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Collins SM, Köster U, Robinson AP, Ivanov P, Cocolios TE, Russell B, Fenwick AJ, Bernerd C, Stegemann S, Johnston K, Gerami AM, Chrysalidis K, Mohamud H, Ramirez N, Bhaisare A, Mewburn-Crook J, Cullen DM, Pietras B, Pells S, Dockx K, Stucki N, Regan PH. Determination of the Terbium-152 half-life from mass-separated samples from CERN-ISOLDE and assessment of the radionuclide purity. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 202:111044. [PMID: 37797447 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Terbium-152 is one of four terbium radioisotopes that together form a potential theranostic toolbox for the personalised treatment of tumours. As 152 Tb decay by positron emission it can be utilised for diagnostics by positron emission tomography. For use in radiopharmaceuticals and for activity measurements by an activity calibrator a high radionuclide purity of the material and an accurate and precise knowledge of the half-life is required. Mass-separation and radiochemical purification provide a production route of high purity 152Tb. In the current work, two mass-separated samples from the CERN-ISOLDE facility have been assayed at the National Physical Laboratory to investigate the radionuclide purity. These samples have been used to perform four measurements of the half-life by three independent techniques: high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometry, ionisation chamber measurements and liquid scintillation counting. From the four measurement campaigns a half-life of 17.8784(95) h has been determined. The reported half-life shows a significant difference to the currently evaluated half-life (ζ-score = 3.77), with a relative difference of 2.2 % and an order of magnitude improvement in the precision. This work also shows that under controlled conditions the combination of mass-separation and radiochemical separation can provide high-purity 152Tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - U Köster
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - A P Robinson
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK; Christie Medical Physics and Engineering (CMPE), The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK; The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - P Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - T E Cocolios
- KU Leuven, Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Russell
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - A J Fenwick
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - C Bernerd
- KU Leuven, Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - S Stegemann
- KU Leuven, Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Johnston
- CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - A M Gerami
- CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - K Chrysalidis
- CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - H Mohamud
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - N Ramirez
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - A Bhaisare
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - J Mewburn-Crook
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - D M Cullen
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - B Pietras
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - S Pells
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - K Dockx
- KU Leuven, Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Stucki
- HEPIA, HES-SO, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Rue de la Prairie 4, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P H Regan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Stegemann S, Klingmann V, Reidemeister S, Breitkreutz J. Patient-centric drug product development acceptability across patient populations- Science and evidence. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00105-4. [PMID: 37164232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The 6th APV (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnologie e.V., The International Association for Pharmaceutical Technology) Winter Conference took place in Salzburg (Austria) from January 19-20, 2023. This conference was dedicated to advance patient-centric drug development across all dosage forms, indications and patient populations and was organized by the APV PaCeMe IN Task Force. The topic was chosen due to emerging evidence and increasing regulatory requirements to consider patient needs and capabilities in drug product development. It is well acknowledged that acceptability of a drug product and its dosage form is a fundamental aspect of patient centric drug product design which can directly impact adherence and intended use, hence effectiveness and safety. Despite the requirement to proof acceptability within the drug development program, respective methods to determine and compare the degree of acceptability of different dosage forms and drug product designs are still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Leibniz JointLab First in Translation, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Viviane Klingmann
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, , Department of General Paediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology , Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sibylle Reidemeister
- Novartis, Global Drug Development/Technical Research & Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- University of Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Stegemann S, Birna Almarsdόttir A, Vermehren C. Patient engagement in pharmaceutical development: Where are we? - Report from a symposium. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 185:1-4. [PMID: 36801478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the term "patient engagement" has found its way into healthcare and specifically into the field of drug development. To better understand the actual status of "patient engagement" in drug development, a symposium was organized by the Drug Research Academy of the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) on November 16, 2022. The symposium brought together experts from regulatory authorities, industry, academia and patients to share their views and experience of and with patient engagement in drug product development. The symposium led to intensive discussions among the speakers and the audience, confirming that viewpoints and experiences of the different stakeholder provide important input into the promoting patient engagement along the entire drug development life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Leibniz JointLab First in Translation, DWI Leibniz Institutes for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anna Birna Almarsdόttir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Vermehren
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Stegemann S, Moreton C, Svanbäck S, Box K, Motte G, Paudel A. Trends in oral small-molecule drug discovery and product development based on product launches before and after the Rule of Five. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103344. [PMID: 36442594 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, the 'Rule of Five' (Ro5) suggested physicochemical limitations for orally administered drugs, based on the analysis of chemical libraries from the early 1990s. In this review, we report on the trends in oral drug product development by analyzing products launched between 1994 and 1997 and between 2013 and 2019. Our analysis confirmed that most new oral drugs are within the Ro5 descriptors; however, the number of new drug products of drugs with molecular weight (MW) and calculated partition coefficient (clogP) beyond the Ro5 has slightly increased. Analysis revealed that there is no single scientific or technological reason for this trend, but that it likely results from incremental advances are being made in molecular biology, target diversity, drug design, medicinal chemistry, predictive modeling, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Sami Svanbäck
