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Reid E, Morrison N, Barron L, Boyd E, Cooke A, Fielding D, Tolmie JL. Familial Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome resulting from a cryptic translocation: a clinical and molecular study. J Med Genet 1996; 33:197-202. [PMID: 8728691 PMCID: PMC1051867 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We present three cousins who have normal karyotypes, despite having clinical features of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation techniques confirmed that all three relatives were monosomic for the distal short arm of chromosome 4 and that a cryptic translocation involving chromosomes 4 and 11 was segregating within the family. Segregation analysis indicated that the risk of an affected child being born to a parent carrying the translocation was 15%. Molecular analysis showed that loci D4S111 and D4S115 were not deleted in the proband, thus excluding these loci from the "Wolf-Hirschhorn critical region". Surprisingly, DNA studies also suggested that the translocation breakpoint on chromosome 4 was within the region of a preexisting paracentric inversion.
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Nagy J, Clark JS, Cooke A, Campbell AM, Connor JM, Purushotham AD, George WD. Expression and loss of heterozygosity of c-met proto-oncogene in primary breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 1995; 60:95-9. [PMID: 7564388 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The c-met proto-oncogene encodes the receptor to hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor (HGF-SF), a mesenchyme-derived cytokine with cell-dissociating, invasion, and angiogenic properties. The expression of c-met in breast cancer is the subject of controversy; 111 primary breast cancers were examined for LOH of c-met by Southern blot electrophoresis. c-met expression was measured in a further 40 patients with breast cancer and in 8 patients with benign breast disease by flow cytometry. LOH of c-met was detected in only 4% of informative breast cancers. Expression of c-met was significantly greater in patients with breast cancer than in those with benign breast disease (P < 0.01, Mann-Whitney). There was no correlation however between increased c-met expression and clinicopathological prognostic variables. These results do not support the role of c-met as a tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer but suggest increased receptor expression in malignant breast disease. The significance of this increased expression in breast cancer is the subject of further investigation.
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Gu D, O'Reilly L, Molony L, Cooke A, Sarvetnick N. The role of infiltrating macrophages in islet destruction and regrowth in a transgenic model. J Autoimmun 1995; 8:483-92. [PMID: 7492345 DOI: 10.1016/0896-8411(95)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in pancreatic beta cells leads to a complex pathology that represents the processes of both islet destruction and islet regeneration. Inflammatory cells and the factors elicited from them participate in the development of pathology in this transgenic model. To dissect the role of infiltrating macrophages in these events, the monoclonal directed against the type 3 complement receptor (5C6) was utilized to inhibit the extravasation of macrophages. This was approached by treating transgenic mice with 5C6 for 3 or 4 months, starting from 5-7 days of age. The data presented in this report demonstrate that infiltrating macrophages are important in the observed induction of diabetes in our transgenic model. We also found that infiltrating macrophages did not play a major role in the observed proliferation and islet regeneration, but some interesting subtleties regarding the regulation of this proliferative process emerged.
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Hutchings PR, Cooke A. Comparative study of the protective effect afforded by intravenous administration of bovine or ovine insulin to young NOD mice. Diabetes 1995; 44:906-10. [PMID: 7621995 DOI: 10.2337/diab.44.8.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Soluble bovine or ovine insulin given intravenously to female NOD mice shortly after weaning had a downregulating effect on several autoimmune parameters associated with insulin-dependent diabetes. The titer of spontaneous anti-insulin antibodies was reduced, insulitis was delayed and less severe, and only 25% of treated mice were diabetic at 30 weeks compared with 70% of untreated mice. An interesting paradox occurred in that bovine insulin, although poorly immunogenic in NOD mice and ineffective as a tolerogen for complete Freund's adjuvant-induced cellular and humoral responses to ovine insulin, was nearly as effective as immunogenic ovine insulin in protecting against diabetes and better than ovine insulin at downregulating spontaneous autoantibodies to insulin. Bovine and ovine insulins differ by only one amino acid on the A-chain loop, but whereas modulation of the induced response to ovine insulin appeared to be sheep-specific, modulation of the induced and spontaneous autoimmunity was achieved almost equally well by bovine or ovine insulin. We suggest therefore that modulation of the induced and spontaneous responses are dependent on different T-cell epitopes and that modulation of spontaneous autoimmunity appears to be governed by an epitope common to both insulins.
