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Chalençon L, Midroit M, Athanassi A, Thevenet M, Breton M, Forest J, Richard M, Didier A, Mandairon N. Age-related differences in perception and coding of attractive odorants in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 137:8-18. [PMID: 38394723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hedonic perception deeply changes with aging, significantly impacting health and quality of life in elderly. In young adult mice, an odor hedonic signature is represented along the antero-posterior axis of olfactory bulb, and transferred to the olfactory tubercle and ventral tegmental area, promoting approach behavior. Here, we show that while the perception of unattractive odorants was unchanged in older mice (22 months), the appreciation of some but not all attractive odorants declined. Neural activity in the olfactory bulb and tubercle of older mice was consistently altered when attraction to pleasant odorants was impaired while maintained when the odorants kept their attractivity. Finally, in a self-stimulation paradigm, optogenetic stimulation of the olfactory bulb remained rewarding in older mice even without ventral tegmental area's response to the stimulation. Aging degrades behavioral and neural responses to some pleasant odorants but rewarding properties of olfactory bulb stimulation persisted, providing new insights into developing novel olfactory training strategies to elicit motivation even when the dopaminergic system is altered as observed in normal and/or neurodegenerative aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chalençon
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Maëllie Midroit
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Anna Athanassi
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Marine Breton
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Jérémy Forest
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Marion Richard
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France
| | - Anne Didier
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- CNRS, UMR 5292, France; INSERM, U1028, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and neuropathology of olfactory perception Team, University Lyon1, F-69000, France.
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2
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Okumura T, Kida I, Yokoi A, Nakai T, Nishimoto S, Touhara K, Okamoto M. Semantic context-dependent neural representations of odors in the human piriform cortex revealed by 7T MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26681. [PMID: 38656060 PMCID: PMC11041378 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception depends not only on olfactory inputs but also on semantic context. Although multi-voxel activity patterns of the piriform cortex, a part of the primary olfactory cortex, have been shown to represent odor perception, it remains unclear whether semantic contexts modulate odor representation in this region. Here, we investigated whether multi-voxel activity patterns in the piriform cortex change when semantic context modulates odor perception and, if so, whether the modulated areas communicate with brain regions involved in semantic and memory processing beyond the piriform cortex. We also explored regional differences within the piriform cortex, which are influenced by olfactory input and semantic context. We used 2 × 2 combinations of word labels and odorants that were perceived as congruent and measured piriform activity with a 1-mm isotropic resolution using 7T MRI. We found that identical odorants labeled with different words were perceived differently. This labeling effect was observed in multi-voxel activity patterns in the piriform cortex, as the searchlight decoding analysis distinguished identical odors with different labels for half of the examined stimulus pairs. Significant functional connectivity was observed between parts of the piriform cortex that were modulated by labels and regions associated with semantic and memory processing. While the piriform multi-voxel patterns evoked by different olfactory inputs were also distinguishable, the decoding accuracy was significant for only one stimulus pair, preventing definitive conclusions regarding the locational differences between areas influenced by word labels and olfactory inputs. These results suggest that multi-voxel patterns of piriform activity can be modulated by semantic context, possibly due to communication between the piriform cortex and the semantic and memory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okumura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
| | - Ikuhiro Kida
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Atsushi Yokoi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tomoya Nakai
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
| | - Shinji Nishimoto
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI‐IRCN), Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Mignot C, Weise S, Podlesek D, Leonhardt G, Bensafi M, Hummel T. What do brain oscillations tell about the human sense of smell? J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25335. [PMID: 38634155 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Brain activity may manifest itself as oscillations which are repetitive rhythms of neuronal firing. These local field potentials can be measured via intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). This review focuses on iEEG used to map human brain structures involved in olfaction. After presenting the methodology of the review, a summary of the brain structures involved in olfaction is given, followed by a review of the literature on human olfactory oscillations in different contexts. A single case is provided as an illustration of the olfactory oscillations. Overall, the timing and sequence of oscillations found in the different structures of the olfactory system seem to play an important role for olfactory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Mignot
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Weise
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dino Podlesek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Leonhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-INSERM-University Claude Bernard of Lyon, CH Le Vinatier, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Zou L, Qi Y, Shen L, Huang Y, Huang J, Xia Z, Fan M, Fan W, Chai GB, Shi QZ, Zhang Q, Yan C. The neural representations of valence transformation in indole processing. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae167. [PMID: 38652554 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Indole is often associated with a sweet and floral odor typical of jasmine flowers at low concentrations and an unpleasant, animal-like odor at high concentrations. However, the mechanism whereby the brain processes this opposite valence of indole is not fully understood yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying indole valence encoding in conversion and nonconversion groups using the smelling task to arouse pleasantness. For this purpose, 12 conversion individuals and 15 nonconversion individuals participated in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm with low (low-indole) and high (high-indole) indole concentrations in which valence was manipulated independent of intensity. The results of this experiment showed that neural activity in the right amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and insula was associated with valence independent of intensity. Furthermore, activation in the right orbitofrontal cortex in response to low-indole was positively associated with subjective pleasantness ratings. Conversely, activation in the right insula and amygdala in response to low-indole was positively correlated with anticipatory hedonic traits. Interestingly, while amygdala activation in response to high-indole also showed a positive correlation with these hedonic traits, such correlation was observed solely with right insula activation in response to high-indole. Additionally, activation in the right amygdala in response to low-indole was positively correlated with consummatory pleasure and hedonic traits. Regarding olfactory function, only activation in the right orbitofrontal cortex in response to high-indole was positively correlated with olfactory identification, whereas activation in the insula in response to low-indole was negatively correlated with the level of self-reported olfactory dysfunction. Based on these findings, valence transformation of indole processing in the right orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and amygdala may be associated with individual hedonic traits and perceptual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiquan Zou
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 20062, China
| | - Yanyang Huang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 20062, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wu Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guo-Bi Chai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qing-Zhao Shi
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 20062, China
- Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province on Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intelligence Intervention, South Jiuhua Road 189, Hefei 241002, China
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5
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Terral G, Harrell E, Lepousez G, Wards Y, Huang D, Dolique T, Casali G, Nissant A, Lledo PM, Ferreira G, Marsicano G, Roux L. Endogenous cannabinoids in the piriform cortex tune olfactory perception. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1230. [PMID: 38336844 PMCID: PMC10858223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception depends on interactions between external inputs transduced by peripheral sensory organs and internal network dynamics generated by central neuronal circuits. In the sensory cortex, desynchronized network states associate with high signal-to-noise ratio stimulus-evoked responses and heightened perception. Cannabinoid-type-1-receptors (CB1Rs) - which influence network coordination in the hippocampus - are present in anterior piriform cortex (aPC), a sensory paleocortex supporting olfactory perception. Yet, how CB1Rs shape aPC network activity and affect odor perception is unknown. Using pharmacological manipulations coupled with multi-electrode recordings or fiber photometry in the aPC of freely moving male mice, we show that systemic CB1R blockade as well as local drug infusion increases the amplitude of gamma oscillations in aPC, while simultaneously reducing the occurrence of synchronized population events involving aPC excitatory neurons. In animals exposed to odor sources, blockade of CB1Rs reduces correlation among aPC excitatory units and lowers behavioral olfactory detection thresholds. These results suggest that endogenous endocannabinoid signaling promotes synchronized population events and dampen gamma oscillations in the aPC which results in a reduced sensitivity to external sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Terral
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Evan Harrell
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gabriel Lepousez
- Perception and Memory Unit, CNRS, Joint Research Unit 3571, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Yohan Wards
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dinghuang Huang
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Giulio Casali
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antoine Nissant
- Perception and Memory Unit, CNRS, Joint Research Unit 3571, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Perception and Memory Unit, CNRS, Joint Research Unit 3571, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lisa Roux
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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6
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Ai Y, Hummel T, Nie H, Yang J, Han P. Reduced neural responses to pleasant odor stimuli after acute psychological stress is associated with cortisol reactivity. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120474. [PMID: 38008298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stress alters olfactory perception. However, little is known about the neural processing of olfactory stimuli after acute stress exposure and the role of cortisol in such an effect. Here, we used an event-related olfactory fMRI paradigm to investigate brain responses to odors of different valence (unpleasant, pleasant, or neutral) in healthy young adults following an acute stress (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) induction (N = 22) or a non-stressful resting condition (N = 22). We obtained the odor pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity ratings after the acute stress induction or resting condition. We also measured the participants' perceived stress and salivary cortisol at four time points during the procedure. We found a stress-related decrease in brain activation in response to the pleasant, but not to the neutral or unpleasant odor stimuli in the right piriform cortex extending to the right amygdala, the right orbitofrontal cortex, and the right insula. In addition, activation of clusters within the regions of interest were negatively associated with individual baseline-to-peak increase in salivary cortisol levels after stress. We also found increased functional connectivity between the right piriform cortex and the right insula after stress when the pleasant odor was presented. The strength of the connectivity was positively correlated with increased perceived stress levels immediately after stress exposure. These results provide novel evidence for the effects of acute stress in attenuating the neural processing of a pleasant olfactory stimulus. Together with previous findings, the effect of acute stress on human olfactory perception appears to depend on both the valence and the concentration (e.g., peri-threshold or suprathreshold levels) of odor stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ai
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Centre Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haoyu Nie
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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7
