZ and intranasal insulin treatment. ICV STZ also caused a substantial decline in the SVZ-OB neurogenesis, as indicated by the reduction in the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU+) cells, BrdU+ Nestin+ cells, and Doublecortin (DCX+) cells, which was reversed by intranasal insulin treatment. Intranasal insulin treatment also increased the number of immature neurons reaching the olfactory bulb (OB) as indicated by an increase in the DCX expression in the OB as compared to the ICV STZ administered group. ICV STZ administration also resulted in the modulation of the expression of the genes regulating postnatal SVZ-OB neurogenesis like Mammalian achaete scute homolog 1 (Mash 1), Neurogenin 2 (Ngn 2), Neuronal differentiation 1 (Neuro D1), and T box brain protein 2 (Tbr 2). Intranasal insulin treatment reverted these changes in gene expression, which might be responsible for the observed increase in the SVZ-OB neurogenesis and hence the olfactory discriminative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai, (C.G.), 490024, India.
| | - Mahendra Hidau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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19
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Ren G, Xue P, Wu B, Yang F, Wu X. Intranasal treatment of lixisenatide attenuated emotional and olfactory symptoms via CREB-mediated adult neurogenesis in mouse depression model. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3898-3908. [PMID: 33461175 PMCID: PMC7906191 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Convergent lines of evidence indicate a striking correlation between olfactory deficits and depressive symptoms. However, the effectiveness of intranasal treatment of antidepressant or other neurotrophic agents remains poorly understanding. Here in this study, we created depression mouse model and explored the antidepressant effects of GLP-1 analog lixisenatide (LXT) with intranasal treatment. Consecutive intranasal treatment of LXT remarkably reduced the depressive and anxiety behaviors. Meanwhile, it also improved the olfactory memory and olfactory sensitivity. Immunofluorescent analysis demonstrated the LXT improved the adult neurogenesis in olfactory system and hippocampus. Inhibition of adult neurogenesis with TMZ caused the compromised effects of LXT in improving emotional and olfactory functions, suggesting the vital role of adult neurogenesis in LXT induced depression therapeutic effects. Treatment of LXT resulted in the increased phosphorylation of CREB protein in hippocampal tissue, indicating CREB plays important roles in antidepressant effects of LXT intranasal treatment. Inhibiting CREB with chemical approach decreased effects of LXT in reserving depression induced emotional and olfactory functions. In conclusion, our study suggests intranasal treatment of LXT could be a potential antidepressant to improve the olfactory functions as well as the emotional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Ren
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of TISCO, Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pan Xue
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of TISCO, Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of TISCO, Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of TISCO, Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of TISCO, Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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20
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Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), a member of a family of signaling proteins, was shown to serve as an entry factor and potentiate SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infectivity in vitro. This cell surface receptor with its disseminated expression is important in angiogenesis, tumor progression, viral entry, axonal guidance, and immune function. NRP-1 is implicated in several aspects of a SARS-CoV-2 infection including possible spread through the olfactory bulb and into the central nervous system and increased NRP-1 RNA expression in lungs of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Up-regulation of NRP-1 protein in diabetic kidney cells hint at its importance in a population at risk of severe COVID-19. Involvement of NRP-1 in immune function is compelling, given the role of an exaggerated immune response in disease severity and deaths due to COVID-19. NRP-1 has been suggested to be an immune checkpoint of T cell memory. It is unknown whether involvement and up-regulation of NRP-1 in COVID-19 may translate into disease outcome and long-term consequences, including possible immune dysfunction. It is prudent to further research NRP-1 and its possibility of serving as a therapeutic target in SARS-CoV-2 infections. We anticipate that widespread expression, abundance in the respiratory and olfactory epithelium, and the functionalities of NRP-1 factor into the multiple systemic effects of COVID-19 and challenges we face in management of disease and potential long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu S. Mayi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jillian A. Leibowitz
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Arden T. Woods
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Ammon
- USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alphonse E. Liu
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aarti Raja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
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21
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Hu W, Xie G, Zhou T, Tu J, Zhang J, Lin Z, Zhang H, Gao L. Intranasal administration of white tea alleviates the olfactory function deficit induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:1221-1228. [PMID: 33321058 PMCID: PMC7875552 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1855213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT White tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O.Ktze. (Theaceae)] is popular in Asia, but its benefits on olfactory injury are unknown. OBJECTIVE The present study explores the effects of white tea on the olfactory injury caused by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice (WT) were exposed to CUMS. CUMS mice (CU) were intranasally treated with white tea extract [low tea (LT), 20 mg/kg; high tea (HT), 40 mg/kg] and fluoxetine (CF, 20 mg/kg) for 7 days. Several behavioural tests were conducted to assess depression and olfactory function. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR were performed separately to observe the changes of related structures and genes transcription level. RESULTS The depressive behaviours of the LT and HT mice were reversed. The latency time of the buried food pellet test decreased from 280 s (CU) to 130 s (HT), while the olfactory sensitivity and olfactory avoidance test showed that the olfactory behaviours disorder of LT and HT mice were alleviated. The white tea increased the A490 nm values of the cortisol treated cells from 0.15 to 1.4. Reduced mitochondrial and synaptic damage in the olfactory bulb (OB), enhanced expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and olfactory marker protein (OMP) were observed in the LT and HT mice. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION White tea has the potential in curing the olfactory deficiency related to chronic stress. It lays the foundation for the development of new and reliable drug to improve olfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Hu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixiang Xie
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Tu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejie Lin
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangcai Gao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- CONTACT Liangcai Gao
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22
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Delgado-Sequera A, Hidalgo-Figueroa M, Barrera-Conde M, Duran-Ruiz MC, Castro C, Fernández-Avilés C, de la Torre R, Sánchez-Gomar I, Pérez V, Geribaldi-Doldán N, Robledo P, Berrocoso E. Olfactory Neuroepithelium Cells from Cannabis Users Display Alterations to the Cytoskeleton and to Markers of Adhesion, Proliferation and Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1695-1710. [PMID: 33237429 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is the third most commonly used psychoactive substance of abuse, yet it also receives considerable attention as a potential therapeutic drug. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the actions of cannabis in the human brain. The olfactory neuroepithelium (ON) is a peripheral nervous tissue that represents an interesting surrogate model to study the effects of drugs in the brain, since it is closely related to the central nervous system, and sensory olfactory neurons are continually regenerated from populations of stem/progenitor cells that undergo neurogenesis throughout life. In this study, we used ON cells from chronic cannabis users and healthy control subjects to assess alterations in relevant cellular processes, and to identify changes in functional proteomic pathways due to cannabis consumption. The ON cells from cannabis users exhibited alterations in the expression of proteins that were related to the cytoskeleton, cell proliferation and cell death, as well as, changes in proteins implicated in cancer, gastrointestinal and neurodevelopmental pathologies. Subsequent studies showed cannabis provoked an increase in cell size and morphological alterations evident through β-Tubulin III staining, as well as, enhanced beta-actin expression and a decrease in the ability of ON cells to undergo cell attachment, suggesting abnormalities of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion system. Furthermore, these cells proliferated more and underwent less cell death. Our results indicate that cannabis may alter key processes of the developing brain, some of which are similar to those reported in mental disorders like DiGeorge syndrome, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Delgado-Sequera
