Shear-stress sensitive lenticular vesicles for targeted drug delivery

Atherosclerosis results in the narrowing of arterial blood vessels and this causes significant changes in the endogenous shear stress between healthy and constricted arteries. Nanocontainers that can release drugs locally with such rheological changes can be very useful. Here, we show that vesicles made from an artificial 1,3-diaminophospholipid are stable under static conditions but release their contents at elevated shear stress. These vesicles have a lenticular morphology, which potentially leads to instabilities along their equator. Using a model cardiovascular system based on polymer tubes and an external pump to represent shear stress in healthy and constricted vessels of the heart, we show that drugs preferentially release from the vesicles in constricted vessels that have high shear stress.

Anti-JC virus antibodies in a large German natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis cohort

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the rate of seropositivity of anti-JC virus (JCV) antibodies in a German multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort treated with natalizumab in the postmarketing setting and to assess anti-JCV serostatus in samples obtained before diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

METHODS

This was a blinded, retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis for anti-JCV antibodies using a confirmatory 2-step ELISA on 2,782 blood samples obtained from 2,253 patients nationwide for routine testing for anti-natalizumab antibodies during open-label treatment between 2007 and 2010.

RESULTS

Of the natalizumab-treated patients with MS, 58.8% tested positive for anti-JCV antibodies. The rate of seropositivity was higher in males and increased with age, with a plateau between age intervals 20-29 and 30-39 years. In longitudinal analyses, 19 of 194 (9.8%) patients converted from anti-JCV antibody-negative to seropositive status over 7.7 months; 4.7% reverted from antibody-positive to seronegative status over 7.9 months. Antibody levels, especially in the latter group, were low, indicating fluctuations around the lower cut point of the assay. Neither anti-JCV serostatus nor antibody levels were associated with immunosuppressive pretreatment, duration of natalizumab treatment, or anti-natalizumab antibodies. All samples obtained from 10 patients who developed PML were seropositive (13 samples before PML diagnosis [2.0-37.6 months]; 2 samples at diagnosis). Antibody levels in these samples were higher than those in samples from seropositive patients who did not develop PML.

CONCLUSIONS

These data argue for the potential clinical utility of JCV serology for PML risk stratification. However, further investigations of fluctuations in serostatus and of antibody levels for a more precise understanding of the predictive value are warranted.

Data analysis and data mining: current issues in biomedical informatics

BACKGROUND

Medicine and biomedical sciences have become data-intensive fields, which, at the same time, enable the application of data-driven approaches and require sophisticated data analysis and data mining methods. Biomedical informatics provides a proper interdisciplinary context to integrate data and knowledge when processing available information, with the aim of giving effective decision-making support in clinics and translational research.

OBJECTIVES

To reflect on different perspectives related to the role of data analysis and data mining in biomedical informatics.

METHODS

On the occasion of the 50th year of Methods of Information in Medicine a symposium was organized, which reflected on opportunities, challenges and priorities of organizing, representing and analysing data, information and knowledge in biomedicine and health care. The contributions of experts with a variety of backgrounds in the area of biomedical data analysis have been collected as one outcome of this symposium, in order to provide a broad, though coherent, overview of some of the most interesting aspects of the field.

RESULTS

The paper presents sections on data accumulation and data-driven approaches in medical informatics, data and knowledge integration, statistical issues for the evaluation of data mining models, translational bioinformatics and bioinformatics aspects of genetic epidemiology.

CONCLUSIONS

Biomedical informatics represents a natural framework to properly and effectively apply data analysis and data mining methods in a decision-making context. In the future, it will be necessary to preserve the inclusive nature of the field and to foster an increasing sharing of data and methods between researchers.

Country-specific birth weight and length in type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotypes in combination with prenatal characteristics

OBJECTIVE

To examine the relationship between high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes for type 1 diabetes and birth size in combination with prenatal ch aracteristics in different countries.

STUDY DESIGN

Four high-risk HLA genotypes were enrolled in the Environmental determinants of Diabetes in the Young study newborn babies from the general population in Finland, Germany, Sweden and the United States. Stepwise regression analyses were used to adjust for country, parental physical characteristics and environmental factors during pregnancy.

RESULT

Regression analyses did not reveal differences in birth size between the four type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotypes. Compared with DQ 4/8 in each country, (1) DQ 2/2 children were heavier in the United States (P=0.028) mostly explained however, by parental weight; (2) DQ 2/8 (P=0.023) and DQ 8/8 (P=0.046) children were longer in Sweden independent of parents height and as well as (3) in the United States for DQ 2/8 (P=0.023), but again dependent on parental height.