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Craft MF, Barreiro AK, Gautam SH, Shew WL, Ly C. Odor modality is transmitted to cortical brain regions from the olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1226-1242. [PMID: 37791383 PMCID: PMC10994644 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00101.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Odor perception is the impetus for important animal behaviors with two predominate modes of processing: odors pass through the front of the nose (orthonasal) while inhaling and sniffing, or through the rear (retronasal) during exhalation and while eating. Despite the importance of olfaction for an animal's well-being and that ortho and retro naturally occur, it is unknown how the modality (ortho vs. retro) is even transmitted to cortical brain regions, which could significantly affect how odors are processed and perceived. Using multielectrode array recordings in tracheotomized anesthetized rats, which decouples ortho-retro modality from breathing, we show that mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb can reliably and directly transmit orthonasal versus retronasal modality with ethyl butyrate, a common food odor. Drug manipulations affecting synaptic inhibition via GABAA lead to worse decoding of ortho versus retro, independent of whether overall inhibition increases or decreases, suggesting that the olfactory bulb circuit may naturally favor encoding this important aspect of odors. Detailed data analysis paired with a firing rate model that captures population trends in spiking statistics shows how this circuit can encode odor modality. We have not only demonstrated that ortho/retro information is encoded to downstream brain regions but also used modeling to demonstrate a plausible mechanism for this encoding; due to synaptic adaptation, it is the slower time course of the retronasal stimulation that causes retronasal responses to be stronger and less sensitive to inhibitory drug manipulations than orthonasal responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether ortho (sniffing odors) versus retro (exhalation and eating) is encoded from the olfactory bulb to other brain areas is not completely known. Using multielectrode array recordings in anesthetized rats, we show that the olfactory bulb transmits this information downstream via spikes. Altering inhibition degrades ortho/retro information on average. We use theory and computation to explain our results, which should have implications on cortical processing considering that only food odors occur retronasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Craft
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Andrea K Barreiro
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Shree Hari Gautam
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Woodrow L Shew
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Cheng Ly
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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8
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Srinivasan S, Daste S, Modi MN, Turner GC, Fleischmann A, Navlakha S. Effects of stochastic coding on olfactory discrimination in flies and mice. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002206. [PMID: 37906721 PMCID: PMC10618007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sparse coding can improve discrimination of sensory stimuli by reducing overlap between their representations. Two factors, however, can offset sparse coding's benefits: similar sensory stimuli have significant overlap and responses vary across trials. To elucidate the effects of these 2 factors, we analyzed odor responses in the fly and mouse olfactory regions implicated in learning and discrimination-the mushroom body (MB) and the piriform cortex (PCx). We found that neuronal responses fall along a continuum from extremely reliable across trials to extremely variable or stochastic. Computationally, we show that the observed variability arises from noise within central circuits rather than sensory noise. We propose this coding scheme to be advantageous for coarse- and fine-odor discrimination. More reliable cells enable quick discrimination between dissimilar odors. For similar odors, however, these cells overlap and do not provide distinguishing information. By contrast, more unreliable cells are decorrelated for similar odors, providing distinguishing information, though these benefits only accrue with extended training with more trials. Overall, we have uncovered a conserved, stochastic coding scheme in vertebrates and invertebrates, and we identify a candidate mechanism, based on variability in a winner-take-all (WTA) inhibitory circuit, that improves discrimination with training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Srinivasan
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Simon Daste
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Mehrab N. Modi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Glenn C. Turner
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexander Fleischmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Saket Navlakha
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
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Sardar D, Cheng YT, Woo J, Choi DJ, Lee ZF, Kwon W, Chen HC, Lozzi B, Cervantes A, Rajendran K, Huang TW, Jain A, Arenkiel B, Maze I, Deneen B. Induction of astrocytic Slc22a3 regulates sensory processing through histone serotonylation. Science 2023; 380:eade0027. [PMID: 37319217 PMCID: PMC10874521 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity drives alterations in gene expression within neurons, yet how it directs transcriptional and epigenomic changes in neighboring astrocytes in functioning circuits is unknown. We found that neuronal activity induces widespread transcriptional up-regulation and down-regulation in astrocytes, highlighted by the identification of Slc22a3 as an activity-inducible astrocyte gene that encodes neuromodulator transporter Slc22a3 and regulates sensory processing in the mouse olfactory bulb. Loss of astrocytic Slc22a3 reduced serotonin levels in astrocytes, leading to alterations in histone serotonylation. Inhibition of histone serotonylation in astrocytes reduced the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthetic genes and GABA release, culminating in olfactory deficits. Our study reveals that neuronal activity orchestrates transcriptional and epigenomic responses in astrocytes while illustrating new mechanisms for how astrocytes process neuromodulatory input to gate neurotransmitter release for sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debosmita Sardar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Yi-Ting Cheng
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Junsung Woo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Dong-Joo Choi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Zhung-Fu Lee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Program in Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Wookbong Kwon
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- The Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Brittney Lozzi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Alexis Cervantes
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Kavitha Rajendran
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Teng-Wei Huang
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Antrix Jain
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Benjamin Arenkiel
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX
| | - Ian Maze
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Program in Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
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10
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Guo L, Cheng J, Lian S, Liu Q, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Zhu K, Zhang M, Kong Y, Zhang C, Rong N, Zhuang Y, Fang G, Jiang J, Zhang T, Han X, Liu Z, Xia M, Liu S, Zhang L, Liberles SD, Yu X, Xu Y, Yang F, Li Q, Sun JP. Structural basis of amine odorant perception by a mammal olfactory receptor. Nature 2023; 618:193-200. [PMID: 37225986 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Odorants are detected as smell in the nasal epithelium of mammals by two G-protein-coupled receptor families, the odorant receptors and the trace amine-associated receptors1,2 (TAARs). TAARs emerged following the divergence of jawed and jawless fish, and comprise a large monophyletic family of receptors that recognize volatile amine odorants to elicit both intraspecific and interspecific innate behaviours such as attraction and aversion3-5. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of mouse TAAR9 (mTAAR9) and mTAAR9-Gs or mTAAR9-Golf trimers in complex with β-phenylethylamine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine or spermidine. The mTAAR9 structures contain a deep and tight ligand-binding pocket decorated with a conserved D3.32W6.48Y7.43 motif, which is essential for amine odorant recognition. In the mTAAR9 structure, a unique disulfide bond connecting the N terminus to ECL2 is required for agonist-induced receptor activation. We identify key structural motifs of TAAR family members for detecting monoamines and polyamines and the shared sequence of different TAAR members that are responsible for recognition of the same odour chemical. We elucidate the molecular basis of mTAAR9 coupling to Gs and Golf by structural characterization and mutational analysis. Collectively, our results provide a structural basis for odorant detection, receptor activation and Golf coupling of an amine olfactory receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Biogenic Amines/analysis
- Biogenic Amines/chemistry
- Biogenic Amines/metabolism
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/ultrastructure
- Odorants/analysis
- Olfactory Perception/physiology
- Polyamines/analysis
- Polyamines/chemistry
- Polyamines/metabolism
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/chemistry
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/genetics
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/metabolism
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Odorant/chemistry
- Receptors, Odorant/genetics
- Receptors, Odorant/metabolism
- Receptors, Odorant/ultrastructure
- Smell/physiology
- Spermidine/analysis
- Spermidine/chemistry
- Spermidine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Guo
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yalei Kong
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Naikang Rong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuming Zhuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxing Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Han
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zili Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Shangming Liu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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11
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Qian WW, Wei JN, Sanchez-Lengeling B, Lee BK, Luo Y, Vlot M, Dechering K, Peng J, Gerkin RC, Wiltschko AB. Metabolic activity organizes olfactory representations. eLife 2023; 12:e82502. [PMID: 37129358 PMCID: PMC10154027 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing and vision sensory systems are tuned to the natural statistics of acoustic and electromagnetic energy on earth and are evolved to be sensitive in ethologically relevant ranges. But what are the natural statistics of odors, and how do olfactory systems exploit them? Dissecting an accurate machine learning model (Lee et al., 2022) for human odor perception, we find a computable representation for odor at the molecular level that can predict the odor-evoked receptor, neural, and behavioral responses of nearly all terrestrial organisms studied in olfactory neuroscience. Using this olfactory representation (principal odor map [POM]), we find that odorous compounds with similar POM representations are more likely to co-occur within a substance and be metabolically closely related; metabolic reaction sequences (Caspi et al., 2014) also follow smooth paths in POM despite large jumps in molecular structure. Just as the brain's visual representations have evolved around the natural statistics of light and shapes, the natural statistics of metabolism appear to shape the brain's representation of the olfactory world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley W Qian
- OsmoCambridgeUnited States
- Google Research, Brain TeamCambridgeUnited States
| | | | | | - Brian K Lee
- Google Research, Brain TeamCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yunan Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of IllinoisUrbanaUnited States
| | | | | | - Jian Peng
- Department of Computer Science, University of IllinoisUrbanaUnited States
| | - Richard C Gerkin
- OsmoCambridgeUnited States
- Google Research, Brain TeamCambridgeUnited States
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12
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Okray Z, Jacob PF, Stern C, Desmond K, Otto N, Talbot CB, Vargas-Gutierrez P, Waddell S. Multisensory learning binds neurons into a cross-modal memory engram. Nature 2023; 617:777-784. [PMID: 37100911 PMCID: PMC10208976 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Associating multiple sensory cues with objects and experience is a fundamental brain process that improves object recognition and memory performance. However, neural mechanisms that bind sensory features during learning and augment memory expression are unknown. Here we demonstrate multisensory appetitive and aversive memory in Drosophila. Combining colours and odours improved memory performance, even when each sensory modality was tested alone. Temporal control of neuronal function revealed visually selective mushroom body Kenyon cells (KCs) to be required for enhancement of both visual and olfactory memory after multisensory training. Voltage imaging in head-fixed flies showed that multisensory learning binds activity between streams of modality-specific KCs so that unimodal sensory input generates a multimodal neuronal response. Binding occurs between regions of the olfactory and visual KC axons, which receive valence-relevant dopaminergic reinforcement, and is propagated downstream. Dopamine locally releases GABAergic inhibition to permit specific microcircuits within KC-spanning serotonergic neurons to function as an excitatory bridge between the previously 'modality-selective' KC streams. Cross-modal binding thereby expands the KCs representing the memory engram for each modality into those representing the other. This broadening of the engram improves memory performance after multisensory learning and permits a single sensory feature to retrieve the memory of the multimodal experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Okray
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Pedro F Jacob
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ciara Stern
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran Desmond
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nils Otto
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Clifford B Talbot
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Zhao Y, Bhutani S, Kahnt T. Appetite-regulating hormones modulate odor perception and odor-evoked activity in hypothalamus and olfactory cortices. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad039. [PMID: 37796827 PMCID: PMC10590159 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Odors guide food seeking, and food intake modulates olfactory function. This interaction is mediated by appetite-regulating hormones like ghrelin, insulin, and leptin, which alter activity in the rodent olfactory bulb, but their effects on downstream olfactory cortices have not yet been established in humans. The olfactory tract connects the olfactory bulb to the cortex through 3 main striae, terminating in the piriform cortex (PirC), amygdala (AMY), olfactory tubercule (OT), and anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). Here, we test the hypothesis that appetite-regulating hormones modulate olfactory processing in the endpoints of the olfactory tract and the hypothalamus. We collected odor-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses and plasma levels of ghrelin, insulin, and leptin from human subjects (n = 25) after a standardized meal. We found that a hormonal composite measure, capturing variance relating positively to insulin and negatively to ghrelin, correlated inversely with odor intensity ratings and fMRI responses to odorized vs. clean air in the hypothalamus, OT, and AON. No significant correlations were found with activity in PirC or AMY, the endpoints of the lateral stria. Exploratory whole-brain analyses revealed significant correlations near the diagonal band of Broca and parahippocampal gyrus. These results demonstrate that high (low) blood plasma concentrations of insulin (ghrelin) decrease perceived odor intensity and odor-evoked activity in the cortical targets of the medial and intermediate striae of the olfactory tract, as well as the hypothalamus. These findings expand our understanding of the cortical mechanisms by which metabolic hormones in humans modulate olfactory processing after a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
