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Miranda M, Volmer Z, Cornick A, Goody A, Cardoso C, Pais AACC, Brown M, Vitorino C. In vitro studies into establishing therapeutic bioequivalence of complex topical products: Weight of evidence. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124012. [PMID: 38537923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, topically applied drug products have experienced extraordinary price increases, due to the shortage of multisource generic drug products. This occurrence is mainly related to the underlying challenges evolved in topical bioequivalence documentation. Although there has been continuing regulatory efforts to present surrogate in vitro methods to clinical endpoint studies, there is still a continued need for cost- and time-efficient alternatives that account for product specificities. Hence, this work intended to expose bioequivalence assessment issues for complex topical formulations, and more specifically those related with product efficacy guidance. As a model drug and product, a bifonazole 10 mg/g cream formulation was selected and two different batches of the commercially available Reference Product (RP) were used: RP1 that displayed lower viscosity and RP4 which presented high, but not the highest, viscosity. In vitro human skin permeation testing (IVPT) was carried out and the results were evaluated by means of the traditional bioequivalence assessment approach proposed by the EMA, as well as by the Scaled Average Bioequivalence assessment approach proposed by the FDA. Based on previous experience, there was an expectation of a high level of variability in the results, thus alternative methods to evaluate local drug skin availability were developed. More specifically, an infected skin disease model, where ex vivo human skin was infected and ATP levels were used as a biological marker for monitoring antifungal activity after product application. The results showed that permeation equivalence could not be supported between the different RP batches. In contrast, this statistical difference between the formulation batches was not indicated in the disease model. Nevertheless, in pivotal IVPT studies, the lowest permeant formulation (RP4) evidenced a higher antifungal in vitro activity as reported by the lower levels of ATP. A critical appraisal of the results is likewise presented, focusing on an outlook of the real applicability of the regulatory guidances on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Monte de Caparica, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zoe Volmer
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Alicia Cornick
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Aidan Goody
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marc Brown
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga Santa Comba Polo 3, Coimbra, 3000-548 Portugal.
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Johnson-Williams B, Reynolds K, Gobburu J, Rundio A. A Modified Delphi Study to Establish Essential Clinical Pharmacology Competencies. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2024; 58:473-482. [PMID: 38319585 PMCID: PMC11043191 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-023-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Competency-based education has been commonly used to enhance the healthcare workforce for some time. A translational discipline that is integral to drug development and impactful on healthcare and public health is clinical pharmacology. With such contribution, it is essential that the clinical pharmacology workforce is adequately equipped to address the demands of emerging trends of drug development. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to determine the most significant competencies needed for a clinical pharmacologist in the regulatory environment. METHODS A two round modified Delphi technique was administered to 29 clinical pharmacologists within the Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP) between November 2021-January 2022. A questionnaire consisting of core and technical competencies was administered electronically using SurveyMonkey ® to gain consensus about essential clinical pharmacology competencies. Participants used a Likert scale to rank importance of competencies from strongly agree (1), agree (2), neutral (3), disagree (4), strongly disagree (5). Participants also suggested topics to be included in the next round. Consensus was set at 60%. The competencies receiving the most consensus at 60% in round one and the new topics proceeded to the second round. In the second and final round, participants ranked the suggested competencies. Descriptive statistics and a McNemar change test were utilized to analyze data. Only data from the participants who completed both rounds was used in the study. RESULTS In round one participants ranked all fifty-six core and technical competencies as essential with consensus of at least 60%. In round two, participants ranked sixty-two competencies as essential with consensus of at least 60%. A McNemar change test demonstrated stability of ranking between rounds. CONCLUSION Essential core and technical competencies can build education programs to sustain the emerging clinical pharmacology workforce in the Office of Clinical Pharmacology. The Delphi technique is a suitable approach to determine essential competencies because it cultivates consensus and gains insight from experts in the forefront of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Johnson-Williams
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Kellie Reynolds
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joga Gobburu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 620 W. Lexington Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Albert Rundio
- College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, 60 N. 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Huneycutt BJ, Acha V. The ASAP Framework: A New Tool for Regulatory Agencies to Facilitate Adoption of Pandemic Approaches. Health Secur 2024. [PMID: 38624265 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Huneycutt
- Brenda J. Huneycutt, PhD, JD, MPH, is Director, Global Regulatory Policy and Intelligence, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ
| | - Virginia Acha
- Virginia Acha, DPhil, MPhil, is Associate Vice President, Global Regulatory Policy and Intelligence, MSD (UK) Limited, London, UK
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Wu L, Xu J, Thakkar S, Gray M, Qu Y, Li D, Tong W. A framework enabling LLMs into regulatory environment for transparency and trustworthiness and its application to drug labeling document. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 149:105613. [PMID: 38570021 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory agencies consistently deal with extensive document reviews, ranging from product submissions to both internal and external communications. Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT can be invaluable tools for these tasks, however present several challenges, particularly the proprietary information, combining customized function with specific review needs, and transparency and explainability of the model's output. Hence, a localized and customized solution is imperative. To tackle these challenges, we formulated a framework named askFDALabel on FDA drug labeling documents that is a crucial resource in the FDA drug review process. AskFDALabel operates within a secure IT environment and comprises two key modules: a semantic search and a Q&A/text-generation module. The Module S built on word embeddings to enable comprehensive semantic queries within labeling documents. The Module T utilizes a tuned LLM to generate responses based on references from Module S. As the result, our framework enabled small LLMs to perform comparably to ChatGPT with as a computationally inexpensive solution for regulatory application. To conclude, through AskFDALabel, we have showcased a pathway that harnesses LLMs to support agency operations within a secure environment, offering tailored functions for the needs of regulatory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihong Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson AR, 72211, USA.
| | - Joshua Xu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson AR, 72211, USA
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Magnus Gray
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson AR, 72211, USA
| | - Yanyan Qu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson AR, 72211, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson AR, 72211, USA
| | - Weida Tong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson AR, 72211, USA.
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Watanabe S, Nonaka T, Maeda M, Yamada M, Sugii N, Hashimoto K, Takano S, Koyanagi T, Arakawa Y, Ishikawa E. Recent Status of Phase I Clinical Trials for Brain Tumors: A Regulatory Science Study of Exploratory Efficacy Endpoints. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2024:10.1007/s43441-024-00644-3. [PMID: 38530629 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-024-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate exploratory efficacy data from Phase I trials are vital for subsequent phases. Owing to the uniqueness of brain tumors (BTs), use of different strategies to evaluate efficacy is warranted. We studied exploratory efficacy evaluation in Phase I trials involving BTs. METHODS Using Clarivate's Cortellis™, 42 Phase I trials of BT interventions conducted from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed for efficacy endpoints, which were set as primary endpoints (PEs) or secondary endpoints (SEs). Additionally, these metrics were compared in two subgroups: trials including only BTs (Group-A) and those including BTs among mixed solid tumors (Group-B). RESULTS Selected studies included a median of 1.5 PEs (range, 1-6) and 5 SEs (range, 0-19). Efficacy endpoints were included as PEs and SEs in 2 (5%) and 31 (78%) trials, respectively. Among the latter 31 trials that included 94 efficacy endpoints, 24, 22, 20, 9, and 8 reflected overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), duration of response (DOR), and disease control rate (DCR), respectively. ORR for BT was determined using various methods; however, the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) was used less frequently in Group-A than in Group-B (p = 0.0039). CONCLUSIONS Recent Phase I trials included efficacy endpoints as SEs, with ORR, PFS, or OS included in ~ 50% trials and DOR or DCR in ~ 25%. No established criteria exist for imaging evaluation of BTs. Phase I trials involving mixed solid tumor cohorts revealed challenges in designing methods to assess the exploratory efficacy of BTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mito Kyodo General Hospital, Tsukuba University Hospital Mito Area Medical Education Center, 3-2-7 Miyamachi, Mito, 310-0015, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Nonaka
- Department of Health and Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Department of, Pharmacy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Narushi Sugii
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shingo Takano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Koyanagi
- Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Arakawa
- Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Niederdeppe J, Porticella NA, Mathios A, Avery R, Dorf M, Greiner Safi A, Kalaji M, Scolere L, Byrne SE. Managing a policy paradox? Responses to textual warning labels on E-cigarette advertisements among U.S. national samples of youth overall and adults who smoke or vape. Soc Sci Med 2024; 344:116543. [PMID: 38335714 PMCID: PMC10923179 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current use and potential future uptake of e-cigarettes among youth remain public health concerns in the U.S., even as people who smoke combustible cigarettes could benefit from switching completely to e-cigarettes. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering alternative warning messages, but warnings that discourage youth from use may also deter people who smoke from switching. This study tests ten pre-registered hypotheses on effects of warning messages with national samples of youth overall and adults who smoke and/or vape. METHODS NORC recruited 1639 adults (ages 18+) who smoke, vape, or use both products, from their probability-sampled AmeriSpeak Panel and augmented their AmeriSpeak Teen Panel with Lucid's nonprobability opt-in panel to recruit 1217 youth (ages 14-17) to participate in a web-based survey experiment. We randomly assigned respondents to view one of five warning label conditions and respond to measures of their e-cigarette risk beliefs, willingness to use e-cigarettes, and (among people who smoke or vape) considerations to quit these products. FINDINGS Relative to the current FDA warning about nicotine, warning messages about the harms of e-cigarette use for youth brain development did not influence risk beliefs or reduce willingness to use these products among youth. Brain development warning messages did increase beliefs about these harms among adults but did not increase quit considerations among people who vape, relative to the FDA warning. Warning messages with information about chemical constituents of vaping products and the harm of these chemicals produced higher e-cigarette quit considerations than did the FDA warning among adults who vape. CONCLUSION Potential alternative warning label messages were largely ineffective relative to the current FDA warning about nicotine, though limited evidence suggests some potential for chemical + harm messaging to encourage people who use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes to consider quitting both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | | | - Alan Mathios
- Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Economics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rosemary Avery
- Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael Dorf
- Cornell Law School, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Motasem Kalaji
- Department of Communication Studies, California State Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Leah Scolere
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sahara E Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Blümel M, Cordoba-Rodriguez R, Carroll JA, Beardsley RL, Maggio F, Wylie D, Tsang V, Ehrick R, Francq BG, Pohl T, Taktak S, Spasoff A, Morrison A, Albarghouthi M. Patient-centric Comparability Assessment of Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00053-4. [PMID: 38373591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The comparability assessment of a biological product after implementing a manufacturing process change should involve a risk-based approach. Process changes may occur at any stage of the product lifecycle: early development, clinical manufacture for pivotal trials, or post-approval. The risk of the change to impact product quality varies. The design of the comparability assessment should be adapted accordingly. A working group reviewed and consolidated industry approaches to assess comparability of traditional protein-based biological products during clinical development and post-approval. The insights compiled in this review article encompass topics such as a risk-evaluation strategy, the design of comparability studies, definition of assessment criteria for comparability, holistic evaluation of data, and the regulatory submission strategy. These practices can be leveraged across the industry to help companies in design and execution of comparability assessments, and to inform discussions with global regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blümel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biologics Analytical Development, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ruth Cordoba-Rodriguez
