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Clark D, Kikut-Stein A, Jesch E, Hornik R. Should Communication Campaigns Promoting Vaccination Address Misinformation Beliefs? Implications from a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Survey Study among U.S. Adults. J Health Commun 2024; 29:265-273. [PMID: 38651616 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2024.2331488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Public health communication campaign planners must carefully consider whether misinformation beliefs are important to target and, ideally, correct. Guided by the reasoned action approach, we hypothesized that behavior-specific beliefs regarding COVID-19 vaccination would account for any observed relationship between general coronavirus misinformation beliefs (misinformation beliefs that are not specific to the anticipated consequences of COVID-19 vaccination) and subsequent vaccine uptake. To test our hypothesis, we used panel data from a two-wave nationally representative sample of U.S. adults pre- and post-vaccine availability (T1: July 2020, T2: April/June 2021, analytic sample: n = 665). Contrary to our hypothesis, we find a residual observed relationship between general coronavirus misinformation beliefs and subsequent vaccine uptake (AOR = 0.40, SE = 0.10). Intriguingly, our post-hoc analyses do show that after also adjusting for T2 behavioral beliefs, this association was no longer significant. With this and other justifications, we recommend that messages promoting vaccination prioritize targeting relevant behavioral beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Clark
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ava Kikut-Stein
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma Jesch
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Hornik
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hornik R, Binns S, Emery S, Epstein VM, Jeong M, Kim K, Kim Y, Kranzler EC, Jesch E, Lee SJ, Levin AV, Liu J, O’Donnell MB, Siegel L, Tran H, Williams S, Yang Q, Gibson LA. The Effects of Tobacco Coverage in the Public Communication Environment on Young People's Decisions to Smoke Combustible Cigarettes. J Commun 2022; 72:187-213. [PMID: 35386823 PMCID: PMC8974361 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In today's complex media environment, does media coverage influence youth and young adults' (YYA) tobacco use and intentions? We conceptualize the "public communication environment" and effect mediators, then ask whether over time variation in exogenously measured tobacco media coverage from mass and social media sources predicts daily YYA cigarette smoking intentions measured in a rolling nationally representative phone survey (N = 11,847 on 1,147 days between May 2014 and June 2017). Past week anti-tobacco and pro-tobacco content from Twitter, newspapers, broadcast news, Associated Press, and web blogs made coherent scales (thetas = 0.77 and 0.79). Opportunities for exposure to anti-tobacco content in the past week predicted lower intentions to smoke (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, p < .05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.91-1.00). The effect was stronger among current smokers than among nonsmokers (interaction OR = 0.88, p < .05, 95% CI = 0.77-1.00). These findings support specific effects of anti-tobacco media coverage and illustrate a productive general approach to conceptualizing and assessing effects in the complex media environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Binns
- Social Data Collaboratory, NORC-University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherry Emery
- Social Data Collaboratory, NORC-University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Michelle Jeong
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kwanho Kim
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yoonsang Kim
- Social Data Collaboratory, NORC-University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elissa C Kranzler
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Fors Marsh Group, Arlington, VA 22201, USA
| | - Emma Jesch
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stella Juhyun Lee
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Media and Communication, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Allyson V Levin
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Communication, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085. USA
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew B O’Donnell
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leeann Siegel
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hy Tran
- Social Data Collaboratory, NORC-University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sharon Williams
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- School of Information, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Communication Studies, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Laura A Gibson
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
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Jesch E, Kikut AI, Hornik R. Comparing belief in short-term versus long-term consequences of smoking and vaping as predictors of non-use in a 3-year nationally representative survey study of US youth. Tob Control 2021:tobaccocontrol-2021-056886. [PMID: 34725270 PMCID: PMC9056580 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efforts to prevent youth tobacco use are critical to reducing smoking-related deaths in the USA. Anti-tobacco messaging often focuses on the severe long-term consequences of smoking (eg, fatal lung disease, cancer). It is unclear whether these long-term consequences are more likely to deter youth use than shorter term consequences (eg, headaches, friend disapproval). METHODS A nationally representative 3-year rolling survey of adolescents and young adults (ages 13-26 years) measured belief in potential consequences of two types of tobacco products: combustible cigarettes (n=11 847) and electronic cigarettes (n=4470) as well as intentions and current use. Independent coders classified 23 consequences as either short or long term. Logistic regression tested the associations between short-term (vs long-term) beliefs and current intentions, as well as non-smoking behaviour at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Believing in both short-term and long-term consequences was associated with outcomes, but short-term beliefs were more highly associated with anti-smoking (OR=1.40, 95% CI (1.30 to 1.51)) and anti-vaping (OR=2.10, 95% CI (1.75 to 2.52)) intentions and better predicted non-smoking behaviour at follow-up, controlling for prior use (OR=1.75, 95% CI (1.33 to 2.31)). CONCLUSIONS These results support temporal discounting by adolescents and young adults and suggest health communication efforts aiming to reduce youth tobacco use should emphasise shorter term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jesch