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14
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Kadakia N, Demir M, Michaelis BT, DeAngelis BD, Reidenbach MA, Clark DA, Emonet T. Odour motion sensing enhances navigation of complex plumes. Nature 2022; 611:754-761. [PMID: 36352224 PMCID: PMC10039482 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Odour plumes in the wild are spatially complex and rapidly fluctuating structures carried by turbulent airflows1-4. To successfully navigate plumes in search of food and mates, insects must extract and integrate multiple features of the odour signal, including odour identity5, intensity6 and timing6-12. Effective navigation requires balancing these multiple streams of olfactory information and integrating them with other sensory inputs, including mechanosensory and visual cues9,12,13. Studies dating back a century have indicated that, of these many sensory inputs, the wind provides the main directional cue in turbulent plumes, leading to the longstanding model of insect odour navigation as odour-elicited upwind motion6,8-12,14,15. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster shape their navigational decisions using an additional directional cue-the direction of motion of odours-which they detect using temporal correlations in the odour signal between their two antennae. Using a high-resolution virtual-reality paradigm to deliver spatiotemporally complex fictive odours to freely walking flies, we demonstrate that such odour-direction sensing involves algorithms analogous to those in visual-direction sensing16. Combining simulations, theory and experiments, we show that odour motion contains valuable directional information that is absent from the airflow alone, and that both Drosophila and virtual agents are aided by that information in navigating naturalistic plumes. The generality of our findings suggests that odour-direction sensing may exist throughout the animal kingdom and could improve olfactory robot navigation in uncertain environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirag Kadakia
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Swartz Foundation for Theoretical Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahmut Demir
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brenden T Michaelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian D DeAngelis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew A Reidenbach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Damon A Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Thierry Emonet
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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15
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Lebovich L, Yunerman M, Scaiewicz V, Loewenstein Y, Rokni D. Paradoxical relationship between speed and accuracy in olfactory figure-background segregation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34871306 PMCID: PMC8675919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural settings, many stimuli impinge on our sensory organs simultaneously. Parsing these sensory stimuli into perceptual objects is a fundamental task faced by all sensory systems. Similar to other sensory modalities, increased odor backgrounds decrease the detectability of target odors by the olfactory system. The mechanisms by which background odors interfere with the detection and identification of target odors are unknown. Here we utilized the framework of the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to consider possible interference mechanisms in an odor detection task. We first considered pure effects of background odors on either signal or noise in the decision-making dynamics and showed that these produce different predictions about decision accuracy and speed. To test these predictions, we trained mice to detect target odors that are embedded in random background mixtures in a two-alternative choice task. In this task, the inter-trial interval was independent of behavioral reaction times to avoid motivating rapid responses. We found that increased backgrounds reduce mouse performance but paradoxically also decrease reaction times, suggesting that noise in the decision making process is increased by backgrounds. We further assessed the contributions of background effects on both noise and signal by fitting the DDM to the behavioral data. The models showed that background odors affect both the signal and the noise, but that the paradoxical relationship between trial difficulty and reaction time is caused by the added noise. Sensory systems are constantly stimulated by signals from many objects in the environment. Segmentation of important signals from the cluttered background is therefore a task that is faced by all sensory systems. For many mammalians, the sense of smell is the primary sense that guides many daily behaviors. As such, the olfactory system must be able to detect and identify odors of interest against varying and dynamic backgrounds. Here we studied how background odors interfere with the detection of target odors. We trained mice on a task in which they are presented with odor mixtures and are required to report whether they include either of two target odors. We analyze the behavioral data using a common model of sensory-guided decision-making—the drift-diffusion-model. In this model, decisions are influenced by two elements: a drift which is the signal produced by the stimulus, and noise. We show that the addition of background odors has a dual effect—a reduction in the drift, as well as an increase in the noise. The increased noise also causes more rapid decisions, thereby producing a paradoxical relationship between trial difficulty and decision speed; mice make faster decisions on more difficult trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Lebovich
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Yunerman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Viviana Scaiewicz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yonatan Loewenstein
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cognitive Sciences and The Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Rokni
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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16
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Croijmans I, Beetsma D, Aarts H, Gortemaker I, Smeets M. The role of fragrance and self-esteem in perception of body odors and impressions of others. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258773. [PMID: 34780484 PMCID: PMC8592444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sweat odor serves as social communication signal for a person’s traits and emotional states. This study explored whether body odors can also communicate information about one’s self-esteem, and the role of applied fragrance in this relationship. Female participants were asked to rate self-esteem and attractiveness of different male contestants of a dating show, while being exposed to male participant’s body odors differing in self-esteem. High self-esteem sweat was rated more pleasant and less intense than low self-esteem sweat. However, there was no difference in perceived self-esteem and attractiveness of male contestants in videos, hence explicit differences in body odor did not transfer to judgments of related person characteristics. When the body odor was fragranced using a fragranced body spray, male contestants were rated as having higher self-esteem and being more attractive. The finding that body odors from male participants differing in self-esteem are rated differently and can be discriminated suggests self-esteem has distinct perceivable olfactory features, but the remaining findings imply that only fragrance affect the psychological impression someone makes. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of body odor and fragrance in human perception and social communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Croijmans
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Beetsma
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gortemaker
- UNILEVER R&D Beauty & Personal Care Science & Technology, Consumer Science, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ABN AMRO Bank N.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Smeets
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UNILEVER R&D Beauty & Personal Care Science & Technology, Consumer Science, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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East BS, Fleming G, Vervoordt S, Shah P, Sullivan RM, Wilson DA. Basolateral amygdala to posterior piriform cortex connectivity ensures precision in learned odor threat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21746. [PMID: 34741138 PMCID: PMC8571329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor perception can both evoke emotional states and be shaped by emotional or hedonic states. The amygdala complex plays an important role in recognition of, and response to, hedonically valenced stimuli, and has strong, reciprocal connectivity with the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Here, we used differential odor-threat conditioning in rats to test the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) input to the piriform cortex in acquisition and expression of learned olfactory threat responses. Using local field potential recordings, we demonstrated that functional connectivity (high gamma band coherence) between the BLA and posterior piriform cortex (pPCX) is enhanced after differential threat conditioning. Optogenetic suppression of activity within the BLA prevents learned threat acquisition, as do lesions of the pPCX prior to threat conditioning (without inducing anosmia), suggesting that both regions are critical for acquisition of learned odor threat responses. However, optogenetic BLA suppression during testing did not impair threat response to the CS+ , but did induce generalization to the CS-. A similar loss of stimulus control and threat generalization was induced by selective optogenetic suppression of BLA input to pPCX. These results suggest an important role for amygdala-sensory cortical connectivity in shaping responses to threatening stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S East
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gloria Fleming
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Vervoordt
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Prachi Shah
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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18
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Tavoni G, Kersen DEC, Balasubramanian V. Cortical feedback and gating in odor discrimination and generalization. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009479. [PMID: 34634035 PMCID: PMC8530364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A central question in neuroscience is how context changes perception. In the olfactory system, for example, experiments show that task demands can drive divergence and convergence of cortical odor responses, likely underpinning olfactory discrimination and generalization. Here, we propose a simple statistical mechanism for this effect based on unstructured feedback from the central brain to the olfactory bulb, which represents the context associated with an odor, and sufficiently selective cortical gating of sensory inputs. Strikingly, the model predicts that both convergence and divergence of cortical odor patterns should increase when odors are initially more similar, an effect reported in recent experiments. The theory in turn predicts reversals of these trends following experimental manipulations and in neurological conditions that increase cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Tavoni
- Computational Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David E. Chen Kersen
- Computational Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vijay Balasubramanian
- Computational Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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19
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Villafranca-Faus M, Vila-Martín ME, Esteve D, Merino E, Teruel-Sanchis A, Cervera-Ferri A, Martínez-Ricós J, Lloret A, Lanuza E, Teruel-Martí V. Integrating pheromonal and spatial information in the amygdalo-hippocampal network. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5286. [PMID: 34489431 PMCID: PMC8421364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vomeronasal information is critical in mice for territorial behavior. Consequently, learning the territorial spatial structure should incorporate the vomeronasal signals indicating individual identity into the hippocampal cognitive map. In this work we show in mice that navigating a virtual environment induces synchronic activity, with causality in both directionalities, between the vomeronasal amygdala and the dorsal CA1 of the hippocampus in the theta frequency range. The detection of urine stimuli induces synaptic plasticity in the vomeronasal pathway and the dorsal hippocampus, even in animals with experimentally induced anosmia. In the dorsal hippocampus, this plasticity is associated with the overexpression of pAKT and pGSK3β. An amygdalo-entorhino-hippocampal circuit likely underlies this effect of pheromonal information on hippocampal learning. This circuit likely constitutes the neural substrate of territorial behavior in mice, and it allows the integration of social and spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Villafranca-Faus
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Esteban Vila-Martín
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratori de Neuranatomia Funcional, Dept. de Biologia Cel·lular, Fac. CC. Biològiques, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Esteve
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Health Research Institute INCLIVA, CIBERFES, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esteban Merino
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Teruel-Sanchis
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratori de Neuranatomia Funcional, Dept. de Biologia Cel·lular, Fac. CC. Biològiques, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Cervera-Ferri
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joana Martínez-Ricós
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Lloret
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Health Research Institute INCLIVA, CIBERFES, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Lanuza
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain.