- AstraZeneca, CMC Regulatory Affairs, 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - James A Carroll
- Pfizer Research and Development, Analytical R&D, 875 Chesterfield Parkway, St. Louis, MO 63017, USA
| | - Richard L Beardsley
- Genentech, (A Member of the Roche Group), Analytical Development and QC, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Frank Maggio
- Amgen Inc., 40 Technology Way, West Greenwich, RI 02817, USA
| | - David Wylie
- Merck, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Valerie Tsang
- Biogen, Biologics Development, 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Robin Ehrick
- AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Bernard G Francq
- GSK, Vaccines CMC statistics, 89 Rue de l'Institut, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biologics Analytical Development, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Taktak
- Pfizer Research and Development, Analytical R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Andrew Spasoff
- AstraZeneca, Development Quality Biologics, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Amy Morrison
- Biogen, Manufacturing Sciences, 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Methal Albarghouthi
- AstraZeneca, Biopharmaceutical Development, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Xu G, Wang J. The current status of the biosimilars landscape in China. Biologicals 2024; 85:101744. [PMID: 38402730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosimilars have played a significant role in alleviating healthcare burdens and enhancing patient access to high-quality biologic-based pharmaceutical therapies. The World Health Organization (WHO), as well as various national governments and regulatory agencies, have established corresponding regulations and guidelines to encourage the development of biosimilars. China, as a populous nation with a substantial demand for biologic therapies, has made substantial investments in the research and development (R&D) of a number of biosimilars, making it the global leader in terms of the number of biosimilar varieties developed and the companies involved. This article summarizes the landscape of biosimilar R&D and registration in China, the development of regulatory science for biosimilars (including guidelines) in China, the challenges faced in biosimilar development in China, and a discussion of and suggestions for tailoring or even waiving comparative clinical efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangling Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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9
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Blümel M, Liu J, de Jong I, Weiser S, Fast J, Litowski J, Shuman M, Mehta SB, Amery L, Tan DCT, Jia F, Shekhawat D, Dagallier C, Emamzadeh M, Medina A, Santos C, Gasser F, Urban C. Current Industry Best Practice on in-use Stability and Compatibility Studies for Biological Products. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2332-2346. [PMID: 37160227 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the in-use stability of a biological product including its compatibility with administration components allows to define handling instructions and potential hold times that retain product quality during dose preparation and administration. The intended drug product usage may involve the dilution of drug formulation into admixtures for infusion and exposure to new interfaces of administration components like intravenous (iv) bags, syringes, and tubing. In-use studies assess the potential impact on product quality by simulating drug handling throughout the defined in-use period. Considering the wide range of in-use conditions and administration components available globally, only limited guidance is available from regulators on expected in-use stability data. A working group reviewed and consolidated industry approaches to assess physicochemical stability of traditional protein-based biological products during clinical development and for commercial use. The insights compiled in this review article can be leveraged across the industry and encompass topics such as representative drug product material and administration components, testing conditions, quality attributes evaluated and respective acceptance criteria, applied quality standards, and regulatory requirements. These practices may help companies in the study design, and they may inform discussions with global regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blümel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biologics Analytical Development, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jing Liu
- Seagen Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21717 30th Drive S.E., Building 3. Bothell, WA, 98021, USA.
| | - Isabella de Jong
- Genentech (A Member of the Roche Group), Pharmaceutical Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sarah Weiser
- Pfizer; Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Jonas Fast
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Litowski
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, 360 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Melissa Shuman
- GSK, Strategic External Development, Sterile Drug Product Operations, 1250 S. Collegeville Road Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Shyam B Mehta
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products, Drug Product Development and Operations, 145 Brandywine Pkwy, West Chester, PA 19380, USA
| | - Leanne Amery
- AstraZeneca, Dosage Form Design and Development, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Feng Jia
- Biogen, Biologics Drug Product, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dushyant Shekhawat
- Eli Lilly and Company, Bioproduct Research and Development, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Camille Dagallier
- Sanofi, Biologics Drug Product Development, 1 impasse des ateliers, 94403 Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Mina Emamzadeh
- AstraZeneca, Dosage Form Design and Development, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Annette Medina
- AstraZeneca, Dosage Form Design and Development, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Camilla Santos
- Amgen Inc., Product Quality, 40 Technology Way, West Greenwich, RI, 02817, USA
| | - Florian Gasser
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biologics Analytical Development, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6336 Langkampfen, Austria
| | - Christian Urban
- Sanofi, Biologics Drug Product Development, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Alowairdhi MA, Alhussain FH, Alomran MI, Almadani OA, Alkhammash NA, Alyabes SF, Alharbi SA, Almudaiheem EA, Alhaider RA, Alhassan SA, Almuallem ZA, Algain N, Alshehri AO, Alshammari TM, Althunian TA. The association between drug pricing and drug shortage in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective database analysis. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:91. [PMID: 37464406 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that drug pricing could contribute to drug shortages; however, there is limited quantitative assessment of this potential causal association. This retrospective database analysis aimed to investigate the association between drug prices and drug shortage incidents in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This was a retrospective database analysis study. Drugs with shortage notifications sent to the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) between January 2017 and December 2020 were included. Each drug's foreign-to-Saudi price ratio (FTSPR) was calculated by dividing the mean international price by the Saudi price. Drugs were categorized into three groups based on their FTSPR: Group 1 (FTSPR > 1), Group 2 (FTSPR = 1), and Group 3 (FTSPR < 1). The primary outcome was the ratio of mean counts (mCR) between the three groups, with Group 3 serving as the control group. The analysis was adjusted for the measured confounders using a negative binomial regression model. RESULTS A total of 900 drugs were included in the study, with 348 in Group 1, 345 in Group 2, and 209 in Group 3. The mean count in Group 1 was higher compared to Group 3 (mCR: 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24 to 2.83), while the mean counts between Group 2 and Group 3 were comparable (mCR: 1.39; 95% CI 0.92 to 2.09). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate an association between drug shortage incidents and higher prices of drugs outside Saudi Arabia. Further studies are needed to explore this causal relationship in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alowairdhi
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah H Alhussain
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha I Alomran
- Research Informatics Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud A Almadani
- Research Informatics Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Alkhammash
- Drug Availability and Tracking Center, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shayma F Alyabes
- Drug Availability and Tracking Center, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A Alharbi
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa A Almudaiheem
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem A Alhaider
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A Alhassan
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab A Almuallem
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuha Algain
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz O Alshehri
- Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Turki A Althunian
- Research Informatics Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Otsuka K, Takata T, Sasaki H, Shikano M. Horizon Scanning in Tissue Engineering Using Citation Network Analysis. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2023; 57:810-822. [PMID: 37204641 PMCID: PMC10276778 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-023-00529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing a horizon scanning method is critical for identifying technologies that require new guidelines or regulations. We studied the application of bibliographic citation network analysis to horizon scanning. OBJECTIVE The possibility of applying the proposed method to interdisciplinary fields was investigated with the emphasis on tissue engineering and its example, three-dimensional bio-printing. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In all, 233,968 articles on tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, biofabrication, and additive manufacturing published between January 1, 1900 and November 3, 2021 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. The citation network of the articles was analyzed for confirmation that the evolution of 3D bio-printing is reflected by tracking the key articles in the field. However, the results revealed that the major articles on the clinical application of 3D bio-printed products are located in clusters other than that of 3D bio-printers. We investigated the research trends in this field by analyzing the articles published between 2019 and 2021 and detected various basic technologies constituting tissue engineering, including microfluidics and scaffolds such as electrospinning and conductive polymers. The results suggested that the research trend of technologies required for product development and future clinical applications of the product are sometimes detected independently by bibliographic citation network analysis, particularly for interdisciplinary fields. CONCLUSION This method can be applied to the horizon scanning of an interdisciplinary field. However, identifying basic technologies of the targeted field and following the progress of research and the integration process of each component of technology are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Otsuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Takata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shikano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Beierle J, Algorri M, Cortés M, Cauchon NS, Lennard A, Kirwan JP, Oghamian S, Abernathy MJ. Structured content and data management-enhancing acceleration in drug development through efficiency in data exchange. AAPS Open 2023; 9:11. [PMID: 37193559 PMCID: PMC10164450 DOI: 10.1186/s41120-023-00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovation in pharmaceutical therapeutics is critical for the treatment of serious diseases with unmet medical need. To accelerate the approval of these innovative treatments, regulatory agencies throughout the world are increasingly adopting the use of expedited pathways and collaborative regulatory reviews. These pathways are primarily driven by promising clinical results but become challenging for Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) information in regulatory submissions. Condensed and shifting timelines present constraints that require new approaches to the management of regulatory filings. This article emphasizes technological advances that have the potential to tackle the underlying inefficiencies in the regulatory filing eco-system. Structured content and data management (SCDM) is highlighted as a foundation for technologies that can ease the burden on both sponsors and regulators by streamlining data usage in regulatory submissions. Re-mapping of information technology infrastructure will improve the usability of data by moving away from document-based filings towards electronic data libraries. Although the inefficiencies of the current regulatory filing eco-system are more evident for products that are filed using expedited pathways, it is envisioned that the more widespread adoption of SCDM, across standard filing and review processes, will improve overall efficiency and speed in the compilation and review of regulatory submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Beierle
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy – CMC, Amgen Inc, CA 91320 Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Marquerita Algorri
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy – CMC, Amgen Inc, CA 91320 Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Marisol Cortés
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Nina S. Cauchon
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy – CMC, Amgen Inc, CA 91320 Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Andrew Lennard
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy – CMC, Amgen Inc, CA 91320 Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - J. Paul Kirwan
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy – CMC, Amgen Inc, CA 91320 Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Shirley Oghamian
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy – CMC, Amgen Inc, CA 91320 Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Michael J. Abernathy
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy – CMC, Amgen Inc, CA 91320 Thousand Oaks, USA
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13
