76
|
Jia M, Chen J, Hong K, Liu S, Zhang X, Zhao H, Altfeld M, Walker B, Yu X, Shao Y. P16-12. Relative dominance of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes is associated with viral load inversely in HIV-1 clade B' infected Chinese. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767739 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
77
|
Moodley ES, Thobakgale C, Ramkalawon P, Vanderstok M, Mncube Z, Bishop K, Reddy S, Chonco F, Walker B, Goulder P, Ndung'u T. P07-02. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses in HIV-1 clade C infected mother-child pairs. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767583 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
78
|
Listgarten J, Brumme Z, Kadie C, Xiaojiang G, Walker B, Carrington M, Goulder P, Heckerman D. 168-P: In silico resolution of ambiguous HLA typing data. Hum Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.08.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
79
|
Young PG, Beresford-West TBH, Coward SRL, Notarberardino B, Walker B, Abdul-Aziz A. An efficient approach to converting three-dimensional image data into highly accurate computational models. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2008; 366:3155-3173. [PMID: 18573757 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Image-based meshing is opening up exciting new possibilities for the application of computational continuum mechanics methods (finite-element and computational fluid dynamics) to a wide range of biomechanical and biomedical problems that were previously intractable owing to the difficulty in obtaining suitably realistic models. Innovative surface and volume mesh generation techniques have recently been developed, which convert three-dimensional imaging data, as obtained from magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, micro-CT and ultrasound, for example, directly into meshes suitable for use in physics-based simulations. These techniques have several key advantages, including the ability to robustly generate meshes for topologies of arbitrary complexity (such as bioscaffolds or composite micro-architectures) and with any number of constituent materials (multi-part modelling), providing meshes in which the geometric accuracy of mesh domains is only dependent on the image accuracy (image-based accuracy) and the ability for certain problems to model material inhomogeneity by assigning the properties based on image signal strength. Commonly used mesh generation techniques will be compared with the proposed enhanced volumetric marching cubes (EVoMaCs) approach and some issues specific to simulations based on three-dimensional image data will be discussed. A number of case studies will be presented to illustrate how these techniques can be used effectively across a wide range of problems from characterization of micro-scaffolds through to head impact modelling.
Collapse
|
80
|
Einarsson G, Martin S, Walker B, Elborn J, McDowell A. Degradation of host defence molecules by CF-related pathogens grown as biofilms. J Cyst Fibros 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(08)60165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
81
|
Minkis K, Kavanagh D, O'Neill D, Alter G, Sunderji S, Adams S, Walker B, Pavlick AC, Gandhi R, Bhardwaj N. Transfection of dendritic cells (DCs) with mRNA encoding IL-12p70 enhances anti-tumor immunity in melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
82
|
Moser K, Biglan KM, Ross CA, Langbehn DR, Aylward E, Stout JC, Queller S, Carlozzi N, Duff K, Beglinger LJ, Paulsen JS, Tomusk A, Lifer S, Hastings S, Dawson J, Walker B, Whitlock K, Johnson S, Pacifici R, Hersch S, Dorsey ER, Katz R, Tempkin T, Wheelock V, Schwartz G, Corey-Bloom J, Mattis P, Feigin A, Young P, McArthur DL, Perlman S, Higginson C, Carr L, Sigvardt K, Chirieac MC, Shinaman A, Shoulson I, Kane AE, Peavy GM, Goldstein JL, Jacobson MW, Lessig S, Wasserman L, Kayson EP, Tang C, Zgaljardic D, Ma Y, Dhawan V, Guttman M, Eidelberg D, Peng S, Kingsley P, Rosas HD, Gevorkian S, Oakes D, Matson W, Massood T, Latourelle J, Mysore JS, Fossale E, Gillis T, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Myers RH, Yastrubetskaya O, Preston J, Chiu E, Goh A, Oster E, Bausch J, Kayson E, Quaid K, Sims S, Swenson M, Harrison J, Moskowitz C, Stepanov N, Suter G, Westphal B, Johnson SA, Langbehn D, Paulsen J, Nopoulos P, Beglinger L, Johnson H, Magnotta V, Pierson R, Lipe H, Bird TD, McCusker EA, Lownie A, Lechich AJ, Montas S, Duckett A, Klager J, Sandler S, Pae A, Apostol BL, Simmons DA, Zuccato C, Illes K, Pallos J, Casale M, Kathuria S, Cattaneo E, Marsh JL, Thompson LM, Patzke H, Chesworth R, Li Z, Rahil G, Wang J, Smith J, Huet FL, Shapiro G, Leit S, Beaulieu P, Raeppel F, Fournel M, Sainte-Croix H, Nolan SJ, Albayya FP, Barbier A, Besterman J, Ahlijanian MK, Deziel R, Aubeeluck A, Buchanan H, Ross C, Biglan K, Landwehrmeyer B, Whitlock KB, Carlozzi NE, Mickes L, Lee J, Kim RY, Toro B, Fine E, Cahill T, Johnson D, Goldstein J, Peavy G, Jacobson M, Goodman LV, Como PG, Cha JH, Beck C, Adams M, Chadwick G, Blieck EA, McCallum C, Deuel L, Clarke A, Stewart R, Adams WH, Paulson H, Fiedorowicz JG, Hanson JM, Ramza N, Priller J, Ecker D. Inaugural Huntington Disease Clinical Research Symposium Organized by the Huntington Study Group. Neurotherapeutics 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