- Laboratori de Neuranatomia Funcional, Dept. de Biologia Cel·lular, Fac. CC. Biològiques, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicent Teruel-Martí
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University de València, Valencia, Spain.
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20
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Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that internal factors influence how we perceive the world. However, it remains unclear whether and how motivational states, such as hunger and satiety, regulate perceptual decision-making in the olfactory domain. Here, we developed a novel behavioral task involving mixtures of food and nonfood odors (i.e., cinnamon bun and cedar; pizza and pine) to assess olfactory perceptual decision-making in humans. Participants completed the task before and after eating a meal that matched one of the food odors, allowing us to compare perception of meal-matched and non-matched odors across fasted and sated states. We found that participants were less likely to perceive meal-matched, but not non-matched, odors as food dominant in the sated state. Moreover, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data revealed neural changes that paralleled these behavioral effects. Namely, odor-evoked fMRI responses in olfactory/limbic brain regions were altered after the meal, such that neural patterns for meal-matched odor pairs were less discriminable and less food-like than their non-matched counterparts. Our findings demonstrate that olfactory perceptual decision-making is biased by motivational state in an odor-specific manner and highlight a potential brain mechanism underlying this adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Shanahan
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKS); (TK)
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKS); (TK)
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21
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Schaefer LV, Dech S, Aehle M, Bittmann FN. Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16410. [PMID: 34385522 PMCID: PMC8361115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Schaefer
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Silas Dech
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Aehle
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank N Bittmann
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Koldaeva A, Zhang C, Huang YP, Reinert JK, Mizuno S, Sugiyama F, Takahashi S, Soliman T, Matsunami H, Fukunaga I. Generation and Characterization of a Cell Type-Specific, Inducible Cre-Driver Line to Study Olfactory Processing. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6449-6467. [PMID: 34099512 PMCID: PMC8318078 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3076-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In sensory systems of the brain, mechanisms exist to extract distinct features from stimuli to generate a variety of behavioral repertoires. These often correspond to different cell types at various stages in sensory processing. In the mammalian olfactory system, complex information processing starts in the olfactory bulb, whose output is conveyed by mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs). Despite many differences between them, and despite the crucial position they occupy in the information hierarchy, Cre-driver lines that distinguish them do not yet exist. Here, we sought to identify genes that are differentially expressed between MCs and TCs of the mouse, with an ultimate goal to generate a cell type-specific Cre-driver line, starting from a transcriptome analysis using a large and publicly available single-cell RNA-seq dataset (Zeisel et al., 2018). Many genes were differentially expressed, but only a few showed consistent expressions in MCs and at the specificity required. After further validating these putative markers using ISH, two genes (i.e., Pkib and Lbdh2) remained as promising candidates. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated Cre-driver lines and analyzed the resulting recombination patterns. This indicated that our new inducible Cre-driver line, Lbhd2-CreERT2, can be used to genetically label MCs in a tamoxifen dose-dependent manner, both in male and female mice, as assessed by soma locations, projection patterns, and sensory-evoked responses in vivo Hence, this is a promising tool for investigating cell type-specific contributions to olfactory processing and demonstrates the power of publicly accessible data in accelerating science.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the brain, distinct cell types play unique roles. It is therefore important to have tools for studying unique cell types specifically. For the sense of smell in mammals, information is processed first by circuits of the olfactory bulb, where two types of cells, mitral cells and tufted cells, output different information. We generated a transgenic mouse line that enables mitral cells to be specifically labeled or manipulated. This was achieved by looking for genes that are specific to mitral cells using a large and public gene expression dataset, and creating a transgenic mouse using the gene editing technique, CRISPR/Cas9. This will allow scientists to better investigate parallel information processing underlying the sense of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhelika Koldaeva
- Sensory and Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495
| | - Cary Zhang
- Sensory and Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495
| | - Yu-Pei Huang
- Sensory and Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495
| | - Janine Kristin Reinert
- Sensory and Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Tsukuba University, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-8577
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Tsukuba University, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-8577
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Tsukuba University, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-8577
| | - Taha Soliman
- Sensory and Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27710
| | - Izumi Fukunaga
- Sensory and Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495
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Hara N, Isobe A, Yamada K, Kosugi Y, Oshima M, Kawamoto T, Shikama N, Sasai K. Unusual visual and olfactory perceptions during radiotherapy sessions: an investigation of the organs responsible. J Radiat Res 2021; 62:718-725. [PMID: 33912958 PMCID: PMC8273799 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During radiotherapy sessions to treat brain tumors or head-and-neck cancers, some patients experience unusual visual and/or olfactory perceptions. This prospective study sought to answer two questions: (i) what proportion of patients experience these unpleasant sensations?, and (ii) which organs are responsible? Eligible patients had brain or near-orbital tumors treated by helical tomotherapy. All were aged 10 years or older, able to communicate, and interviewed by a radiation oncologist at least once weekly during radiation therapy. If they had experienced such sensations, they were encouraged to join the second phase of the study. The patients were asked to indicate, using a button, when a sensation commenced and ended. The recorded data were collated with the treatment log. Thirty-eight consecutive patients were eligible. Twenty-six experienced visual and 13 olfactory sensations. The radiation doses to the organs related to the visual or olfactory sensations did not differ between patients who reported sensations and those who did not. Seventeen patients were enrolled in the second phase of the study. All 14 with visual sensations reported that the sensations occurred when the X-rays passed at eye level. Olfactory sensations were reported by eight out of nine patients when the X-rays passed through the olfactory epithelium and/or ethmoid sinus level. In conclusion, 68% of patients experienced visual sensations caused by X-rays passing through the level of the eyes, and 34% complained of olfactory sensations. With the exception of one patient, olfactory sensations occurred when the X-rays passed through the levels of the olfactory epithelium and/or ethmoid sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hara
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo 113–8431, Japan
| | - A Isobe
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo 113–8431, Japan
| | - K Yamada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Y Kosugi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - M Oshima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - T Kawamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - N Shikama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - K Sasai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Abstract
The duration of a stimulus plays an important role in the coding of sensory information. The role of stimulus duration is extensively studied in the tactile, visual, and auditory system. In the olfactory system, temporal properties of the stimulus are key for obtaining information when an odor is released in the environment. However, how the stimulus duration influences the odor perception is not well understood. To test this, we activated the olfactory bulbs with blue light in mice expressing channelrhodopsin in the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and assessed the relevance of stimulus duration on olfactory perception using foot shock associated active avoidance behavioral task on a "two-arms maze". Our behavior data demonstrate that the stimulus duration plays an important role in olfactory perception and the associated behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kuruppath
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Belluscio
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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25
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Tovar-Díaz J, Morín JP, Ríos-Carrillo JE, Sánchez de Jesús H, Roldán-Roldán G. Short-term memory reactivation of a weak CS-US association promotes long-term memory persistence in conditioned odor aversion. Learn Mem 2021; 28:153-161. [PMID: 33858968 PMCID: PMC8054677 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053385.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In conditioned odor aversion (COA), the association of a tasteless odorized solution (the conditioned stimulus [CS]) with an intraperitoneal injection of LiCl (the unconditioned stimulus [US[), which produces visceral malaise, results in its future avoidance. The strength of this associative memory is mainly dependent on two parameters, that is, the strength of the US and the interstimuli interval (ISI). In rats, COA has been observed only with ISIs of ≤15 min and LiCl (0.15 M) doses of 2.0% of bodyweight, when tested 48 h after acquisition (long-term memory [LTM]). However, we previously reported a robust aversion in rats trained with ISIs up to 60 min when tested 4 h after acquisition (short-term memory [STM]). Since memories get reactivated during retrieval, in the current study we hypothesized that testing for STM would reactivate this COA trace, strengthening its LTM. For this, we compared the LTM of rats trained with long ISIs or low doses of LiCl initially tested for STM with that of rats tested for LTM only. Interestingly, rats conditioned under parameters sufficient to produce STM, but not LTM, showed a reliable LTM when first tested for STM. These observations suggest that under suboptimal training conditions, such as long ISIs or low US intensities, a CS-US association is established but requires reactivation in the short-term in order to persist in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Tovar-Díaz
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California 22427, México
| | - Jean-Pascal Morín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Jorge Eduardo Ríos-Carrillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Hilda Sánchez de Jesús
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Gabriel Roldán-Roldán
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of México, Mexico City 04510, México
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Gribaudo S, Saraulli D, Nato G, Bonzano S, Gambarotta G, Luzzati F, Costanzi M, Peretto P, Bovetti S, De Marchis S. Neurogranin Regulates Adult-Born Olfactory Granule Cell Spine Density and Odor-Reward Associative Memory in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084269. [PMID: 33924098 PMCID: PMC8074334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogranin (Ng) is a brain-specific postsynaptic protein, whose role in modulating Ca2+/calmodulin signaling in glutamatergic neurons has been linked to enhancement in synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions. Accordingly, Ng knock-out (Ng-ko) mice display hippocampal-dependent learning and memory impairments associated with a deficit in long-term potentiation induction. In the adult olfactory bulb (OB), Ng is expressed by a large population of GABAergic granule cells (GCs) that are continuously generated during adult life, undergo high synaptic remodeling in response to the sensory context, and play a key role in odor processing. However, the possible implication of Ng in OB plasticity and function is yet to be investigated. Here, we show that Ng expression in the OB is associated with the mature state of adult-born GCs, where its active-phosphorylated form is concentrated at post-synaptic sites. Constitutive loss of Ng in Ng-ko mice resulted in defective spine density in adult-born GCs, while their survival remained unaltered. Moreover, Ng-ko mice show an impaired odor-reward associative memory coupled with reduced expression of the activity-dependent transcription factor Zif268 in olfactory GCs. Overall, our data support a role for Ng in the molecular mechanisms underlying GC plasticity and the formation of olfactory associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (G.N.); (S.B.); (F.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Daniele Saraulli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Nato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (G.N.); (S.B.); (F.L.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy;
