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Nutt DJ, Peill JM, Weiss B, Godfrey K, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D. Psilocybin and Other Classic Psychedelics in Depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37955822 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and ketamine are returning to clinical research and intervention across several disorders including the treatment of depression. This chapter focusses on psychedelics that specifically target the 5-HT2A receptor such as psilocybin and DMT. These produce plasma-concentration related psychological effects such as hallucinations and out of body experiences, insightful and emotional breakthroughs as well as mystical-type experiences. When coupled with psychological support, effects can produce a rapid improvement in mood among people with depression that can last for months. In this chapter, we summarise the scientific studies to date that explore the use of psychedelics in depressed individuals, highlighting key clinical, psychological and neuroimaging features of psychedelics that may account for their therapeutic effects. These include alterations in brain entropy that disrupt fixed negative ruminations, a period of post-treatment increased cognitive flexibility, and changes in self-referential psychological processes. Finally, we propose that the brain mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of serotonergic psychedelics might be distinct from those underlying classical serotonin reuptake-blocking antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Nutt
- Centres for Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - J M Peill
- Centres for Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Weiss
- Centres for Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K Godfrey
- Centres for Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R L Carhart-Harris
- Centres for Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Psychedelics Division, Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centres for Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Kaertner LS, Steinborn MB, Kettner H, Spriggs MJ, Roseman L, Buchborn T, Balaet M, Timmermann C, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL. Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1941. [PMID: 33479342 PMCID: PMC7820236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychedelic microdosing describes the ingestion of near-threshold perceptible doses of classic psychedelic substances. Anecdotal reports and observational studies suggest that microdosing may promote positive mood and well-being, but recent placebo-controlled studies failed to find compelling evidence for this. The present study collected web-based mental health and related data using a prospective (before, during and after) design. Individuals planning a weekly microdosing regimen completed surveys at strategic timepoints, spanning a core four-week test period. Eighty-one participants completed the primary study endpoint. Results revealed increased self-reported psychological well-being, emotional stability and reductions in state anxiety and depressive symptoms at the four-week primary endpoint, plus increases in psychological resilience, social connectedness, agreeableness, nature relatedness and aspects of psychological flexibility. However, positive expectancy scores at baseline predicted subsequent improvements in well-being, suggestive of a significant placebo response. This study highlights a role for positive expectancy in predicting positive outcomes following psychedelic microdosing and cautions against zealous inferences on its putative therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Kaertner
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - M B Steinborn
- Departmant of Psychology, Julius-Maximilans-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Kettner
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M J Spriggs
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L Roseman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T Buchborn
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Balaet
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Timmermann
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R L Carhart-Harris
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether psilocybin with psychological support modulates personality parameters in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD). METHOD Twenty patients with moderate or severe, unipolar, TRD received oral psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, one week apart) in a supportive setting. Personality was assessed at baseline and at 3-month follow-up using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), the subjective psilocybin experience with Altered State of Consciousness (ASC) scale, and depressive symptoms with QIDS-SR16. RESULTS Neuroticism scores significantly decreased while Extraversion increased following psilocybin therapy. These changes were in the direction of the normative NEO-PI-R data and were both predicted, in an exploratory analysis, by the degree of insightfulness experienced during the psilocybin session. Openness scores also significantly increased following psilocybin, whereas Conscientiousness showed trend-level increases, and Agreeableness did not change. CONCLUSION Our observation of changes in personality measures after psilocybin therapy was mostly consistent with reports of personality change in relation to conventional antidepressant treatment, although the pronounced increases in Extraversion and Openness might constitute an effect more specific to psychedelic therapy. This needs further exploration in future controlled studies, as do the brain mechanisms of postpsychedelic personality change.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Erritzoe
- Centre for NeuropsychopharmacologyDivision of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - L. Roseman
- Centre for NeuropsychopharmacologyDivision of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. M. Nour
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKings College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - M. Kaelen
- Centre for NeuropsychopharmacologyDivision of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. J. Nutt
- Centre for NeuropsychopharmacologyDivision of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - R. L. Carhart‐Harris
- Centre for NeuropsychopharmacologyDivision of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Abstract
Psychedelic drugs are creating ripples in psychiatry as evidence accumulates of their therapeutic potential. An important question remains unresolved however: how are psychedelics effective? We propose that a sense of connectedness is key, provide some preliminary evidence to support this, and suggest a roadmap for testing it further.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Carhart-Harris
- Psychedelic Research Group, Centre for Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Psychedelic Research Group, Centre for Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - E Haijen
- Psychedelic Research Group, Centre for Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - M Kaelen
- Psychedelic Research Group, Centre for Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - R Watts
- Psychedelic Research Group, Centre for Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK.