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Abstract
Under normal circumstances, most of the lumenal iron taken into the intestinal mucosal cell is stored within the cell as ferritin and subsequently is lost in the faeces when the cell exfoliates at the end of its lifespan. To evaluate whether faecal iron proteins reflect mucosal cell iron as well as whole body iron and to examine further the kinetics of gastrointestinal iron transport, faecal H-rich and L-rich ferritin were measured in normal subjects and patients with iron deficiency and genetic haemochromatosis. In normal and iron-deficient subjects, the concentration of L-rich but not H-rich faecal ferritin correlated closely with body iron status. In genetic haemochromatosis, the faecal L-rich and H-rich ferritin concentrations were lower than expected for their body iron status. The administration of oral iron to normal subjects led to a rise in L-rich ferritin. Administration of oral or parenteral iron to patients with iron deficiency led to a prompt rise in both forms of faecal ferritin, although the relative increase of L-rich ferritin was greater than that of H-rich ferritin with oral iron administration. Faecal ferritin correlated closely with iron stores in normals and patients with iron deficiency but faecal ferritin levels were lower than expected in genetic haemochromatosis, similar to that previously noted in the duodenal mucosal cells of these patients.
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Healey D, Ozegbe P, Arden S, Chandler P, Hutton J, Cooke A. In vivo activity and in vitro specificity of CD4+ Th1 and Th2 cells derived from the spleens of diabetic NOD mice. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:2979-85. [PMID: 7769140 PMCID: PMC295987 DOI: 10.1172/jci118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell lines were generated from the spleens of diabetic NOD mice against crude membrane preparations derived from a rat insulinoma. Adoptive transfer of these lines into neonatal mice confirms that overt diabetes is induced by gamma-IFN-secreting Th1 cells, whereas transfer of IL-4-secreting Th2 cells resulted in a nondestructive peri-islet insulitis. Analysis of the antigens recognized by individual T cell clones from the Th1 line included reactivity against an insulinoma membrane fraction enriched in proteins of approximately 38 kD. Immune responses to the same antigen preparation have been associated with T cell clones derived from human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The specificity of Th2 cells includes reactivity to a fraction enriched in proteins of 30 kD. The data suggest that in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus the balance between beta cell destruction, associated with intra-islet infiltration, and nondestructive (potential protective) peri-islet insulitis may depend on both the antigens recognized, and the prevailing cytokine environment.
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Whiteford ML, Coutts J, al-Roomi L, Mather A, Lowther G, Cooke A, Vaughan JI, Moore GE, Tolmie JL. Uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 16 in a growth-retarded infant with congenital heart disease. Prenat Diagn 1995; 15:579-84. [PMID: 7659692 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970150613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a growth-retarded infant with congenital heart disease and maternal isodisomy for chromosome 16. Non-mosaic trisomy 16 was detected at mid-trimester chorionic villus sampling, performed because biochemical screening indicated an increased Down's syndrome risk. Further karyotyping analysis of the placenta, after delivery, showed a 50 per cent mosaic trisomy 16. The infant had an atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect, scoliosis, and several minor dysmorphic features. Although uniparental disomy for chromosome 16 has been reported previously, to our knowledge this is the first case of uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 16 which has been investigated with multiple DNA probes.