| | - Sara Bonzano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (G.N.); (S.B.); (F.L.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DSCB), University of Torino, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Luzzati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (G.N.); (S.B.); (F.L.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy;
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Peretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (G.N.); (S.B.); (F.L.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy;
| | - Serena Bovetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (G.N.); (S.B.); (F.L.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Silvia De Marchis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (G.N.); (S.B.); (F.L.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.D.M.)
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27
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Abstract
Odors carrying intrinsic values often trigger instinctive aversive or attractive responses. It is not known how innate valence is encoded. An intuitive model suggests that the information is conveyed through specific channels in hardwired circuits along the olfactory pathway, insulated from influences of other odors, to trigger innate responses. Here, we show that in mice, mixing innately aversive or attractive odors with a neutral odor and, surprisingly, mixing two odors with the same valence, abolish the innate behavioral responses. Recordings from the olfactory bulb indicate that odors are not masked at the level of peripheral activation and glomeruli independently encode components in the mixture. In contrast, crosstalk among the mitral and tufted (M/T) cells changes their patterns of activity such that those elicited by the mixtures can no longer be linearly decoded as separate components. The changes in behavioral and M/T cell responses are associated with reduced activation of brain areas linked to odor preferences. Thus, crosstalk among odor channels at the earliest processing stage in the olfactory pathway leads to re-coding of odor identity to abolish valence associated with the odors. These results are inconsistent with insulated labeled lines and support a model of a common mechanism of odor recognition for both innate and learned valence associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yunming Wu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Limei Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - C Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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28
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Lee W, Dowd HN, Nikain C, Dwortz MF, Yang ED, Curley JP. Effect of relative social rank within a social hierarchy on neural activation in response to familiar or unfamiliar social signals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2864. [PMID: 33536481 PMCID: PMC7859216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Competent social functioning of group-living species relies on the ability of individuals to detect and utilize conspecific social cues to guide behavior. Previous studies have identified numerous brain regions involved in processing these external cues, collectively referred to as the Social Decision-Making Network. However, how the brain encodes social information with respect to an individual's social status has not been thoroughly examined. In mice, cues about an individual's identity, including social status, are conveyed through urinary proteins. In this study, we assessed the neural cFos immunoreactivity in dominant and subordinate male mice exposed to familiar and unfamiliar dominant and subordinate male urine. The posteroventral medial amygdala was the only brain region that responded exclusively to dominant compared to subordinate male urine. In all other brain regions, including the VMH, PMv, and vlPAG, activity is modulated by a combination of odor familiarity and the social status of both the urine donor and the subject receiving the cue. We show that dominant subjects exhibit robust differential activity across different types of cues compared to subordinate subjects, suggesting that individuals perceive social cues differently depending on social experience. These data inform further investigation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying social-status related brain differences and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Lee
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hollie N Dowd
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cyrus Nikain
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Eilene D Yang
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James P Curley
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
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Krieger J, Hörnig MK, Kenning M, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. More than one way to smell ashore - Evolution of the olfactory pathway in terrestrial malacostracan crustaceans. Arthropod Struct Dev 2021; 60:101022. [PMID: 33385761 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans provide a fascinating opportunity for studying adaptations to a terrestrial lifestyle because within this group, the conquest of land has occurred at least ten times convergently. The evolutionary transition from water to land demands various morphological and physiological adaptations of tissues and organs including the sensory and nervous system. In this review, we aim to compare the brain architecture between selected terrestrial and closely related marine representatives of the crustacean taxa Amphipoda, Isopoda, Brachyura, and Anomala with an emphasis on the elements of the olfactory pathway including receptor molecules. Our comparison of neuroanatomical structures between terrestrial members and their close aquatic relatives suggests that during the convergent evolution of terrestrial life-styles, the elements of the olfactory pathway were subject to different morphological transformations. In terrestrial anomalans (Coenobitidae), the elements of the primary olfactory pathway (antennules and olfactory lobes) are in general considerably enlarged whereas they are smaller in terrestrial brachyurans compared to their aquatic relatives. Studies on the repertoire of receptor molecules in Coenobitidae do not point to specific terrestrial adaptations but suggest that perireceptor events - processes in the receptor environment before the stimuli bind - may play an important role for aerial olfaction in this group. In terrestrial members of amphipods (Amphipoda: Talitridae) as well as of isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), however, the antennules and olfactory sensilla (aesthetascs) are largely reduced and miniaturized. Consequently, their primary olfactory processing centers are suggested to have been lost during the evolution of a life on land. Nevertheless, in terrestrial Peracarida, the (second) antennae as well as their associated tritocerebral processing structures are presumed to compensate for this loss or rather considerable reduction of the (deutocerebral) primary olfactory pathway. We conclude that after the evolutionary transition from water to land, it is not trivial for arthropods to establish aerial olfaction. If we consider insects as an ingroup of Crustacea, then the Coenobitidae and Insecta may be seen as the most successful crustacean representatives in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Marie K Hörnig
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Matthes Kenning
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Lopis D, Le Pape T, Manetta C, Conty L. Sensory Cueing of Autobiographical Memories in Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparison Between Visual, Auditory, and Olfactory Information. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1169-1183. [PMID: 33646149 PMCID: PMC8150461 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative disease resulting in a progressive decline of autobiographical memories (AMs) which favors the development of psycho-behavioral disorders. One of the most popular psychosocial interventions in dementia care, Reminiscence Therapy, commonly uses sensory cueing to stimulate AMs retrieval. However, few empirical studies have investigated the impact of sensory stimulation on AMs retrieval in AD. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine the most relevant cue for AMs retrieval in patients with early to mild AD when comparing odors, sounds and pictures. METHODS Sixty AD patients, 60 healthy older adults (OA), and 60 healthy young adults (YA) participated in our study. Participants were presented with either 4 odors, 4 sounds, or 4 pictures. For each stimulus, they were asked to retrieve a personal memory, to rate it across 3 dimensions (emotionality, vividness, rarity) and then to date it. RESULTS Overall, results showed no clear dominance of one sensory modality over the others in evoking higher-quality AMs. However, they show that using pictures is the better way to stimulate AD patients' AM, as it helps to retrieve a higher number of memories that are also less frequently retrieved, followed by odors. By contrast, auditory cueing with environmental sounds presented no true advantage. CONCLUSION Our data should help dementia care professionals to increase the efficiency of Reminiscence Therapy using sensory elicitors. Other clinical implications and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Lopis
- ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions Temps Émotions Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Thibault Le Pape
- International Flavors & Fragrances (Inc.), Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Céline Manetta
- International Flavors & Fragrances (Inc.), Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laurence Conty
- Laboratory Cognitive Functioning and Dysfunctioning (DysCo), University of Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
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31
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Tong WH, Abdulai-Saiku S, Vyas A. Medial Amygdala Arginine Vasopressin Neurons Regulate Innate Aversion to Cat Odors in Male Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:505-520. [PMID: 32447337 DOI: 10.1159/000508862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aversion to environmental cues of predators is an integral part of defensive behaviors in many prey animals. It enhances their survival and probability of future reproduction. At the same time, animals cannot be maximally defended because imperatives of defense usually trade-off with behaviors required for sexual reproduction like display of dominance and production of sexual pheromones. Here, we approach this trade-off through the lens of arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons within the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) of mice. This neuronal population is known to be involved in sexual behaviors like approach to sexually salient cues. We show that chemogenetic partial ablation of this neuronal population increases aversion to predator odors. Moreover, overexpression of AVP within this population is sufficient to reduce aversion to predator odors. The loss of fear of the predator odor occurs in parallel with increased recruitment of AVP neurons within the MePD. These observations suggest that AVP neurons in the medial aspect of the extended amygdala are a proximate locus for the reduction in innate fear during life stages dominated by reproductive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Han Tong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samira Abdulai-Saiku
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ajai Vyas
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore,