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María Hidalgo-Figueroa
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Barrera-Conde
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, PRBB, Calle Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen Duran-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Castro
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, PRBB, Calle Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Gomar
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Víctor Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychiatry and Addictions Institute (INAD) of Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embriology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Patricia Robledo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, PRBB, Calle Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Sokolov AM, Holmberg JC, Feliciano DM. The amino acid transporter Slc7a5 regulates the mTOR pathway and is required for granule cell development. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3003-3013. [PMID: 32821949 PMCID: PMC7645712 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5) gene, which encodes an amino acid transporter cause microcephaly and seizures, yet the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes are unclear. Models have demonstrated that Slc7a5 deletion is embryonic lethal and that these embryos lack a fully formed telencephalon. This phenotype is similar to that of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase deletion or mTOR inhibition. Notably, in many cells, Slc7a5 import of amino acids is required to maintain mTOR activity. Slc7a5 is present within neurogenic regions during embryogenesis, is found in cultured neurons and can modulate neuronal electrophysiological properties. However, Slc7a5 is also highly expressed within endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier where removal in conditional mice leads to severe behavioral defects and non-cell autonomous changes in neurons. Therefore, the extent that neural Slc7a5 is required for development is unclear. Here, subventricular zone neural stem cells that generate olfactory bulb granule cell neurons were electroporated with SLC7A5 or Slc7a5 short hairpin RNA encoding plasmids. Although early phases of neural development were unaltered, Slc7a5 knockdown effected late phases of GC dendrite maturation and survival. Slc7a5 knockdown also decreased mTOR pathway activity. Ras homolog enriched in brain, an mTOR activator, rescued the effect of Slc7a5 knockdown on mTOR pathway activity and dendrite arbors. The data presented here demonstrate that Slc7a5 is required for GC mTOR pathway activity, maturation and survival, which may help explain why Slc7a5 mutations prevent normal brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M Sokolov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA
| | - Jennie C Holmberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA
| | - David M Feliciano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA
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24
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Bryche B, St Albin A, Murri S, Lacôte S, Pulido C, Ar Gouilh M, Lesellier S, Servat A, Wasniewski M, Picard-Meyer E, Monchatre-Leroy E, Volmer R, Rampin O, Le Goffic R, Marianneau P, Meunier N. Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:579-586. [PMID: 32629042 PMCID: PMC7332942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosmia is one of the most prevalent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the cellular mechanism behind the sudden loss of smell has not yet been investigated. The initial step of odour detection takes place in the pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (OE) mainly composed of olfactory sensory neurons surrounded by supporting cells known as sustentacular cells. The olfactory neurons project their axons to the olfactory bulb in the central nervous system offering a potential pathway for pathogens to enter the central nervous system by bypassing the blood brain barrier. In the present study, we explored the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the olfactory system in golden Syrian hamsters. We observed massive damage of the OE as early as 2 days post nasal instillation of SARS-CoV-2, resulting in a major loss of cilia necessary for odour detection. These damages were associated with infection of a large proportion of sustentacular cells but not of olfactory neurons, and we did not detect any presence of the virus in the olfactory bulbs. We observed massive infiltration of immune cells in the OE and lamina propria of infected animals, which may contribute to the desquamation of the OE. The OE was partially restored 14 days post infection. Anosmia observed in COVID-19 patient is therefore likely to be linked to a massive and fast desquamation of the OE following sustentacular cells infection with SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent recruitment of immune cells in the OE and lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bryche
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Audrey St Albin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Severine Murri
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité virologie, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Lacôte
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité virologie, Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Pulido
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Plateforme d'expérimentation animale, Lyon, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne, UNICAEN-UNIROUEN, Université de Caen Normandie, 14 000 Caen, France; Service de Virologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Romain Volmer
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Rampin
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, PNCA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nicolas Meunier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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25
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Gano A, Prestia L, Middleton FA, Youngentob SL, Ignacio C, Deak T. Gene expression profiling reveals a lingering effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on inflammatory-related genes during adolescence and adulthood. Cytokine 2020; 133:155126. [PMID: 32505093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) exerts devastating effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS), which vary as a function of both ethanol load and gestational age of exposure. A growing body of evidence suggests that alcohol exposure profoundly impacts a wide range of cytokines and other inflammation-related genes in the CNS. The olfactory system serves as a critical interface between infectious/inflammatory signals and other aspects of CNS function, and demonstrates long-lasting plasticity in response to alcohol exposure. We therefore utilized transcriptome profiling to identify gene expression patterns for immune-related gene families in the olfactory bulb of Long Evans rats. Pregnant dams received either an ad libitum liquid diet containing 35% daily calories from ethanol (ET), a pair-fed diet (PF) matched for caloric content, or free choice (FCL) access to the liquid diet and water from Gestational Day (GD) 11-20. Offspring were fostered to dams fed the FCL diet, weaned on P21, and then housed with same-sex littermates until mid-adolescence (P40) or young adulthood (P90). At the target ages of P40 or P90, offspring were euthanized via brief CO2 exposure and brains/blood were collected. Gene expression analysis was performed using a Rat Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix), and preliminary analyses focused on two moderately overlapping gene clusters, including all immune-related genes and those related to neuroinflammation. A total of 146 genes were significantly affected by prenatal Diet condition, whereas the factor of Age (P40 vs P90) revealed 998 genes significantly changed, and the interaction between Diet and Age yielded 162 significant genes. From this dataset, we applied a threshold of 1.3-fold change (30% increase or decrease in expression) for inclusion in later analyses. Findings indicated that in adolescents, few genes were altered by PAE, whereas adults displayed an increase of a wide range of gene upregulation as a result of PAE. Pathway analysis predicted an increase in Nf-κB activation in adolescence and a decrease in adulthood due to prenatal ethanol exposure, indicating age-specific and long-lasting alterations to immune signaling. These data may provide important insight into the relationship between immune-related signaling cascades and long-term changes in olfactory bulb function after PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gano