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Stegemann S, Birna Almarsdόttir A, Vermehren C. Patient engagement in pharmaceutical development: Where are we? - Report from a symposium. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 185:1-4. [PMID: 36801478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the term "patient engagement" has found its way into healthcare and specifically into the field of drug development. To better understand the actual status of "patient engagement" in drug development, a symposium was organized by the Drug Research Academy of the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) on November 16, 2022. The symposium brought together experts from regulatory authorities, industry, academia and patients to share their views and experience of and with patient engagement in drug product development. The symposium led to intensive discussions among the speakers and the audience, confirming that viewpoints and experiences of the different stakeholder provide important input into the promoting patient engagement along the entire drug development life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Leibniz JointLab First in Translation, DWI Leibniz Institutes for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anna Birna Almarsdόttir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Vermehren
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Algorri M, Cauchon NS, Christian T, O'Connell C, Vaidya P. Patient-Centric Product Development: A Summary of Select Regulatory CMC and Device Considerations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:922-936. [PMID: 36739904 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patient-centric drug development describes the systematic approach to incorporating the patient's perspectives and preferences into the design, assessment, and production of a therapeutic product. While a patient centric approach can be applied at any stage of the drug development lifecycle, an integrated end-to-end strategy is often most effective to create an optimized product for the patient at the earliest possible timepoint. The importance of patient centricity is well recognized by health authorities and biopharmaceutical organizations which have established toolsets, guidances, and methodologies for incorporating patient input during the clinical stage of development. However, in addition to clinical research, there are other significant aspects of product development that profoundly impact the patient experience. Specifically, chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) and device aspects must also be acknowledged and addressed as part of a cohesive patient-centric development strategy. This review explores current applications and regulatory considerations for patient-centric approaches across the product lifecycle, including R&D, early product development, clinical development, device and combination product development, and post-approval change management. Specific topics of discussion include the contributions of product modality, formulation, and devices to the patient experience; usage of the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) as a patient-centered design tool; and post-approval product optimization. Future advancements in regulatory data management and information exchange are also explored as potential enablers of patient engagement which support enhanced communication and interconnectivity between stakeholders. Multidisciplinary collaboration between patients, health authorities, health care providers, and the biopharmaceutical industry is ultimately necessary for ensuring that medicinal products, and their corresponding regulatory processes, take on a patient-first mindset that prioritizes patient needs, values, and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquerita Algorri
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - CMC, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Nina S Cauchon
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - CMC, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | | | - Chelsea O'Connell
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - Global Regulatory and R&D Policy, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Pujita Vaidya
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - Global Regulatory and R&D Policy, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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15
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Takechi-Haraya Y, Usui A, Izutsu KI, Abe Y. Atomic Force Microscopic Imaging of mRNA-lipid Nanoparticles in Aqueous Medium. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:648-52. [PMID: 36462707 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs) depends on several factors, including their size and morphology. This study presents a new technique to characterize mRNA-LNPs in an aqueous medium using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This method utilizes an anti-polyethylene glycol antibody to immobilize mRNA-LNPs onto a glass substrate without corruption, which cannot be avoided with conventional procedures using solid substrates such as mica and glass. The obtained AFM images showed spherical and bleb-like structures of mRNA-LNPs, consistent with previous observations made using cryo-transmission electron microscopy. The AFM method also revealed the predominant existence of nanoparticles with a diameter < 60 nm, which were not detectable by dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. As mRNA-LNPs are usually not monodisperse, but rather polydisperse, the AFM method can provide useful complementary information about mRNA-LNPs in their development and quality assessment.
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16
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Hancock BC, Goldfarb DJ. Excipient Taxonomy for the 21st Century. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:626-33. [PMID: 36526004 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The performance of pharmaceutical dosage forms relies heavily on the characteristics of the excipients that are incorporated into the drug product during the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is imperative that formulators are able to accurately and completely specify the key chemical and physical properties of those excipients. Current approaches to describing excipients are outdated and inadequate for the needs of the 21st century and in this article we highlight the benefits of a more systematic and comprehensive approach to specifying and controlling excipient properties. We hope that this will prompt the users, suppliers, and manufacturers of excipients to take a careful look at current approaches and develop tangible proposals for attaining an enhanced future state.
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17
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Karpen SR, Dunne JL, Frohnert BI, Marinac M, Richard C, David SE, O'Doherty IM. Consortium-based approach to receiving an EMA qualification opinion on the use of islet autoantibodies as enrichment biomarkers in type 1 diabetes clinical studies. Diabetologia 2023; 66:415-424. [PMID: 35867129 PMCID: PMC10024532 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of medical products that can delay or prevent progression to stage 3 type 1 diabetes faces many challenges. Of note, optimising patient selection for type 1 diabetes prevention clinical trials is hindered by significant patient heterogeneity and a lack of characterisation of the time-varying probability of progression to stage 3 type 1 diabetes in individuals positive for two or more islet autoantibodies. To meet these needs, the Critical Path Institute's Type 1 Diabetes Consortium was launched in 2017 as a pre-competitive public-private partnership between stakeholders from the pharmaceutical industry, patient advocacy groups, philanthropic organisations, clinical researchers, the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration. The Type 1 Diabetes Consortium acquired and aggregated data from three longitudinal observational studies, Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY), Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) and TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (TN01), and used analysis subsets of these data to support the model-based qualification of islet autoantibodies as enrichment biomarkers for patient selection in type 1 diabetes prevention trials, including registration studies. The Type 1 Diabetes Consortium has now received a qualification opinion from the European Medicines Agency for the use of these biomarkers, a major success for the field of type 1 diabetes. This endorsement will improve product developers' ability to design clinical trials of agents intended to prevent or delay type 1 diabetes that are reduced in size and/or length, while being adequately powered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brigitte I Frohnert
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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18
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Zozaya N, Villaseca J, Abdalla F, Ancochea A, Málaga I, Trapero-Bertran M, Martín-Sobrino N, Delgado O, Ferré P, Hidalgo-Vega A. Strategic discussion on funding and access to therapies targeting rare diseases in Spain: an expert consensus paper. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:41. [PMID: 36823598 PMCID: PMC9950008 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, significant advances have been made in the field of rare diseases (RDs). However, there is a large number of RDs without specific treatment and half of these treatments have public funding in Spain. The aim of the FINEERR project was to carry out a multidisciplinary strategic discussion on the challenge of funding and access to RD-targeted drugs in Spain, in order to agree on specific proposals for medium-term improvement and hence support decision-making in the Spanish National Healthcare System (SNHS). RESULTS The FINEERR Project was organized around a CORE Advisory Committee, which provided an overview, agreed on the design and scope of the project, and selected the members within each of four working groups (WG). Overall, 40 experts discussed and reached a consensus on different relevant aspects, such as conditioning factors for initial funding and access, evaluation and access to RD-targeted therapies, funding of these therapies, and implementation of a new funding and access model. From these meetings, 50 proposals were defined and classified by their level of relevance according to the experts. A descriptive analysis of responses was performed for each proposal. Thereafter, experts completed another questionnaire where they ranked the 25 most relevant proposals according to their level of feasibility of being implemented in the SNHS. The most relevant and feasible proposals were to improve: process of referral of patients with RDs, control over monitoring mechanisms, and communication between healthcare professionals and patients. CONCLUSIONS The FINEERR project may provide a starting point for stakeholders involved in the process of funding and access to RD-targeted therapies in Spain to provide the necessary resources and implement measures to improve both the quality of life and life expectancy of patients with RDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Zozaya
- grid.510782.9Health Economics Department, Weber, C/ Moreto 17, 5D, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Villaseca
- grid.510782.9Health Economics Department, Weber, C/ Moreto 17, 5D, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Abdalla
- grid.510782.9Health Economics Department, Weber, C/ Moreto 17, 5D, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Ancochea
- grid.452965.9Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras (FEDER), Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Málaga
- grid.411052.30000 0001 2176 9028Head of the Neuropediatrics Unit, Asturias Central University Hospital, Asturias, Spain
| | - M. Trapero-Bertran
- grid.410675.10000 0001 2325 3084Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N. Martín-Sobrino
- Castilla y León Health Management Department, Technical Director of Pharmacy, Valladolid, Spain
| | - O. Delgado
- grid.411164.70000 0004 1796 5984Pharmacy Service, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Balearic Spain
| | - P. Ferré
- grid.436087.eTechnical Advisor On Temporal Leave, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Müller MLTM, Stephenson DT. Leveraging the regulatory framework to facilitate drug development in Parkinson's disease. Handb Clin Neurol 2023; 193:347-360. [PMID: 36803822 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an exigent need for disease-modifying and symptomatic treatment approaches for Parkinson's disease. A better understanding of Parkinson's disease pathophysiology and new insights in genetics has opened exciting new venues for pharmacological treatment targets. There are, however, many challenges on the path from discovery to drug approval. These challenges revolve around appropriate endpoint selection, the lack of accurate biomarkers, challenges with diagnostic accuracy, and other challenges commonly encountered by drug developers. The regulatory health authorities, however, have provided tools to provide guidance for drug development and to assist with these challenges. The main goal of the Critical Path for Parkinson's Consortium, a nonprofit public-private partnership part of the Critical Path Institute, is to advance these so-called drug development tools for Parkinson's disease trials. The focus of this chapter will be on how the health regulators' tools were successfully leveraged to facilitate drug development in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn L T M Müller
- Critical Path for Parkinson's Consortium - Critical Path Institute, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Diane T Stephenson
- Critical Path for Parkinson's Consortium - Critical Path Institute, Tucson, AZ, United States
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20
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Watanabe S, Nonaka T, Maeda M, Sugii N, Hashimoto K, Takano S, Koyanagi T, Yamada M, Arakawa Y, Ishikawa E. Efficacy Endpoints in Phase II Clinical Trials for Meningioma: An Analysis of Recent Clinical Trials. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2023. [PMID: 36602756 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-022-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)-based response rates are commonly used as efficacy endpoints in phase II clinical trials for solid tumors. However, no consensus has been reached concerning adequate efficacy endpoints for phase II clinical trials targeting meningioma. Irregularity of lesions after resection, and varying degrees of dysplasia and histologic subtypes make establishing an appropriate efficacy evaluation difficult. METHODS We analyzed primary efficacy endpoints (PEEs) and background factors from 48 trials retrieved from ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ) using the search criteria "meningioma," "interventional," "phase II," and "study start 4/1/2001 to 3/31/2021." Primary purpose of the study was efficacy endpoint setting in overall population and three subgroups. RESULTS Among 45 PEEs set in the 39 trials included; 33 trials with single PEE, and six trials with double PEEs, 17/45 (38%) trials adopted progression-free survival (PFS) rate, 15/45 (33%) trials response rate (seven Macdonald criteria or modified, three RECIST, three volumetric estimation, one RANO criteria, one unknown), 10/45 (22%) PFS, 1/45 (2%) OS, and 2/45 (4%) other endpoints. Although 26 PEEs were time-to-event endpoints, 19 of the 26 PEEs were single-arm studies. CONCLUSIONS Time-to-event efficacy endpoints were often compared to historical data, and two-dimensional evaluation is more suitable than one-dimensional one. Accumulation of prognostic data is essential to standardize time-to-event efficacy endpoints. Considering the difficulty of setting design for phase II clinical studies targeting meningioma, evaluation might be done with multiple efficacy endpoints.