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Shinohara K, Yasoshima Y. Inactivation of the ventral hippocampus facilitates the attenuation of odor neophobia in rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 401:113077. [PMID: 33345825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Food neophobia is a behavior observed in rodents involving reduced consumption of a novel food or drink. In the absence of negative post-ingestive consequences, consumption increases with exposure (attenuation of neophobia), which is seen as an associative safe memory. Olfaction and gustation are sensory modalities essential for the development of a food preference. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying neophobia to a food-related odor stimulus. In the present study, we examined the effect of pharmacological inactivation of the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) on neophobia to orally consumed solutions in rats using muscimol, a gamma aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonist. Two different types of solutions, almond odor (benzaldehyde) and sweet taste (saccharin), were prepared. In the results, microinjections of muscimol into the bilateral vHPC before the first odor and taste exposures did not alter the neophobic reactions of the rats to each stimulus. However, in the second odor, but not taste, exposure, the muscimol-injected rats showed higher consumption in comparison to that observed in the control rats, suggesting that the vHPC inactivation facilitates the attenuation of odor neophobia. On the other hand, intra-vHPC muscimol microinjections after the first odor and taste exposures did not facilitate consumption at the second exposures. These results indicate that neural activations within vHPC during orally consuming a novel odor, but not taste, solution play an inhibitory role in the subsequent attenuation of neophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shinohara
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yasoshima
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Sedghizadeh MJ, Hojjati H, Ezzatdoost K, Aghajan H, Vahabi Z, Tarighatnia H. Olfactory response as a marker for Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from perceptual and frontal lobe oscillation coherence deficit. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243535. [PMID: 33320870 PMCID: PMC7737889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency oscillations of the frontal cortex are involved in functions of the brain that fuse processed data from different sensory modules or bind them with elements stored in the memory. These oscillations also provide inhibitory connections to neural circuits that perform lower-level processes. Deficit in the performance of these oscillations has been examined as a marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the neurodegenerative processes associated with AD, such as the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques, do not occur in a spatially homogeneous fashion and progress more prominently in the medial temporal lobe in the early stages of the disease. This region of the brain contains neural circuitry involved in olfactory perception. Several studies have suggested that olfactory deficit can be used as a marker for early diagnosis of AD. A quantitative assessment of the performance of the olfactory system can hence serve as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, offering a relatively convenient and inexpensive diagnosis method. This study examines the decline in the perception of olfactory stimuli and the deficit in the performance of high-frequency frontal oscillations in response to olfactory stimulation as markers for AD. Two measurement modalities are employed for assessing the olfactory performance: 1) An interactive smell identification test is used to sample the response to a sizable variety of odorants, and 2) Electroencephalography data are collected in an olfactory perception task with a pair of selected odorants in order to assess the connectivity of frontal cortex regions. Statistical analysis methods are used to assess the significance of selected features extracted from the recorded modalities as Alzheimer's biomarkers. Olfactory decline regressed to age in both healthy and mild AD groups are evaluated, and single- and multi-modal classifiers are also developed. The novel aspects of this study include: 1) Combining EEG response to olfactory stimulation with behavioral assessment of olfactory perception as a marker of AD, 2) Identification of odorants most significantly affected in mild AD patients, 3) Identification of odorants which are still adequately perceived by mild AD patients, 4) Analysis of the decline in the spatial coherence of different oscillatory bands in response to olfactory stimulation, and 5) Being the first study to quantitatively assess the performance of olfactory decline due to aging and AD in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Hojjati
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Ezzatdoost
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aghajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahabi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heliya Tarighatnia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
The last few years have seen a rapid growth of interest amongst researchers in the crossmodal correspondences. One of the correspondences that has long intrigued artists is the putative association between colours and odours. While traditionally conceptualised in terms of synaesthesia, over the last quarter century or so, at least 20 published peer-reviewed articles have assessed the consistent, and non-random, nature of the colours that people intuitively associate with specific (both familiar and unfamiliar) odours in a non-food context. Having demonstrated such consistent mappings amongst the general (i.e. non-synaesthetic) population, researchers have now started to investigate whether they are shared cross-culturally, and to document their developmental acquisition. Over the years, several different explanations have been put forward by researchers for the existence of crossmodal correspondences, including the statistical, semantic, structural, and emotional-mediation accounts. While several of these approaches would appear to have some explanatory validity as far as the odour-colour correspondences are concerned, contemporary researchers have focussed on learned associations as the dominant explanatory framework. The nature of the colour-odour associations that have been reported to date appear to depend on the familiarity of the odour and the ease of source naming, and hence the kind of association/representation that is accessed. While the bidirectionality of odour-colour correspondences has not yet been rigorously assessed, many designers are nevertheless already starting to build on odour-colour crossmodal correspondences in their packaging/labelling/branding work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Anna Watts Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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35
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Kecskeméti S, Szelényi MO, Erdei AL, Geösel A, Fail J, Molnár BP. Fungal Volatiles as Olfactory Cues for Female Fungus Gnat, Lycoriella ingenua in the Avoidance of Mycelia Colonized Compost. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:917-926. [PMID: 33026596 PMCID: PMC7547978 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical signatures emitted by fungal substrates are key components for mycophagous insects in the search for food source or for suitable oviposition sites. These volatiles are usually emitted by the fruiting bodies and mycelia. The volatiles attract fungivorous insects, like flowers attract pollinators; certain flowers mimic the shape of mushroom fruiting bodies and even produce a typical mushroom odor to exploit on fungus-insect mutualism. There are numerous insects which are mycophagous or eat fungi additionally, but only a few are considered a threat in agriculture. Lycoriella ingenua is one of the most serious pests in mushroom cultivation worldwide. Here we attempt to examine the role of environmental volatiles upon behavioral oviposition preference. In two-choice bioassays, fungus gnats preferred uncolonized compost compared to colonized compost but preferred colonized compost against nothing. However, when colonized compost was paired against distilled water, no significant choice was observed. The comparison of fresh casing material and mycelium colonized casing material resulted in no significant preference. From colonized compost headspace, three antennally active volatiles were isolated by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography and subsequently identified with gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry as 1-hepten-3-ol, 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol. In behavioral assays the addition of said synthetic volatiles to uncolonized compost separately and in combination to mimic colonized compost resulted in avoidance. We thus partially elucidate the role of fungal volatiles in the habitat seeking behavior of Lycoriella ingenua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Kecskeméti
- Department of Vegetable and Mushroom Growing, Institute of Sustainable Horticulture, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Entomology, Plant Protection Institute, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Olívia Szelényi
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Laura Erdei
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Geösel
- Department of Vegetable and Mushroom Growing, Institute of Sustainable Horticulture, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Fail
- Department of Entomology, Plant Protection Institute, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Péter Molnár
- Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
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Chary E, Carsuzaa F, Trijolet JP, Capitaine AL, Roncato-Saberan M, Fouet K, Cazenave-Roblot F, Catroux M, Allix-Beguec C, Dufour X. Prevalence and Recovery From Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in Covid-19 Infection: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 34:686-693. [PMID: 32527141 PMCID: PMC7418272 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420930954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 is defined by an association of multiple symptoms, including frequently reported olfactory and gustatory disorders. OBJECTIVE The main purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of these neurosensory impairments in patients with Covid-19, and to assess short-term recovery. METHODS We performed a multicenter case series study during the Covid-19 epidemic. All patients presenting a RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included, whether hospitalized or treated at home. To analyze the prevalence and features of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, a phone interview was conducted 5 days after the positive PCR result. The questionnaire was submitted again 10 days later to patients having reported olfactory and gustatory disorders, in order to assess their recovery. RESULTS 115 patients were included in our study. 81 patients (70%) reported olfactory and gustatory disorders without nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea. These impairments were more frequently reported in the female population, young people, and house-bound patients with mild symptomatic forms. Short-term recovery assessed at Day 15 was complete for 64% of the patients, and incomplete in 33%. Median recovery time was 15 days (4-27 days) after olfactory or gustatory symptom onset. CONCLUSION Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to Covid-19 are frequently reported and prevalent in mild symptomatic forms of the disease. Recovery in most cases seems rapid and complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Chary
- ORL—Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Florent Carsuzaa
- ORL—Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Fouet
- Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis Hospital, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Mélanie Catroux
- Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Xavier Dufour
- ORL—Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Waymel A, Friedrich P, Bastian PA, Forkel SJ, Thiebaut de Schotten M. Anchoring the human olfactory system within a functional gradient. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116863. [PMID: 32325207 PMCID: PMC7116082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Margulies et al. (2016) demonstrated the existence of at least five independent functional connectivity gradients in the human brain. However, it is unclear how these functional gradients might link to anatomy. The dual origin theory proposes that differences in cortical cytoarchitecture originate from two trends of progressive differentiation between the different layers of the cortex, referred to as the hippocampocentric and olfactocentric systems. When conceptualising the functional connectivity gradients within the evolutionary framework of the Dual Origin theory, the first gradient likely represents the hippocampocentric system anatomically. Here we expand on this concept and demonstrate that the fifth gradient likely links to the olfactocentric system. We describe the anatomy of the latter as well as the evidence to support this hypothesis. Together, the first and fifth gradients might help to model the Dual Origin theory of the human brain and inform brain models and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Waymel
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Hyperedge Instruments, France
| | - Patrick Friedrich
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bastian
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Hyperedge Instruments, France
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neurosciences, Department of Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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Abstract