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), USA; Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Laura Prestia
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), USA; SUNY-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), USA; SUNY-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Steven L Youngentob
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Cherry Ignacio
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), USA; Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA; SUNY-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), USA; Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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26
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Stevenson TJ, Murray HC, Turner C, Faull RLM, Dieriks BV, Curtis MA. α-synuclein inclusions are abundant in non-neuronal cells in the anterior olfactory nucleus of the Parkinson's disease olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6682. [PMID: 32317654 PMCID: PMC7174302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced olfactory function (hyposmia) is one of the most common non-motor symptoms experienced by those living with Parkinson's disease (PD), however, the underlying pathology of the dysfunction is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology accumulates in the anterior olfactory nucleus of the olfactory bulb years before the motor symptoms are present. It is well established that neuronal cells in the olfactory bulb are affected by α-syn, but the involvement of other non-neuronal cell types is unknown. The occurrence of intracellular α-syn inclusions were quantified in four non-neuronal cell types - microglia, pericytes, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as well as neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus of post-mortem human PD olfactory bulbs (n = 11) and normal olfactory bulbs (n = 11). In the anterior olfactory nucleus, α-syn inclusions were confirmed to be intracellular in three of the four non-neuronal cell types, where 7.78% of microglia, 3.14% of pericytes and 1.97% of astrocytes were affected. Neurons containing α-syn inclusions comprised 8.60% of the total neuron population. Oligodendrocytes did not contain α-syn. The data provides evidence that non-neuronal cells in the PD olfactory bulb contain α-syn inclusions, suggesting that they may play an important role in the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Stevenson
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Deparment of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger V Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare inherited disorder, which has significantly genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. KS is clinically characterized by the combination of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypo/anosmia. At present, there is no relevant report that intron mutation in SEMA7A gene helps induce KS. A 17-year-old Chinese female (46, XX) came to our department due to primary amenorrhea, who actually had hyposmia since her childhood. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was then detected. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were remarkably low. And estradiol level was extremely low. The laboratory test results were consistent with KS. A heterozygous point mutation of intron 13 in SEMA7A (NM_003612.3:c.1640-3C > A) was identified. The patient received the treatment of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pump, which could imitate physiological ovarian stimulation, thus resulting in mature follicle and a peak of LH. The patient was injected subcutaneously every 90 min with a dose of 10 µg per pulse, which had bona efficacy. She acquired menarche at about 43 days after the treatment. We firstly report a case of KS caused by a novel mutation site in the intron of SEMA7A gene. We mainly provide insight into the clinical manifestations, genetic diagnosis and treatment of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lili Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Che
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
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28
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Soelter J, Schumacher J, Spors H, Schmuker M. Computational exploration of molecular receptive fields in the olfactory bulb reveals a glomerulus-centric chemical map. Sci Rep 2020; 10:77. [PMID: 31919393 PMCID: PMC6952415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in olfactory research is currently hampered by incomplete knowledge about chemical receptive ranges of primary receptors. Moreover, the chemical logic underlying the arrangement of computational units in the olfactory bulb has still not been resolved. We undertook a large-scale approach at characterising molecular receptive ranges (MRRs) of glomeruli in the dorsal olfactory bulb (dOB) innervated by the MOR18-2 olfactory receptor, also known as Olfr78, with human ortholog OR51E2. Guided by an iterative approach that combined biological screening and machine learning, we selected 214 odorants to characterise the response of MOR18-2 and its neighbouring glomeruli. We found that a combination of conventional physico-chemical and vibrational molecular descriptors performed best in predicting glomerular responses using nonlinear Support-Vector Regression. We also discovered several previously unknown odorants activating MOR18-2 glomeruli, and obtained detailed MRRs of MOR18-2 glomeruli and their neighbours. Our results confirm earlier findings that demonstrated tunotopy, that is, glomeruli with similar tuning curves tend to be located in spatial proximity in the dOB. In addition, our results indicate chemotopy, that is, a preference for glomeruli with similar physico-chemical MRR descriptions being located in spatial proximity. Together, these findings suggest the existence of a partial chemical map underlying glomerular arrangement in the dOB. Our methodology that combines machine learning and physiological measurements lights the way towards future high-throughput studies to deorphanise and characterise structure-activity relationships in olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Soelter
- Neuroinformatics & Theoretical Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Schumacher
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hartwig Spors
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Max-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmuker
- Neuroinformatics & Theoretical Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Biocomputation Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom.
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Weiss T, Soroka T, Gorodisky L, Shushan S, Snitz K, Weissgross R, Furman-Haran E, Dhollander T, Sobel N. Human Olfaction without Apparent Olfactory Bulbs. Neuron 2020; 105:35-45.e5. [PMID: 31706696 PMCID: PMC6953431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulbs (OBs) are the first site of odor representation in the mammalian brain, and their unique ultrastructure is considered a necessary substrate for spatiotemporal coding of smell. Given this, we were struck by the serendipitous observation at MRI of two otherwise healthy young left-handed women, yet with no apparent OBs. Standardized tests revealed normal odor awareness, detection, discrimination, identification, and representation. Functional MRI of these women's brains revealed that odorant-induced activity in piriform cortex, the primary OB target, was similar in its extent to that of intact controls. Finally, review of a public brain-MRI database with 1,113 participants (606 women) also tested for olfactory performance, uncovered olfaction without anatomically defined OBs in ∼0.6% of women and ∼4.25% of left-handed women. Thus, humans can perform the basic facets of olfaction without canonical OBs, implying extreme plasticity in the functional neuroanatomy of this sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Weiss
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Timna Soroka
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Gorodisky
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Shushan
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kobi Snitz
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Weissgross
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thijs Dhollander