- The Solubility Company Ltd, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd, Forest Row, UK
| | - Geneviève Motte
- JEN Pharma Consulting, 182 Rue Henri Latour, 1450 Chastre, Belgium
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Collins S, Robinson A, Ivanov P, Köster U, Cocolios T, Russell B, Webster B, Fenwick A, Duchemin C, Ramos J, Chevallay E, Jakobsson U, Stegemann S, Regan P, Stora T. Half-life determination of 155Tb from mass-separated samples produced at CERN-MEDICIS. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 190:110480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Drumond N, Stegemann S. An evaluation of film coating materials and their predicted oro-esophageal gliding performance for solid oral dosage forms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Stegemann S, Sheehan L, Rossi A, Barrett A, Paudel A, Crean A, Ruiz F, Bresciani M, Liu F, Shariff Z, Shine M, Schmelzer C, Pense-Lheritier AM. Rational and practical considerations to guide a Target Product Profile for patient-centric drug product development with measurable patient outcomes - A proposed roadmap. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:81-88. [PMID: 35718077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing awareness of acceptability and usability of pharmaceutical drug products by the patient as a key quality requirement continues to drive need for integrating patient centric drug product design into the pharmaceutical development process. The complex matrix of multiple drug product related decisions during the early drug development process often limits patient-centric drug product (PCDP) design options in the final commercial drug product development phase. To integrate the specific needs and perspectives of patients into drug development and product design process, a rational approach integrated into the complex development matrix is required from the start and weighs product development decision options accordingly. The aim of this work was to develop a roadmap for PCDP design in a multidisciplinary approach that leads to better usability, adherence and acceptance of the drug by patients via early integration into the development matrix. The proposed rational approach is based upon regulatory requirements and lessons learned from pediatric and geriatric drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Liz Sheehan
- SRL, Office of Technology 2-44, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrew Barrett
- Drug Product Design, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK.
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Abina Crean
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Fabrice Ruiz
- ClinSearch, 110 Avenue, Pierre Brossolette, 92240 Malakoff, France.
| | - Massimo Bresciani
- CMAC Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Zakia Shariff
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Margarete Shine
- SRL, Office of Technology 2-44, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Stegemann S, Faulhammer E, Pinto JT, Paudel A. Focusing on powder processing in dry powder inhalation product development, manufacturing and performance. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121445. [PMID: 34998921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPI) are well established products for the delivery of actives via the pulmonary route. Various DPI products are marketed or developed for the treatment of local lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma or cystic fibrosis as well as systemic diseases targeted through inhaled delivery (i.e. Diabetes Mellitus). One of the key prerequisites of DPI formulations is that the aerodynamic size of the drug particles needs to be below 5 µm to enter deeply into the respiratory tract. These inherently cohesive inhalable size particles are either formulated as adhesive mixture with coarse carrier particles like lactose called carrier-based DPI or are formulated as free-flowing carrier-free particles (e.g. soft agglomerates, large hollow particles). In either case, it is common practice that drug and/or excipient particles of DPI formulations are obtained by processing API and API/excipients. The DPI manufacturing process heavily involves several particle and powder technologies such as micronization of the API, dry blending, powder filling and other particle engineering processes such as spray drying, crystallization etc. In this context, it is essential to thoroughly understand the impact of powder/particle properties and processing on the quality and performance of the DPI formulations. This will enable prediction of the processability of the DPI formulations and controlling the manufacturing process so that meticulously designed formulations are able to be finally developed as the finished DPI dosage form. This article is intended to provide a concise account of various aspects of DPI powder processing, including the process understanding and material properties that are important to achieve the desired DPI product quality. Various endeavors of model informed formulation/process design and development for DPI powder and PAT enabled process monitoring and control are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Faulhammer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joana T Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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van Riet-Nales DA, van den Bemt B, van Bodegom D, Cerreta F, Dooley B, Eggenschwyler D, Hirschlérova B, Jansen PAF, Karapinar-Çarkit F, Moran A, Span J, Stegemann S, Sundberg K. Commentary on the EMA reflection paper on the pharmaceutical development of medicines for use in the older population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:1500-1514. [PMID: 35141926 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Older people are often affected by impaired organ and bodily functions resulting in multimorbidity and polypharmacy, turning them into the main user group of many medicines. Very often, medicines have not specifically been developed for older people, causing practical medication problems for them like limited availability of easy to swallow formulations, easy to open packaging and dosing instructions for enteral administration. In 2020, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published a reflection paper 'Pharmaceutical development of medicines for use in the older population', which discusses how the emerging needs of an ageing European population can be addressed by medicines regulation. The paper intends to help industry to better consider the needs of older people during pharmaceutical/clinical medicines development by summarising data on the most relevant topics, providing early suggestions on how to move forward and prompting expert discussions and studies into knowledge gaps. Topics include patient acceptability, (dis)advantages of an administration route, formulation, dosage form, packaging, dosing device and user instruction. While the paper is directed at older people and the pharmaceutical industry, the reflections are also relevant to younger patients with similar disease-related needs and of value to other stakeholders parties, e.g., healthcare professionals, academics, patients and caregivers, as the paper makes clear what can be expected from industry and where collaborative work is needed. This commentary provides an overview of the different steps in the development of the reflection paper, discusses points considered most controversial and/or subject to (multidisciplinary) expert discussions and indicates their value for real world clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A van Riet-Nales