The affective appraisal of odors is known to depend on their intensity (I), familiarity (F), detection threshold (T), and on the baseline affective state of the observer. However, the exact nature of these relations is still largely unknown. We therefore performed an observer experiment in which participants (N = 52) smelled 40 different odors (varying widely in hedonic valence) and reported the intensity, familiarity and their affective appraisal (valence and arousal: V and A) for each odor. Also, we measured the baseline affective state (valence and arousal: BV and BA) and odor detection threshold of the participants. Analyzing the results for pleasant and unpleasant odors separately, we obtained two models through network analysis. Several relations that have previously been reported in the literature also emerge in both models (the relations between F and I, F and V, I and A; I and V, BV and T). However, there are also relations that do not emerge (between BA and V, BV and I, and T and I) or that appear with a different polarity (the relation between F and A for pleasant odors). Intensity (I) has the largest impact on the affective appraisal of unpleasant odors, while F significantly contributes to the appraisal of pleasant odors. T is only affected by BV and has no effect on other variables. This study is a first step towards an integral study of the affective appraisal of odors through network analysis. Future studies should also include other factors that are known to influence odor appraisal, such as age, gender, personality, and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Liu
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Toet
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Krone
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development RAPID, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Stokkum
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development RAPID, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia Eijsman
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B. F. van Erp
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
- Research Group Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Building on a growing body of research suggesting that political attitudes are part of broader individual and biological orientations, we test whether the detection of the hormone androstenone is predictive of political attitudes. The particular social chemical analyzed in this study is androstenone, a nonandrogenic steroid found in the sweat and saliva of many mammals, including humans. A primary reason for scholarly interest in odor detection is that it varies so dramatically from person to person. Using participants' self-reported perceptions of androstenone intensity, together with a battery of survey items testing social and political preferences and orientations, this research supports the idea that perceptions of androstenone intensity relate to political orientations-most notably, preferences for social order-lending further support to theories positing the influence of underlying biological traits on sociopolitical attitudes and behaviors.
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40
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Abstract
Taste processing is an adaptive mechanism involving complex physiological, motivational and cognitive processes. Animal models have provided relevant data about the neuroanatomical and neurobiological components of taste processing. From these models, two important domains of taste responses are described in this review. The first part focuses on the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological bases of olfactory and taste processing. The second part describes the biological and behavioral characteristics of taste learning, with an emphasis on conditioned taste aversion as a key process for the survival and health of many species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Molero-Chamizo
- Department of Psychology, Psychobiology Area, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen, 21071 Huelva, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-959-21-84-78
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Pfister P, Smith BC, Evans BJ, Brann JH, Trimmer C, Sheikh M, Arroyave R, Reddy G, Jeong HY, Raps DA, Peterlin Z, Vergassola M, Rogers ME. Odorant Receptor Inhibition Is Fundamental to Odor Encoding. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2574-2587.e6. [PMID: 32470365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most natural odors are complex mixtures of volatile components, competing to bind odorant receptors (ORs) expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the nose. To date, surprisingly little is known about how OR antagonism shapes neuronal representations in the detection layer of the olfactory system. Here, we investigated its prevalence, the degree to which it disrupts OR ensemble activity, and its conservation across phylogenetically related ORs. Calcium imaging microscopy of dissociated OSNs revealed significant inhibition, often complete attenuation, of responses to indole-a commonly occurring volatile associated with both floral and fecal odors-by a set of 36 tested odorants. To confirm an OR mechanism for the observed inhibition, we performed single-cell transcriptomics on OSNs exhibiting specific response profiles to a diagnostic panel of odorants and identified three paralogous receptors-Olfr740, Olfr741, and Olfr743-which, when tested in vitro, recapitulated OSN responses. We screened ten ORs from the Olfr740 gene family with ∼800 perfumery-related odorants spanning a range of chemical scaffolds and functional groups. Over half of these compounds (430) antagonized at least one of the ten ORs. OR activity fitted a mathematical model of competitive receptor binding and suggests normalization of OSN ensemble responses to odorant mixtures is the rule rather than the exception. In summary, we observed OR antagonism occurred frequently and in a combinatorial manner. Thus, extensive receptor-mediated computation of mixture information appears to occur in the olfactory epithelium prior to transmission of odor information to the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pfister
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Benjamin C Smith
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Barry J Evans
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Jessica H Brann
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Casey Trimmer
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Mushhood Sheikh
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Randy Arroyave
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Gautam Reddy
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hyo-Young Jeong
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Daniel A Raps
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Zita Peterlin
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Massimo Vergassola
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew E Rogers
- Firmenich Incorporated, 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA.
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Zak JD, Reddy G, Vergassola M, Murthy VN. Antagonistic odor interactions in olfactory sensory neurons are widespread in freely breathing mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3350. [PMID: 32620767 PMCID: PMC7335155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor landscapes contain complex blends of molecules that each activate unique, overlapping populations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Despite the presence of hundreds of OSN subtypes in many animals, the overlapping nature of odor inputs may lead to saturation of neural responses at the early stages of stimulus encoding. Information loss due to saturation could be mitigated by normalizing mechanisms such as antagonism at the level of receptor-ligand interactions, whose existence and prevalence remains uncertain. By imaging OSN axon terminals in olfactory bulb glomeruli as well as OSN cell bodies within the olfactory epithelium in freely breathing mice, we find widespread antagonistic interactions in binary odor mixtures. In complex mixtures of up to 12 odorants, antagonistic interactions are stronger and more prevalent with increasing mixture complexity. Therefore, antagonism is a common feature of odor mixture encoding in OSNs and helps in normalizing activity to reduce saturation and increase information transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Zak
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Gautam Reddy
- NSF-Simons Center for Mathematical & Statistical Analysis of Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Massimo Vergassola
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Schäfer L, Sorokowska A, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Croy I. Body odours as a chemosignal in the mother-child relationship: new insights based on an human leucocyte antigen-genotyped family cohort. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190266. [PMID: 32306871 PMCID: PMC7209942 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers are able to identify the body odour (BO) of their own child and prefer this smell above other BOs. It has hence been assumed that the infantile BO functions as a chemosignal promoting targeted parental care. We tested this hypothesis and examined whether children's BOs signal genetic similarity and developmental status to mothers. In addition, we assessed whether BOs facilitate inbreeding avoidance (Westermarck effect). In a cross-sectional design, N = 164 mothers participated with their biological children (N = 226 children, aged 0-18 years) and evaluated BO probes of their own and four other, sex-matched children. Those varied in age and in genetic similarity, which was assessed by human leucocyte antigen profiling. The study showed not only that mothers identified and preferred their own child's BO, but also that genetic similarity and developmental status are transcribed in BOs. Accordingly, maternal preference of their own child's odour changes throughout development. Our data partly supported the Westermarck effect: mothers' preference of pubertal boys' BOs was negatively related to testosterone for the own son, but not for unfamiliar children. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schäfer
- Department of Psychosomatics, Technische Universität, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Department of Psychosomatics, Technische Universität, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Smell and Taste Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, pl. Dawida 1, 50-527, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Alexander H. Schmidt
- DKMS, Kressbach 1, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
- DKMS Life Science Lab, St. Petersburger Straße 2, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychosomatics, Technische Universität, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Humans, like other animals, have an excellent sense of smell that can serve social communication. Although ample research has shown that body odours can convey transient emotions like fear, these studies have exclusively treated emotions as categorical, neglecting the question whether emotion quantity can be expressed chemically. Using a unique combination of methods and techniques, we explored a dose-response function: Can experienced fear intensity be encoded in fear sweat? Specifically, fear experience was quantified using multivariate pattern classification (combining physiological data and subjective feelings with partial least-squares-discriminant analysis), whereas a photo-ionization detector quantified volatile molecules in sweat. Thirty-six male participants donated sweat while watching scary film clips and control (calming) film clips. Both traditional univariate and novel multivariate analysis (100% classification accuracy; Q2: 0.76; R2: 0.79) underlined effective fear induction. Using their regression-weighted scores, participants were assigned significantly above chance (83% > 33%) to fear intensity categories (low-medium-high). Notably, the high fear group (n = 12) produced higher doses of armpit sweat, and greater doses of fear sweat emitted more volatile molecules (n = 3). This study brings new evidence to show that fear intensity is encoded in sweat (dose-response function), opening a field that examines intensity coding and decoding of other chemically communicable states/traits. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H. B. de Groot
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. Kirk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jay A. Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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45
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Sizemore TR, Hurley LM, Dacks AM. Serotonergic modulation across sensory modalities. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2406-2425. [PMID: 32401124 PMCID: PMC7311732 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00034.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonergic system has been widely studied across animal taxa and different functional networks. This modulatory system is therefore well positioned to compare the consequences of neuromodulation for sensory processing across species and modalities at multiple levels of sensory organization. Serotonergic neurons that innervate sensory networks often bidirectionally exchange information with these networks but also receive input representative of motor events or motivational state. This convergence of information supports serotonin's capacity for contextualizing sensory information according to the animal's physiological state and external events. At the level of sensory circuitry, serotonin can have variable effects due to differential projections across specific sensory subregions, as well as differential serotonin receptor type expression within those subregions. Functionally, this infrastructure may gate or filter sensory inputs to emphasize specific stimulus features or select among different streams of information. The near-ubiquitous presence of serotonin and other neuromodulators within sensory regions, coupled with their strong effects on stimulus representation, suggests that these signaling pathways should be considered integral components of sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Sizemore