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Noam Sobel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Bontempi P, Cisterna B, Malatesta M, Nicolato E, Mucignat-Caretta C, Zancanaro C. A smaller olfactory bulb in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020; 80:375-380. [PMID: 33350990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persons with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) present different phenotypes, including early neurodegeneration, which is prominent in the brain olfactory areas, and olfactory deficit. The use of in vivo techniques in animal models allows to characterize and follow up these slowly developing phenomena. We explored by means of magnetic resonance imaging the olfactory bulb of the Ts65Dn mouse, an established model of Down syndrome, searching for possible syndrome‑related changes. In vivo imaging provided a first glimpse of the trisomic olfactory bulb as compared to euploid one. The olfactory bulb volume was smaller in trisomic mice, suggesting that changes in olfactory bulb may be apparent already in the young adult (2‑ to 8‑month‑old) mice, which are amenable to follow‑up in vivo. These findings lead the way to future work aimed at characterizing the Down syndrome‑related development of morphological alterations in the olfactory bulb and relating them to changes in olfactory performance, which were detected in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Bontempi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cisterna
- Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Nicolato
- Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Centro Piattaforme Tecnologiche dell'Università di Verona,Verona, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Kulkarni AS, del Mar Cortijo M, Roberts ER, Suggs TL, Stover HB, Pena-Bravo JI, Steiner JA, Luk KC, Brundin P, Wesson DW. Perturbation of in vivo Neural Activity Following α-Synuclein Seeding in the Olfactory Bulb. J Parkinsons Dis 2020; 10:1411-1427. [PMID: 32925105 PMCID: PMC8018612 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) neuropathology is characterized by intraneuronal protein aggregates composed of misfolded α-Synuclein (α-Syn), as well as degeneration of substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Deficits in olfactory perception and aggregation of α-Syn in the olfactory bulb (OB) are observed during early stages of PD, and have been associated with the PD prodrome, before onset of the classic motor deficits. α-Syn fibrils injected into the OB of mice cause progressive propagation of α-Syn pathology throughout the olfactory system and are coupled to olfactory perceptual deficits. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that accumulation of pathogenic α-Syn in the OB impairs neural activity in the olfactory system. METHODS To address this, we monitored spontaneous and odor-evoked local field potential dynamics in awake wild type mice simultaneously in the OB and piriform cortex (PCX) one, two, and three months following injection of pathogenic preformed α-Syn fibrils in the OB. RESULTS We detected α-Syn pathology in both the OB and PCX. We also observed that α-Syn fibril injections influenced odor-evoked activity in the OB. In particular, α-Syn fibril-injected mice displayed aberrantly high odor-evoked power in the beta spectral range. A similar change in activity was not detected in the PCX, despite high levels of α-Syn pathology. CONCLUSION Together, this work provides evidence that synucleinopathy impacts in vivo neural activity in the olfactory system at the network-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya S. Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610, U.S.A
| | - Maria del Mar Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth R. Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610, U.S.A
| | - Tamara L. Suggs
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610, U.S.A
| | - Heather B. Stover
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610, U.S.A
| | - José I. Pena-Bravo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer A. Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, U.S.A
| | - Kelvin C. Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, U.S.A
| | - Daniel W. Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610, U.S.A
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Rey NL, Bousset L, George S, Madaj Z, Meyerdirk L, Schulz E, Steiner JA, Melki R, Brundin P. α-Synuclein conformational strains spread, seed and target neuronal cells differentially after injection into the olfactory bulb. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:221. [PMID: 31888771 PMCID: PMC6937797 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein inclusions, the hallmarks of synucleinopathies, are suggested to spread along neuronal connections in a stereotypical pattern in the brains of patients. Ample evidence now supports that pathological forms of alpha-synuclein propagate in cell culture models and in vivo in a prion-like manner. However, it is still not known why the same pathological protein targets different cell populations, propagates with different kinetics and leads to a variety of diseases (synucleinopathies) with distinct clinical features. The aggregation of the protein alpha-synuclein yields different conformational polymorphs called strains. These strains exhibit distinct biochemical, physical and structural features they are able to imprint to newly recruited alpha-synuclein. This had led to the view that the clinical heterogeneity observed in synucleinopathies might be due to distinct pathological alpha-synuclein strains.To investigate the pathological effects of alpha-synuclein strains in vivo, we injected five different pure strains we generated de novo (fibrils, ribbons, fibrils-65, fibrils-91, fibrils-110) into the olfactory bulb of wild-type female mice. We demonstrate that they seed and propagate pathology throughout the olfactory network within the brain to different extents. We show strain-dependent inclusions formation in neurites or cell bodies. We detect thioflavin S-positive inclusions indicating the presence of mature amyloid aggregates.In conclusion, alpha-synuclein strains seed the aggregation of their cellular counterparts to different extents and spread differentially within the central nervous system yielding distinct propagation patterns. We provide here the proof-of-concept that the conformation adopted by alpha-synuclein assemblies determines their ability to amplify and propagate in the brain in vivo. Our observations support the view that alpha-synuclein polymorphs may underlie different propagation patterns within human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Institut François Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative diseases, UMR 9199 CNRS, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Luc Bousset
- Institut François Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative diseases, UMR 9199 CNRS, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sonia George
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lindsay Meyerdirk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Emily Schulz
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut François Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative diseases, UMR 9199 CNRS, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
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Podlesek D, Zolal A, Kirsch M, Schackert G, Pinzer T, Hummel T. Olfactory bulb volume changes associated with trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224594. [PMID: 31851684 PMCID: PMC6919594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The trans-sphenoidal approach is most frequently used for pituitary adenoma (PA) enucleation. However, effects of this surgery on neighboring structures have received little attention so far. In particular, no investigations on olfactory bulb (OB) anatomy after trans-sphenoidal surgery have been reported. Because impairment of olfaction has been shown in small groups following trans-sphenoidal surgery we hypothesized that the transnasal approach is likely to alter OB volume which is associated with changes of olfactory function. Methods The study comprised 33 patients with pituitary adenoma (14 women and 19 men, mean age 50 years). Comprehensive assessment of olfactory function was conducted with the "Sniffin' Sticks" test kit. Based on magnetic resonance imaging scans OBs were measured before and approximately one year after trans-sphenoidal PA enucleation. Results Owing to postoperative non-compliance and MRI artifacts partly due to drill friction complete evaluation of “Sniffin' Sticks” in term of obtaining the TDI score was possible pre- and postoperatively in 21 patients whereas OB volumes were available in 32 patients. Approximately one year after surgery olfactory function was not significantly different from baseline. However, left- and right-sided OB volume in patients treated via trans-sphenoidal surgery decreased (p = 0.001). The side of the surgical approach did not affect OB volume in a side-specific manner. Changes in odor threshold were significantly correlated to changes in right-sided OB volume (r = 0.45, p = 0.024). Conclusion Overall olfactory performance one year after surgery was not significantly different from baseline. However, changes in OB volume are associated with changes in olfactory performance and OB volumes decreased in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Podlesek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Amir Zolal