83
|
Borkon A, Kao A, Zorn G, Stuart R, Daon E, Pak A, Allen K, Stevens T, Magalski A, Lawhorn S, Long N, St. Clair K, Walker B. 251: Importance of Tricuspid Annuloplasty at the Time of Heart Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.11.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
84
|
|
85
|
Flannery T, McConnell RS, McQuaid S, McGregor G, Mirakhur M, Martin L, Scott C, Burden R, Walker B, McGoohan C, Johnston PG. Detection of cathepsin S cysteine protease in human brain tumour microdialysates in vivo. Br J Neurosurg 2007; 21:204-9. [PMID: 17453790 DOI: 10.1080/02688690701248190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis enables the chemistry of extracellular fluid in body tissues to be measured. Extracellular proteases such as the cysteine protease, cathepsin S (CatS), are thought to facilitate astrocytoma invasion. Microdialysates obtained from human brain tumours in vivo were subjected to cathepsin S activity and ELISA assays. Cathepsin S ELISA expression was detected in five out of 10 tumour microdialysates, while activity was detected in five out of 11 tumour microdialysates. Cathepsin S expression was also detected in microdialysate from the normal brain control although no activity was found in the same sample. While some refinements to the technique are necessary, the authors demonstrate the feasibility and safety of microdialysis in human astrocytomas in vivo. Characterisation of the extracellular environment of brain tumours in vivo using microdialysis may be a useful tool to identify the protease profile of brain tumours.
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
Unregulated apoptosis can be due to a disruption in the balance and control of both intra- and inter-cellular proteolytic activities leading to various disease states. Many proteases involved in apoptotic processes are yet to be identified; however, several are already well characterized. Caspases traditionally held the predominant role as prime mediators of execution. However, latterly, evidence has accumulated that non-caspases, including calpains, cathepsins, granzymes and the proteasome have roles in mediating and promoting cell death. Increasingly, research is implicating serine proteases within apoptotic processing, particularly in the generation of nuclear events such as condensation, fragmentation and DNA degradation observed in late-stage apoptosis. Serine proteases therefore are emerging as providing additional or alternative therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
87
|
Khumalo NP, Pillay K, Beighton P, Wainwright H, Walker B, Saxe N, Mayosi BM, Bateman ED. Poikiloderma, tendon contracture and pulmonary fibrosis: a new autosomal dominant syndrome? Br J Dermatol 2007; 155:1057-61. [PMID: 17034542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of two generations of a South African family have a unique syndrome comprising poikiloderma, tendon contractures and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. The condition is clinically important as the skin changes, which involve the face, have considerable cosmetic impact, while lung involvement is potentially lethal in adulthood. Skin manifestations which facilitate diagnosis include facial telangiectasia, mottled hypo- and hyperpigmentation, papules and epidermal atrophy. The scalp, facial and body hair are fine and scanty. The tendon contractures lead to progressive digital flexion deformities and abnormalities of the ankles and feet, with disturbance of gait. Pulmonary involvement manifests as progressive dyspnoea. Pedigree data are compatible with an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. Poikiloderma of Weary is characterized by linear sclerotic and fibrous bands and not tendon contractures and is not associated with potentially lethal pulmonary fibrosis. Rather than name this disorder a variant of Weary syndrome, it might be prudent to use as an umbrella title one composed by Weary himself: 'hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma' (HSP), under which variants such as HSP Weary type, HSP with cardiac involvement (aortic stenosis described as inconsistently associated with Weary syndrome) and HSP with tendon/pulmonary involvement (current family) may be classified. The manifestations in this family differ from other poikilodermata and, to the best of our knowledge, have not been previously documented.
