Essential function of Gli2 and Gli3 in the formation of lung, trachea and oesophagus

Foregut malformations (oesophageal atresia, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, lung anomalies and congenital stenosis of the oesophagus and trachea) are relatively common anomalies occurring in 1 in 2,000-5,000 live births, although their aetiology is poorly understood. The secreted glycoprotein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been suggested to act as an endodermal signal that controls hindgut patterning and lung growth. In mice, three zinc-finger transcription factors, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3, have been implicated in the transduction of Shh signal. We report here that mutant mice lacking Gli2 function exhibit foregut defects, including stenosis of the oesophagus and trachea, as well as hypoplasia and lobulation defects of the lung. A reduction of 50% in the gene dosage of Gli3 in a Gli2-/- background resulted in oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula and a severe lung phenotype. Mutant mice lacking both Gli2 and Gli3 function did not form oesophagus, trachea and lung. These results indicate that Gli2 and Gli3 possess specific and overlapping functions in Shh signalling during foregut development, and suggest that mutations in GLI genes may be involved in human foregut malformations.

Diminished Sonic hedgehog signaling and lack of floor plate differentiation in Gli2 mutant mice

Floor plate cells at the midline of the neural tube are specified by high-level activity of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) secreted by notochord, whereas motor neurons are thought to be specified by a lower level activity of Shh secreted in turn by floor plate cells. In Drosophila, the Gli zinc finger protein Cubitus interruptus functions as a transcription factor activating Hedgehog-responsive genes. We report that the expression of known Shh-responsive genes such as Ptc and Gli1 is downregulated in mutant mice lacking Gli2 function. Gli2 mutants fail to develop a floor plate yet still develop motor neurons, which occupy the ventral midline of the neural tube. Our results imply that Gli2 is required to mediate high level but not low level Shh activity and show that the development of motor neurons can occur in the absence of floor plate induction.

Glutathione depletion associated with the HIV-1 TAT protein mediates the extracellular appearance of acidic fibroblast growth factor

Primary murine embryonic fibroblasts transfected with HIV-1 TAT demonstrated decreased levels of high energy phosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP/CTP), adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), and both NAD+/NADH redox pairs, resulting in a substantial loss of redox poise. A greater than 50% decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration was accompanied by the extracellular appearance of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1). Addition of either N-acetyl-L-cysteine or glutathione ester (GSE), but not L-2-oxothiazolidine 4-carboxylate, partially restored intracellular GSH levels and resulted in loss of extracellular FGF-1. Treatment of FGF-1-transduced cells with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in total cellular GSH concentration that was accompanied by the extracellular appearance of FGF-1. Inclusion of GSE during BSO treatment eliminated the extracellular appearance of FGF-1. BSO treatment of cells transfected with a mutant form of FGF-1, in which all three cysteine residues were replaced with serines, also decreased total cellular GSH concentration but failed to induce the extracellular appearance of FGF-1. Collectively, these results suggest that HIV-1 TAT induces a condition of oxidative stress, which mediates cellular secretion of FGF-1, an observation relevant to the pathophysiologic development and progression of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.

The clinical characteristics of possession disorder among 20 Chinese patients in the Hebei province of China

OBJECTIVE

This paper describes the clinical characteristics of 20 hospitalized psychiatric patients in the Hebei province of China who believed they were possessed.

METHODS

A structured interview focused on clinical characteristics associated with possession phenomena was developed and administered to 20 patients at eight hospitals in the province. All patients had been given the Chinese diagnosis of yi-ping (hysteria) by Chinese physicians before being recruited for the study.