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21
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Horne S, Vera MD, Nagavelli LR, Sayeed VA, Heckman L, Johnson D, Berger D, Yip YY, Krahn CL, Sizukusa LO, Rocha NFM, Bream RN, Ludwig J, Keire DA, Condran G. Regulatory Experiences with Root Causes and Risk Factors for Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1166-1182. [PMID: 36599405 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines (also referred to as nitrosamines) are a class of substances, many of which are highly potent mutagenic agents which have been classified as probable human carcinogens. Nitrosamine impurities have been a concern within the pharmaceutical industry and by regulatory authorities worldwide since June 2018, when regulators were informed of the presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) medicine, valsartan. Since that time, regulatory authorities have collaborated to share information and knowledge on issues related to nitrosamines with a goal of promoting convergence on technical issues and reducing and mitigating patient exposure to harmful nitrosamine impurities in human drug products. This paper shares current scientific information from a quality perspective on risk factors and potential root causes for nitrosamine impurities, as well as recommendations for risk mitigation and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Vera
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laxma R Nagavelli
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Vilayat A Sayeed
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laurel Heckman
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Deborah Johnson
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Dan Berger
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert N Bream
- European Medicines Agency (EMA, EU), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Ludwig
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - David A Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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22
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Nakao M, Nakamura Y, Shimokawa M, Maeda H. Postmarketing all-case surveillance trends and contribution to safety measures of drugs approved in Japan: a cross-sectional survey in 1999-2019. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:108-116. [PMID: 36323961 PMCID: PMC9938803 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmarketing all-case surveillance (PACS) is a safety monitoring activity predominantly conducted for drugs with few domestic clinical trials, orphan drugs, or anticancer drugs that potentially cause serious adverse events. AIM This study comprehensively analyzed drugs in Japan requiring PACS as an approval condition and those implementing PACS-results-based safety measures. METHOD We included drugs approved in Japan between 1999 and 2019. RESULTS During the 20-year survey, 1871 drugs were approved in Japan, including 277 (14.8%) requiring PACS as an approval prerequisite. The drug number requiring PACS for approval and its ratio to the total approved-drug number is increasing annually. In 2018, the number and percentage of PACS-requiring drugs reached a 37-drug maximum (32.5%). Additionally, among the 277 PACS-requiring drugs, upon examining the results of 87 drugs for which reexamination results had already been obtained, all 87 drugs (31.4%) were found to be in Category 1 which means there is no need to revise drug-approval conditions, indicating that their usefulness is consistent with approval. Furthermore, measures such as revising the package insert and providing information to medical institutions were adopted for 53 drugs, 14 of which had PACS-results-based safety measures. CONCLUSION PACS implementation for drug approval will potentially continue increasing. Normally, PACS is not conducted overseas, as it is a safety-monitoring activity exclusive to Japan, and the burden on institutions, such as medical sites and pharmaceutical companies, is heavy. Thus, ensuring a balance between the obtained effect and this burden is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Nakao
- Department of Regulatory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose-City, Tokyo, 204-5255, Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Department of Regulatory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose-City, Tokyo, 204-5255, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimokawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hideki Maeda
- Department of Regulatory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose-City, Tokyo, 204-5255, Japan.
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23
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Nobbs D, Piwko W, Bull C, Cormack F, Ahmaniemi T, Holst SC, Chatterjee M, Maetzler W, Avey S, Ng WF. Regulatory Qualification of a Cross-Disease Digital Measure: Benefits and Challenges from the Perspective of IMI Consortium IDEA-FAST. Digit Biomark 2023; 7:132-138. [PMID: 37901363 PMCID: PMC10601930 DOI: 10.1159/000533189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) consortium IDEA-FAST is developing novel digital measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and impact of sleep disturbances for neurodegenerative diseases and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. In 2022, the consortium met with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to receive advice on its plans for regulatory qualification of the measures. This viewpoint reviews the IDEA-FAST perspective on developing digital measures for multiple diseases and the advice provided by the EMA. Summary The EMA considered a cross-disease measure an interesting and arguably feasible concept. Developers should account for the need for a strong rationale that the clinical features to be measured are similar across diseases. In addition, they may expect increased complexity of study design, challenges when managing differences within and between disease populations, and the need for validation in both heterogeneous and homogeneous populations. Key Messages EMA highlighted the challenges teams may encounter when developing a cross-disease measure, though benefits potentially include reduced resources for the technology developer and health authority, faster access to innovation across different therapeutic fields, and feasibility of cross-disease comparisons. The insights included here can be used by project teams to guide them in the development of cross-disease digital measures intended for regulatory qualification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nobbs
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Piwko
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Bull
- Open Lab, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Teemu Ahmaniemi
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Sebastian C. Holst
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Avey
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Wan Fai Ng
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - IDEA-FAST Consortium
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
- Open Lab, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
- Janssen Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Bhattiprolu AK, Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Boddu R, Chachad S. Utility of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) in Regulatory Perspective: Application to Supersede f2, Enabling Biowaivers & Creation of Dissolution Safe Space. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3397-3410. [PMID: 36096285 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Product DRL is a generic IR tablet formulation with BCS Class-III API, available in two strengths: 50mg & 100mg. The reference and test formulations have salt-A & salt-B of API but both products were bioequivalent based on the in vivo bioequivalence study conducted for higher strength 100mg. While leveraging the generic product to different market, the reference product from other market showed slower release than generic formulation resulting in f2<50 in pH 6.8 for both 50mg and 100mg, because of which waiver for BE study couldn't be granted. To support f2 mismatch at 100mg, 50mg and to facilitate biowaiver of 50mg, a Gastroplus® PBBM model was developed & validated. Virtual bioequivalence trials were performed using the slower dissolution profile of other market reference. It was demonstrated that despite slower dissolution, bioequivalence was achieved for test product against other market reference for 50mg & 100mg strengths. Additionally, dissolution safe space was created using virtual dissolution profiles, which indicated that when >85% released up to 60 min there is no impact on bioequivalence. Overall, for molecules with permeability controlled absorption (i.e. BCS-III), very rapid dissolution criteria can be relaxed by defining dissolution safe space thereby enabling more waivers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Karthik Bhattiprolu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India.
| | - Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Siddharth Chachad
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad-500 090, Telangana, India
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25
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Song X, Hu M, Li B, Zhang K, Zhang X, Wang L. Advancing medical device regulatory reforms for innovation, translation and industry development in China. J Orthop Translat 2022; 37:89-93. [PMID: 36262965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The blossoming Chinese medical device market calls for a science-based regulatory system in China. Consistent efforts have been made to advance the medical device regulatory reforms for innovation, translation and industry development. In this article, we report both the latest regulatory requirements which aim to ensure safety and efficacy for patients while encouraging innovation of the medical device industry, and the key programs on medical devices covered in the Regulatory Science Action Plan (RSAP) of the National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA). The main features of the revised regulations are first elucidated before the opportunities for translational research are interpreted, including those for additive manufacturing and customized devices, drug–device combination products, artificial intelligence-powered software and surgical robots, and nanomaterials for medical devices. Finally, a regulatory perspective is provided to researchers who expect to translate their technologies in the Chinese medical device market. Important issues including early attention to critical market and clinical needs, understanding the true principle and spirit underlying the changing regulations and standards, and protecting intellectual property rights with comprehensive measures, are discussed. These developments warrant further investigations into the distinct role of regulatory science in shaping medical devices research and development.
