76
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Roberts AN, Cochran AC, Rankin DA, Lowe AB, Schanz HJ. Benzylidene-Functionalized Ruthenium-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts for Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization in Organic and Aqueous Media. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700887t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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77
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Rankin DA, Schanz HJ, Lowe AB. Effect of the Halide Counterion in the ROMP ofexo-Benzyl-[2-(3,5-dioxo-10-oxa-4-aza-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-8-en-4-yl)ethyl]dimethyl ammonium Bromide/Chloride. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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78
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Ward M, Yu B, Wyatt V, Griffith J, Craft T, Neurath AR, Strick N, Li YY, Wertz DL, Pojman JA, Lowe AB. Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Poly(mandelic acid) Derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3308-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bm070221y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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79
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Lowe AB, Wang R, Tiriveedhi V, Butko P, McCormick CL. RAFT Synthesis and Solution Properties of pH-Responsive Styrenic-Based AB Diblock Copolymers of 4-Vinylbenzyltrimethylphosphonium Chloride with N
,N
-Dimethylbenzylvinylamine. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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80
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Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization and the synthesis of water-soluble (co)polymers under homogeneous conditions in organic and aqueous media. Prog Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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81
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Wang R, Lowe AB. RAFT polymerization of styrenic-based phosphonium monomers and a new family of well-defined statistical and block polyampholytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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82
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Jiménez Z, Bounds C, Hoyle CE, Lowe AB, Zhou H, Pojman JA. Photopolymerization kinetics of ionic liquid monomers derived from the neutralization reaction between trialkylamines and acid-containing (meth)acrylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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83
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Lowe AB, Torres M, Wang R. A doubly responsive AB diblock copolymer: RAFT synthesis and aqueous solution properties of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-block-4-vinylbenzoic acid). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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84
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Rankin DA, P'Pool SJ, Schanz HJ, Lowe AB. The controlled homogeneous organic solution polymerization of new hydrophilic cationicexo-7-oxanorbornenes via ROMP with RuCl2(PCy3)2CHPh in a novel 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol/methylenechloride solvent mixture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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85
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Mitsukami Y, Hashidzume A, Yusa SI, Morishima Y, Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Characterization of pH-dependent micellization of polystyrene-based cationic block copolymers prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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86
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Convertine AJ, Lokitz BS, Vasileva Y, Myrick LJ, Scales CW, Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Direct Synthesis of Thermally Responsive DMA/NIPAM Diblock and DMA/NIPAM/DMA Triblock Copolymers via Aqueous, Room Temperature RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0523419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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87
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Ward M, Sanchez M, Elasri MO, Lowe AB. Antimicrobial activity of statistical polymethacrylic sulfopropylbetaines against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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88
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Wang R, McCormick CL, Lowe AB. Synthesis and Evaluation of New Dicarboxylic Acid Functional Trithiocarbonates: RAFT Synthesis of Telechelic Poly(n-butyl acrylate)s. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050669w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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89
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Scales CW, Vasilieva YA, Convertine AJ, Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Direct, Controlled Synthesis of the Nonimmunogenic, Hydrophilic Polymer, Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) via RAFT in Aqueous Media. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1846-50. [PMID: 16004419 DOI: 10.1021/bm0503017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) is a nonimmunogenic, neutral-hydrophilic polymer currently employed in the delivery of anticancer drugs. Herein, we report conditions that facilitate the direct, controlled RAFT polymerization of HPMA in aqueous media. We demonstrate that the use of 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate and 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) as the chain transfer agent (CTA) and initiating species, respectively, in the presence of an acetic acid buffer solution at 70 degrees C is a suitable condition leading to controlled polymerization. The "living" nature of these polymerizations is demonstrated via chain-extension of an HPMA macroCTA to yield the corresponding poly(HPMA-b-HPMA) "homopolymer".