RESULTS

The subjects' mean age was 37 years. Most were women from rural areas with little education. Major events reported to precede possession included interpersonal conflicts, subjectively meaningful circumstances, illness, and death of an individual or dreaming of a deceased individual. Possessing agents were thought to be spirits of deceased individuals, deities, animals, and devils. Twenty percent of subjects reported multiple possessions. The initial experience of possession typically came on acutely and often became a chronic relapsing illness. Almost all subjects manifested the two symptoms of loss of control over their actions and acting differently. They frequently showed loss of awareness of surroundings, loss of personal identity, inability to distinguish reality from fantasy, change in tone of voice, and loss of perceived sensitivity to pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary findings indicate that the disorder is a syndrome with distinct clinical characteristics that adheres most closely to the DSM-IV diagnosis of dissociative trance disorder under the category of dissociative disorder not otherwise specified.

Sex hormones and renal nitric oxide synthases

The present study was undertaken to determine whether sex hormones influence nitric oxide synthase levels in the kidney. Five groups of rats were studied: males, castrated males, females, oophorectomized females, and oophorectomized females receiving estradiol replacement therapy. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels in the kidney were measured by Western blotting. eNOS levels were significantly greater in the renal medulla of female rats compared with male rats (3545 +/- 473 versus 2418 +/- 205 densitometry units (DU), P < 0.05). Oophorectomy reduced renal medullary eNOS levels to that of intact male rats (2566 +/- 304 DU, P = NS). Estrogen replacement therapy significantly increased medullary eNOS levels in oophorectomized animals (3249 +/- 377 versus 2302 +/- 213 DU, P < 0.05). Renal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were measured after induction with lipopolysaccharide. iNOS levels were significantly greater in the renal medulla of female rats compared with male rats (677 +/- 253 versus 252 +/- 12 DU, P < 0.05). Oophorectomy reduced renal medullary iNOS levels to that of intact male rats (295 +/- 57 DU, P = NS). In contrast, estrogen replacement therapy significantly increased medullary iNOS levels in oophorectomized animals (682 +/- 356 versus 160 +/- 92 DU, P < 0.05). Steady-state levels of mRNA for iNOS were found to be higher in the inner medulla of female rats compared with male rats (1519 +/- 211 versus 899 +/- 105 DU, P < 0.05). In contrast to these findings, sex hormones failed to influence nitric oxide production or iNOS levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mesangial cells in culture. These results suggest that gender may influence renal medullary synthesis of nitric oxide.

[Expression of P21, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in human bladder cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To study the expression of cancer gene product and anti-cancer gene product in the same bladder cancer.

METHODS

Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression of P21, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in 5 normal bladder tissues and 58 bladder cancers.

RESULTS

No P21, p53 and PCNA were expressed in the 5 normal bladder tissue samples. The positive incidence of P21, p53 and PCAN expression in the bladder cancers were 62.1%, 55.2% and 58.6% respectively. p53 and PCNA were located in cell nuclei and P21 located on the cell membrane in bladder cancer. The expression of P21, p53 and PCNA correlated to the stage, clinical grade and patient survival rates of this tumor.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that P21, p53 and PCNA immunolabelling may be used to determine the prognosis of bladder cancer patients.

[Cloning and permanent expression in eukaryotic cells of rhTpo]

OBJECTIVE

To obtain recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTpo).

METHODS

rhTpo gene was cloned from fetal liver mRNA by means of RT-PCR and subcloned into permanent expressing plasmid RC/CMV in order to form a recombinant permanent expressing plasmid RC/CMV/Tpo.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

After being transferred into CHO cells, the eukaryotic permanent expression of rhTpo, which can enhance murine megakaryocyte colony growth in vitro, was obtained.