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical Assessments, Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart van den Bemt
- Department of Pharmacy, Sint Maartenskliniek, Ubbergen, Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David van Bodegom
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Cerreta
- Scientific Evidence Generation Department, Human Medicines Division, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brian Dooley
- Quality and Safety of Medicines Department, Human Medicines Division, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Blanka Hirschlérova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Assessment of Chemical and Herbal Products, State Institute for Drug Control (SUKL), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paul A F Jansen
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical Assessments, Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB), Utrecht, Netherlands.,Geriatric Department, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Expertise Centre Pharmacotherapy in Old Persons (EPHOR), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Abigail Moran
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | - Jan Span
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical Assessments, Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sven Stegemann
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Katarina Sundberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biotechnology, Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA), Uppsala, Sweden
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Buttgereit T, Palmowski A, Forsat N, Boers M, Witham MD, Rodondi N, Moutzouri E, Navidad AJQ, van’t Hof AWJ, van der Worp B, Coll-Planas L, Voshaar M, de Wit M, da Silva J, Stegemann S, Bijlsma JW, Koeller M, Mooijaart S, Kearney PM, Buttgereit F. Barriers and potential solutions in the recruitment and retention of older patients in clinical trials-lessons learned from six large multicentre randomized controlled trials. Age Ageing 2021; 50:1988-1996. [PMID: 34324628 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND older people remain underrepresented in clinical trials, and evidence generated in younger populations cannot always be generalized to older patients. OBJECTIVE to identify key barriers and to discuss solutions to specific issues affecting recruitment and retention of older participants in clinical trials based on experience gained from six current European randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on older people. METHODS a multidisciplinary group of experts including representatives of the six RCTs held two networking conferences and compiled lists of potential barriers and solutions. Every item was subsequently allocated points by each study team according to how important it was perceived to be for their RCTs. RESULTS the six RCTs enrolled 7,612 older patients. Key barriers to recruitment were impaired health status, comorbidities and diverse health beliefs including priorities within different cultural systems. All trials had to increase the number of recruitment sites. Other measures felt to be effective included the provision of extra time, communication training for the study staff and a re-design of patient information. Key barriers for retention included the presence of severe comorbidities and the occurrence of adverse events. Long study duration, frequent study visits and difficulties accessing the study site were also mentioned. Solutions felt to be effective included spending more time maintaining close contact with the participants, appropriate measures to show appreciation and reimbursement of travel arrangements. CONCLUSION recruitment and retention of older patients in trials requires special recognition and a targeted approach. Our results provide scientifically-based practical recommendations for optimizing future studies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buttgereit
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andriko Palmowski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noah Forsat
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maarten Boers
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miles D Witham
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Trust, UK
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisavet Moutzouri
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Arnoud W J van’t Hof
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Worp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Coll-Planas
- Fundació Salut i Envelliment-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marieke Voshaar
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten de Wit
- Patient Research Partner, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José da Silva
- Department of Rheumatology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sven Stegemann
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering , Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes W Bijlsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Koeller
- Department Acute Geriatric Care, Faculty of Geriatric Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Mooijaart
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-based Medicine in Old Age
- IEMO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Ding L, Brunaugh AD, Stegemann S, Jermain SV, Herpin MJ, Kalafat J, Smyth HDC. A Quality by Design Framework for Capsule-Based Dry Powder Inhalers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1213. [PMID: 34452174 PMCID: PMC8399055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsule-based dry powder inhalers (cDPIs) are widely utilized in the delivery of pharmaceutical powders to the lungs. In these systems, the fundamental nature of the interactions between the drug/formulation powder, the capsules, the inhaler device, and the patient must be fully elucidated in order to develop robust manufacturing procedures and provide reproducible lung deposition of the drug payload. Though many commercially available DPIs utilize a capsule-based dose metering system, an in-depth analysis of the critical factors associated with the use of the capsule component has not yet been performed. This review is intended to provide information on critical factors to be considered for the application of a quality by design (QbD) approach for cDPI development. The quality target product profile (QTPP) defines the critical quality attributes (CQAs) which need to be understood to define the critical material attributes (CMA) and critical process parameters (CPP) for cDPI development as well as manufacturing and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (L.D.); (A.D.B.); (S.V.J.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Ashlee D. Brunaugh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (L.D.); (A.D.B.); (S.V.J.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Sven Stegemann
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Scott V. Jermain
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (L.D.); (A.D.B.); (S.V.J.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Matthew J. Herpin
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (L.D.); (A.D.B.); (S.V.J.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Justin Kalafat
- ACG North America, LLC, 262 Old New Brunswick Road, Suite A, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Hugh D. C. Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (L.D.); (A.D.B.); (S.V.J.); (M.J.H.)