- Department of Spine Surgery and Neurotraumatology, SRH-Wald Clinic Gera, Gera, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Clinic Schildautal Seesen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Pinzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dresden University of Technology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
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Riquelme A, Valdés-Tovar M, Ugalde O, Maya-Ampudia V, Fernández M, Mendoza-Durán L, Rodríguez-Cárdenas L, Benítez-King G. Potential Use of Exfoliated and Cultured Olfactory Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis: A Pilot Study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:87-98. [PMID: 31414299 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological hallmarks of dementia have been described postmortem in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau, a microtubule associated protein, is abnormally arranged in neurofibrillary tangles. In living AD patients, total tau (t-tau) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture. Herein, we studied the t-tau and p-tau levels as well as the subcellular distribution of t-tau in olfactory neuronal precursors obtained by exfoliation of the nasal cavity of AD patients and control participants. Data showed that t-tau and p-tau levels were increased in cell homogenates from AD patients. Also, t-tau immunoreactivity was arranged in a punctate pattern in olfactory neuronal precursors derived from an AD participant with 5 years of evolution and in the oldest participants, either control subjects or those with Alzheimer's disease. Results support that exfoliated neuronal precursors have tau alterations demonstrated in postmortem brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid. This evidence and because the obtainment of olfactory neuronal precursors is a noninvasive procedure, detection of tau alterations shown here might be useful for an early diagnosis of AD-type dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Riquelme
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Cellular Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Program in Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela Valdés-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Oscar Ugalde
- Clínica de Psicogeriatría, Dirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Maya-Ampudia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Fernández
- Clínica de Psicogeriatría, Dirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Mendoza-Durán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leslye Rodríguez-Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Kim J, Choi Y, Ahn M, Ekanayake P, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Shin T. Microglial and astroglial reaction in the olfactory bulb of mice after Triton X-100 application. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:546-552. [PMID: 31054775 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gliosis including microgliosis and astrogliosis is a response to central nervous system inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether olfactory bulbs are influenced by intranasal exposure to the detergent Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant. In this experiment, we measured olfactory function in mice based on the time needed to identify hidden pellets. Our results found that more time was needed to find the buried pellets by mice exposed to Triton X-100 compared with mice without Triton X-100 exposure, up to day 7. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory cells in the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulbs in mice treated with Triton X-100. Western blot analysis revealed significant downregulation of olfactory marker proteins in the olfactory mucosa and bulbs of mice after intranasal exposure to Triton X-100. In the olfactory bulbs of mice exposed to Triton X-100, microgliosis and astrogliosis were evident using immunohistochemistry. Cathepsin D was also upregulated in Iba-1-positive microglia/macrophages and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the olfactory bulbs of mice exposed to Triton X-100. In mice, Triton X-100 induced olfactory sensory neuron death in the nasal cavity and gliosis in olfactory bulbs with concurrent downregulation of olfactory marker protein expression, resulting in transient olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Poornima Ekanayake
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Stamou MI, Plummer L, Koika V, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Georgopoulos NA. A novel FGF8 mutation in a female patient with isolated congenital anosmia. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:241-244. [PMID: 31087283 PMCID: PMC8832634 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-019-00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard Reproductive Science Center, Harvard Medical School, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece.
| | - L Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Science Center, Harvard Medical School, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Koika
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - A Galli-Tsinopoulou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N A Georgopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
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Ma K, Han C, Zhang G, Guo X, Xia Y, Wan F, Yin S, Kou L, Liu L, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. Reduced VMAT2 expression exacerbates the hyposmia in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:306-312. [PMID: 30954223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyposmia occurs during the prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease (PD), while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Discussed are altered dopamine content and impairment of neurogenesis of olfactory bulbs (OB), which has been suggested to be linked to olfactory dysfunction. Given that mouse with reduced vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) expression is now deemed as a relatively new PD animal model simulating motor and nonmotor symptoms, it may provide a new insight into investigating the mechanisms of hyposmia in the context of PD. In this study, we examined the effect of subacute administration of MPTP on mice with a reduced expression of VMAT2, focusing on the histopathological and biochemical alterations, specifically, TH expression level, dopamine content as well as neurogenesis in OB. Interestingly, mice with a reduced VMAT2 expression displayed more obvious olfactory impairment in response to MPTP administration accompanied by markedly decreased dopaminergic interneurons in OB. Furthermore, neurogenesis in OB was also further impaired after MPTP due to reduced VMAT2 expression. We therefore demonstrated that reduced expression of VMAT2 contributed to the impairment of hyposmia, pathologically, the degeneration of extranigral systems and reduced neurogenesis might be the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ma
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xingfang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Calvo-Ochoa E, Byrd-Jacobs CA. The Olfactory System of Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Neurotoxicity and Injury: Implications for Neuroplasticity and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071639. [PMID: 30986990 PMCID: PMC6480214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system, composed of the olfactory organs and the olfactory bulb, allows organisms to interact with their environment and through the detection of odor signals. Olfaction mediates behaviors pivotal for survival, such as feeding, mating, social behavior, and danger assessment. The olfactory organs are directly exposed to the milieu, and thus are particularly vulnerable to damage by environmental pollutants and toxicants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and surfactants, among others. Given the widespread occurrence of olfactory toxicants, there is a pressing need to understand the effects of these harmful compounds on olfactory function. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable model for studying human physiology, disease, and toxicity. Additionally, the anatomical components of the zebrafish olfactory system are similar to those of other vertebrates, and they present a remarkable degree of regeneration and neuroplasticity, making it an ideal model for the study of regeneration, reorganization and repair mechanisms following olfactory toxicant exposure. In this review, we focus on (1) the anatomical, morphological, and functional organization of the olfactory system of zebrafish; (2) the adverse effects of olfactory toxicants and injury to the olfactory organ; and (3) remodeling and repair neuroplasticity mechanisms following injury and degeneration by olfactory toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvo-Ochoa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA.
| | - Christine A Byrd-Jacobs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA.
