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López Lloreda C. COVID's toll on the brain: new clues emerge. Nature 2024; 628:20. [PMID: 38509295 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
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Rademeyer KM, R Nass S, Jones AM, Ohene-Nyako M, Hauser KF, McRae M. Fentanyl dysregulates neuroinflammation and disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:1-21. [PMID: 38280928 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Opioid overdose deaths have dramatically increased by 781% from 1999 to 2021. In the setting of HIV, opioid drug abuse exacerbates neurotoxic effects of HIV in the brain, as opioids enhance viral replication, promote neuronal dysfunction and injury, and dysregulate an already compromised inflammatory response. Despite the rise in fentanyl abuse and the close association between opioid abuse and HIV infection, the interactive comorbidity between fentanyl abuse and HIV has yet to be examined in vivo. The HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mouse model was used to understand the interactive effects between fentanyl and HIV. Tat is an essential protein produced during HIV that drives the transcription of new virions and exerts neurotoxic effects within the brain. The Tat-transgenic mouse model uses a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-driven tetracycline promoter which limits Tat production to the brain and this model is well used for examining mechanisms related to neuroHIV. After 7 days of fentanyl exposure, brains were harvested. Tight junction proteins, the vascular cell adhesion molecule, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β were measured to examine the integrity of the blood brain barrier. The immune response was assessed using a mouse-specific multiplex chemokine assay. For the first time in vivo, we demonstrate that fentanyl by itself can severely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and dysregulate the immune response. In addition, we reveal associations between inflammatory markers and tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Rademeyer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, U.S.A..
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Tripathi S, Sengar S, Shree B, Mohapatra S, Basu A, Sharma V. An RBM10 and NF-κB interacting host lncRNA promotes JEV replication and neuronal cell death. J Virol 2023; 97:e0118323. [PMID: 37991381 PMCID: PMC10734533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01183-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Central nervous system infection by flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, and West Nile virus results in neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. However, little is known about the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in flavivirus-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. Here, we characterized the role of a flavivirus-induced lncRNA named JINR1 during the infection of neuronal cells. Depletion of JINR1 during virus infection reduces viral replication and cell death. An increase in GRP78 expression by JINR1 is responsible for promoting virus replication. Flavivirus infection induces the expression of a cellular protein RBM10, which interacts with JINR1. RBM10 and JINR1 promote the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB activity, which is detrimental to cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | - Suryansh Sengar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | - Bakhya Shree
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
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Jeong GU, Lee S, Kim DY, Lyu J, Yoon GY, Kim KD, Ku KB, Ko J, Kwon YC. Zika Virus Infection Induces Interleukin-1β-Mediated Inflammatory Responses by Macrophages in the Brain of an Adult Mouse Model. J Virol 2023; 97:e0055623. [PMID: 37191498 PMCID: PMC10308908 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00556-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 2015-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic, ZIKV-associated neurological diseases were reported in adults, including microcephaly, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myelitis, meningoencephalitis, and fatal encephalitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuropathogenesis of ZIKV infection are not yet fully understood. In this study, we used an adult ZIKV infection mouse model (Ifnar1-/-) to investigate the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis. ZIKV infection induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in the brains of Ifnar1-/- mice. RNA-seq analysis of the infected mouse brain also revealed that genes involved in innate immune responses and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways were significantly upregulated at 6 days postinfection. Furthermore, ZIKV infection induced macrophage infiltration and activation and augmented IL-1β expression, whereas microgliosis was not observed in the brain. Using human monocyte THP-1 cells, we confirmed that ZIKV infection promotes inflammatory cell death and increases IL-1β secretion. In addition, expression of the complement component C3, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases and known to be upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines, was induced by ZIKV infection through the IL-1β-mediated pathway. An increase in C5a produced by complement activation in the brains of ZIKV-infected mice was also verified. Taken together, our results suggest that ZIKV infection in the brain of this animal model augments IL-1β expression in infiltrating macrophages and elicits IL-1β-mediated inflammation, which can lead to the destructive consequences of neuroinflammation. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) associated neurological impairments are an important global health problem. Our results suggest that ZIKV infection in the mouse brain can induce IL-1β-mediated inflammation and complement activation, thereby contributing to the development of neurological disorders. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanism by which ZIKV induces neuroinflammation in the mouse brain. Although we used adult type I interferon receptor IFNAR knockout (Ifnar1-/-) mice owing to the limited mouse models of ZIKV pathogenesis, our conclusions contributed to the understanding ZIKV-associated neurological diseases to develop treatment strategies for patients with ZIKV infection based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Uk Jeong
- Department of Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Medical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemyun Lyu
- Arontier Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Yoon
- Department of Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Do Kim
- Department of Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Bon Ku
- Department of Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsu Ko
- Arontier Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chan Kwon
- Department of Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Medical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Choe K, Park HY, Ikram M, Lee HJ, Park TJ, Ullah R, Kim MO. Systematic Review of the Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration: The Role of Bioactive Compounds and Natural Antioxidants. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081298. [PMID: 35455977 PMCID: PMC9031507 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoVCOVID-19) belongs to the Beta coronavirus family, which contains MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus). SARS-CoV-2 activates the innate immune system, thereby activating the inflammatory mechanism, causing the release of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it has been suggested that COVID-19 may penetrate the central nervous system, and release inflammatory cytokines in the brains, inducing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Several links connect COVID-19 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), such as elevated oxidative stress, uncontrolled release of the inflammatory cytokines, and mitochondrial apoptosis. There are severe concerns that excessive immune cell activation in COVID-19 may aggravate the neurodegeneration and amyloid-beta pathology of AD. Here, we have collected the evidence, showing the links between the two diseases. The focus has been made to collect the information on the activation of the inflammation, its contributors, and shared therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we have given future perspectives, research gaps, and overlapping pathological bases of the two diseases. Lastly, we have given the short touch to the drugs that have equally shown rescuing effects against both diseases. Although there is limited information available regarding the exact links between COVID-19 and neuroinflammation, we have insight into the pathological contributors of the diseases. Based on the shared pathological features and therapeutic targets, we hypothesize that the activation of the immune system may induce neurological disorders by triggering oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyonghwan Choe
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
| | - Hyeon Jin Lee
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
| | - Tae Ju Park
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK;
| | - Rahat Ullah
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.C.); (M.I.); (H.J.L.); (R.U.)
- Alz-Dementia Korea Co., Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
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Spiteri AG, Terry RL, Wishart CL, Ashhurst TM, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ, King NJC. High-parameter cytometry unmasks microglial cell spatio-temporal response kinetics in severe neuroinflammatory disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:166. [PMID: 34311763 PMCID: PMC8314570 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiating infiltrating myeloid cells from resident microglia in neuroinflammatory disease is challenging, because bone marrow-derived inflammatory monocytes infiltrating the inflamed brain adopt a 'microglia-like' phenotype. This precludes the accurate identification of either cell type without genetic manipulation, which is important to understand their temporal contribution to disease and inform effective intervention in its pathogenesis. During West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, widespread neuronal infection drives substantial CNS infiltration of inflammatory monocytes, causing severe immunopathology and/or death, but the role of microglia in this remains unclear. METHODS Using high-parameter cytometry and dimensionality-reduction, we devised a simple, novel gating strategy to identify microglia and infiltrating myeloid cells during WNV-infection. Validating our strategy, we (1) blocked the entry of infiltrating myeloid populations from peripheral blood using monoclonal blocking antibodies, (2) adoptively transferred BM-derived monocytes and tracked their phenotypic changes after infiltration and (3) labelled peripheral leukocytes that infiltrate into the brain with an intravenous dye. We demonstrated that myeloid immigrants