CONCLUSION

Children born with type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotypes have comparable birth size. Longitudinal follow-up of these children should reveal whether birth size differences between countries contribute to the risk for islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes.

[3T-AI: a new treatment algorithm for anal incontinence with a higher evidence level]

BACKGROUND

The evidence for conservative treatment of anal incontinence is poor. In our first publication [Schwandner et al. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53: 1007-1016] we demonstrated that a novel therapeutic concept, termed triple target treatment (3T), combining amplitude-modulated medium frequency stimulation and electromyography biofeedback (EMG-BF) was superior to EMG-BF alone. Questions about the required treatment duration and the relevant subgroups of patients with sphincter damage and damaged anal sensibility were not addressed.

METHODS

We enrolled 158 patients with anal incontinence in this randomized study. Here, we -report on the important subgroup analyses of patients with and without sphincter damage and damaged anal sensibility for the endpoints Cleveland Clinic Score (CCS) and success record. Using the results of this study we propose a novel treatment algorithm which is open for discussion.

RESULTS

In patients with sphincter damage, the median difference on the CCS from baseline to 9 months was 5 points higher for 3T than for EMG-BF (95 % confidence interval 0-8; p = 0.0168). While 47 % of the patients with sphincter damage became continent with 3T, only 18 % did with EMG-BF (p = 0.0036). Ten of 17 patients in the 3T group regained anal sensibility after 3 months stimulation. There was tendency towards improved continence in patients with neuropathy upon 3T treatment (p = 0.1219).

CONCLUSIONS

3T is superior to EMG-BF alone for patients with sphincter damage and neuropathic anal incontinence. It is a successful key element within our treatment algorithm, even in patients with sphincter damage and neuropathic anal incontinence.

Probability machines: consistent probability estimation using nonparametric learning machines

BACKGROUND

Most machine learning approaches only provide a classification for binary responses. However, probabilities are required for risk estimation using individual patient characteristics. It has been shown recently that every statistical learning machine known to be consistent for a nonparametric regression problem is a probability machine that is provably consistent for this estimation problem.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this paper is to show how random forests and nearest neighbors can be used for consistent estimation of individual probabilities.

METHODS

Two random forest algorithms and two nearest neighbor algorithms are described in detail for estimation of individual probabilities. We discuss the consistency of random forests, nearest neighbors and other learning machines in detail. We conduct a simulation study to illustrate the validity of the methods. We exemplify the algorithms by analyzing two well-known data sets on the diagnosis of appendicitis and the diagnosis of diabetes in Pima Indians.

RESULTS

Simulations demonstrate the validity of the method. With the real data application, we show the accuracy and practicality of this approach. We provide sample code from R packages in which the probability estimation is already available. This means that all calculations can be performed using existing software.

CONCLUSIONS

Random forest algorithms as well as nearest neighbor approaches are valid machine learning methods for estimating individual probabilities for binary responses. Freely available implementations are available in R and may be used for applications.

[Clinical trials with medical devices: lack of quality illustrated for faecal incontinence]

BACKGROUND

Medical devices must be safe and functioning states the law. Treatments with medical devices need not be efficacious to be allowed. We investigated special requirements and problems arising from the law.

METHODS

The market for medical devices is contrasted with that for drugs. The requirements of relevant laws are discussed. Finally, published clinical studies on anal incontinence are analysed with respect to their methodological quality.

RESULTS

Clinical trials of medical devices for treat-ing anal incontinence are of poor methodological quality thus preventing evaluation of the devices' utility.

CONCLUSION

Large, high quality clinical studies of the efficacy of medical devices for treating anal incontinence are urgently needed. Only such studies enable health technology assessment and comprehensible decisions on reimbursement by health insurance.