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12
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Stegemann S, Ballof J, Cocolios T, Correia JG, Dockx K, Poleshchuk O, Ramos J, Schell J, Stora T, Vleugels J. A porous hexagonal boron nitride powder compact for the production and release of radioactive 11C. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Drumond N, Stegemann S. Better Medicines for Older Patients: Considerations between Patient Characteristics and Solid Oral Dosage Form Designs to Improve Swallowing Experience. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010032. [PMID: 33379258 PMCID: PMC7824227 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral drug administration provided as solid oral dosage forms (SODF) remains the major route of drug therapy in primary and secondary care. There is clear evidence for a growing number of clinically relevant swallowing issues (e.g., dysphagia) in the older patient population, especially when considering the multimorbid, frail, and polymedicated patients. Swallowing impairments have a negative impact on SODF administration, which leads to poor adherence and inappropriate alterations (e.g., crushing, splitting). Different strategies have been proposed over the years in order to enhance the swallowing experience with SODF, by using conventional administration techniques or applying swallowing aids and devices. Nevertheless, new formulation designs must be considered by implementing a patient centric approach in order to efficiently improve SODF administration by older patient populations. Together with appropriate SODF size reductions, innovative film coating materials that can be applied to SODF and provide swallowing safety and efficacy with little effort being required by the patients are still needed. With that in mind, a literature review was conducted in order to identify the availability of patient centric coating materials claiming to shorten esophageal transit times and improve the overall SODF swallowing experience for older patients. The majority of coating technologies were identified in patent applications, and they mainly included well-known water soluble polymers that are commonly applied into pharmaceutical coatings. Nevertheless, scientific evidence demonstrating the benefits of given SODF coating materials in the concerned patient populations are still very limited. Consequently, the availability for safe, effective, and clinically proven solutions to address the increasing prevalence of swallowing issues in the older patient population is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélio Drumond
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (S.S.); Tel.: +49-178-2144689 (N.D.); +49-172-6054869 (S.S.)
| | - Sven Stegemann
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (S.S.); Tel.: +49-178-2144689 (N.D.); +49-172-6054869 (S.S.)
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14
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Carroll RJ, Podolyák Z, Berry T, Grawe H, Alexander T, Andreyev AN, Ansari S, Borge MJG, Brunet M, Creswell JR, Fraile LM, Fahlander C, Fynbo HOU, Gamba ER, Gelletly W, Gerst RB, Górska M, Gredley A, Greenlees PT, Harkness-Brennan LJ, Huyse M, Judge SM, Judson DS, Konki J, Kurcewicz J, Kuti I, Lalkovski S, Lazarus IH, Lică R, Lund M, Madurga M, Marginean N, Marginean R, Marroquin I, Mihai C, Mihai RE, Nácher E, Negret A, Nita C, Pascu S, Page RD, Patel Z, Perea A, Phrompao J, Piersa M, Pucknell V, Rahkila P, Rapisarda E, Regan PH, Rotaru F, Rudigier M, Shand CM, Shearman R, Stegemann S, Stora T, Sotty C, Tengblad O, Van Duppen P, Vedia V, Wadsworth R, Walker PM, Warr N, Wearing F, De Witte H. Competition between Allowed and First-Forbidden β Decay: The Case of ^{208}Hg→^{208}Tl. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:192501. [PMID: 33216605 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.192501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The β decay of ^{208}Hg into the one-proton hole, one neutron-particle _{81}^{208}Tl_{127} nucleus was investigated at CERN-ISOLDE. Shell-model calculations describe well the level scheme deduced, validating the proton-neutron interactions used, with implications for the whole of the N>126, Z<82 quadrant of neutron-rich nuclei. While both negative and positive parity states with spin 0 and 1 are expected within the Q_{β} window, only three negative parity states are populated directly in the β decay. The data provide a unique test of the competition between allowed Gamow-Teller and Fermi, and first-forbidden β decays, essential for the understanding of the nucleosynthesis of heavy nuclei in the rapid neutron capture process. Furthermore, the observation of the parity changing 0^{+}→0^{-}β decay where the daughter state is core excited is unique, and can provide information on mesonic corrections of effective operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Carroll
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Zs Podolyák
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Berry
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - H Grawe
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Alexander
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - A N Andreyev
- University of York, Dept Phys, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - S Ansari
- Institut für Kernphysik der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - M J G Borge
- CERN, Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - M Brunet
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - J R Creswell
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - L M Fraile
- Grupo de Física Nuclear & IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Fahlander
- Department of Physics, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - H O U Fynbo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E R Gamba
- University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - W Gelletly
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - R-B Gerst
- Institut für Kernphysik der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - M Górska
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Gredley
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - P T Greenlees
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - L J Harkness-Brennan
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - M Huyse
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S M Judge
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - D S Judson
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - J Konki
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kurcewicz
- CERN, Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - I Kuti
- Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - S Lalkovski
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - I H Lazarus
- STFC, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - R Lică
- CERN, Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Lund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Madurga
- CERN, Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - N Marginean
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - R Marginean
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - I Marroquin
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 113 bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Mihai
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - R E Mihai
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - E Nácher
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 113 bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Negret
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Nita
- University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - S Pascu
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - R D Page
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Z Patel
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - A Perea
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 113 bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Phrompao
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - M Piersa
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - V Pucknell
- STFC, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - P Rahkila
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Rapisarda
- CERN, Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - P H Regan