Collapse
|
88
|
Wright S, Walker B, Thorburn C, Ali F, Feneley M. Development of an Echocardiography Guided Programme for Screening and Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Patients: Initial Experience at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. Heart Lung Circ 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2007.06.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
89
|
Moffitt K, Martin S, Walker B. ID: 217 Investigation of Novel Serine Protease Activity in Apoptotic Regulation. J Thromb Haemost 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
90
|
Vogel M, Lichterfeld M, Kaufmann DE, Mui SK, Altfeld M, Voigt E, Ahlenstiel G, Kupfer B, Walker B, Spengler U, Rockstroh JK. Structured treatment interruptions following immediate initiation of HAART in eight patients with acute HIV-1 seroconversion. Eur J Med Res 2006; 11:273-8. [PMID: 16899420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunological and clinical benefits of structured treatment interruptions (STIs) during primary HIV-1 infection remain largely unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eight patients identified during primary HIV-1 infection were immediately treated with HAART and underwent subsequent STIs after reaching complete viral suppression of HIV-RNA in peripheral plasma. HAART was re-initiated if either HIV-1 RNA >5000 copies/ml, CD4-cells <200 cells/microl or symptomatic HIV-1 disease was observed. RESULTS After treatment discontinuation, four of eight patients were able to persistently control HIV-1 viremia below 5000 copies/ml until the last time point of follow-up (median 3 years). CD4-cell counts were within the interquartile range of untreated individuals compared to historical reference data from the MACS cohort. In the remaining study subjects persistent virological control was not reached despite repeated STIs. Moreover, compared to the MACS cohort repetitive virological failures during STIs appeared to induce an accelerated decline of CD4-cells. CONCLUSION Spontaneous HIV-1 control after treated primary HIV-1 infection was possible in four out of eight individuals, however, if STIs after treated primary infection ameliorate the overall HIV-1 disease progression remains unknown. In the absence of viral control, repetitive viral exposure during STIs might be associated with accelerated decline of CD4-cell counts.
Collapse
|
91
|
Gilmore BF, Lynas JF, Harriott P, Healy A, Walker B. Peptides containing acylated C-terminal gem diamines: novel irreversible inactivators of the cysteine and serine proteinases. Chem Biol Drug Des 2006; 67:364-9. [PMID: 16784461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the synthesis of peptides containing C-terminal acylated gem-diamines and their utilization for the preparation of irreversible inactivators of the serine and cysteine proteinases. We have succeeded in obtaining an inhibitor Acetyl-Val-Pro-g-Val-CO-O-C(6)H(4)-NO(2) of neutrophil and pancreatic elastases that functions in a time-dependent manner, indicative of the action of an irreversible inactivator, functioning, most probably, through the formation of a long-lived acyl enzyme intermediate. In addition, we have demonstrated the irreversible inhibition of the cysteine proteinase bovine cathepsin B, by chloroacetyl and bromoacetyl derivatives of a dipeptide gem-diamine, Cbz-Phe-g-Ala-CO-CH(2)Hal (Hal = Br, Cl).
Collapse
|
92
|
Schauer H, Fiedler B, Walker B, Müller C. Maligne Entartung eines Enchondroms an der Hand. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 2006; 38:188-93. [PMID: 16883505 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discussion in literature about chondrosarcoma of the hand arising from solitary preexistent enchondroma is very controversial. Well-documented, proved cases are rare. Treatment of choice a 77-year-old woman with chondrosarcoma (Grade 2) of proximal phalanx of the right index finger was ray resection. The 43-year-old X-ray film showed typical enchondroma in diaphysis of this finger. We concluded a long-time period for malignant transformation of a benign enchondroma on hand skeleton localisation.
Collapse
|
93
|
Abu-Rajab RB, Watson WS, Walker B, Roberts J, Gallacher SJ, Meek RMD. Peri-prosthetic bone mineral density after total knee arthroplasty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 88:606-13. [PMID: 16645105 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.88b5.16893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We compared peri-prosthetic bone mineral density between identical cemented and cementless LCS rotating platform total knee arthroplasties. Two matched cohorts had dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans two years post-operatively using a modified validated densitometric analysis protocol, to assess peri-prosthetic bone mineral density. The knee that was not operated on was also scanned to enable the calculation of a relative bone mineral density difference. Oxford Knee and American Knee Society scores were comparable in the two cohorts. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in absolute, or relative peri-prosthetic bone mineral density with respect to the method of fixation. However, the femoral peri-prosthetic bone mineral density and relative bone mineral density difference were significantly decreased, irrespective of the method of fixation, particularly in the anterior distal portion of the femur, with a mean reduction in relative bone mineral density difference of 27%. There was no difference in clinical outcome between the cemented and cementless LCS total knee arthroplasty. However, both produce stress-shielding around the femoral implants. This leads us to question the use of more expensive cementless total knee components.