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90
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Convertine AJ, Lokitz BS, Lowe AB, Scales CW, Myrick LJ, McCormick CL. Aqueous RAFT Polymerization of Acrylamide andN,N-Dimethylacrylamide at Room Temperature. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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91
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Vasilieva YA, Scales CW, Thomas DB, Ezell RG, Lowe AB, Ayres N, McCormick CL. Controlled/living polymerization of methacrylamide in aqueous media via the RAFT process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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92
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McCormick CL, Lowe AB. Aqueous RAFT Polymerization: Recent Developments in Synthesis of Functional Water-Soluble (Co)polymers with Controlled Structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.200432299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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93
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Convertine AJ, Ayres N, Scales CW, Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Facile, Controlled, Room-Temperature RAFT Polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:1177-80. [PMID: 15244427 DOI: 10.1021/bm049825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) is a thermoresponsive polymer that has been widely investigated for drug delivery. Herein, we report conditions facilitating the controlled, room-temperature RAFT polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The key to success is the appropriate choice of both a suitable RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA) and initiating species. We show that the use of 2-dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl-2-methyl propionic acid, a trithiocarbonate RAFT CTA, in conjunction with the room-temperature azo initiator 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), in DMF, at 25 degrees C, yields conditions leading to NIPAM homopolymerizations which bear all of the characteristics of a controlled/"living" polymerization. We also demonstrate facile size exclusion chromatographic analysis of PNIPAM samples in DMF at 60 degrees C, directly on aliquots withdrawn during the polymerizations, which avoids the problems previously reported in the literature.
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94
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McCormick CL, Lowe AB. Aqueous RAFT polymerization: recent developments in synthesis of functional water-soluble (co)polymers with controlled structures. Acc Chem Res 2004; 37:312-25. [PMID: 15147172 DOI: 10.1021/ar0302484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been the focus of intensive research over the past few years since this methodology allows the synthetic tailoring of macromolecules with complex architectures including block, graft, comb, and star structures with predetermined molecular weight, terminal functionality, and narrow molecular weight distribution. In this paper we recount significant milestones in achieving controlled free radical homopolymerization and block copolymerization of water-soluble and amphiphilic monomers including nonionic, cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic species. It is shown that under aqueous conditions, control of homopolymerization and further blocking to extend the molecular weight or to produce precisely structured block copolymers require not only careful selection of reagents (initiator, chain transfer agent, and monomer) but also regulation or elimination of hydrolysis of the omega-terminal thiocarbonylthio functionality. The technological potential of such systems is illustrated for the stimuli (pH) reversible micellization of amphiphilic block copolymers and for stabilization and stimuli responsive aggregation of gold nanoparticles bearing covalently tethered co(polymers). Given the advantages of RAFT over other controlled free radical techniques for preparation of water-soluble architectures, it may be anticipated that this technology will be at the forefront of nano- and microscale self-assembly in electronics and biotechnology.
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95
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Thomas DB, Convertine AJ, Hester RD, Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Hydrolytic Susceptibility of Dithioester Chain Transfer Agents and Implications in Aqueous RAFT Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035572t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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96
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Sumerlin BS, Lowe AB, Thomas DB, Convertine AJ, Donovan MS, McCormick CL. Aqueous solution properties of pH-responsive AB diblock acrylamido-styrenic copolymers synthesized via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.11069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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97
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Lowe AB, Sumerlin BS, McCormick CL. The direct polymerization of 2-methacryloxyethyl glucoside via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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98
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Sumerlin BS, Lowe AB, Thomas DB, McCormick CL. Aqueous Solution Properties of pH-Responsive AB Diblock Acrylamido Copolymers Synthesized via Aqueous RAFT. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034088n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99
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Convertine AJ, Sumerlin BS, Thomas DB, Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Synthesis of Block Copolymers of 2- and 4-Vinylpyridine by RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034361l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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100
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Thomas DB, Sumerlin BS, Lowe AB, McCormick CL. Conditions for Facile, Controlled RAFT Polymerization of Acrylamide in Water. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025960f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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