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - F Rotaru
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Rudigier
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - C M Shand
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - R Shearman
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - S Stegemann
- Institut für Kernphysik der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - T Stora
- CERN, Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Ch Sotty
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Horea Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Tengblad
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 113 bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Van Duppen
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Vedia
- Grupo de Física Nuclear & IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CEI Moncloa, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Wadsworth
- University of York, Dept Phys, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - N Warr
- Institut für Kernphysik der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - F Wearing
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - H De Witte
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Stegemann S, van Riet-Nales D, de Boer A. Demographics in the 2020s-Longevity as a challenge for pharmaceutical drug development, prescribing, dispensing, patient care and quality of life. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1899-1903. [PMID: 32939841 PMCID: PMC7495272 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Timpe C, Stegemann S, Barrett A, Mujumdar S. Challenges and opportunities to include patient-centric product design in industrial medicines development to improve therapeutic goals. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:2020-2027. [PMID: 32441052 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past, drug developers in industry chose approaches mainly focusing on the drug product's efficacy, safety and quality according to the level required by regulatory expectations stipulated in guidelines, pharmacopoeia and other regulatory provisions. By putting more focus on the patient perspective, regulatory authorities are currently raising their requirements regarding successful product submissions. The increasing involvement of patients in the product development process (e.g. conduction of human factor use tests, integration of feedback from patient and patient advisory groups into clinical programmes) requires adaptations to the existing and established industrial drug development processes without compromising fast patient access to innovative therapies. This review provides an expert opinion on the emerging challenges and opportunities to implement a patient-centric approach into new drug development programmes. The aim is to better understand the challenge of finding the right balance between bringing innovative drugs fast to the patients and to develop these in parallel in a patient-centric product form as well as why this is an opportunity and how stakeholder parties (e.g. patients, clinicians, pharmacists, caregivers, regulators) can provide support to achieve desired outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Stegemann
- TU Graz, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz, Austria
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17
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Schenk A, Eckardt-Felmberg R, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Stegemann S. Patient behaviour in medication management: Findings from a patient usability study that may impact clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 86:1958-1968. [PMID: 30937937 PMCID: PMC7495276 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Adequate medication management is a key condition to ensuring effective pharmacotherapy. However, it is well acknowledged that older people may encounter difficulties self‐administering medicines in a correct manner. Methods A mixed method pilot study was performed to investigate medication self‐management in older and multimorbid patients with polypharmacy. The pilot study involved medication management tasks followed by semi‐structured interviews in 20 patients. The tasks and interviews were based on the patients' individual medication plans, which had been prepared earlier by the pharmacy for each patient on basis of all their prescriptions. Results The patients' self‐reported medication management skills differed from their actual observed medication management performance. In addition, the routines and coping strategies used by the patients to deal with the complexity of their overall medication regimen were not in accordance with the medication plan and the instructions for use on the product labels. Issues were observed on all stages of the medication process that can be considered relevant to patient adherence, especially medication plan recall, product identification, product selection, product handling and product recognition in a multicompartment compliance aid. Conclusions The pilot study suggested that medication management issues by older and multimorbid patients remain widely undetermined and unrecognized in primary care. Further investigation and interdisciplinary collaboration will be required to resolve the user problems and ensure adequate patient adherence.
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18
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Drumond N, Stegemann S. An evaluation of the gliding performance of solid oral dosage form film coatings using an artificial mucous layer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:235-241. [PMID: 30763788 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery technology is mainly provided in the form of solid oral dosage forms (SODF) that have to be swallowed intact and move throughout the oro-esophageal system to release the drug content in the stomach or intestine. As there is growing evidence for an increasing prevalence of impaired swallowing functions in certain diseases, multimorbidity and advanced age, predictive in vitro methods for the oro-esophageal gliding behavior of SODF would be very useful. The gliding performance of different SODF polymer films was investigated across an artificial mucous layer using a versatile in vitro gliding system. In a first phase, the system measures the force required to move the polymer surface when placed in contact with the mucin layer and, in a second phase, the resistance behavior over a defined length. The obtained results showed that comprehensive gliding profiles could be obtained depending on the polymer film tested. The carnauba wax and PEG coatings required lower gliding peak forces and showed poor gliding resistance, which is indicative of free gliding capacity. In contrast, HPMC, PVP and gelatin coatings required higher gliding forces and exhibited greater resistance due to an adhesive interaction with the artificial mucous layer. The obtained profiles correlate with prior in vitro data during polymer gliding evaluations on mucosal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélio Drumond
- Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Sven Stegemann
- Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Lonza, Rijksweg 11, 2880 Bornem, Belgium.
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19
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Abstract
A meeting organised by the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences focussed on the challenges of developing medicines for older adults. International experts discussed the complexity introduced by polypharmacy and multiple morbidities and how the risk⁻benefit ratio of a medicine changes as an individual ages. The way in which regulatory authorities are encouraging the development of age-appropriate medicines was highlighted. Examples were provided of the difficulties faced by the older population with some medicinal products and suggestions given as to how the pharmaceutical scientist can build the requirements of the older population into their development of new medicines, as well as improvements to existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wahlich
- Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4 Heydon Road, Great Chishill, Royston, Herts SG8 8SR, UK.