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Cooke A, Partington A. The battle for Hastings. THE HEALTH SERVICE JOURNAL 1995; 105:29. [PMID: 10143681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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85
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Parish NM, Hutchings PR, O'Reilly L, Quartey-Papafio R, Healey D, Ozegbe P, Cooke A. Tolerance induction as a therapeutic strategy for the control of autoimmune endocrine disease in mouse models. Immunol Rev 1995; 144:269-300. [PMID: 7590817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This chapter aims to describe ways in which autoimmunity can be prevented or reversed and 'self-tolerance' re-established. To this end we have largely restricted our overview to the two main autoimmune disease models with which we are involved, i.e. IDDM in NOD mice and EAT in H-2k mice although, where appropriate and to demonstrate a particular point, other models are mentioned. The chapter has been divided into sections covering protection afforded by 1) transgenes, 2) autoantigen and 3) by reagents targetting T-cell surface molecules. Where established, the mechanism by which protection or tolerance is achieved is described but where, as in most cases, it is unknown the possibilities are discussed. Investigations using T-cell lines and clones and on islet regeneration which are currently being followed as part of a comprehensive approach to the study of autoimmunity are included as separate sections and their relevance discussed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ovarian ultrasonography may be helpful in distinguishing the various types of precocious puberty, and the ovarian appearances increasingly influence choice of therapy in these girls. We examined retrospectively the ovarian volume and prevalence of polycystic ovarian appearance at ultrasound in girls with sexual precocity. DESIGN Ultrasound examinations were obtained from girls who presented with sexual precocity. If there were several scans from the same individual, the latest was analysed. PATIENTS The girls were divided into groups: untreated central precocious puberty (n = 25), central precocious puberty treated with GnRH analogue (n = 18) or with GnRH analogue and recombinant human GH (n = 11), girls who had stopped treatment with GnRH analogue and GH (n = 12), premature thelarche and thelarche variant (n = 15) and premature adrenarche (n = 14). MEASUREMENTS Ovarian volume was calculated and the ovaries were assessed for polycystic appearance using standard criteria. Ovarian volume standard deviation (SD) scores were calculated using means and standard deviations derived from a control population and compared using analysis of variance. Differences from control data were assessed using Student's t-test. RESULTS Ovarian volume SD scores for all the groups studied were greater than those for control subjects. Girls who had stopped treatment with GnRH analogue and GH had mean ovarian volume of 6.98 ml and ovarian volume SD score (+1.72) greater than that of girls having treatment with GnRH analogue alone (+1.24). Polycystic appearance ovaries were found in 83% of scans in girls who had stopped treatment with GnRH analogue and GH. The ovarian volume SD score of girls with premature adrenarche was less than that of girls with untreated central precocious puberty. CONCLUSIONS Girls with central precocious puberty had large ovaries which did not return to a volume appropriate for age. Girls treated with GnRH analogue and GH developed very large ovaries when they stopped treatment, and had an increased prevalence of ovaries with a polycystic appearance. Central precocious puberty, or some aspect of its treatment, results in an increased prevalence of polycystic ovarian appearance.
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Parish NM, Cooke A. Animal models of autoimmune endocrine disease and their uses in developing new methods of intervention. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1995; 9:175-98. [PMID: 7726796 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-351x(95)80915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This review provides basic information concerning the major animal models in use for the study of autoimmune endocrine diseases (AEDs). Although several other models exist which parallel human AEDs such as autoimmune orchitis, most research in this area has centred on animal models of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and thyroiditis. These models, between them, appear to exhibit most of the disease manifestations of their human counterparts and thereby permit the study of possible methods of intervention in the disease process. While no one model represents a perfect correlation with the human disease it represents, common characteristics are recognizable between them. For instance, the central role of activated T cells in controlling the disease process. The chapter continues by examining the various ways in which models of autoimmunity, specifically IDDM and experimental allergic thyroiditis (EAT), have been used to investigate the possibility of preventing or arresting autoimmune destruction. Several different approaches are described that illustrate the variety of techniques that have proven both potentially, or in reality, effective and those that have proven less efficacious than first hoped.
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Colucci F, Dahl U, O'Reilly L, Cooke A, Chandler P, Simpson E, Matsunaga T. Non-diabetogenic insulitis in NOD<-->B10.GD allophenic mice in spite of permissive class I MHC antigens. Scand J Immunol 1994; 40:659-64. [PMID: 7997856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Allophenic mice (embryo aggregation mouse chimeras) enable us to dissect the process of spontaneous autoimmunity under physiological conditions. Our previous experiments showed that the autoimmune process in allophenic mice of the NOD<-->C57B1/6 strain combination does not progress from insulitis to diabetes. One possible explanation for this protection is that H-2 Kd-restricted CD8+ T cells kill only NOD beta cells (Kd,Db) in the chimeric islets, while the B6 beta cells (Kb,Db) are spared from destruction. To test this hypothesis we analysed 22 NOD<-->B10.GD chimeras in which the class I MHC are shared by both parental strains. Therefore all the beta cells in these chimeras express H-2 Kd molecules. Ten allophenic mice were killed at 7 weeks and studied for early pathology. No evidence for intra-islet infiltration was obtained at this age, suggesting that the autoimmune process in NOD<-->B10.GD chimeras is slower than in NOD mice. Twelve chimeras were followed up for 1 year for disease development and all failed to progress to full-blown diabetes, despite the occurrence of intra-insulitis in six out of 12 mice. The lack of disease in NOD<-->B10.GD chimeras demonstrates that class I MHC chimerism does not account for diabetes resistance in NOD-allophenic mice.