populated only the identified macrophage gates, while PLX5622 depletion reduced all 4 subsets defined by the microglial gates. RESULTS Using this gating approach, we identified four consistent microglia subsets in the homeostatic and WNV-infected brain. These were P2RY12hi CD86-, P2RY12hi CD86+ and P2RY12lo CD86- P2RY12lo CD86+. During infection, 2 further populations were identified as 'inflammatory' and 'microglia-like' macrophages, recruited from the bone marrow. Detailed kinetic analysis showed significant increases in the proportions of both P2RY12lo microglia subsets in all anatomical areas, largely at the expense of the P2RY12hi CD86- subset, with the latter undergoing compensatory proliferation, suggesting replenishment of, and differentiation from this subset in response to infection. Microglia altered their morphology early in infection, with all cells adopting temporal and regional disease-specific phenotypes. Late in disease, microglia produced IL-12, downregulated CX3CR1, F4/80 and TMEM119 and underwent apoptosis. Infiltrating macrophages expressed both TMEM119 and P2RY12 de novo, with the microglia-like subset notably exhibiting the highest proportional myeloid population death. CONCLUSIONS Our approach enables detailed kinetic analysis of resident vs infiltrating myeloid cells in a wide range of neuroinflammatory models without non-physiological manipulation. This will more clearly inform potential therapeutic approaches that specifically modulate these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel L Terry
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Current Address: Children's Cancer Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Current Affiliation: Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire L Wishart
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iain L Campbell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Li H, McLaurin KA, Illenberger JM, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Microglial HIV-1 Expression: Role in HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050924. [PMID: 34067600 PMCID: PMC8155894 DOI: 10.3390/v13050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain, despite treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), remains a critical roadblock for the development of a novel cure strategy for HIV-1. To enhance our understanding of viral reservoirs, two complementary studies were conducted to (1) evaluate the HIV-1 mRNA distribution pattern and major cell type expressing HIV-1 mRNA in the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat, and (2) validate our findings by developing and critically testing a novel biological system to model active HIV-1 infection in the rat. First, a restricted, region-specific HIV-1 mRNA distribution pattern was observed in the HIV-1 Tg rat. Microglia were the predominant cell type expressing HIV-1 mRNA in the HIV-1 Tg rat. Second, we developed and critically tested a novel biological system to model key aspects of HIV-1 by infusing F344/N control rats with chimeric HIV (EcoHIV). In vitro, primary cultured microglia were treated with EcoHIV revealing prominent expression within 24 h of infection. In vivo, EcoHIV expression was observed seven days after stereotaxic injections. Following EcoHIV infection, microglia were the major cell type expressing HIV-1 mRNA, results that are consistent with observations in the HIV-1 Tg rat. Within eight weeks of infection, EcoHIV rats exhibited neurocognitive impairments and synaptic dysfunction, which may result from activation of the NogoA-NgR3/PirB-RhoA signaling pathway and/or neuroinflammation. Collectively, these studies enhance our understanding of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain and offer a novel biological system to model HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated comorbidities (i.e., drug abuse) in rats.
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Agrawal M, Rastogi M, Dogra S, Pandey N, Basu A, Singh SK. Chandipura virus changes cellular miRNome in human microglial cells. J Med Virol 2019; 94:480-490. [PMID: 31017674 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a neurotropic virus, known to cause encephalitis in humans. The microRNAs (miRNA/miR) play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. The present study is focused on the role of miRNAs during CHPV (strain 1653514) infection in human microglial cells. The deep sequencing of CHPV-infected human microglial cells identified a total of 12 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs). To elucidate the role of DEMs, the target gene prediction, Gene Ontology term (GO Term), pathway enrichment analysis, and miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) interaction network analysis was performed. The GO terms and pathway enrichment analysis provided 146 enriched genes; which were involved in interferon response, cytokine and chemokine signaling. Further, the WGCNA (weighted gene coexpression network analysis) of the enriched genes were discretely categorized into three modules (blue, brown, and turquoise). The hub genes in the blue module may correlate to CHPV induced neuroinflammation. Altogether, the miRNA-mRNA interaction network and WGCNA study revealed the following pairs, hsa-miR-542-3p and FAF1, hsa-miR-92a-1-5p and MYD88, and hsa-miR-3187-3p and TNFRSF21, which may contribute to neuroinflammation during CHPV infection in human microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Agrawal
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Smriti Dogra
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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