| | - Mine Orlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Alpana Mair
- Effective Prescribing and Therapeutics, Health and Social Care Directorate, Scottish Government, Edinburgh EH6 5NL, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sven Stegemann
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Diana van Riet-Nales
- Medicines Evaluation Board in the Netherlands, Quality Department, Chemical Pharmaceutical Assessments, P.O. Box 8275, 3503 RG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Pinto JT, Stranzinger S, Kruschitz A, Faulhammer E, Stegemann S, Roblegg E, Paudel A. Insights into the processability and performance of adhesive blends of inhalable jet-milled and spray dried salbutamol sulphate at different drug loads. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Wimmer-Teubenbacher M, Planchette C, Pichler H, Markl D, Hsiao W, Paudel A, Stegemann S. Pharmaceutical-grade oral films as substrates for printed medicine. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:169-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Drumond N, Stegemann S. Polymer adhesion predictions for oral dosage forms to enhance drug administration safety. Part 2: In vitro approach using mechanical force methods. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Stegemann S. Patient centric drug product design in modern drug delivery as an opportunity to increase safety and effectiveness. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:619-627. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1472571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Capsugel a Lonza Company, Lonza, Bornem, Belgium
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Lau SWJ, Schlender JF, Abernethy DR, Burckart GJ, Golden A, Slattum PW, Stegemann S, Eissing T. Improving Therapeutics to Better Care for Older Adults and the Young: Report From the American College of Clinical Pharmacology Workshop. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 58:277-280. [PMID: 29023776 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S W Johnny Lau
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jan-Frederik Schlender
- Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Darrell R Abernethy
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gilbert J Burckart
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Adam Golden
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Geriatrics and Extended Care, Orlando Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Sven Stegemann
- Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Capsugel, Bornem, Belgium
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Scarpa M, Stegemann S, Hsiao WK, Pichler H, Gaisford S, Bresciani M, Paudel A, Orlu M. Orodispersible films: Towards drug delivery in special populations. Int J Pharm 2017; 523:327-335. [PMID: 28302515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orodispersible films (ODF) hold promise as a novel delivery method, with the potential to deliver tailored therapies to different patient populations. This article reviews the current strides of ODF technology and some of its unmet quality and manufacturing aspects. A topic highlights opportunities and limitations of inkjet printed ODF as a population-specific drug delivery. Overall, this article aims to stimulate further research to fill the current knowledge gap between manufacturing and administration requirements of ODF targeting specific patient subpopulations such as geriatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-Kai Hsiao
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Pichler
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Gaisford
- School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amrit Paudel
- Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mine Orlu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Drumond N, van Riet-Nales DA, Karapinar-Çarkit F, Stegemann S. Patients' appropriateness, acceptability, usability and preferences for pharmaceutical preparations: Results from a literature review on clinical evidence. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:294-305. [PMID: 28229945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients play an important role in achieving the desired therapeutic outcomes, as they are frequently responsible for their own medication management. To facilitate drug administration and overcome medication issues, the patients' needs and preferences should be considered in the pharmaceutical drug product design. With the aim to evaluate the current state of evidence for patient appropriateness, acceptability, usability and preference for aspects of this design, a literature search was performed. Comparative clinical studies that assessed such endpoints for different patient populations were included and summarized descriptively. The search identified 45 publications that met the inclusion criteria. A detailed analysis of the studies identified two main areas investigating either packaging design (n=10) or dosage form design (n=35). Studies on packaging design showed preferences for wing top and screw cap openings, push-through blisters and suppositories with slide system. Additionally, child-resistant containers should be avoided concerning specific patient populations. Regarding dosage form design, sprinkles and minitablets were the most preferred in studies involving young patients, while preferences varied considerably depending on route of administration and geographical region in studies with adult patients. Review of the methodology used in the studies revealed that ten studies had used well-defined protocols and observational endpoints to investigate patient appropriateness. Studies focusing on methodology for testing the appropriateness and usability of drug products by patients were not found. In conclusion, more interdisciplinary scientific efforts are required to develop and increase research in understanding patient needs and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélio Drumond
- Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Sven Stegemann
- Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Capsugel, Rijksweg 11, 2880 Bornem, Belgium.
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Stegemann S, Riedl R, Sourij H. Identification of different shapes, colors and sizes of standard oral dosage forms in diabetes type 2 patients—A pilot study. Int J Pharm 2017; 517:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Stegemann S. Towards better understanding of patient centric drug product development in an increasingly older patient population. Int J Pharm 2016; 512:334-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Stegemann S. The future of pharmaceutical manufacturing in the context of the scientific, social, technological and economic evolution. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 90:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stegemann S, Ternik RL, Onder G, Khan MA, van Riet-Nales DA. Defining Patient Centric Pharmaceutical Drug Product Design. AAPS J 2016; 18:1047-1055. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The number of patients with serious impairments of the swallowing function will continue to increase in the coming decades. Problems related to enteral feeding and drug administration to patients with swallowing issues is a growing concern of physicians, compounding pharmacists and nurses. The lack of information on the impact of compounding by mixing with liquid or food and/or administering through enteral or intestinal feeding tubes on the drug product safety and efficacy is problematic. In addition, there is a lack of appropriate alternative dosage forms of drugs for these routes of administration. As patients with swallowing issues represent a significant and growing patient population that is vulnerable and in need of effective drug therapy, the issue needs urgent attention by all stakeholders involved in healthcare provision. Incremental improvements at the different stages in the process, from product development to the patients' well-being are required to assure safe and effective drug therapy to an important patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering , Inffeldgasse 13, Graz, 8010 , Austria