Immunolocalization of acidic fibroblast growth factor and receptors in the tubulointerstitial compartment of chronically rejected human renal allografts

Tubular damage and loss associated with interstitial inflammation and fibrosis may be the most important determinants in chronic renal allograft rejection. To elucidate potential pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with tubulointerstitial lesions, we examined the expression of a fibrogenic cytokine, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) and its high-affinity receptors, in both relevant renal transplant controls (n=5) and tissue from patients (n=19) who underwent nephrectomy after graft loss, secondary to chronic rejection. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated minimal expression of FGF-1 mRNA and protein in the tubulointerstitial compartment of the normal human kidney. In contrast, tubulointerstitial lesions in kidney allografts experiencing chronic rejection demonstrated the exaggerated appearance of both FGF-1 protein and mRNA in resident inflammatory and tubular epithelial cells. Patterns of staining were consistent throughout tubular compartments and did not appear to be localized to any particular region. The tubulointerstitium in kidneys with findings of chronic rejection also exhibited increased immunodetection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the tubular epithelium, inflammatory cell infiltrate, and neovascular structures. The enhanced appearance of FGF-1 and readily detectable fibroblast growth factor receptors suggests that this polypeptide mitogen may serve as an important mediator of growth and repair responses, associated with development of angiogenesis and tubulointerstitial lesions during chronic rejection of human renal allografts.

[Studies on selectivity of recognizing factor for rmf promoter]

The truncted DNA template carrying rmf gene promoter was transcripted by E. coli RNA polymorase holoenzyme (E sigma) reconstituted with core enzyme (alpha 2 beta beta') and sigma 70 or sigma 38 in vitro. The initional site of the transcription of rmf was confirmed with different restriction endonuclease. rmf promoter can be recognized by E sigma 70 but not E sigma 38. The suitable temperature for in vitro transcription was 37 degrees C, NaCl concentration was 50 mmol/L.

Vibrio harveyi NADPH:FMN oxidoreductase: preparation and characterization of the apoenzyme and monomer-dimer equilibrium

A rapid chromatography method was developed for the preparation of apoenzyme of Vibrio harveyi NADPH:FMN oxidoreductase with > or =80% yields. The apoenzyme bound one FMN per enzyme monomer with a dissociation constant of 0.2 microM at 23 degrees C. The reconstituted holoenzyme was catalytically as active as the native enzyme. FMN binding resulted in 87 and 92% of quenching of protein and flavin fluorescence, respectively, indicating a conformational difference between the apoprotein and the holoenzyme. Neither riboflavin nor FAD showed any appreciable binding to the cofactor site of the apoenzyme but both flavins were active substrates for the FMN-containing holoenzyme. 2-ThioFMN bound to the cofactor site of the apoenzyme with an affinity similar to that for FMN binding. The holoenzyme reconstituted with 2-thioFMN showed a 509-nm absorption peak, which represents a 19-nm red shift from the corresponding peak of the free flavin, and was catalytically active in using either FMN or 2-thioFMN as a substrate. The holoenzyme showed a concentration dependence in molecular sieve chromatography corresponding to higher apparent molecular weights at higher concentrations. Both the holoenzyme and the apoenzyme was shown at 4 degrees C by equilibrium ultracentrifugation to undergo dimerization with dissociation constants of 1.8 and 3.3 microM, respectively.

Effects of sex hormones on mesangial cell proliferation and collagen synthesis

In a variety of renal diseases, males progress at a more rapid rate and have a more fulminant course than females. This gender difference may be related to the direct effects of sex hormones on the cells of the kidney. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied the effects of estrogens and testosterone on mesangial cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. At 48 hours, estradiol at 10 nM and 100 nM had a modest proliferative effect on cultured mesangial cells, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation into DNA and direct cell counting. This estradiol effect was fully reversed by Tamoxifen (1 microM). Estradiol had no effect on cellular proliferation at 1 microM concentrations, but suppressed proliferation at 10 microM doses. Testosterone had a modest but statistically insignificant effect on proliferation at 10 nM and 100 nM concentrations but no effect at 1 microM or 10 microM. Neither estradiol nor testosterone at 10 microM affected total cellular protein accumulation. Estradiol at 1 microM and 10 microM, markedly suppressed total collagen synthesis as measured by 3H proline incorporation, and specifically suppressed the synthesis of collagen types I and IV, as measured by immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis. Testosterone did not affect collagen synthesis. Estradiol also reduced the steady state message for the alpha 2 chain of type I collagen, while testosterone had no effect. Neither estradiol nor testosterone affected the steady state message for TGF beta or EGF. The direct effects of estradiol on mesangial cell collagen generation may help explain the slower development of glomerulosclerosis in women and therefore the "protective" effect of female gender on the progression of renal disease.