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Chu CE, Cooke A, Stephenson JB, Tolmie JL, Clarke B, Parry-Jones WL, Connor JM, Donaldson MD. Diagnosis in Prader-Willi syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1994; 71:441-2. [PMID: 7826116 PMCID: PMC1030061 DOI: 10.1136/adc.71.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thirty one patients with the putative diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome were reassessed clinically and by DNA analysis. Eleven patients were judged not to have Prader-Willi syndrome and 20 to have the condition. This was confirmed by DNA analysis in all but one case. The diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome, especially in early infancy, should be made with caution unless confirmed by molecular genetic studies.
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Baxter AG, Horsfall AC, Healey D, Ozegbe P, Day S, Williams DG, Cooke A. Mycobacteria precipitate an SLE-like syndrome in diabetes-prone NOD mice. Immunol Suppl 1994; 83:227-31. [PMID: 7835939 PMCID: PMC1414944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop organ-specific autoimmunity and are widely used as a model for diabetes. Aged NOD mice also exhibit some features of non-organ-specific autoimmune rheumatic disease such as anti-nuclear antibodies and late-onset haemolytic anaemia. Here, we report that a single dose of 2.6 x 10(7) heat-killed bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) i.v. in 8-week-old NOD mice prevented diabetes but precipitated a syndrome similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Treated mice developed haemolytic anaemia, anti-DNA and anti-Sm anti-nuclear autoantibodies and an increased severity of sialadenitis. Perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the kidneys and glomerular immune complex deposition were also found. The action of BCG appeared to be mediated by an adjuvant-like activity as treated mice showed a substantial increase in reticuloendothelial cell function and enhanced antigen presentation capacity.
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91
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Cooke A, Mandel TE. Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. J Endocrinol Invest 1994; 17:586-93. [PMID: 7829835 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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92
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Cooke A, Mandell T. Spontaneous loss of T-cell tolerance to glutamic acid decarboxylase in murine insulin-dependent diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 1994; 17:585-93. [PMID: 7829834 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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93
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Repper J, Ford R, Cooke A. How can nurses build trusting relationships with people who have severe and long-term mental health problems? Experiences of case managers and their clients. J Adv Nurs 1994; 19:1096-104. [PMID: 7930090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the shift in recent policy toward people with severe and long-term mental health problems, there is considerable evidence that mental health nurses tend to prioritize clients with acute, neurotic or short-term problems and become demoralized when working with people with persistent needs and disabilities. Mental health nurses need to find ways of developing effective relationships with these people in order to offer a service which the client is not only willing to engage in, but takes an active part in, and which allows care providers to derive satisfaction from their work. Through 46 in-depth interviews with case managers (working specifically with people with long-term mental health problems) and their clients, this qualitative study provides some guidelines for mental health nurses working in this field. Analysis of the interviews revealed that both clients and case managers focused on the problems and strategies associated with developing and maintaining relationships with one another. Furthermore, the interviews suggested that case managers adopted a philosophy for working that enabled both clients and case managers to feel positive about the work. The principles of this value base, and the way it was used in the process of case management, are explored in this account.