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26
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Lottes AE, Cavanaugh KJ, Chan YYF, Devlin VJ, Goergen CJ, Jean R, Linnes JC, Malone M, Peat R, Reuter DG, Taylor K, Wodicka GR. Navigating the Regulatory Pathway for Medical Devices-a Conversation with the FDA, Clinicians, Researchers, and Industry Experts. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:927-943. [PMID: 35288821 PMCID: PMC8920055 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Successful translation of new and innovative medical products from concept to clinical use is a complex endeavor that requires understanding and overcoming a variety of challenges. In particular, regulatory pathways and processes are often unfamiliar to academic researchers and start-ups, and even larger companies. Growing evidence suggests that the successful translation of ideas to products requires collaboration and cooperation between clinicians, researchers, industry, and regulators. A multi-stakeholder group developed this review to enhance regulatory knowledge and thereby improve translational success for medical devices. Communication between and among stakeholders is identified as a critical factor. Current regulatory programs and processes to facilitate communication and translation of innovative devices are described and discussed. Case studies are used to highlight the importance of flexibility when considering evidence requirements. We provide a review of emerging strategies, opportunities, and best practices to increase the regulatory knowledge base and facilitate medical device translation by all stakeholders. Clinicians, regulators, industry, and researchers require regulatory knowledge and collaboration for successful translation of innovative medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Lottes
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Cavanaugh
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Vincent J Devlin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ronald Jean
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Linnes
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Misti Malone
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Raquel Peat
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David G Reuter
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Allegro Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kay Taylor
- Becton Dickinson & Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George R Wodicka
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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27
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Goda Y. Regulatory science of natural products. J Nat Med 2022; 76:732-747. [PMID: 35870047 PMCID: PMC9307968 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foods and pharmaceuticals play key roles in public health and welfare and ensuring that these products meet their quality assurance standards is a top priority in health and medical care. Quality assurance of natural products is essential in pharmaceutical sciences because the outset of a medicine is a natural, crude drug. Regulatory science underpins scientific regulations and is closely related to the quality assurance of foods and pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy. During my time at the National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan, from 1986 to present, the regulatory science of natural products has been my main research focus. This review discusses 24 studies related to the regulatory science of natural food additives, 26 related to foods, 23 related to borderline products, 16 related to illicit psychotropic mushrooms, plants, and agents, and 57 related to herbal medicines. In later sections, the regulatory science for ethical Kampo products with new dosage forms and herbal medicines that use Kampo extracts as active pharmaceutical ingredients are discussed. My experience from the early twenty-first century in research projects on the bioequivalence of Kampo products and the development of ephedrine alkaloid-free Ephedra Herb extract demonstrate that regulatory science is crucial for developing new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 25-26 Tonomachi 3-chome, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
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28
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Marzi A, Eder KM, Barroso Á, Wågbø AM, Mørch Ý, Hatletveit AR, Visnes T, Schmid RB, Klinkenberg G, Kemper B, Schnekenburger J. Interlaboratory evaluation of a digital holographic microscopy-based assay for label-free in vitro cytotoxicity testing of polymeric nanocarriers. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022. [PMID: 35799027 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art in vitro test systems for nanomaterial toxicity assessment are based on dyes and several staining steps which can be affected by nanomaterial interference. Digital holographic microscopy (DHM), an interferometry-based variant of quantitative phase imaging (QPI), facilitates reliable proliferation quantification of native cell populations and the extraction of morphological features in a fast and label- and interference-free manner by biophysical parameters. DHM therefore has been identified as versatile tool for cytotoxicity testing in biomedical nanotechnology. In a comparative study performed at two collaborating laboratories, we investigated the interlaboratory variability and performance of DHM in nanomaterial toxicity testing, utilizing complementary standard operating procedures (SOPs). Two identical custom-built off-axis DHM systems, developed for usage in biomedical laboratories, equipped with stage-top incubation chambers were applied at different locations in Europe. Temporal dry mass development, 12-h dry mass increments and morphology changes of A549 human lung epithelial cell populations upon incubation with two variants of poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles were observed in comparison to digitonin and cell culture medium controls. Digitonin as cytotoxicity control, as well as empty and cabazitaxel-loaded PACA nanocarriers, similarly impacted 12-h dry mass development and increments as well as morphology of A549 cells at both participating laboratories. The obtained DHM data reflected the cytotoxic potential of the tested nanomaterials and are in agreement with corresponding literature on biophysical and chemical assays. Our results confirm DHM as label-free cytotoxicity assay for polymeric nanocarriers as well as the repeatability and reproducibility of the technology. In summary, the evaluated DHM assay could be efficiently implemented at different locations and facilitates interlaboratory in vitro toxicity testing of nanoparticles with prospects for application in regulatory science.
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29
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van der Vegt R, Maguire S, Crump D, Hecker M, Basu N, Hickey GM. Chemical risk governance: Exploring stakeholder participation in Canada, the USA, and the EU. Ambio 2022; 51:1698-1710. [PMID: 34870781 PMCID: PMC9110598 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals are one of the greatest environmental challenges facing our planet, testing governments in the face of economic and social development. Chemical risks are often complex systemic risks, which require particular governance processes, stakeholder participation mechanisms, and communication procedures to manage. In this article we explore how such processes, mechanisms, and procedures could offer more effective pathways for international chemical risk assessment and management. Combining document analysis with 69 key informant interviews and four focus groups with experts from across government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and industry in Canada, the USA and Europe (n = 24), the results highlight the importance of increasing stakeholder participation and risk communication in existing chemical risk assessment and management frameworks. Similarities and differences between the three jurisdictions are discussed with a view to inform future risk governance strategies. The contemporary insights are of relevance to decision-makers seeking to improve the effectiveness of chemical risk governance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.G. van der Vegt
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Steven Maguire
- The University of Sydney Business School, Room 4228 Abercrombie Building (H70), Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, SK Canada
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, SK Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Gordon M. Hickey
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
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30
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Yasui R, Matsui A, Sekine K, Okamoto S, Taniguchi H. Highly Sensitive Detection of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2995-3007. [PMID: 35661077 PMCID: PMC9622575 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For safe regenerative medicines, contaminated or remaining tumorigenic undifferentiated cells in cell-derived products must be rigorously assessed through sensitive assays. Although in vitro nucleic acid tests offer particularly sensitive tumorigenicity-associated assays, the human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) detectability is partly constrained by the small input amount of RNA per test. To overcome this limitation, we developed reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays that are highly gene specific and robust against interfering materials. LAMP could readily assay microgram order of input sample per test and detected an equivalent model of 0.00002% hiPSC contamination in a simple one-pot reaction. For the evaluation of cell-derived total RNA, RT-LAMP detected spiked-in hPSCs among hPSC-derived trilineage cells utilizing multiple pluripotency RNAs. We also developed multiplex RT-LAMP assays and further applied for in situ cell imaging, achieving specific co-staining of pluripotency proteins and RNAs. Our attempts uncovered the utility of RT-LAMP approaches for tumorigenicity-associated assays, supporting practical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Yasui
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
- Fundamental Research Laboratory, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Nogi, Tochigi, 329-0114, Japan
| | - Atsuka Matsui
- Biochemical Research Laboratory, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-0036, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sekine
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Systems, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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31
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Molnar A, Lau S, Berges M, Masa RB, Solano JJ, Alter SM, Clayton LM, Shih RD, DeMets DL, Maki DG, Hennekens CH. Ivermectin in COVID-19: The Case for a Moratorium on Prescriptions. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2022; 56:382-385. [PMID: 35147927 PMCID: PMC9086156 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-022-00378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In treatment or prevention of COVID-19, ivermectin is not approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Nonetheless, in the US, prescriptions of ivermectin by healthcare providers have increased > tenfold from 3589 per week pre-COVID-19 to 39,102. Ivermectin is FDA approved for animals to treat parasites and for humans to treat intestinal strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis orally, and ectoparasites and skin conditions topically. It is not a benign drug, with reported side effects including cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular symptoms. The evidence to support ivermectin to treat or prevent COVID-19 includes some basic research and inconsistent clinical observations that contribute to the formulation of a hypothesis of efficacy in COVID-19. At present, data from peer-reviewed published randomized trials of sufficient size, dose, and duration to reliably test the hypothesis of the most plausible small to moderate benefits on clinically relevant endpoints are sparse. In addition to the US FDA, the US National Institutes of Health, World Health Organization, and European Medicines Agency have all advised against ivermectin for treatment or prevention of COVID-19 outside of randomized trials. For ivermectin in treatment or prevention of COVID-19, healthcare providers should reassure all patients that if sufficient evidence were to emerge, then this drug could be considered a therapeutic innovation and regulatory authorities would approve the drug. In the meanwhile, we strongly recommend a moratorium on the prescription of ivermectin for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19 except in randomized trials to provide the most reliable test of the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Molnar
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road Suite 213, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | | | | | - Raymond B Masa
- Intensive Care Unit, Boca Raton Regional Hospital/Baptist Health System South Florida, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Joshua J Solano
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road Suite 213, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Scott M Alter
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road Suite 213, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Lisa M Clayton
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road Suite 213, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Richard D Shih
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road Suite 213, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - David L DeMets
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dennis G Maki
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles H Hennekens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
I will reflect on the role of genotoxicity in the regulation of chemical safety, summarizing the past and current situation, and giving personal views for the future. This includes how genotoxicity information has been, and is being, used in the evaluation of the safety of chemical substances including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food additives and industrial chemicals before they are introduced into the market for sale. In Japan, the Industrial Safety and Health Act, enacted in 1972, assures workers’ safety by including safety assessment of chemicals to which workers may be exposed in the workplace. The law firstly included the bacterial gene mutation assay with rat liver microsome fraction (Ames test) for the evaluation of chemical mutagenicity to predict carcinogenic potential, which was the forerunner of requiring a genotoxicity test by law. Since then, genotoxicity, especially the Ames test and the in vitro chromosomal aberration test using cultured mammalian cells (especially Chinese hamster cells) have been incorporated into several laws to assess the safety of various chemicals. Many test systems for different endpoints have been developed, improved, and used in practice. The battery strategy, combining several test systems to detect as many genotoxic chemicals as possible, was implemented because no one test system can detect all genotoxic agents with different mechanisms of genetic damage. In general, the standard battery consists of the Ames test, in vitro chromosomal aberration test and the in vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus test as a representative in vivo assay. Many other test systems have been used for supplementary testing as well as for research studies. Important keywords for regulatory science include 1) guidelines, 2) Good Laboratory Practice, 3) evaluation and interpretation of test results. Here, I discuss on these key points, and give personal opinions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hayashi
- makoto international consulting, 4-23-3-1, Ebina, Kanagawa, 243-0431, Japan.