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He M, Xiang Z, Xu L, Duan Y, Li F, Chen J. Lipopolysaccharide induces human olfactory ensheathing glial apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and activating the JNK-Bnip3-Bax pathway. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:91-104. [PMID: 30374881 PMCID: PMC6363633 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) play an important role in regulating the regeneration of an injured nervous system. However, chronic inflammation damage reduces the viability of OEG via poorly understood mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the pathological responses of OEG in response to LPS-mediated inflammation stress in vitro. The results indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment significantly reduced the viability of OEG in a dose-dependent fashion. Mechanistically, LPS stimuli induced mitochondrial oxidative damage, mitochondrial fragmentation, mitochondrial metabolism disruption, and mitochondrial apoptosis activation. Furthermore, we verified that LPS modulated mitochondrial apoptosis by promoting Bax upregulation, and this process was regulated by the JNK-Bnip3 pathway. Inhibition of the JNK-Bnip3 pathway prevented LPS-mediated Bax activation, thus attenuating OEG apoptosis. Altogether, our data illustrated that LPS-mediated inflammation injury evoked mitochondrial abnormalities in OEG damage via the JNK-Bnip3-Bax pathway. This finding provides a potential target to protect OEG against chronic inflammation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maowei He
- Bengbu Medical College, Affiliated Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Zimin Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Yanting Duan
- Bengbu Medical College, Affiliated Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Fangqin Li
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jianmei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
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Han P, Hummel T, Raue C, Croy I. Olfactory loss is associated with reduced hippocampal activation in response to emotional pictures. Neuroimage 2018; 188:84-91. [PMID: 30529396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional processing evolved within brain structures that were originally dedicated to olfactory function. Reduced olfactory function, absence of the olfactory bulb and the experimental removal of the olfactory bulb are associated with depressive behavior. Against this background, we hypothesized that olfactory dysfunction modifies the neural processing of non-olfactory emotion information. Using a functional magnetic resonance imaging design, we therefore tested whether people with and without impaired olfactory function differ in emotional perception and processing. Neural activity of 17 patients with acquired olfactory loss and 23 age- and sex-matched control participants were monitored in the MRI scanner, while they were presented with emotional and neutral pictures. Participants rated the valence and arousal for each picture after scanning. Patients showed reduced right hippocampal brain responses to emotional but not neutral pictures independent of their depressive symptoms. In addition, emotion-dependent activation in the hippocampus and insula was positively associated with the olfactory bulb (OB) volumes in healthy participants. Taken together, these findings suggest a disrupted neural processing of emotional pictures among patients with olfactory loss. This indicates a significant role of the neural olfactory trajectories for general emotion processing. Central emotion processing is reduced in olfactory disorders and relates to the OB volume in normosmic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Raue
- Department of Neuroradiology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatik Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Kulesza RJ, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R, Rönkkö T, Doty RL. Alzheimer's disease and alpha-synuclein pathology in the olfactory bulbs of infants, children, teens and adults ≤ 40 years in Metropolitan Mexico City. APOE4 carriers at higher risk of suicide accelerate their olfactory bulb pathology. Environ Res 2018; 166:348-362. [PMID: 29935448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that air pollution is a risk factor for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD). It is generally assumed that the pathology of these diseases arises only later in life and commonly begins within olfactory eloquent pathways prior to the onset of the classical clinical symptoms. The present study demonstrates that chronic exposure to high levels of air pollution results in AD- and PD-related pathology within the olfactory bulbs of children and relatively young adults ages 11 months to 40 years. The olfactory bulbs (OBs) of 179 residents of highly polluted Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) were evaluated for AD- and alpha-synuclein-related pathology. Even in toddlers, hyperphosphorylated tau (hTau) and Lewy neurites (LN) were identified in the OBs. By the second decade, 84% of the bulbs exhibited hTau (48/57), 68% LNs and vascular amyloid (39/57) and 36% (21/57) diffuse amyloid plaques. OB active endothelial phagocytosis of red blood cell fragments containing combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) and the neurovascular unit damage were associated with myelinated and unmyelinated axonal damage. OB hTau neurites were associated mostly with pretangle stages 1a and 1b in subjects ≤ 20 years of age, strongly suggesting olfactory deficits could potentially be an early guide of AD pretangle subcortical and cortical hTau. APOE4 versus APOE3 carriers were 6-13 times more likely to exhibit OB vascular amyloid, neuronal amyloid accumulation, alpha-synuclein aggregates, hTau neurofibrillary tangles, and neurites. Remarkably, APOE4 carriers were 4.57 times more likely than non-carriers to die by suicide. The present findings, along with previous data that over a third of clinically healthy MMC teens and young adults exhibit low scores on an odor identification test, support the concept that olfactory testing may aid in identifying young people at high risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, results strongly support early neuroprotective interventions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and CDNP's exposed individuals ≤ 20 years of age, and the critical need for air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Randy J Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04310, Mexico
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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Colín‐Barenque L, Bizarro‐Nevares P, González Villalva A, Pedraza‐Chaverri J, Medina‐Campos ON, Jimenez‐Martínez R, Rodríguez‐Rangel DS, Reséndiz S, Fortoul TI. Neuroprotective effect of carnosine in the olfactory bulb after vanadium inhalation in a mouse model. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:180-188. [PMID: 30198103 PMCID: PMC6157302 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is synthesized in the olfactory system, has antioxidant activity as a scavenger of free radicals and has been reported to have neuroprotective action in diseases which have been attributed to oxidative damage. In neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, impairment of olfactory function has been described. Vanadium derivatives are environmental pollutants, and its toxicity has been associated with oxidative stress. Vanadium toxicity on the olfactory bulb was reported previously. This study investigates the neuroprotective effect of carnosine on the olfactory bulb in a mice model of vanadium inhalation. Male mice were divided into four groups: vanadium pentoxide (V2 O5 ) [0.02 mol/L] inhalation for one hour twice a week; V2 O5 inhalation plus 1 mg/kg of carnosine administered daily; carnosine only, and the control group that inhaled saline. The olfactory function was evaluated using the odorant test. Animals were sacrificed four weeks after exposure. The olfactory bulbs were dissected and processed using the rapid Golgi method; cytological and ultrastructural analysis was performed and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured. The results showed evidence of olfactory dysfunction caused by vanadium exposure and also an increase in MDA levels, loss of dendritic spines and necrotic neuronal death in the granule cells. But, in contrast, vanadium-exposed mice treated with carnosine showed an increase in dendritic spines and a decrease in neuronal death and in MDA levels when compared with the group exposed to vanadium without carnosine. These results suggest that dendritic spine loss and ultrastructural alterations in the granule cells induced by vanadium are mediated by oxidative stress and that carnosine may modulate the neurotoxic vanadium action, improving the olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefanie Reséndiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TisularFacultad de MedicinaUNAMMéxico CityMéxico
| | - Teresa I. Fortoul
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TisularFacultad de MedicinaUNAMMéxico CityMéxico
