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Bridges C, Duenas DM, Lewis H, Anderson K, Opel DJ, Wilfond BS, Kraft SA. Patient perspectives on how to demonstrate respect: Implications for clinicians and healthcare organizations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250999. [PMID: 33914815 PMCID: PMC8084197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinicians and healthcare organizations are ethically obligated to treat patients with respect, yet it is not clear what actions best demonstrate respect to patients. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to understand what actions on both an individual and organizational level effectively demonstrate respect for primary care patients. METHODS We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with primary care patients in an integrated healthcare delivery system in Oregon and an integrated safety net health system in Colorado who were participating in a genomics implementation research study of a hereditary cancer screening program. We systematically coded interview transcripts using a coding framework developed based on iterative review of the interview guide and transcripts. We further analyzed the data coded with sub-codes relating to patients' experiences with respect in healthcare using a descriptive content analysis approach. RESULTS We interviewed 40 English-speaking (n = 30, 75%) and Spanish-speaking (n = 10, 25%) patients. Most interviewees identified as female (n = 35, 88%) and either Hispanic/Latino(a) (n = 17, 43%) or White or European American (n = 15, 38%). Interviewees identified two categories of efforts by individual clinicians that demonstrate respect: engaging with patients and being transparent. They identified five efforts by healthcare organizations: promoting safety and inclusivity, protecting patient privacy, communicating about scheduling, navigating financial barriers to care, and ensuring continuity of care. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that patients' experiences of respect depend on efforts by individual clinicians as well as healthcare organizations. Our findings offer insight into how clinicians can build stronger partnerships with patients and how organizations can seek to promote access to care and patient safety and comfort. They also illustrate areas for future research and quality improvement to more effectively respect patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Bridges
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Devan M. Duenas
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hannah Lewis
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katherine Anderson
- Denver Health Ambulatory Care Services, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Opel
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S. Wilfond
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Kraft
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Ohman-Hanson RA, Cree-Green M, Kelsey MM, Bessesen DH, Sharp TA, Pyle L, Pereira RI, Nadeau KJ. Ethnic and Sex Differences in Adiponectin: From Childhood to Adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4808-4815. [PMID: 27603898 PMCID: PMC5155686 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes are increasing, particularly in Hispanic (H) vs non-Hispanic White (NHW) populations. Adiponectin has a known role in IR, and therefore, understanding ethnic and sex-specific behavior of adiponectin across the lifespan is of clinical significance. OBJECTIVE To compare ethnic and sex differences in adiponectin, independent of body mass index, across the lifespan and relationship to IR. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Primary care, referral center. PATIENTS A total of 187 NHW and 117 H participants (8-57 y) without diabetes. Life stage: pre-/early puberty (Tanner 1/2), midpubertal (Tanner 3/4), late pubertal (Tanner 5, <21 years), and adult (Tanner 5, ≥21). INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Fasting adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and revised homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. RESULTS Adiponectin was significantly inversely correlated with revised homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Regarding puberty, adiponectin trended downward in late puberty, but only males were significantly lower in adulthood. By sex, adiponectin was lower in adult males vs females of both ethnicities. Regarding ethnicity, H adults of both sexes had lower adiponectin than NHW adults. Of note, in NHW females, adiponectin trended highest in adulthood, whereas in H females, adiponectin fell in late puberty and remained lower in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin inversely correlated with IR, trended down in late puberty, and was lowest in adult males. H adults of both sexes had lower adiponectin than NHW adults, and H females followed a more "male pattern," lacking the rebound in adiponectin seen in NHW females after puberty. These data suggest that adiponectin, independent of body mass index, may relate to the greater cardiometabolic risk seen in H populations and in particular H females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Ohman-Hanson
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Megan M Kelsey
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Teresa A Sharp
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Laura Pyle
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rocio I Pereira
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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