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33
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Brand F, Dendler L, Fiack S, Schulze A, Böl GF. [Risk communication of policy advising scientific organisations: a thematic outline using the example of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2022; 65:599-607. [PMID: 35380241 PMCID: PMC8980784 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-022-03520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Regulierungswissenschaftliche Organisationen wie das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) sehen sich in ihrer wissenschaftsbasierten Risikokommunikation mit diversen Herausforderungen konfrontiert: Einerseits wird die Kommunikation gesundheitlicher Risiken immer komplexer und dementsprechend voraussetzungsreicher, weshalb unter anderem Fragen nach der Gesundheitskompetenz von Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern sowie zielgruppengerechter Risikokommunikation an Bedeutung gewinnen. Andererseits sehen sich die Wissensbestände regulierungswissenschaftlicher Organisationen zunehmend der Politisierung und öffentlichen Kritik ausgesetzt. In diesem Rahmen werden Fragen nach der Objektivität und Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Gutachten, Risikobewertungen und Stellungnahmen sowie der Legitimierung und Reputation regulierungswissenschaftlicher Organisationen relevant. Zusätzlich intensiviert wird dies durch das Aufkommen neuer Akteure in den sozialen Medien, die eigene Informations- und Kommunikationsmaterialien produzieren und veröffentlichen. In diesem Kontext verbreitete Fehl‑, Des- und Malinformationen stellen eine weitere Herausforderung dar, welche eng mit Fragen nach einer adäquaten Kommunikation über gesundheitliche Risiken sowie der Stabilisierung von Legitimität, Reputation und Vertrauenswürdigkeit zusammenhängt. Der Artikel diskutiert verschiedene Lösungsansätze, darunter die Optimierung und visuelle Aufbereitung von Gesundheitsinformationen, die Ermöglichung gesellschaftlicher Partizipation und die Einbettung dieser Maßnahmen in das strategische Stakeholder- und Reputationsmanagement. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Aufruf zu offenerer Diskussion inhärenter Dilemmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Brand
- Abteilung Risikokommunikation, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Leonie Dendler
- Abteilung Risikokommunikation, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Suzan Fiack
- Abteilung Risikokommunikation, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Annett Schulze
- Abteilung Risikokommunikation, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Gaby-Fleur Böl
- Abteilung Risikokommunikation, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
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Tian J, Song X, Wang Y, Cheng M, Lu S, Xu W, Gao G, Sun L, Tang Z, Wang M, Zhang X. Regulatory perspectives of combination products. Bioact Mater 2022; 10:492-503. [PMID: 34901562 PMCID: PMC8637005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination products with a wide range of clinical applications represent a unique class of medical products that are composed of more than a singular medical device or drug/biological product. The product research and development, clinical translation as well as regulatory evaluation of combination products are complex and challenging. This review firstly introduced the origin, definition and designation of combination products. Key areas of systematic regulatory review on the safety and efficacy of device-led/supervised combination products were then presented. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of combination products was discussed. Lastly, the research prospect of regulatory science for combination products was described. New tools of computational modeling and simulation, novel technologies such as artificial intelligence, needs of developing new standards, evidence-based research methods, new approaches including the designation of innovative or breakthrough medical products have been developed and could be used to assess the safety, efficacy, quality and performance of combination products. Taken together, the fast development of combination products with great potentials in healthcare provides new opportunities for the advancement of regulatory review as well as regulatory science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Tian
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Song
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices & NMPA Research Base of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials & College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Maobo Cheng
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Guobiao Gao
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonglan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices & NMPA Research Base of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials & College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices & NMPA Research Base of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials & College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices & NMPA Research Base of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials & College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Huang Z, Fu Z, Wang J. Review on Drug Regulatory Science Promoting COVID-19 Vaccine Development in China. Engineering (Beijing) 2022; 10:127-132. [PMID: 35096437 PMCID: PMC8779850 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory science is a discipline that uses comprehensive methods of natural science, social science, and humanities to provide support for administrative decision-making through the development of new tools, standards, and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, quality, and performance of regulated products. During the pandemics induced by infectious diseases, such as H1N1 flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), regulatory science strongly supported the development of drugs and vaccines to respond to the viruses. In particular, with the support of research on drug regulatory science, vaccines have played a major role in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review summarizes the overall state of the vaccine industry, research and development (R&D) of COVID-19 vaccines in China, and the general state of regulatory science and supervision for vaccines in China. Further, this review highlights how regulatory science has promoted the R&D of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines, with analyses from the aspects of national-level planning, relevant laws and regulations, technical guidelines, quality control platforms, and post-marketing supervision. Ultimately, this review provides a reference for the formulation of a vaccine development strategy in response to the current pandemic and the field of vaccine development in the post-pandemic era, as well as guidance on how to better respond to emerging and recurring infectious diseases that may occur in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Huang
- National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
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Daizadeh I. Seasonal and Secular Periodicities Identified in the Dynamics of US FDA Medical Devices (1976-2020): Portends Intrinsic Industrial Transformation and Independence of Certain Crises. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2022; 56:104-116. [PMID: 34426954 PMCID: PMC8382110 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-021-00334-4 10.48550/arxiv.2107.05347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates medical devices (MD), which are predicated on a concoction of economic and policy forces (e.g., supply/demand, crises, patents), under primarily two administrative circuits: premarketing notifications (PMN) and Approvals (PMAs). This work considers the dynamics of FDA PMNs and PMAs applications as an proxy metric for the evolution of the MD industry, and specifically seeks to test the existence [and, if so, identify the length scale(s)] of economic/business cycles. Beyond summary statistics, the monthly (May, 1976 to December, 2020) number of observed FDA MD Applications are investigated via an assortment of time series techniques (including: discrete wavelet transform, running moving average filter, complete ensemble empirical mode with adaptive noise decomposition, and Seasonal Trend Loess decomposition) to exhaustively seek and find such periodicities. This work finds that from 1976 to 2020, the dynamics of MD applications are (1) non-normal, non-stationary (fractional order of integration < 1), non-linear, and strongly persistent (Hurst > 0.5); (2) regular (non-variance), with latent periodicities following seasonal, 1-year (short-term), 5-6 year (Juglar; mid-term), and a single 24-year (Kuznets; medium-term) period (when considering the total number of MD applications); (3) evolving independently of any specific exogenous factor (such as the COVID-19 crisis); (4) comprised of two inversely opposing processes (PMNs and PMAs) suggesting an intrinsic structural industrial transformation occurring within the MD industry; and, (6) predicted to continue its decline (as a totality) into the mid-2020s until recovery. Ramifications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Daizadeh
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 40 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Coles AM. Emergence of a techno-legal specialty: Animal tests to assess chemical safety in the UK, 1945-1960. Stud Hist Philos Sci 2021; 90:131-139. [PMID: 34626842 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that knowledge domains which emerge within regulatory science represent a compromise between technical knowledge and policy priorities. This article investigates the claim through consideration of the emergence of animal tests to evaluate chemical safety in the UK between 1945 and 1960. During this period there was a proliferation of new chemical-based innovations in consumer products. The situation gave rise to concerns about the potential impact on public health. Solutions required development of a knowledge domain that would fulfil policy requirements, outside the remit of academic science. Lack of consensus in the scientific field gave rise to debate over the best means to collect accurate data. This resulted in emergence of the new specialty of safety testing, in response to political and industrial needs. The socio-political context of this case illustrates the impact that organisational setting can have on shaping knowledge claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Coles
- Department of Systems Management and Strategy, Faculty of Business, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, London, SE10 9LS, UK.
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Abstract
With the development of trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer a new era began in cancer drug development. The drug-diagnostic codevelopment model with its clinical enrichment trial design has enabled development of target specific drugs for molecular defined subsets of patients. Since the simultaneous approval of trastuzumab and the HercepTest in 1998, the number of FDA-approved drug-companion diagnostic combinations within oncology and hematology have steadily increased. By June 2021, the number of drugs that have a companion diagnostic (CDx) linked to its use has reached 46. For these drugs, the CDx assays play an important role in defining the patient population likely to respond and without the assay they will often lose their value. This short article is based on an analysis of the FDA List of Cleared or Approved Companion Diagnostic Devices and relevant information in the Drugs@FDA, and will focus on the drug-CDx combinations, drug classes, clinical development, and the regulatory path and status.
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Schlich M, Musazzi UM, Campani V, Biondi M, Franzé S, Lai F, De Rosa G, Sinico C, Cilurzo F. Design and development of topical liposomal formulations in a regulatory perspective. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1811-1828. [PMID: 34755281 PMCID: PMC8577404 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the absorption site for drug substances intended to treat loco-regional diseases, although its barrier properties limit the permeation of drug molecules. The growing knowledge of the skin structure and its physiology have supported the design of innovative nanosystems (e.g. liposomal systems) to improve the absorption of poorly skin-permeable drugs. However, despite the dozens of clinical trials started, few topically applied liposomal systems have been authorized both in the EU and the USA. Indeed, the intrinsic complexity of the topically applied liposomal systems, the higher production costs, the lack of standardized methods and the more stringent guidelines for assessing their benefit/risk balance can be seen as causes of such inefficient translation. The present work aimed to provide an overview of the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization methods that can be applied to topical liposomal systems intended to be marketed as medicinal products, and the current regulatory provisions. The discussion highlights how such methodologies can be relevant for defining the critical quality attributes of the final product, and they can be usefully applied based on the phase of the life cycle of a liposomal product: to guide the formulation studies in the early stages of development, to rationally design preclinical and clinical trials, to support the pharmaceutical quality control system and to sustain post-marketing variations. The provided information can help define harmonized quality standards able to overcome the case-by-case approach currently applied by regulatory agencies in assessing the benefit/risk of the topically applied liposomal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schlich
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Vita E Dell'Ambiente, Sezione Scienze del Farmaco, Università Di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy.,Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Umberto M Musazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Virginia Campani
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Biondi
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Franzé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Lai
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Vita E Dell'Ambiente, Sezione Scienze del Farmaco, Università Di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Sinico