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Laura M Hurley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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46
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Arabkheradmand G, Zhou G, Noto T, Yang Q, Schuele SU, Parvizi J, Gottfried JA, Wu S, Rosenow JM, Koubeissi MZ, Lane G, Zelano C. Anticipation-induced delta phase reset improves human olfactory perception. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000724. [PMID: 32453719 PMCID: PMC7250403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipating an odor improves detection and perception, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of olfactory anticipation are not well understood. In this study, we used human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) to show that anticipation resets the phase of delta oscillations in piriform cortex prior to odor arrival. Anticipatory phase reset correlates with ensuing odor-evoked theta power and improvements in perceptual accuracy. These effects were consistently present in each individual subject and were not driven by potential confounds of pre-inhale motor preparation or power changes. Together, these findings suggest that states of anticipation enhance olfactory perception through phase resetting of delta oscillations in piriform cortex. Use of human intracranial electroencephalography methods, including rare direct recordings from human olfactory cortex, shows that anticipation of odor resets the phase of delta oscillations prior to the arrival of an odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Arabkheradmand
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Torben Noto
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qiaohan Yang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephan U. Schuele
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Palo Alto, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Gottfried
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shasha Wu
- University of Chicago, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Rosenow
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mohamad Z. Koubeissi
- George Washington University, Department of Neurology, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Gregory Lane
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christina Zelano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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47
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Beach TG, Adler CH, Zhang N, Serrano GE, Sue LI, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta SH, Zamrini EE, Sabbagh MN, Shill HA, Belden CM, Shprecher DR, Caselli RJ, Reiman EM, Davis KJ, Long KE, Nicholson LR, Intorcia AJ, Glass MJ, Walker JE, Callan MM, Oliver JC, Arce R, Gerkin RC. Severe hyposmia distinguishes neuropathologically confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease dementia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231720. [PMID: 32320406 PMCID: PMC7176090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many subjects with neuropathologically-confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are never diagnosed during life, instead being categorized as Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) or unspecified dementia. Unrecognized DLB therefore is a critical impediment to clinical studies and treatment trials of both ADD and DLB. There are studies that suggest that olfactory function tests may be able to distinguish DLB from ADD, but few of these had neuropathological confirmation of diagnosis. We compared University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) results in 257 subjects that went on to autopsy and neuropathological examination. Consensus clinicopathological diagnostic criteria were used to define ADD and DLB, as well as Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), with (PDD+AD) or without (PDD-AD) concurrent AD; a group with ADD and Lewy body disease (LBD) not meeting criteria for DLB (ADLB) and a clinically normal control group were also included. The subjects with DLB, PDD+AD and PDD-AD all had lower (one-way ANOVA p < 0.0001, pairwise Bonferroni p < 0.05) first and mean UPSIT scores than the ADD, ADLB or control groups. For DLB subjects with first and mean UPSIT scores less than 20 and 17, respectively, Firth logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender and mean MMSE score, conferred statistically significant odds ratios of 17.5 and 18.0 for the diagnosis, vs ADD. For other group comparisons (PDD+AD and PDD-AD vs ADD) and UPSIT cutoffs of 17, the same analyses resulted in odds ratios ranging from 16.3 to 31.6 (p < 0.0001). To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date comparing olfactory function in subjects with neuropathologically-confirmed LBD and ADD. Olfactory function testing may be a convenient and inexpensive strategy for enriching dementia studies or clinical trials with DLB subjects, or conversely, reducing the inclusion of DLB subjects in ADD studies or trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Charles H. Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Geidy E. Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Shayamal H. Mehta
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Edouard E. Zamrini
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Holly A. Shill
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Belden
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David R. Shprecher
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kathryn J. Davis
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kathy E. Long
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lisa R. Nicholson
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Intorcia
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Glass
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Walker
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Callan
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Javon C. Oliver
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard Arce
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Gerkin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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48
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Ronald KL, Zhang X, Morrison MV, Miller R, Hurley LM. Male mice adjust courtship behavior in response to female multimodal signals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229302. [PMID: 32241020 PMCID: PMC7117945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodal signaling is nearly ubiquitous across animal taxa. While much research has focused on male signal production contributing to female mate-choice or preferences, females often give their own multimodal signals during intersexual communication events. Multimodal signal components are often classified based on whether they contain redundant information (e.g., the backup hypothesis) or non-redundant information (e.g., the multiple messages hypothesis) from the perspective of the receiver. We investigated the role of two different female vocalizations produced by the female house mouse (Mus musculus): the broadband, relatively low-frequency squeaks (broadband vocalizations or BBVs,), and the higher-frequency ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These female vocalizations may convey differently valenced information to the male receivers. We paired these vocalizations with and without female urine to examine the influence of combining information across multiple modalities. We found evidence that female urine and vocalizations act as non-redundant multimodal cues as males responded with different behaviors and vocalization rates depending on the female signal presented. Additionally, male mice responded with greater courtship effort to the multimodal combination of female USVs paired with female urine than any other signal combination. These results suggest that the olfactory information contained in female urine provides the context by which males can then evaluate potentially ambiguous female vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Ronald
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, United States of America
| | - Xinzhu Zhang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Matthew V. Morrison
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Hurley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
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49
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Koeppel CJ, Ruser P, Kitzler H, Hummel T, Croy I. Interoceptive accuracy and its impact on neuronal responses to olfactory stimulation in the insular cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2898-2908. [PMID: 32216126 PMCID: PMC7336161 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex plays a key role in the integration of multimodal information and in interoceptive and exteroceptive processing. For instance, neurons in the central dorsal insula that are active during interoceptive tasks, also show an adaptation to gustatory stimulation. We tested the link between interoception and exteroception for the olfactory system (i.e., the second domain of chemosensation). In a sample of 31 participants, olfactory function was assessed in a two dimensional approach while the Heartbeat Perception Task served as a measurement for cardiac interoceptive accuracy. Subsequent fMRI sessions were performed on a 3‐Tesla MR scanner containing 12–15 olfactory stimulation trials with a mildly pleasant food‐related odor (coffee). Persons scoring high in the cardiac interoceptive accuracy task presented stronger smelling abilities as well as enhanced BOLD responses following olfactory stimulation. The olfactory stimulation triggered enhanced insular activation patterns in the central dorsal insular cortex. Consistent with prior findings on the coherence of gustatory and interoceptive processing in the central dorsal insula, these results base the insula as a common region for the integration of interoception and exteroception. We propose an explanatory model of how exteroception triggers the integration of intero‐ and exteroceptive sensations in the central dorsal insular cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina J. Koeppel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic MedicineTU Dresden Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusDresdenGermany
| | - Paul Ruser
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic MedicineTU Dresden Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusDresdenGermany
| | - Hagen Kitzler
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyTU Dresden Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusDresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTU Dresden Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusDresdenGermany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic MedicineTU Dresden Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusDresdenGermany
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50
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Mutlu AS, Gao SM, Zhang H, Wang MC. Olfactory specificity regulates lipid metabolism through neuroendocrine signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32193370 PMCID: PMC7081233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory and metabolic dysfunctions are intertwined phenomena associated with obesity and neurodegenerative diseases; yet how mechanistically olfaction regulates metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. Specificity of olfactory perception integrates diverse environmental odors and olfactory neurons expressing different receptors. Here, we report that specific but not all olfactory neurons actively regulate fat metabolism without affecting eating behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans, and identified specific odors that reduce fat mobilization via inhibiting these neurons. Optogenetic activation or inhibition of the responsible olfactory neural circuit promotes the loss or gain of fat storage, respectively. Furthermore, we discovered that FLP-1 neuropeptide released from this olfactory neural circuit signals through peripheral NPR-4/neuropeptide receptor, SGK-1/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and specific isoforms of DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor to regulate fat storage. Our work reveals molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory regulation of fat metabolism, and suggests the association between olfactory perception specificity of each individual and his/her susceptibility to the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sena Mutlu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Shihong Max Gao
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haining Zhang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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