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O'Reilly LA, Healey D, Simpson E, Chandler P, Lund T, Ritter MA, Cooke A. Studies on the thymus of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice: effect of transgene expression. Immunology 1994; 82:275-86. [PMID: 7523287 PMCID: PMC1414832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a good model of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Autoreactive T cells may play a fundamental role in disease initiation in this model, while disregulation of such cells may result from an abnormal thymic microenvironment. Diabetes is prevented in NOD mice by direct introduction of an E alpha d transgene (NOD-E) or a modified I-A beta chain of NOD origin (NOD-PRO or NOD-ASP). To investigate if disease pathology in NOD mice, protection from disease in transgenic NOD-E and NOD-PRO and partial protection from disease in NOD-ASP can be attributed to alterations in the thymic microenvironment, immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis of the thymi of these mouse strains was studied. Thymi from NOD and NOD-E mice showed a progressive increase in thymic B-cell percentage from 12 weeks of age. This was accompanied by a concomitant loss in thymic epithelial cells with the appearance of large epithelial-free areas mainly at the corticomedullary junction, which increased in size and number with age and contained the B-cell clusters. Such thymic B cells did not express CD5 and were absent in CBA, NOD-ASP and NOD-PRO mice as were the epithelial cell-free spaces, even at 5 months of age. Therefore the mechanisms of disease protection in the transgenic NOD-E and NOD-ASP/NOD-PRO mice may differ if these thymic abnormalities are related to disease.
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95
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Baxter AG, Healey D, Cooke A. Mycobacteria precipitate autoimmune rheumatic disease in NOD mice via an adjuvant-like activity. Scand J Immunol 1994; 39:602-6. [PMID: 8009175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NOD mice spontaneously develop organ-specific autoimmunity and are widely used as a model for diabetes. NOD mice also exhibit some features of non-organ specific autoimmune rheumatic disease such as thymocytotoxic and anti-nuclear autoantibodies and they develop haemolytic anaemia in senescence. A single dose of 2.6 x 10(7) heat-killed Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) i.v. in 8-week-old NOD mice prevented diabetes but precipitated a syndrome similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which treated mice rapidly developed haemolytic anaemia, high titre anti-DNA and anti-Sm antinuclear autoantibodies, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the kidneys and glomerular immune complex deposition. Here, we examined the mechanism of action by which BCG precipitated rheumatic autoimmune disease in NOD mice. Two weeks after injection, reticuloendothelial cell function was dramatically increased in BCG-treated NOD mice. By 4 weeks, treated mice had a three- to four-fold increase in Mac-1+ and class-II+, B220-negative splenocytes and in vitro antigen-presentation capacity was enhanced two- to four-fold. In vivo responses to SRBC confirmed enhancement of DTH 4 weeks after BCG injection, consistent with an adjuvant-like activity.
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96
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Baxter AG, Cooke A. Peptide therapy for diabetes. Lancet 1994; 343:1169. [PMID: 7910264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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97
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Tan LB, Cooke A. Measurement of plasma brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure. Lancet 1994; 343:858. [PMID: 7908105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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98
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Abstract
Recent studies shed new light on the process by which T-cell tolerance to pancreatic beta-cell antigens breaks down, leading to the autoimmune disease insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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100
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Arngrímsson R, Geirsson RT, Cooke A, Connor M, Björnsson S, Walker JJ. Renin gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms do not show linkage with preeclampsia and eclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994; 73:10-3. [PMID: 7905691 DOI: 10.3109/00016349409013385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate linkage between the renin gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms in families with a history of preeclampsia/eclampsia. METHODS Nine Icelandic families with at least three affected females in two or three generations were investigated. DNA from lymphocytes was digested with the endonuclease restriction enzyme Bgl I and restriction fragments were transferred by Southern Blotting. Hybridisation was effected with the 32P-oligonucleotide-labeled diallelic genomic probe pHRnX 0.8. LOD scores were calculated by the Liped program for two forms of inheritance patterns. Affected sib pairs were analysed. RESULTS Frequencies of the 9.0 kb and 5.0 kb alleles were 0.67 and 0.33, with no significant differences between affected females and spouses and combined LOD scores of -2 for recombination values of 3%. Allele sharing in affected sibs was not different from the expected random assortment. CONCLUSION The linkage analysis provides evidence to exclude alteration of the renin gene in pregnancy as being directly responsible for the manifestations of preeclampsia or eclampsia in these families.
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