Thermodynamics of lipid interactions with cell-penetrating peptides

Cationic peptides are efficiently taken up by biological cells through different pathways, which can be exploited for delivery of intracellular drugs. For example, their endocytosis is known since 1967, and this typically produces entrapment of the peptides in endocytotic vesicles. The resulting peptide (and cargo) degradation in lysosomes is of little therapeutic interest. Beside endocytosis (and various subtypes thereof), cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) may also gain access to cytosol and nucleus of livings cells. This process is known since 1988, but it is poorly understood whether the cytosolic CPP appearance requires an active cellular machinery with membrane proteins and signaling molecules, or whether this translocation occurs by passive diffusion and thus can be mimicked with model membranes devoid of proteins or glycans. In the present chapter, protocols are presented that allow for testing the membrane binding and disturbance of CPPs on model membranes with special focus on particular CPP properties. Protocols include vesicle preparation, lipid quantification, and analysis of membrane leakage, lipid polymorphism ((31)P NMR), and membrane binding (isothermal titration calorimetry). Using these protocols, a major difference among CPPs is observed: At low micromolar concentration, nonamphipathic CPPs, such as nona-arginine (WR(9)) and penetratin, have only a poor affinity for model membranes with a lipid composition typical of eukaryotic membranes. No membrane leakage is induced by these compounds at low micromolar concentration. In contrast, their amphipathic derivatives, such as acylated WR(9) (C(14), C(16), C(18)) or amphipathic penetratin mutant p2AL (Drin et al., Biochemistry 40:1824-1834, 2001), bind and disturb lipid model membranes already at low micromolar peptide concentration. This suggests that the mechanism for cytosolic CPP delivery (and potential toxicity) differs among CPPs despite their common name.

[Fluorescence diagnosis in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: results of a metaanalysis]

PURPOSE

Heterogeneous results of single studies with photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) in bladder cancer have been reported. A metaanalysis of prospective studies has now been performed.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The effect of PDD in addition to WLC on a) the diagnosis and b) the therapeutic outcome of primary or recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) investigated by cystoscopy or transurethral resection was analysed. An electronic database search was performed. Trials were included if they prospectively compared WLC with PDD in bladder cancer. Primary endpoints were additional detection rate, residual tumour at second resection and recurrence-free survival.

RESULTS

Significantly more tumour-positive patients were detected with PDD in all patients with non-muscle invasive tumours (= 20 %) [95 % confidence interval (CI): 8 to 35 %] and in CIS patients (= 39 %) (CI: 23 to 57 %). Residual tumour was significantly less often found after PDD (odds ratio 0.28, CI: 0.15 to 0.52, p < 0.0001). Recurrence-free survival was significantly higher at 12 and 24 months in the PDD groups than in WLC only groups.

CONCLUSIONS

More bladder tumour-positive patients are detected by PDD. Best results were found in CIS patients. Diagnosis with PDD results in a more complete resection and a longer recurrence-free survival.

Plasmodesmal targeting and intercellular movement of potato mop-top pomovirus is mediated by a membrane anchored tyrosine-based motif on the lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum and the C-terminal transmembrane domain in the TGB3 movement protein

Live-cell fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the third triple gene block protein (TGB3) of potato mop-top pomovirus and its role in assisted targeting of TGB2 to plasmodesmata (PD). Wild-type and mutant TGB3 proteins were expressed under the control of the 35S promoter or from a virus reporter clone. Assisted targeting of TGB2 to PD was optimal when the proteins were expressed from a bicistronic plasmid in the relative ratios expected in a virus infection, suggesting that excess TGB3 inhibited PD localisation. Contrary to the generally accepted view, bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed that the TGB3 N terminus is located in the cytosol. Mutational analysis to dissect TGB3 sub domain functions showed that PD targeting was mediated by a composite signal comprising an ER-lumenal tyrosine-based motif and the C-terminal transmembrane domain. Mutation of either of these domains also abolished cell-to-cell movement of the virus. The results are discussed in the context of TGB3 membrane topology.

An extensive comparison of quantitative trait Loci mapping methods

BACKGROUND

The choices of study design and statistical approach for mapping a quantitative trait (QT) are of great importance. Larger sibships and a study design based upon phenotypically extreme siblings can be expected to have a greater statistical power. On the other hand, selected samples and/or deviation from normality can influence the robustness and power. Unfortunately, the effects of violation of multivariate normality assumptions and/or selected samples are only known for a limited number of methods. Some recommendations are available in the literature, but an extensive comparison of robustness and power under several different conditions is lacking.

METHODS

We compared eight freely available and commonly applied QT mapping methods in a Monte-Carlo simulation study under 36 different models and study designs (three genetic models, three selection schemes, two family structures and the possible effect of deviation from normality).

RESULTS

Empirical type I error fractions and empirical power are presented and explained as a whole and for each method separately, followed by a thorough discussion.

CONCLUSIONS

The results from this extensive comparison could serve as a valuable source for the choice of the study design and the statistical approach for mapping a QT.