Collapse
|
94
|
Komatsu H, Lauer G, Pybus OG, Ouchi K, Wong D, Ward S, Walker B, Klenerman P. Do antiviral CD8+ T cells select hepatitis C virus escape mutants? Analysis in diverse epitopes targeted by human intrahepatic CD8+ T lymphocytes. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13:121-30. [PMID: 16436130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a variable RNA virus that can readily establish persistent infection. Cellular immune responses are important in the early control of the virus. Evidence from animal models suggests that mutation in epitopes recognized by CD8+ T lymphocytes may play an important role in the establishment of persistence but in human persistent infection, equivalent evidence is lacking. We investigated this by analysing a unique resource: viruses from a set of chronically HCV-infected individuals in whom the CD8+ T-cell responses in liver had previously been accurately mapped. Virus was sequenced in seven individuals at 10 epitopes restricted by 10 human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. Two main patterns emerged: in the majority of epitopes sequenced, no variation was seen. In three epitopes, mutations were identified which were compatible with immune escape as assessed using phylogenetic and/or functional studies. These data suggest that - even where specific intrahepatic T cells are detectable - many epitopes do not undergo mutation in chronic human infection. On the contrary, virus may escape from intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell responses in a 'patchy' manner in certain specific epitopes. Furthermore, longitudinal studies to identify the differences between 'selecting' and 'nonselecting' intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell responses are needed in HCV infection.
Collapse
|
95
|
Walker B, Elkins S, Bigelow C, Files J. 188 INFUSIONAL ETOPOSIDE, DAUNORUBICIN, VINCRISTINE, AND CYTARABINE IN RELAPSED ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
96
|
Gilmore BF, Harriott P, Walker B. The inactivation of bovine cathepsin B by novel N-chloro-acetyl-dipeptides: Application of the Houghten ‘tea bag’ methodology to inhibitor synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:1284-8. [PMID: 15978544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of N-chloro-acetylated dipeptides were synthesised by the application of Houghten's methodology of multiple analog peptide syntheses (MAPS). The peptides, all of which contain a C-terminal free acid, were tested as inactivators of bovine cathepsin B, in an attempt at exploiting the known and, amongst the cysteine proteinases, unique carboxy dipeptidyl peptidase activity of the protease. We have succeeded in obtaining a number of effective inactivators, the most potent of which-chloroacetyl-Leu-Leu-OH, inactivates the enzyme with an apparent second-order rate constant of 3.8 x 10(4)M(-1)min(-1). In contrast, the esterified analog, chloroacetyl-Leu-Leu-OMe, inactivates the enzyme some three orders of magnitude less efficiently, lending credence to our thesis that a free carboxylic acid moiety is an important determinant for inhibitor effectiveness. This preliminary study has highlighted a number of interesting features about the specificity requirements of the bovine proteinase and we believe that our approach has great potential for the rapid delineation of the subsite specificities of cathepsin B-like proteases from various species.
Collapse
|
97
|
Wiseman SM, Baliski C, Walker B, Irvine R, Anderson D, Bugis S. Hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid: Clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
98
|
Sander P, Rezwan M, Walker B, Rampini SK, Kroppenstedt RM, Ehlers S, Keller C, Keeble JR, Hagemeier M, Colston MJ, Springer B, Böttger EC. Lipoprotein processing is required for virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2005; 52:1543-52. [PMID: 15186407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are a subgroup of secreted bacterial proteins characterized by a lipidated N-terminus, processing of which is mediated by the consecutive activity of prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) and lipoprotein signal peptidase (LspA). The study of LspA function has been limited mainly to non-pathogenic microorganisms. To study a potential role for LspA in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, we have disrupted lspA by allelic replacement in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the world's most devastating pathogens. Despite the presence of an impermeable lipid outer layer, it was found that LspA was dispensable for growth under in vitro culture conditions. In contrast, the mutant was markedly attenuated in virulence models of tuberculosis. Our findings establish lipoprotein metabolism as a major virulence determinant of tuberculosis and define a role for lipoprotein processing in bacterial pathogenesis. In addition, these results hint at a promising new target for therapeutic intervention, as a highly specific inhibitor of bacterial lipoprotein signal peptidases is available.
Collapse
|
99
|
Walker B, Elkins S. 142 PLASMA CELL LEUKEMIA. J Investig Med 2005. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.00006.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
100
|
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis that is acquired by inhalation. It is endemic in desert-like areas of the southwest USA and neighboring regions, but is becoming increasingly prevalent in other regions of the world as a result of widespread travel. The clinical spectrum is broad, ranging from inapparent infections or symptoms of acute respiratory infection with spontaneous recovery to various manifestations of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Since the majority of patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis present with cutaneous manifestations, early diagnosis of this potentially life-threatening disease by dermatologists is important. Atypical skin changes, pulmonary infiltrates and a history of travel to areas where the disease is endemic are indicative of coccidioidomycosis. For conclusive diagnosis, identification of the fungus by histopathologic examination or culture is desirable. Serological tests can be helpful for establishing the diagnosis and monitoring the course of the disease. The treatment of choice for cutaneous coccidioidomycosis is currently oral azole antifungal agents, such as itraconazole 400 mg daily, continued for 6 months after clinical response. Since relapses are frequent after discontinuation of the treatment, close clinical, serological and radiological follow-up is required for years.
Collapse
|