[Studies on modulation and control sigma 38 and RMF for the expression of some genes]

The E. coli mutants and wild type strains of rpoS and rmf were cultured in rich medium LB and limited component medium EP respectively. During the stationary phase, the viable cells of mutants were less than wild type strains's. The change of the product of serial proteins was quantified with Western blot. Sigma 38 has not effects on the product of rpoA, rpoB, rpoC, groE and tu gene, depress the transcription of crp and promote the expression of rmf. RMF can promote expression of rpoA, rpoD, groEl, rho, ompA and tufA gene in rich medium, but not in limited medium, and then depress and promote the expression of crp and rpoS respectively.

Immunolocalization of FGF-1 and receptors in human renal allograft vasculopathy associated with chronic rejection

Despite recognition of chronic vasculo-occlusive disease in solid organ transplantation, the exact pathophysiologic events resulting in neointima formation remain to be elucidated. Since acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) is an established modulator of vascular cell function, we examined the expression of this growth factor and its high affinity receptors in both relevant renal transplant controls (n = 5) and tissue from patients (n = 19) who underwent nephrectomy following graft loss secondary to chronic rejection. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated minimal vascular expression and distribution of FGF-1 and FGF high affinity receptors in the normal human kidney. In contrast, vascular lesions in kidney allografts experiencing chronic rejection demonstrated the exaggerated appearance of FGF-1 ligand and receptors. Immunoreactive FGF-1 readily was detected in medial smooth muscle cells and focal areas of intimal hyperplasia, particularly in association with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate. Enhanced staining for FGF-1 mRNA primarily was associated with the appearance of resident inflammatory cells. Medial smooth muscle cells of hyperplastic vascular structures demonstrated the greatest immunoappearance of FGF receptors-however, diffuse immunostaining also was observed in areas of intimal hyperplasia. The enhanced appearance of both FGF-1 and FGF receptors in the vascular wall suggests that this polypeptide mitogen may serve as an important mediator of growth responses associated with neointima development and angiogenesis during chronic rejection of human renal allografts.

Immunolocalization of FGF-1 and receptors in glomerular lesions associated with chronic human renal allograft rejection

Glomerular lesions are considered one of the more detrimental pathologic changes associated with chronic rejection of renal allografts. To elucidate potential pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with transplant glomerulopathy, we examined the expression of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) and its high-affinity receptors (FGFR) in both relevant renal transplant controls (n=5) and tissue from patients (n=19) who underwent nephrectomy following graft loss secondary to chronic rejection. In situ immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated minimal staining and distribution of FGFR and FGF-1, which was localized to the mesangial matrix in glomeruli from normal human kidneys. In situ hybridization failed to detect the presence of FGF-1 mRNA in control tissue. In contrast, each stage of the developing glomerular lesion associated with chronic rejection demonstrated the exaggerated appearance of FGF-1 protein in visceral and parietal epithelial cells. Intense staining for FGF-1 protein did not correlate with the increased appearance of FGF-1 mRNA, which was restricted to circulating inflammatory cells. Glomeruli in kidneys with findings of chronic rejection also exhibited increased immunodetection of both FGFR and PCNA in mesangial and epithelial cells. Immunogold labeling of chronically rejected visceral epithelial cells revealed both cytoplasmic and nuclear/localization of FGF-1, thereby establishing mitogenic potential of the growth factor. The enhanced appearance of both biologically active FGF-1 and FGFR suggests that this polypeptide may serve as an important mediator of growth responses associated with glomerular lesion development during chronic rejection.