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Messina R, Becker R, van Riet-Nales DA, Stegemann S. Results from a preliminary review of scientific evidence for appropriateness of preparations, dosage forms and other product design elements for older adult patients. Int J Pharm 2014; 478:822-8. [PMID: 25445516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aging population and the growing multimorbidity of the major patient population as well as the advanced (pharmaco)therapeutic treatment options are increasing the complexity of independent drug therapy management and administration. The increased complexity may have an impact on drug adherence (including any need for patients initiated coping strategies), and consequently on the safety and efficacy of the medicine. To overcome adherence issues caused by the design of the medicine, it is crucial that developers consider the age appropriateness of the medicine (route of administration, dosage form, excipients in the composition, frequency of dosing) in meeting patients' needs to manage their therapy without the support of a care giver. In order to understand the scientific evidence on such age appropriately designed medicines for use by older adults, a literature search was performed in the Medline database (all languages included). The search produced 34 publications that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the patient population of 65 years an older. An in-depth analysis of the included publications with respect to the methodological quality (study design, data collection, endpoints chosen) and results showed that none of these publications had adequately investigated the age appropriateness of the medicine for use by older adults. The authors consider that the knowledge gap in this area requires attention of all stakeholders in the healthcare community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana A van Riet-Nales
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Stegemann S, Baeyens JP, Becker R, Maio M, Bresciani M, Shreeves T, Ecker F, Gogol M. Erratum to: Design of pharmaceutical products to meet future patient needs requires modification of current development paradigms and business models. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00391-014-0658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stegemann S, Connolly P, Matthews W, Barnett R, Aylott M, Schrooten K, Cadé D, Taylor A, Bresciani M. Application of QbD principles for the evaluation of empty hard capsules as an input parameter in formulation development and manufacturing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:542-9. [PMID: 24526655 PMCID: PMC4037476 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the product and process variable on the final product performance is an essential part of the quality-by-design (QbD) principles in pharmaceutical development. The hard capsule is an established pharmaceutical dosage form used worldwide in development and manufacturing. The empty hard capsules are supplied as an excipient that is filled by pharmaceutical manufacturers with a variety of different formulations and products. To understand the potential variations of the empty hard capsules as an input parameter and its potential impact on the finished product quality, a study was performed investigating the critical quality parameters within and in between different batches of empty hard gelatin capsules. The variability of the hard capsules showed high consistency within the specification of the critical quality parameters. This also accounts for the disintegration times, when automatic endpoint detection was used. Based on these data, hard capsules can be considered as a suitable excipient for product development using QbD principles.
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Stegemann S, Baeyens JP, Becker R, Maio M, Bresciani M, Shreeves T, Azadi C, Ecker F, Gogol M. Design of pharmaceutical products to meet future patient needs requires modification of current development paradigms and business models. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 47:285-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00391-014-0647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schellekens H, Stegemann S, Weinstein V, de Vlieger JSB, Flühmann B, Mühlebach S, Gaspar R, Shah VP, Crommelin DJA. How to regulate nonbiological complex drugs (NBCD) and their follow-on versions: points to consider. AAPS J 2013; 16:15-21. [PMID: 24065600 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this critical review is to reach a global consensus regarding the introduction of follow-on versions of nonbiological complex drugs (NBCD). A nonbiological complex drug is a medicinal product, not being a biological medicine, where the active substance is not a homo-molecular structure, but consists of different (closely related and often nanoparticulate) structures that cannot be isolated and fully quantitated, characterized and/or described by state of the art physicochemical analytical means and where the clinical meaning of the differences is not known. The composition, quality and in vivo performance of NBCD are highly dependent on manufacturing processes of both the active ingredient as well as in most cases the formulation. The challenges posed by the development of follow-on versions of NBCD are illustrated in this paper by discussing the 'families' of liposomes, iron-carbohydrate ('iron-sugar') drugs and glatiramoids. It is proposed that the same principles for the marketing authorization of copies of NBCD as for biosimilars be used: the need for animal and/or clinical data and the need to show similarity in quality, safety and efficacy. The regulatory approach of NBCD will have to take into consideration the specific characteristics of the drugs, their formulation and manufacturing process and the resulting critical attributes to achieve their desired quality, safety and efficacy. As with the biosimilars, for the NBCD product, family-specific methods should be evaluated and applied where scientifically proven, including sophisticated quality methods, pharmacodynamic markers and animal models. Concerning substitution and interchangeability of NBCD, it is also advisable to take biosimilars as an example, i.e. (1) substitution without the involvement of a healthcare professional should be discouraged to ensure traceability of the treatment of individual patients, (2) keep an individual patient on a specific treatment if the patient is doing well and only switch if unavoidable and (3) monitor the safety and efficacy of the new product if switching occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub Schellekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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Abstract
The age appropriateness of a pharmaceutical product for older patient populations is most important in achieving ease of use, administration, and adherence as well as the therapeutic benefit of the drug. Drug development is a lengthy and risky investment accompanied by extensive regulatory requirements to meet all the safety, efficacy, and quality criteria of a pharmaceutical product. Older adults represent a very heterogeneous patient population with different needs compared to younger adults. Major areas that should be considered in the design of age-appropriate products (AAP) are age- and disease-related aspects such as (a) different dose strengths, (b) issues in handling, administering, and managing the drug product, (c) and complex medication regimens. The application of different technologies can meet these specific needs and should be considered at the very beginning of product development when setting the targeted quality product profile (TQPP) or later on during the product life-cycle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stegemann
- Capsugel, Rijksweg 11, 2880, Bornem, Belgium.