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Beauchamp LC, Chan J, Hung LW, Padman BS, Vella LJ, Liu XM, Coleman B, Bush AI, Lazarou M, Hill AF, Jacobson L, Barnham KJ. Ablation of tau causes an olfactory deficit in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:57. [PMID: 29976255 PMCID: PMC6032546 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is diagnosed upon the presentation of motor symptoms, resulting from substantial degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Prior to diagnosis, there is a lengthy prodromal stage in which non-motor symptoms, including olfactory deficits (hyposmia), develop. There is limited information about non-motor impairments and there is a need for directed research into these early pathogenic cellular pathways that precede extensive dopaminergic death in the midbrain. The protein tau has been identified as a genetic risk factor in the development of sporadic PD. Tau knockout mice have been reported as an age-dependent model of PD, and this study has demonstrated that they develop motor deficits at 15-months-old. We have shown that at 7-month-old tau knockout mice present with an overt hyposmic phenotype. This olfactory deficit correlates with an accumulation of α-synuclein, as well as autophagic impairment, in the olfactory bulb. This pathological feature becomes apparent in the striatum and substantia nigra of 15-month-old tau knockout mice, suggesting the potential for a spread of disease. Initial primary cell culture experiments have demonstrated that ablation of tau results in the release of α-synuclein enriched exosomes, providing a potential mechanism for disease spread. These alterations in α-synuclein level as well as a marked autophagy impairment in the tau knockout primary cells recapitulate results seen in the animal model. These data implicate a pathological role for tau in early Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C. Beauchamp
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Jacky Chan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Lin W. Hung
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Padman
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Laura J. Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Xiang M. Liu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Bradley Coleman
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Laura Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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Kim J, Choi Y, Ahn M, Jung K, Shin T. Olfactory Dysfunction in Autoimmune Central Nervous System Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8499-8508. [PMID: 29557516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is an early sign of neuroinflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Microgliosis and astrogliosis are representative pathological changes that develop during neuroinflammation of CNS tissues. Autoimmune CNS inflammation, including human multiple sclerosis, is an occasional cause of olfactory disorders. We evaluated whether gliosis and olfactory dysfunction developed in animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis. Neuroinflammatory lesions characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells and microglial cell activation were occasionally found in the olfactory bulbs of EAE-affected rats. Microglial activation, visualized by immunohistochemical staining of ionized calcium binding protein (Iba)-1, and astrogliosis in the olfactory bulb were also evident in the olfactory bulb of EAE rats. Inflammatory cells were found along the olfactory nerves and in the olfactory submucosa. Western blot analysis of olfactory marker protein (OMP) levels showed that OMP expression was significantly downregulated in the olfactory mucosa of EAE rats. On the buried food test, EAE-affected mice required significantly more time to find a bait pellet. Collectively, the results suggest that the olfactory dysfunction of EAE is closely linked to downregulation of OMP and the development of inflammatory foci in the olfactory system in an animal model of human multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, 56212, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Powell MA, Black RT, Smith TL, Reeves TM, Phillips LL. Mild Fluid Percussion Injury Induces Diffuse Axonal Damage and Reactive Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. Neuroscience 2018; 371:106-118. [PMID: 29203228 PMCID: PMC5809206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the regenerative capacity of the olfactory bulb (OB), head trauma causes olfactory disturbances in up to 30% of patients. While models of olfactory nerve transection, olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) ablation, or direct OB impact have been used to examine OB recovery, these models are severe and not ideal for study of OB synaptic repair. We posited that a mild fluid percussion brain injury (mFPI), delivered over mid-dorsal cortex, would produce diffuse OB deafferentation without confounding pathology. Wild type FVB/NJ mice were subjected to mFPI and OB probed for ORN axon degeneration and onset of reactive synaptogenesis. OB extracts revealed 3 d postinjury elevation of calpain-cleaved 150-kDa αII-spectrin, an indicator of axon damage, in tandem with reduced olfactory marker protein (OMP), a protein specific to intact ORN axons. Moreover, mFPI also produced a 3-d peak in GFAP+ astrocyte and IBA1+ microglial reactivity, consistent with postinjury inflammation. OB glomeruli showed disorganized ORN axons, presynaptic degeneration, and glial phagocytosis at 3 and 7 d postinjury, all indicative of deafferentation. At 21 d after mFPI, normal synaptic structure re-emerged along with OMP recovery, supporting ORN afferent reinnervation. Robust 21 d postinjury upregulation of GAP-43 was consistent with the time course of ORN axon sprouting and synapse regeneration reported after more severe olfactory insult. Together, these findings define a cycle of synaptic degeneration and recovery at a site remote to non-contusive brain injury. We show that mFPI models diffuse ORN axon damage, useful for the study of time-dependent reactive synaptogenesis in the deafferented OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Powell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Raiford T Black
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Terry L Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Thomas M Reeves
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Linda L Phillips
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Rey NL, Wesson DW, Brundin P. The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:226-248. [PMID: 28011307 PMCID: PMC5972535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits are present in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are accompanied by pathology in related brain regions. In several of these disorders, olfactory disturbances appear early and are considered as prodromal symptoms of the disease. In addition, pathological protein aggregates affect olfactory regions prior to other regions, suggesting that the olfactory system might be particularly vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases. Exposed to the external environment, the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb allow pathogen and toxin penetration into the brain, a process that has been proposed to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Determining whether the olfactory bulb could be a starting point of pathology and of pathology spread is crucial to understanding how neurodegenerative diseases evolve. We argue that pathological changes following environmental insults contribute to the initiation of protein aggregation in the olfactory bulb, which then triggers the spread of the pathology within the brain by a templating mechanism in a prion-like manner. We review the evidence for the early involvement of olfactory structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the relationship between neuropathology and olfactory function. We discuss the vulnerability and putative underlying mechanisms by which pathology could be initiated in the olfactory bulb, from the entry of pathogens (promoted by increased permeability of the olfactory epithelium with aging or inflammation) to the sensitivity of the olfactory system to oxidative stress and inflammation. Finally, we review changes in protein expression and neural excitability triggered by pathogenic proteins that can promote pathogenesis in the olfactory bulb and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Hasegawa-Ishii S, Shimada A, Imamura F. Lipopolysaccharide-initiated persistent rhinitis causes gliosis and synaptic loss in the olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11605. [PMID: 28912588 PMCID: PMC5599676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) is exposed to environmental agents and therefore vulnerable to inflammation. To examine the effects of environmental toxin-initiated OM inflammation on the olfactory bulb (OB), we induced persistent rhinitis in mice and analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of histopathological changes in the OM and OB. Mice received unilateral intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline three times per week, and were immunohistologically analyzed at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after the first administration. LPS administration induced an inflammatory response in the OM, including the infiltration of Ly-6G-, CD11b-, Iba-1- and CD3-positive cells, the production of interleukin-1β by CD11b- and Iba-1-positive cells, and loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In the OB, we observed activation of microglia and astrocytes and decreased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in periglomerular cells, vesicular glutamate transporter 1, a presynaptic protein, in mitral and tufted projection neurons, and 5T4 in granule cells. Thus, the OM inflammation exerted a detrimental effect, not only on OSNs, but also on OB neurons, which might lead to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Skuja S, Zieda A, Ravina K, Chapenko S, Roga S, Teteris O, Groma V, Murovska M. Structural and Ultrastructural Alterations in Human Olfactory Pathways and Possible Associations