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Kalk NJ, Guo Q, Owen D, Cherian R, Erritzoe D, Gilmour A, Ribeiro AS, McGonigle J, Waldman A, Matthews P, Cavanagh J, McInnes I, Dar K, Gunn R, Rabiner EA, Lingford-Hughes AR. Decreased hippocampal translocator protein (18 kDa) expression in alcohol dependence: a [ 11C]PBR28 PET study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e996. [PMID: 28072413 PMCID: PMC5545729 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated withdrawal from alcohol is clinically associated with progressive cognitive impairment. Microglial activation occurring during pre-clinical models of alcohol withdrawal is associated with learning deficits. We investigated whether there was microglial activation in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (ADP), using [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography (PET), selective for the 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) highly expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes. We investigated the relationship between microglial activation and cognitive performance. Twenty healthy control (HC) subjects (45±13; M:F 14:6) and nine ADP (45±6, M:F 9:0) were evaluated. Dynamic PET data were acquired for 90 min following an injection of 331±15 MBq [11C]PBR28. Regional volumes of distribution (VT) for regions of interest (ROIs) identified a priori were estimated using a two-tissue compartmental model with metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. ADP had an ~20% lower [11C]PBR28 VT, in the hippocampus (F(1,24) 5.694; P=0.025), but no difference in VT in other ROIs. Hippocampal [11C]PBR28 VT was positively correlated with verbal memory performance in a combined group of HC and ADP (r=0.720, P<0.001), an effect seen in HC alone (r=0.738; P=0.001) but not in ADP. We did not find evidence for increased microglial activation in ADP, as seen pre-clinically. Instead, our findings suggest lower glial density or an altered activation state with lower TSPO expression. The correlation between verbal memory and [11C]PBR28 VT, raises the possibility that abnormalities of glial function may contribute to cognitive impairment in ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalk
- National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK,National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8BB, UK. E-mail:
| | - Q Guo
- Neuroimaging Department, Kings College London, London, UK,Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Owen
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Cherian
- West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Gilmour
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A S Ribeiro
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Waldman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Well-being, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I McInnes
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Dar
- Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Gunn
- Imanova Limited, London, UK
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Limbrick-Oldfield EH, Mick I, Cocks RE, McGonigle J, Sharman SP, Goldstone AP, Stokes PRA, Waldman A, Erritzoe D, Bowden-Jones H, Nutt D, Lingford-Hughes A, Clark L. Neural substrates of cue reactivity and craving in gambling disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e992. [PMID: 28045460 PMCID: PMC5545724 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cue reactivity is an established procedure in addictions research for examining the subjective experience and neural basis of craving. This experiment sought to quantify cue-related brain responses in gambling disorder using personally tailored cues in conjunction with subjective craving, as well as a comparison with appetitive non-gambling stimuli. Participants with gambling disorder (n=19) attending treatment and 19 controls viewed personally tailored blocks of gambling-related cues, as well as neutral cues and highly appetitive (food) images during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan performed ~2-3 h after a usual meal. fMRI analysis examined cue-related brain activity, cue-related changes in connectivity and associations with block-by-block craving ratings. Craving ratings in the participants with gambling disorder increased following gambling cues compared with non-gambling cues. fMRI analysis revealed group differences in left insula and anterior cingulate cortex, with the gambling disorder group showing greater reactivity to the gambling cues, but no differences to the food cues. In participants with gambling disorder, craving to gamble correlated positively with gambling cue-related activity in the bilateral insula and ventral striatum, and negatively with functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex. Gambling cues, but not food cues, elicit increased brain responses in reward-related circuitry in individuals with gambling disorder (compared with controls), providing support for the incentive sensitization theory of addiction. Activity in the insula co-varied with craving intensity, and may be a target for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Limbrick-Oldfield
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. E-mail:
| | - I Mick
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R E Cocks
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S P Sharman
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - A P Goldstone
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P R A Stokes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Affective Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - A Waldman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Imaging, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK,National Problem Gambling Clinic, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Quelch DR, Parker CA, Nutt DJ, Tyacke RJ, Erritzoe D. Influence of different cellular environments on [(3)H]DASB radioligand binding. Synapse 2012; 66:1035-9. [PMID: 22927261 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D R Quelch
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London W120NN, United Kingdom.