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Stegemann S, Kopp S, Borchard G, Shah V, Senel S, Dubey R, Urbanetz N, Cittero M, Schoubben A, Hippchen C, Cade D, Fuglsang A, Morais J, Borgström L, Farshi F, Seyfang KH, Hermann R, van de Putte A, Klebovich I, Hincal A. Developing and advancing dry powder inhalation towards enhanced therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Stegemann S, Baeyens JP, Cerreta F, Chanie E, Löfgren A, Maio M, Schreier G, Thesing-Bleck E. Adherence measurement systems and technology for medications in older patient populations. Eur Geriatr Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Stegemann S, Ecker F, Maio M, Kraahs P, Wohlfart R, Breitkreutz J, Zimmer A, Bar-Shalom D, Hettrich P, Broegmann B. Geriatric drug therapy: neglecting the inevitable majority. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:384-98. [PMID: 20478411 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Demographic evolution will considerably increase the number of people aged 65 years and beyond in the coming decades. The elderly not only represent the most heterogeneous population, but also are a major user group for prescribed medicines, a predominance that will continue to further increase. Medicines and medication management are much more complex and challenging in the elderly and can only be addressed through a multidisciplinary approach. There is strong evidence that the elderly are able to properly manage their medication; however, their medications require different features than the standard medications used by adults. The elderly are exposed to several chronic disease conditions and their treatments, as well as experience age-related changes and limitations that need to be reflected in their medication management strategies. Geriatric drug therapy remains a multidisciplinary task. The health care industry, physicians, pharmacists, nurses and care givers provide and guide the patient's therapy according to individual needs, while the health care system and regulatory authorities build the necessary framework of support and resources.Any realistic and significant enhancement to the elderly patients' medicines and medication management needs to be addressed by all disciplines and stakeholders involved since the absence of any of the stakeholders in the overall process negatively impacts the achievable enhancement in geriatric drug therapy.
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Stegemann S, Leveiller F, Franchi D, de Jong H, Lindén H. When poor solubility becomes an issue: from early stage to proof of concept. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 31:249-61. [PMID: 17616376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug absorption, sufficient and reproducible bioavailability and/or pharmacokinetic profile in humans are recognized today as one of the major challenges in oral delivery of new drug substances. The issue arose especially when drug discovery and medicinal chemistry moved from wet chemistry to combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening in the mid-1990s. Taking into account the drug product development times of 8-12 years, the apparent R&D productivity gap as determined by the number of products in late stage clinical development today, is the result of the drug discovery and formulation development in the late 1990s, which were the early and enthusiastic times of the combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening. In parallel to implementation of these new technologies, tremendous knowledge has been accumulated on biological factors like transporters, metabolizing enzymes and efflux systems as well as on the physicochemical characteristics of the drug substances like crystal structures and salt formation impacting oral bioavailability. Research tools and technologies have been, are and will be developed to assess the impact of these factors on drug absorption for the new chemical entities. The conference focused specifically on the impact of compounds with poor solubility on analytical evaluation, prediction of oral absorption, substance selection, material and formulation strategies and development. The existing tools and technologies, their potential utilization throughout the drug development process and the directions for further research to overcome existing gaps and influence these drug characteristics were discussed in detail.
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Siniatchkin M, Kirsch E, Arslan S, Stegemann S, Gerber WD, Stephani U. Migraine and asthma in childhood: evidence for specific asymmetric parent-child interactions in migraine and asthma families. Cephalalgia 2004; 23:790-802. [PMID: 14510925 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the fact that migraine often manifests as a familial disorder, the role of the family in migraine has not been adequately explored. In this study parent-child interactions in 20 families with a child suffering from migraine were analysed and compared with 20 healthy families and 20 families with an asthma child. The families had to solve a puzzle within a limited time. Parent-child interactions within migraine and asthma families were asymmetric, revealing a disease-specific interpersonal context in the family. Communication with the affected child in migraine families was significantly more directive, with more specific instructions and less help, towards migraineurs than with the healthy siblings. Dominance of parents and submissive behaviour of children were the main features of interactions. In asthma families interactions were more conflicting and less cooperative. This study demonstrated a specific, asymmetric, pattern of family interactions predisposing children either to migraine or asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siniatchkin
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Stegemann S, Altman KI, Mühlensiepen H, Feinendegen LE. Influence of a stationary magnetic field on acetylcholinesterase in murine bone marrow cells. Radiat Environ Biophys 1993; 32:65-72. [PMID: 8460216 DOI: 10.1007/bf01213132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A thirty-minute exposure of mice to a homogeneous stationary magnetic field (SMF) of 1.4 Tesla at either 27 degrees C or 37 degrees C body temperature causes an inhibition of about 20 per cent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.11.7) in murine bone marrow cells (BMC) after 3.5 and 2 h, respectively, at the two aforementioned body temperatures. The extent of enzyme inhibition is independent of ambient temperature, but dependent on the time after exposure. This initial inhibition of AChE activity is followed by a limited recovery which is dependent upon the temperature during exposure to the SMF and remains incomplete even 15 h afterwards. We describe here certain enzymologic properties of AChE in BMC as well as inhibition studies with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to differentiate between AChE and nonspecific cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stegemann
- Institut für Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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