with Herpesvirus 6 Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170071. [PMID: 28072884 PMCID: PMC5224992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and ultrastructural alterations in human olfactory pathways and putative associations with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection were studied. The olfactory bulb/tract samples from 20 subjects with an unspecified encephalopathy determined by pathomorphological examination of the brain autopsy, 17 healthy age-matched and 16 younger controls were used. HHV-6 DNA was detected in 60, 29, and 19% of cases in these groups, respectively. In the whole encephalopathy group, significantly more HHV-6 positive neurons and oligodendrocytes were found in the gray matter, whereas, significantly more HHV-6 positive astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia/macrophages and endothelial cells were found in the white matter. Additionally, significantly more HHV-6 positive astrocytes and, in particular, oligodendrocytes were found in the white matter when compared to the gray matter. Furthermore, when only HHV-6 PCR+ encephalopathy cases were studied, we observed similar but stronger associations between HHV-6 positive oligodendrocytes and CD68 positive cells in the white matter. Cellular alterations were additionally evidenced by anti-S100 immunostaining, demonstrating a significantly higher number of S100 positive cells in the gray matter of the whole encephalopathy group when compared to the young controls, and in the white matter when compared to both control groups. In spite the decreased S100 expression in the PCR+ encephalopathy group when compared to PCR- cases and controls, groups demonstrated significantly higher number of S100 positive cells in the white compared to the gray matter. Ultrastructural changes confirming the damage of myelin included irregularity of membranes and ballooning of paranodal loops. This study shows that among the cellular targets of the nervous system, HHV-6 most severely affects oligodendrocytes and the myelin made by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Skuja
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anete Zieda
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristine Ravina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Chapenko
- A. Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Silvija Roga
- Department of Pathology, Riga 1st Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ojars Teteris
- Latvian State Centre for Forensic Medical Examination, Riga, Latvia
| | - Valerija Groma
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Modra Murovska
- A. Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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49
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Hubbs AF, Fluharty KL, Edwards RJ, Barnabei JL, Grantham JT, Palmer SM, Kelly F, Sargent LM, Reynolds SH, Mercer RR, Goravanahally MP, Kashon ML, Honaker JC, Jackson MC, Cumpston AM, Goldsmith WT, McKinney W, Fedan JS, Battelli LA, Munro T, Bucklew-Moyers W, McKinstry K, Schwegler-Berry D, Friend S, Knepp AK, Smith SL, Sriram K. Accumulation of Ubiquitin and Sequestosome-1 Implicate Protein Damage in Diacetyl-Induced Cytotoxicity. Am J Pathol 2016; 186:2887-2908. [PMID: 27643531 PMCID: PMC5222965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled diacetyl vapors are associated with flavorings-related lung disease, a potentially fatal airway disease. The reactive α-dicarbonyl group in diacetyl causes protein damage in vitro. Dicarbonyl/l-xylulose reductase (DCXR) metabolizes diacetyl into acetoin, which lacks this α-dicarbonyl group. To investigate the hypothesis that flavorings-related lung disease is caused by in vivo protein damage, we correlated diacetyl-induced airway damage in mice with immunofluorescence for markers of protein turnover and autophagy. Western immunoblots identified shifts in ubiquitin pools. Diacetyl inhalation caused dose-dependent increases in bronchial epithelial cells with puncta of both total ubiquitin and K63-ubiquitin, central mediators of protein turnover. This response was greater in Dcxr-knockout mice than in wild-type controls inhaling 200 ppm diacetyl, further implicating the α-dicarbonyl group in protein damage. Western immunoblots demonstrated decreased free ubiquitin in airway-enriched fractions. Transmission electron microscopy and colocalization of ubiquitin-positive puncta with lysosomal-associated membrane proteins 1 and 2 and with the multifunctional scaffolding protein sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1/p62) confirmed autophagy. Surprisingly, immunoreactive SQSTM1 also accumulated in the olfactory bulb of the brain. Olfactory bulb SQSTM1 often congregated in activated microglial cells that also contained olfactory marker protein, indicating neuronophagia within the olfactory bulb. This suggests the possibility that SQSTM1 or damaged proteins may be transported from the nose to the brain. Together, these findings strongly implicate widespread protein damage in the etiology of flavorings-related lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Hubbs
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| | - Kara L Fluharty
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Rebekah J Edwards
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jamie L Barnabei
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John T Grantham
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott M Palmer
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francine Kelly
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Linda M Sargent
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Steven H Reynolds
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Madhusudan P Goravanahally
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Centers for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John C Honaker
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mark C Jackson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Amy M Cumpston
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - William T Goldsmith
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lori A Battelli
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Tiffany Munro
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Winnie Bucklew-Moyers
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kimberly McKinstry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Samantha L Smith
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Krishnan Sriram
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Mason DM, Nouraei N, Pant DB, Miner KM, Hutchison DF, Luk KC, Stolz JF, Leak RK. Transmission of α-synucleinopathy from olfactory structures deep into the temporal lobe. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:49. [PMID: 27363576 PMCID: PMC4929736 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-synucleinopathy emerges quite early in olfactory structures such as the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus (OB/AON) in Parkinson's disease. This may contribute to smell impairments years before the commencement of motor symptoms. We tested whether α-synucleinopathy can spread from the OB/AON to regions of the limbic telencephalon that harbor connections with olfactory structures. FINDINGS α-synuclein fibrils were infused into the OB/AON. Inclusions containing pathologically phosphorylated α-synuclein (pSer129) were observed three months later in the piriform and entorhinal cortices, amygdala, and hippocampal formation. The retrograde tract-tracer FluoroGold confirmed the existence of first-order afferents at these sites. Some sites harbored FluoroGold(+) neurons but no inclusions, suggestive of selective vulnerabilities. Multiple areas close to the injection site but not connected with the OB/AON remained free of inclusions, suggesting a lack of widespread uptake of fibrils from interstitial diffusion. Two independent pSer129 antibodies revealed the same labeling patterns and preadsorption control experiments confirmed a loss of pSer129 staining. Dense total α-synuclein (but not pSer129) staining was apparent in the OB/AON 1.5 h following fibril infusions, suggesting that pSer129(+) staining did not reflect exogenously infused material. Waterbath sonication of fibrils for 1 h improved α-synucleinopathy transmission relative to 1 min-long probe sonication. Electron microscopy revealed that longer sonication durations reduced fibril size. The Thioflavin stain labeled cells at the infusion site and some, but not all inclusions contained ubiquitin. Three-dimensional confocal analyses revealed that many inclusions ensconced NeuN(+) neuronal nuclei. Young and aged mice exhibited similar topographical spread of α-synucleinopathy. CONCLUSIONS 1) α-synucleinopathy in this model is transmitted through some, but not all neuroanatomical connections, 2) pathology is largely confined to first-order afferent sites at three months and this is most parsimoniously explained by retrograde transport, and 3) transmission in aged animals is largely similar to that in young control animals at three months post-infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mason
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
| | - Negin Nouraei
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
| | - Deepti B. Pant
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
| | - Kristin M. Miner
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
| | - Daniel F. Hutchison
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
| | - Kelvin C. Luk
- />Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19147 USA
| | - John F. Stolz
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
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