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Vita E Dell'Ambiente, Sezione Scienze del Farmaco, Università Di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Zhang J, Jiang Y, Shang Z, Zhao B, Jiao M, Liu W, Cheng M, Zhai B, Guo Y, Liu B, Shi X, Ma B. Biodegradable metals for bone defect repair: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on animal studies. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4027-4052. [PMID: 33997491 PMCID: PMC8089787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable metals are promising candidates for bone defect repair. With an evidence-based approach, this study investigated and analyzed the performance and degradation properties of biodegradable metals in animal models for bone defect repair to explore their potential clinical translation. Animal studies on bone defect repair with biodegradable metals in comparison with other traditional biomaterials were reviewed. Data was carefully collected after identification of population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design (PICOS), and following the inclusion criteria of biodegradable metals in animal studies. 30 publications on pure Mg, Mg alloys, pure Zn and Zn alloys were finally included after extraction from a collected database of 2543 publications. A qualitative systematic review and a quantitative meta-analysis were performed. Given the heterogeneity in animal model, anatomical site and critical size defect (CSD), biodegradable metals exhibited mixed effects on bone defect repair and degradation in animal studies in comparison with traditional non-degradable metals, biodegradable polymers, bioceramics, and autogenous bone grafts. The results indicated that there were limitations in the experimental design of the included studies, and quality of the evidence presented by the studies was very low. To enhance clinical translation of biodegradable metals, evidence-based research with data validity is needed. Future studies should adopt standardized experimental protocols in investigating the effects of biodegradable metals on bone defect repair with animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Zhang
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yanbiao Jiang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Shang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Mingyue Jiao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Maobo Cheng
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Bao Zhai
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xinli Shi
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Bin Ma
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Ahluwalia K, Abernathy MJ, Beierle J, Cauchon NS, Cronin D, Gaiki S, Lennard A, Mady P, McGorry M, Sugrue-Richards K, Xue G. The Future of CMC Regulatory Submissions: Streamlining Activities Using Structured Content and Data Management. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1232-1244. [PMID: 34610323 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in data engineering, data science, and secure cloud storage can transform the current state of global Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) regulatory activities to automated online digital processes. Modernizing regulatory activities will facilitate simultaneous global submissions and concurrent collaborative reviews, significantly reducing global licensing timelines and variability in globally registered product details. This article describes advancements made within the pharmaceutical industry from theoretical concepts to utilization of structured content and data in CMC submissions. The term Structured Content and Data Management (SCDM) outlines the end-to-end scientific data lifecycle from capture in source systems, aggregation into a consolidated repository, and transformation into semantically structured blocks with metadata defining relationships between scientific data and business contexts. Automation of regulatory authoring (termed Structured Content Authoring) is feasible because SCDM makes data both human and machine readable. It will offer health authorities access to the digital data beyond the current standard of PDF documents and, for a review process, SCDM would "enrich the effectiveness, efficiency, and consistency of regulatory quality oversight" (Yu et al., 2019). SCDM is a novel solution for content and data management in regulatory submissions and can enable faster access to critical therapies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Ahluwalia
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs - CMC, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA; University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michael J Abernathy
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs - CMC, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Jill Beierle
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs - CMC, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Nina S Cauchon
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs - CMC, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - David Cronin
- Cognition Corporation, 24 Hartwell Ave, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Sheetal Gaiki
- Biotherapeutic Development & Supply, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1000 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08807, USA
| | - Andrew Lennard
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs - CMC; Amgen Ltd, 1 Uxbridge Business Park, Sanderson Road, Uxbridge UB8 1DH, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Mady
- Product Quality Management, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1000 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08807, USA
| | - Mike McGorry
- Biotherapeutic Development & Supply, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Barnahely, Ringaskiddy, Co.Cork, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Sugrue-Richards
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs - CMC, Amgen Inc., 40 Technology Way West Greenwich, RI 02817, USA
| | - Gang Xue
- Biotherapeutic Development & Supply, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 200 Great Valley Pkwy, Malvern, PA 10355, USA
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Chang E, Pelosof L, Lemery S, Gong Y, Goldberg KB, Farrell AT, Keegan P, Veeraraghavan J, Wei G, Blumenthal GM, Amiri‐Kordestani L, Singh H, Fashoyin‐Aje L, Gormley N, Kluetz PG, Pazdur R, Beaver JA, Theoret MR. Systematic Review of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Oncology: From Personalized Medicine to Public Health. Oncologist 2021; 26:e1786-e1799. [PMID: 34196068 PMCID: PMC8488782 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To review and summarize all U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of programmed death (PD)-1 and PD-ligand 1 blocking antibodies (collectively referred to as PD-[L]1 inhibitors) over a 6-year period and corresponding companion/complementary diagnostic assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the indications and pivotal trials eligible for inclusion, approval letters and package inserts available on Drugs@FDA were evaluated for approved PD-[L]1 inhibitors to identify all new indications granted from the first approval of a PD-[L]1 inhibitor on September 4, 2014, through September 3, 2020. The corresponding FDA drug and device reviews from the marketing applications for the approved indications were identified through FDA internal records. Two reviewers independently extracted information for the endpoints, efficacy data, basis for approval, type of regulatory approval, and corresponding in vitro diagnostic device test. The results were organized by organ system and tumor type. RESULTS Of 70 Biologic Licensing Application or supplement approvals that resulted in new indications, 32 (46%) were granted based on response rate (ORR) and durability of response, 26 (37%) on overall survival, 9 (13%) on progression-free survival, 2 (3%) on recurrence-free survival, and 1 (1%) on complete response rate. Most ORR-based approvals were granted under the accelerated approval provisions and were supported with prolonged duration of response. Overall, 21% of approvals were granted with a companion diagnostic. Efficacy results according to tumor type are discussed. CONCLUSION PD-[L]1 inhibitors are an effective anticancer therapy in a subset of patients. This class of drugs has provided new treatment options for patients with unmet need across a wide variety of cancer types. Yet, the modest response rates in several tumor types signal a lack of understanding of the biology of these diseases. Further preclinical and clinical investigation may be required to identify a more appropriate patient population, particularly as drug development continues and additional treatment alternatives become available. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The number of PD-[L]1 inhibitors in drug development and the associated companion and complementary diagnostics have led to regulatory challenges and questions regarding generalizability of trial results. The interchangeability of PD-L1 immunohistochemical assays between PD-1/PD-L1 drugs is unclear. Furthermore, robust responses in some patients with low levels of PD-L1 expression have limited the use of PD-L1 as a predictive biomarker across all cancers, particularly in the setting of diseases with few alternative treatment options. This review summarizes the biomarker thresholds and assays approved as complementary and companion diagnostics and provides regulatory perspective on the role of biomarkers in oncology drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Chang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | | | - Steven Lemery
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Yutao Gong
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | | | - Ann T. Farrell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - Guo Wei
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - Harpreet Singh
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | | | - Nicole Gormley
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Paul G. Kluetz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Richard Pazdur
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
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Boudewyns V, O'Donoghue AC, Paquin RS, Aikin KJ, Ferriola-Bruckenstein K, Scott VM. Physician Interpretation of Data of Uncertain Clinical Utility in Oncology Prescription Drug Promotion. Oncologist 2021; 26:1071-1078. [PMID: 34510619 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how physicians interpret data displays that depict preliminary or exploratory clinical data in physician-targeted sales aids for oncology drugs. Using three factorial experiments, we examined whether disclosures of data limitations and clinical uncertainty adequately communicate the limitations and practical utility of this type of data. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS The studies used a 2 (disclosure of data limitations: technical, nontechnical) × 2 (disclosure of clinical uncertainty: present, absent) + 1 (control: no disclosure) between-subjects experimental design to examine the impact of disclosures as they relate to presentations of preliminary or exploratory data in promotional communications for oncology products. In each experiment, we randomized oncologists and primary care physicians with oncology experience to view one version of a two-page sales aid. Following this exposure, physicians completed a web-based survey. The design was replicated in three concurrently conducted experiments using sales aids for different fictitious oncology drugs, each featuring one of three common data displays: a forest plot (n = 495), a Kaplan-Meier curve (n = 504), or a bar chart (n = 532). RESULTS Results provide initial evidence that in some contexts disclosures can improve understanding of the clinical utility of certain information about a drug and the limitations of results presented in a data display. Disclosures can also temper perceptions of how much evidence is presented that supports a conclusion that the drug is an appropriate treatment. In terms of the language used in the disclosure of data limitations, physicians in all three experiments strongly preferred the nontechnical disclosures. CONCLUSION The findings from the three experiments in this study suggest that disclosures have the potential to increase relevant knowledge, but more research is needed to establish best practice recommendations for using disclosures to convey contextual information relevant for interpreting data displays in promotional communications. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This article reports the results from three large, online experimental studies that address a growing concern that drug companies often share favorable clinical trial results with physicians in promotional materials that lack important context for physicians to interpret the data. This series of studies investigates whether strategic use of two types of disclosures (disclosure of data limitations and a disclosure of clinical uncertainty) improves understanding and reduces misinterpretations among physicians. The results from these studies help identify communication factors that impact how physicians critically appraise preliminary or exploratory clinical trial data to inform policy and regulatory efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amie C O'Donoghue
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Prescription Drug Promotion, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kathryn J Aikin
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Prescription Drug Promotion, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Romeu B, Rodríguez Y, Bendiner S. The Role of Regulatory Sciences from the Perspective of the Cuban Medicines Regulatory Agency: The Impact of COVID-19 in Promoting Innovation, Cooperation and Scientific Thinking. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2021; 55:1014-1018. [PMID: 33939173 PMCID: PMC8091645 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-021-00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authors aim to familiarize the reader with the Center for the State Control of Medicines, Medical Equipment and Devices (CECMED) and the agency's perspective regarding the development and implementation of regulatory sciences as an interactive tool to promote cooperation and scientific thinking. The authors share their viewpoint on the preparedness of Latin American regulatory agencies by assessing innovation (i.e. novel biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, etc.), analyzing the challenges which are impacting healthcare and patients, and posing suggestions for a collaborative regional and international approach. To conclude, the authors' share recommendations for the implementation of regional initiatives aimed at supporting regulatory science, with the goal to promote the exchange of scientific cooperation as a vital element to maximize regulatory skills and competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkis Romeu
- Secretary Executive Office of Innovation, Center for State Control of Medicines and Medical Devices (CECMED), Havana, Cuba.