Promoter selectivity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase E sigma 70 and E sigma 38 holoenzymes. Effect of DNA supercoiling

The functional specificity was compared between two sigma factors, sigma 70 (the major sigma at exponentially growing phase) and sigma 38 (the essential sigma at stationary growth phase), of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The core enzyme binding affinity of sigma 38 was less than half the level of sigma 70 as measured by gel filtration column chromatography or by titrating the concentration of sigma required for the maximum transcription in the presence of a fixed amount of core enzyme. In addition, the holoenzyme concentration required for the maximum transcription of a fixed amount of templates was higher for E sigma 38 than E sigma 70. The transcription by E sigma 38 was, however, enhanced with the use of templates with low superhelical density, in good agreement with the decrease in DNA superhelicity in the stationary growth phase. We thus propose that the selective transcription of stationary-specific genes by E sigma 38 holoenzyme requires either a specific reaction condition(s) or a specific factor(s) such as template DNA with low superhelical density.

[Role of PCR and dot bolt hybridization in the detection of human papillomavirus of the penile cancer]

Human papillomavirus (HPV), a oncogenicpotential, may be carcinogenic effectors in variety of genital tract malignancies. We examined the association of human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 in 28 penile cancers by the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction and dot bolt hybridization. Human papillomavirus type 16 was found in 14 of 28 penile cancers (50%), whereas type 18 was identified in 3 of 28 penile cancers (10.6%). Our results suggest humanpapillomavirus type 16 may play a role in the development of this tumor and associate with smoking and ages of patients.

Comparison of the allatostatin neuropeptide precursors in the distantly related cockroaches Periplaneta americana and Diploptera punctata

Allatostatins are a family of insect neuropeptides that inhibit juvenile hormone biosynthesis by the corpora allata. We have characterized cDNA and genomic DNA sequences that specify a preproallatostatin precursor in the oviparous cockroach Periplaneta americana. Comparison of this precursor with that previously described [Donly, B. C., Ding, Q., Tobe, S. S. & Bendena, W. G. (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8807-8811] for the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata revealed several common features. First, the precursors are remarkably similar in size and the organization of the peptides within the precursor is conserved. The separation of the peptides into groups by acidic domains within the precursor has been maintained. The P. americana precursor contains 14 allatostatin-like peptides that contain the core C-terminal sequence (Tyr/Phe)-Xaa-Phe-Gly-(Leu/Ile)-NH2, as compared to the D. punctata precursor, which contains 13. Five of the peptides are perfectly conserved between the two species. The remainder, with one exception, contain amino acid substitutions in the N-terminal address portion of the peptide. Several features of expression are also similar between these two species. In both, a single copy gene specifies a large allatostatin transcript of 5.0 kb in P. americana and 9.2 kb in D. punctata. In P. americana, allatostatin transcripts appear to be produced by numerous cells in different regions of the brain.

[The study of p53 gene mutation in human bladder cancer]

Alteration of p53 gene and the molecular biological difference between superficial and invasive bladder cancer were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing technique. p53 gene mutations were examined in exon region 5 to 8 in 21 bladder cancers. Only one of 14 superficial bladder cancers was found to have p53 gene mutation. Four of 7 invasive bladder cancers with T2, T3 and T4 were found to have p53 gene mutation. p53 gene mutation was found none of the 4 cancers with grade 1, only one of cancers with grade 2, four of 12 cancers with grade 3. These results suggest that p53 gene play an important role in the development of human bladder cancer.