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Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Williams TM, Erritzoe D, Abbasi N, Bargiotas T, Hobden P, Sharp DJ, Evans J, Feilding A, Wise RG, Nutt DJ. Implications for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 200:238-44. [PMID: 22282432 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug that has a history of use in psychotherapy. One of the rationales for its use was that it aids emotional insight by lowering psychological defences. AIMS To test the hypothesis that psilocybin facilitates access to personal memories and emotions by comparing subjective and neural responses to positive autobiographical memories under psilocybin and placebo. METHOD Ten healthy participants received two functional magnetic resonance imaging scans (2 mg intravenous psilocybin v. intravenous saline), separated by approximately 7 days, during which they viewed two different sets of 15 positive autobiographical memory cues. Participants viewed each cue for 6 s and then closed their eyes for 16 s and imagined re-experiencing the event. Activations during this recollection period were compared with an equivalent period of eyes-closed rest. We split the recollection period into an early phase (first 8 s) and a late phase (last 8 s) for analysis. RESULTS Robust activations to the memories were seen in limbic and striatal regions in the early phase and the medial prefrontal cortex in the late phase in both conditions (P<0.001, whole brain cluster correction), but there were additional visual and other sensory cortical activations in the late phase under psilocybin that were absent under placebo. Ratings of memory vividness and visual imagery were significantly higher after psilocybin (P<0.05) and there was a significant positive correlation between vividness and subjective well-being at follow-up (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Evidence that psilocybin enhances autobiographical recollection implies that it may be useful in psychotherapy either as a tool to facilitate the recall of salient memories or to reverse negative cognitive biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Carhart-Harris
- Imperial College London, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, 5th Floor, Burlington Danes Building, 160 Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Knudsen G, Haugbol S, Arentzen T, Frokjaer V, Erritzoe D, Svarer C, Madsen J, Paulson O, Hasholt L, Nielsen F. Genetic variants and brain binding potentials: Lost in translation? Neuroimage 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Erritzoe D, Frokjaer V, Haahr M, Kalbitzer J, Svarer C, Holst K, Hansen D, Jernigan T, Lehel S, Knudsen G. Cerebral serotonin transporter binding is inversely related to body mass index. Neuroimage 2010; 52:284-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Erritzoe D, Frokjaer V, Haugbol S, Marner L, Svarer C, Holst K, Baaré W, Rasmussen P, Madsen J, Paulson O, Knudsen G. Corrigendum to “Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding: Relations to body mass index, tobacco and alcohol use” [NeuroImage 46 (2009) 23–30]. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Erritzoe D, Frokjaer VG, Haugbol S, Marner L, Svarer C, Holst K, Baaré WFC, Rasmussen PM, Madsen J, Paulson OB, Knudsen GM. Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding: relations to body mass index, tobacco and alcohol use. Neuroimage 2009; 46:23-30. [PMID: 19457377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulations of the serotonin levels in the brain can affect impulsive behavior and influence our reactivity to conditioned reinforcers. Eating, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption are reinforcers that are influenced by serotonergic neurotransmission; serotonergic hypofunction leads to increased food and alcohol intake, and conversely, stimulation of the serotonergic system induces weight reduction and decreased food/alcohol intake as well as tobacco smoking. To investigate whether body weight, alcohol intake and tobacco smoking were related to the regulation of the cerebral serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT(2A)) in humans, we tested in 136 healthy human subjects if body mass index (BMI), degree of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking was associated to the cerebral in vivo 5-HT(2A) receptor binding as measured with (18)F-altanserin PET. The subjects' BMI's ranged from 18.4 to 42.8 (25.2+/-4.3) kg/m(2). Cerebral cortex 5-HT(2A) binding was significantly positively correlated to BMI, whereas no association between cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor binding and alcohol or tobacco use was detected. We suggest that our observation is driven by a lower central 5-HT level in overweight people, leading both to increased food intake and to a compensatory upregulation of cerebral 5-HT(2A) receptor density.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Erritzoe
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Frokjaer VG, Christensen M, Erritzoe D, Baare W, Svarer C, Madsen J, Kesing L, Knudsen G. Serotonin 2A binding in healthy twins genetically predisposed to major depression in comparison with undisposed controls. Neuroimage 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Frokjaer VG, Christensen M, Erritzoe D, Baare W, Svarer C, Madsen J, Kessing L, Knudsen G. Serotonin transporter binding is decreased in healthy twins genetically predisposed to major depression in comparison with undisposed twins. Neuroimage 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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