| | - Yaquelín Rodríguez
- Former Deputy Director, Center for State Control of Medicines and Medical Devices (CECMED), Havana, Cuba
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45
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Algorri M, Abernathy MJ, Cauchon NS, Christian TR, Lamm CF, Moore CMV. Re-Envisioning Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Increasing Agility for Global Patient Access. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:593-607. [PMID: 34478754 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The traditional paradigm for pharmaceutical manufacturing is focused primarily upon centralized facilities that enable mass production and distribution. While this system reliably maintains high product quality and reproducibility, its rigidity imposes limitations upon new manufacturing innovations that could improve efficiency and support supply chain resiliency. Agile manufacturing methodologies, which leverage flexibility through portability and decentralization, allow manufacturers to respond to patient needs on demand and present a potential solution to enable timely access to critical medicines. Agile approaches are particularly applicable to the production of small-batch, personalized therapies, which must be customized for each individual patient close to the point-of-care. However, despite significant progress in the advancement of agile-enabling technologies across several different industries, there are substantial global regulatory challenges that encumber the adoption of agile manufacturing techniques in the pharmaceutical industry. This review provides an overview of regulatory barriers as well as emerging opportunities to facilitate the use of agile manufacturing for the production of pharmaceutical products. Future-oriented approaches for incorporating agile methodologies within the global regulatory framework are also proposed. Collaboration between regulators and manufacturers to cohesively navigate the regulatory waters is ultimately needed to best serve patients in the rapidly-changing healthcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquerita Algorri
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy-CMC, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
| | - Michael J Abernathy
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy-CMC, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
| | - Nina S Cauchon
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy-CMC, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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46
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Daizadeh I. Seasonal and Secular Periodicities Identified in the Dynamics of US FDA Medical Devices (1976-2020): Portends Intrinsic Industrial Transformation and Independence of Certain Crises. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2021; 56:104-116. [PMID: 34426954 PMCID: PMC8382110 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-021-00334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates medical devices (MD), which are predicated on a concoction of economic and policy forces (e.g., supply/demand, crises, patents), under primarily two administrative circuits: premarketing notifications (PMN) and Approvals (PMAs). This work considers the dynamics of FDA PMNs and PMAs applications as an proxy metric for the evolution of the MD industry, and specifically seeks to test the existence [and, if so, identify the length scale(s)] of economic/business cycles. Beyond summary statistics, the monthly (May, 1976 to December, 2020) number of observed FDA MD Applications are investigated via an assortment of time series techniques (including: discrete wavelet transform, running moving average filter, complete ensemble empirical mode with adaptive noise decomposition, and Seasonal Trend Loess decomposition) to exhaustively seek and find such periodicities. This work finds that from 1976 to 2020, the dynamics of MD applications are (1) non-normal, non-stationary (fractional order of integration < 1), non-linear, and strongly persistent (Hurst > 0.5); (2) regular (non-variance), with latent periodicities following seasonal, 1-year (short-term), 5-6 year (Juglar; mid-term), and a single 24-year (Kuznets; medium-term) period (when considering the total number of MD applications); (3) evolving independently of any specific exogenous factor (such as the COVID-19 crisis); (4) comprised of two inversely opposing processes (PMNs and PMAs) suggesting an intrinsic structural industrial transformation occurring within the MD industry; and, (6) predicted to continue its decline (as a totality) into the mid-2020s until recovery. Ramifications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Daizadeh
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 40 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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47
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Plana D, Tian E, Cramer AK, Yang H, Carmack MM, Sinha MS, Bourgeois FT, Yu SH, Masse P, Boyer J, Kim M, Mo J, LeBoeuf NR, Li J, Sorger PK. Assessing the filtration efficiency and regulatory status of N95s and nontraditional filtering face-piece respirators available during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:712. [PMID: 34325673 PMCID: PMC8319695 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted supply chains for many types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), particularly surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs; “masks”). As a consequence, an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the FDA has allowed use of industrial N95 respirators and importation of N95-type masks manufactured to international standards; these include KN95 masks from China and FFP2 masks from the European Union. Methods We conducted a survey of masks in the inventory of major academic medical centers in Boston, MA to determine provenance and manufacturer or supplier. We then assembled a testing apparatus at a university laboratory and performed a modified test of filtration performance using KCl and ambient particulate matter on masks from hospital inventories; an accompanying website shows how to build and use the testing apparatus. Results Over 100 different makes and models of traditional and nontraditional filtering facepiece respirators (N95-type masks) were in the inventory of surveyed U.S. teaching hospitals as opposed to 2–5 models under normal circumstances. A substantial number of unfamiliar masks are from unknown manufacturers. Many are not correctly labelled and do not perform to accepted standards and a subset are obviously dangerous; many of these masks are likely to be counterfeit. Due to the absence of publicly available information on mask suppliers and inconsistent labeling of KN95 masks, it is difficult to distinguish between legitimate and counterfeit products. Conclusions Many FFRs available for procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic do not provide levels of fit and filtration similar to those of N95 masks and are not acceptable for use in healthcare settings. Based on these results, and in consultation with occupational health officers, we make six recommendations to assist end users in acquiring legitimate products. Institutions should always assess masks from non-traditional supply chains by checking their markings and manufacturer information against data provided by NIOSH and the latest FDA EUA Appendix A. In the absence of verifiable information on the legitimacy of mask source, institutions should consider measuring mask fit and filtration directly. We also make suggestions for regulatory agencies regarding labeling and public disclosure aimed at increasing pandemic resilience. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06008-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Plana
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Enze Tian
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Avilash K Cramer
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helen Yang
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary M Carmack
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Sinha
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florence T Bourgeois
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherry H Yu
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Masse
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Environmental Affairs, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon Boyer
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Environmental Affairs, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minjune Kim
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ju Li
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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48
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Kidoguch K, Shibusawa M, Tanimoto T. A critical appraisal of Japan's new drug approval process: a case study of FLT3-ITD inhibitor quizartinib. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1457-1459. [PMID: 34268710 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, simultaneous global development of novel drugs become more common by conducting multiregional clinical trials. However, regulatory authorities of different regions often make different decisions on the approvals of the same new drugs. We would like to discuss the appropriateness of Japanese regulatory approach through a case study of quizartinib, a novel anti-leukemia drug developed in Japan. The pivotal clinical trial "QuANTUM-R" conducted in 19 countries showed a modest increase in median overall survival with quizartinib than the conventional chemotherapy. However, because several critical defects in this trial were pointed out by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), quizartinib has not been approved in the US and Europe to date. On the contrary, the regulatory authority of Japan gave a notice of approval to quizartinib as a "standard of care", and the country becomes the sole country that granted market authorization. In our paper, we provide more detailed discussion about the methodology for scientific evaluation of the new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kidoguch
- Saga-Ken medical centre KOSEIKAN, Department of Hematology, Saga, Japan.
| | - Motoharu Shibusawa
- Department of Hematology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Cruz Rivera S, Torlinska B, Marston E, Denniston AK, Oliver K, Hoare S, Calvert MJ. Advancing UK Regulatory Science Strategy in the Context of Global Regulation: a Stakeholder Survey. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2021; 55:646-655. [PMID: 33591566 PMCID: PMC7885762 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-021-00263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK's transition from the European Union creates both an urgent need and key opportunity for the UK and its global collaborators to consider new approaches to the regulation of emerging technologies, underpinned by regulatory science. This survey aimed to identify the most accurate definition of regulatory science, to define strategic areas of the regulation of healthcare innovation which can be informed through regulatory science and to explore the training and infrastructure needed to advance UK and international regulatory science. METHODS A survey was distributed to UK healthcare professionals, academics, patients, health technology assessment agencies, ethicists and trade associations, as well as international regulators, pharmaceutical companies and small or medium enterprises which have expertise in regulatory science and in developing or applying regulation in healthcare. Subsequently, a descriptive quantitative analyses of survey results and directed thematic analysis of free-text comments were applied. RESULTS Priority areas for UK regulatory science identified by 145 participants included the following: flexibility: the capability of regulations to adapt to novel products and target patient outcomes; co-development: collaboration across sectors, e.g. patients, manufacturers, regulators, and educators working together to develop appropriate training for novel product deployment; responsiveness: the preparation of frameworks which enable timely innovation required by emerging events; speed: the rate at which new products can reach the market; reimbursement: developing effective tools to track and evaluate outcomes for "pay for performance" products; and education and professional development. CONCLUSIONS The UK has a time-critical opportunity to establish its national and international strategy for regulatory science leadership by harnessing broader academic input, developing strategic cross-sector collaborations, incorporating patients' experiences and perspectives, and investing in a skilled workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cruz Rivera
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Barbara Torlinska
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliot Marston
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Health Data Research, London, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHSFT, Birmingham, UK
- Regulatory Horizons Council, London, UK
| | - Kathy Oliver
- International Brain Tumour Alliance (IBTA), Tadworth, UK
| | - Steve Hoare
- The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, London, UK
| | - Melanie J Calvert
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Health Data Research, London, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Centre West Midlands, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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50
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Allan J, Belz S, Hoeveler A, Hugas M, Okuda H, Patri A, Rauscher H, Silva P, Slikker W, Sokull-Kluettgen B, Tong W, Anklam E. Regulatory landscape of nanotechnology and nanoplastics from a global perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104885. [PMID: 33617940 PMCID: PMC8121750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology and more particularly nanotechnology-based products and materials have provided a huge potential for novel solutions to many of the current challenges society is facing. However, nanotechnology is also an area of product innovation that is sometimes developing faster than regulatory frameworks. This is due to the high complexity of some nanomaterials, the lack of a globally harmonised regulatory definition and the different scopes of regulation at a global level. Research organisations and regulatory bodies have spent many efforts in the last two decades to cope with these challenges. Although there has been a significant advancement related to analytical approaches for labelling purposes as well as to the development of suitable test guidelines for nanomaterials and their safety assessment, there is a still a need for greater global collaboration and consensus in the regulatory field. Furthermore, with growing societal concerns on plastic litter and tiny debris produced by degradation of littered plastic objects, the impact of micro- and nanoplastics on humans and the environment is an emerging issue. Despite increasing research and initial regulatory discussions on micro- and nanoplastics, there are still knowledge gaps and thus an urgent need for action. As nanoplastics can be classified as a specific type of incidental nanomaterials, current and future scientific investigations should take into account the existing profound knowledge on nanotechnology/nanomaterials when discussing issues around nanoplastics. This review was conceived at the 2019 Global Summit on Regulatory Sciences that took place in Stresa, Italy, on 24-26 September 2019 (GSRS 2019) and which was co-organised by the Global Coalition for Regulatory Science Research (GCRSR) and the European Commission's (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC). The GCRSR consists of regulatory bodies from various countries around the globe including EU bodies. The 2019 Global Summit provided an excellent platform to exchange the latest information on activities carried out by regulatory bodies with a focus on the application of nanotechnology in the agriculture/food sector, on nanoplastics and on nanomedicines, including taking stock and promoting further collaboration. Recently, the topic of micro- and nanoplastics has become a new focus of the GCRSR. Besides discussing the challenges and needs, some future directions on how new tools and methodologies can improve the regulatory science were elaborated by summarising a significant portion of discussions during the summit. It has been revealed that there are still some uncertainties and knowledge gaps with regard to physicochemical properties, environmental behaviour and toxicological effects, especially as testing described in the dossiers is often done early in the product development process, and the material in the final product may behave differently. The harmonisation of methodologies for quantification and risk assessment of nanomaterials and micro/nanoplastics, the documentation of regulatory science studies and the need for sharing databases were highlighted as important aspects to look at.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Belz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy
| | - Arnd Hoeveler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy
| | - Marta Hugas
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Italy
| | | | - Anil Patri
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | | | | | - William Slikker
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | | | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Elke Anklam
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Belgium.
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