Promoter selectivity control of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase by ionic strength: differential recognition of osmoregulated promoters by E sigma D and E sigma S holoenzymes

Transcription in vitro of two osmoregulated promoters, for the Escherichia coli osmB and osmY genes, was analysed using two species of RNA polymerase holoenzyme reconstituted from purified core enzyme and either sigma D (sigma 70, the major sigma in exponentially growing cells) or sigma S (sigma 38, the principal sigma at stationary growth phase). Under conditions of low ionic strength, the osmB and osmY promoters were transcribed by both E sigma D and E sigma S. Addition of up to 400 mM potassium glutamate (K glutamate), mimicking the intracellular ionic conditions under hyperosmotic stress, specifically enhanced transcription at these promoters by E sigma S but inhibited that by E sigma D. At similar high concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl), however, initiation at both these promoters was virtually undetectable. These data suggest that the RNA polymerase, E sigma S, itself can sense osmotic stress by responding to changes in intracellular K glutamate concentrations and altering its promoter selectivity in order to recognize certain osmoregulated promoters.

Molecular cloning of the gene for the allatostatin family of neuropeptides from the cockroach Diploptera punctata

Allatostatins (ASTs) are insect neuropeptides that inhibit juvenile hormone biosynthesis by the corpora allata. We have isolated a cDNA from the cockroach Diploptera punctata that encodes a 41.5-kDa precursor polypeptide containing the AST family of peptides. Translation of the cDNA revealed a 370-amino acid pre-pro-peptide consisting of 13 AST-type peptides and appropriate processing sites for endoproteolytic cleavage and amidation. The 13 potential AST sequences are characterized by the C-terminal AST corestructure Phe-Gly-Leu-NH2, with only one exception. Separating the clustered ASTs in the precursor, three acidic spacer regions are found. Contained within the largest of these are two potentially related peptides that may also be processed. Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of a single copy of the AST gene per haploid genome, as well as the probability that the gene may be present in at least two allelic forms. In situ hybridization indicated the AST-encoding gene is expressed in neurosecretory cells of D. punctata brain.

CSF cholinesterase in early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia of Chinese patients

Using Ellman spectrophotometric method we measured the total cholinesterase (ChE) activity in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 13 persons without neurological disorder, 10 non-demented patients with cerebral infarcts, 17 patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) (11 presenile, 6 senile cases), 10 patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID), 1 patient with Parkinson's disease associated with dementia. The ChE activity in CSF was significantly lower in the DAT group compared with age-matched control subjects (p < 0.001). This paper also analyses the possibility of using CSF ChE activity as a marker of DAT, and the relationships between its level of activity and the age of the patient at onset, stage of illness and severity of dementia as well as discrepancies in the data published so far. Previous work has shown that ChE activity in the brain tissue and CSF of MID is normal: therefore, if low ChE activity is found in the CSF of MID patients, as was obtained in 8 out of 10 cases in our series, the diagnosis of mixed dementia should be considered.

[Clinical study of qianxining in the treatment of 60 cases of yang hyperactivity due to yin deficiency type of hypertension]

60 cases with Yang Hyperactivity due to Yin Deficiency type of hypertension were randomly divided into two groups. One was treated with TCM and the other with WM as control. The results showed that: (1) there were no significant differences in the total effective rate and the amplitude of lowering of blood pressure between two groups; (2) the improvement of symptoms and disturbance of autonomic nerve was significant in TCM group in comparison with control; (3) there were some changes in HR, SV, plasma PRA, TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha level in both groups, but the decrease of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1 alpha ratio was significant in TCM group only (P < 0.05); (4) TC and TG in patients with hyperlipemia showed a remarkable drop in TCM group (P < 0.02; P < 0.005). All these revealed that Qianxining was a satisfactory hypotensive remedy and a further exploration of its mechanism is suggested.

[Effects of hand electroacupuncture on the mean value of cAMP content and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in the tissue of various areas of the rat brain]

The results showed that the mean value of cAMP content in rats endbrain treated by electroacupuncture was obviously reduced than control group. The content of cAMP in the diencephalon and brain stem, the activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in the whole brain were raised and they show the positive relation with the excite intensity respectively. These experimental results might be taken as a basis for using the hand electroacupuncture for treatment of schizophrenia, manic state and depressive state. This experiment showed the treatment mechanisms of the hand electroacupuncture in accordance with ECT therapy.