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ava Irysa Kikut
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Hornik
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Svagerko P, Bridges W, Jesch E, Phillips SP, Vernon K. 55 Equine gastric ulcers; a pilot study: associated biomarkers and polysaccharide supplementation as a solution. J Equine Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hornik R, Kikut A, Jesch E, Woko C, Siegel L, Kim K. Association of COVID-19 Misinformation with Face Mask Wearing and Social Distancing in a Nationally Representative US Sample. Health Commun 2021; 36:6-14. [PMID: 33225745 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1847437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wide-spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic has presented challenges for communicating public health recommendations. Should campaigns to promote protective behaviors focus on debunking misinformation or targeting behavior-specific beliefs? To address this question, we examine whether belief in COVID-19 misinformation is directly associated with two behaviors (face mask wearing and social distancing), and whether behavior-specific beliefs can account for this association and better predict behavior, consistent with behavior-change theory. We conducted a nationally representative two-wave survey of U.S. adults from 5/26/20-6/12/20 (n = 1074) and 7/15/20-7/21//20 (n = 889; follow-up response 83%). Scales were developed and validated for COVID-19 related misinformation beliefs, social distancing and face mask wearing, and beliefs about the consequences of both behaviors. Cross-lagged panel linear regression models assessed relationships among the variables. While belief in misinformation was negatively associated with both face mask wearing (B = -.27, SE =.06) and social-distancing behaviors (B = -.46, SE =.08) measured at the same time, misinformation did not predict concurrent or lagged behavior when the behavior-specific beliefs were incorporated in the models. Beliefs about behavioral outcomes accounted for face mask wearing and social distancing, both cross-sectionally (B =.43, SE =.05; B =.63, SE =.09) and lagged over time (B =.20, SE = 04; B =.30, SE =.08). In conclusion, belief in COVID-19-related misinformation is less relevant to protective behaviors, but beliefs about the consequences of these behaviors are important predictors. With regard to misinformation, we recommend health campaigns aimed at promoting protective behaviors emphasize the benefits of these behaviors, rather than debunking unrelated false claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hornik
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ava Kikut
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Jesch
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Chioma Woko
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Leeann Siegel
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Kwanho Kim
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
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Jesch E, Niederdeppe J, King AJ, Safi AG, Byrne S. "I Quit": Testing the Added Value and Sequencing Effects of an Efficacy-focused Message among Cigarette Warning Labels. J Health Commun 2020; 25:361-373. [PMID: 32476624 PMCID: PMC8579483 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2020.1767236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many emotional appeal theorists argue that negative affect and efficacy work together to promote adaptive behavioral responses to a threat, yet most research on cigarette warning label messages has not examined the intersection between negative affect, hope, and efficacy. The current study tests effects of exposure, at different points in a sequence, to an efficacy-focused warning label in the context of threat-focused warning labels. We conducted an online, between- and within-subjects experiment with 398 adult smokers, testing the effects of warning label exposure on negative affect, hope, efficacy beliefs, and intentions to quit. Exposure to the efficacy-focused "Quit" label aroused higher levels of reported hope and lower levels of reported negative affect than threat-focused labels. Negative affect increased with each additional exposure to a threat-focused warning label, regardless of the order in which respondents saw the "Quit" label. Exposure to the "Quit" label (within a larger set of three threat-focused labels) led to greater self-efficacy but did not influence response efficacy or intentions to quit. We conclude that "Quit" messaging on warning labels can inspire both hopeful feelings and efficacy beliefs. Future research should identify the optimal balance between threat-focused and hopeful quit messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jesch
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andy J King
- Greenlee School Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
- MPH Program, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sahara Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA
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Greiner Safi A, Reyes C, Jesch E, Steinhardt J, Niederdeppe J, Skurka C, Kalaji M, Scolere L, Byrne S. Comparing in person and internet methods to recruit low-SES populations for tobacco control policy research. Soc Sci Med 2019; 242:112597. [PMID: 31670216 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use and the associated consequences are much more prevalent among low-SES populations in the U.S. However, tobacco-based research often does not include these harder-to-reach populations. This paper compares the effectiveness and drawbacks of three methods of recruiting low-SES adult smokers in the Northeast. From a 5-year, [funding blinded] grant about impacts of graphic warning labels on tobacco products, three separate means of recruiting low-SES adult smokers emerged: 1) in person in the field with a mobile lab vehicle, 2) in person in the field with tablet computers, and 3) online via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). We compared each of these methods in terms of the resulting participant demographics and the "pros" and "cons" of each approach including quality control, logistics, cost, and engagement. Field-based methods (with a mobile lab or in person with a tablet) yielded a greater proportion of disadvantaged participants who could be biochemically verified as current smokers-45% of the field-based sample had an annual income of <$10,000 compared to 16% of the MTurk sample; 40-45% of the field-based sample did not complete high school compared to 2.6% of the MTurk sample. MTurk-based recruitment was substantially less expensive to operate (1/14th the cost of field-based methods) was faster, and involved less logistical coordination, though was unable to provide immediate biochemical verification of current smoking status. Both MTurk and field-based methods provide access to low-SES participants-the difference is the proportion and the degree of disadvantage. For research and interventions where either inclusion considerations or external validity with low-SES populations is critical, especially the most disadvantaged, our research supports the use of field-based methods. It also highlights the importance of adequate funding and time to enable the recruitment and participation of these harder-to-reach populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 450B Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Master of Public Health Program, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, S2002 Schurman Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Carolyn Reyes
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 450B Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Pennsylvania State University, 111 Armsby Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Emma Jesch
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 450B Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Annenberg School of Communication, The University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Steinhardt
- Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Michigan State University, 404 Wilson Road, Office 377, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 450B Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christofer Skurka
- Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University, 222 Carnegie Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Motasem Kalaji
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 450B Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Leah Scolere
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Colorado State University, 1100 Meridian Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Sahara Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, 450B Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Niederdeppe J, Kemp D, Jesch E, Scolere L, Greiner Safi A, Porticella N, Avery RJ, Dorf MC, Mathios AD, Byrne S. Using graphic warning labels to counter effects of social cues and brand imagery in cigarette advertising. Health Educ Res 2019; 34:38-49. [PMID: 30358853 PMCID: PMC6315110 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette advertising can increase the likelihood of youth smoking initiation and may encourage people who already smoke to continue. Requiring prominent, graphic warning labels could reduce these effects. We test whether graphic versus text-only warning labels in cigarette advertisements influence cognitive and emotional factors associated with youth susceptibility to smoking and adult intentions to quit. We conducted two randomized, between-subjects experiments with middle-school youth (n = 474) and adult smokers (n = 451). Both studies employed a two (graphic or text-only warnings) by two (advertisements with social cues or brand imagery) factorial design with a fifth, offset control group (social cue advertisements with the current US Surgeon General's Warning). Graphic warnings outperformed text-only warnings in reducing visual attention to the advertisement, generating visual attention to the warning and arousing more negative affect. Graphic warnings also reduced the appeal of cigarette brands among youth relative to social cue advertisements with the Surgeon General's warnings. None of the warnings (graphic or textual) influenced health risk beliefs. Graphic warning labels on cigarette advertisements appear to have effects similar to those observed on cigarette packs in previous work, with an added benefit of reducing cigarette brand appeal among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D Kemp
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - E Jesch
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - L Scolere
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A Greiner Safi
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - N Porticella
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R J Avery
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M C Dorf
- Cornell Law School, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A D Mathios
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Justice SMM, Britt J, Jr. MM, Greene M, Davis C, Koch B, Duckett S, Jesch E. Predictions of Lean Meat Yield in Lambs Using Dexa and Chemical Analyses Proximate. Meat and Muscle Biology 2018. [DOI: 10.22175/rmc2018.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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