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Shao S, Liu K, Du J, Yin C, Wang M, Wang Y. Functional characterization of serine proteinase inhibitor Kazal-Type in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 2024; 148:109525. [PMID: 38537926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors Kazal type (SPINKs) function in physiological and immunological processes across multicellular organisms. In the present study, we identified a SPINK gene, designated as CqSPINK, in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, which is the ortholog of human SPINK5. The deduced CqSPINK contains two Kazal domains consisting of 45 amino acid residues with a typical signature motif C-X3-C-X5-PVCG-X5-Y-X3-C-X6-C-X12-14-C. Each Kazal domain contains six conserved cysteine residues forming three pairs of disulfide bonds, segmenting the structure into three rings. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CqSPINK as a homolog of human SPINK5. CqSPINK expression was detected exclusively in hepatopancreas and epithelium, with rapid up-regulation in hepatopancreas upon Vibrio parahaemolyticus E1 challenge. Recombinant CqSPINK protein (rCqSPINK) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for further study. Proteinase inhibition assays demonstrated that rCqSPINK could potently inhibit proteinase K and subtilisin A, weakly inhibit α-chymotrypsin and elastase, but extremely weak inhibit trypsin. Furthermore, CqSPINK inhibited bacterial secretory proteinase activity from Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and inhibited B. subtilis growth. These findings suggest CqSPINK's involvement in antibacterial immunity through direct inhibition of bacterial proteases, contributing to resistance against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoru Shao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Jiansen Du
- Qingdao International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao Customs District PR China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chenlin Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Zhanjiang Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, 524013, China; Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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Chen J, Zhou X, Dai N, Liu X, Liu S, Zhang H, Kong L, Ma H. The Long-Acting Serine Protease Inhibitor mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4567. [PMID: 38674153 PMCID: PMC11049807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory drugs have become the second-largest class of common drugs after anti-infective drugs in animal clinical care worldwide and are often combined with other drugs to treat fever and viral diseases caused by various factors. In our previous study, a novel serine protease inhibitor-encoding gene (MDSPI16) with improved anti-inflammatory activity was selected from a constructed suppressive subducted hybridization library of housefly larvae. This protein could easily induce an immune response in animals and had a short half-life, which limited its wide application in the clinic. Thus, in this study, mPEG-succinimidyl propionate (mPEG-SPA, Mw = 5 kDa) was used to molecularly modify the MDSPI16 protein, and the modified product mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16, which strongly inhibited elastase production, was purified. It had good stability and safety, low immunogenicity, and a long half-life, and the IC50 for elastase was 86 nM. mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 effectively inhibited the expression of neutrophil elastase and decreased ROS levels. Moreover, mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway in neutrophils. It also exerted therapeutic effects on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. In summary, mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 is a novel anti-inflammatory protein modified with PEG that has the advantages of safety, nontoxicity, improved stability, and strong anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro and is expected to become an effective anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China;
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xinjun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Nan Dai
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shihan Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
- The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lingcong Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China;
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China;
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
- The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
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Müller P, Zimmer C, Frey A, Holzmann G, Weldert AC, Schirmeister T. Ligand-Based Design of Selective Peptidomimetic uPA and TMPRSS2 Inhibitors with Arg Bioisosteres. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1375. [PMID: 38338655 PMCID: PMC10855164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like serine proteases are involved in many important physiological processes like blood coagulation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. On the other hand, they are also associated with pathological conditions. The urokinase-pwlasminogen activator (uPA), which is involved in tissue remodeling, can increase the metastatic behavior of various cancer types when overexpressed and dysregulated. Another member of this protease class that received attention during the SARS-CoV 2 pandemic is TMPRSS2. It is a transmembrane serine protease, which enables cell entry of the coronavirus by processing its spike protein. A variety of different inhibitors have been published against both proteases. However, the selectivity over other trypsin-like serine proteases remains a major challenge. In the current study, we replaced the arginine moiety at the P1 site of peptidomimetic inhibitors with different bioisosteres. Enzyme inhibition studies revealed that the phenylguanidine moiety in the P1 site led to strong affinity for TMPRSS2, whereas the cyclohexylguanidine derivate potently inhibited uPA. Both inhibitors exhibited high selectivity over other structurally similar and physiologically important proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (P.M.); (C.Z.); (A.F.); (G.H.); (A.C.W.)
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Mishra N, Pal I, Herrera AI, Dubey A, Arthanari H, Geisbrecht BV, Prakash O. Complete non-proline backbone resonance assignments of the S. aureus neutrophil serine protease inhibitor, EapH1. Biomol NMR Assign 2023; 17:129-134. [PMID: 37160842 PMCID: PMC10823442 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The S. aureus extracellular adherence protein (Eap) and its homologs, EapH1 and EapH2, serve roles in evasion of the human innate immune system. EapH1 binds with high-affinity and inhibits the neutrophil azurophilic granule proteases neutrophil elastase, cathepsin-G and proteinase-3. Previous structural studies using X-ray crystallography have shown that EapH1 binds to neutrophil elastase and cathepsin-G using a globally similar binding mode. However, whether the same holds true in solution is unknown and whether the inhibitor experiences dynamic changes following binding remains uncertain. To facilitate solution-phase structural and biochemical studies of EapH1 and its complexes with neutrophil granule proteases, we have characterized EapH1 by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Here we report a total of 100% of the non-proline backbone resonance assignments of EapH1 with BMRB accession number 50,304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Indrani Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alvaro I Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Abhinav Dubey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Wiedemeyer SJA, Wu G, Pham TLP, Lang-Henkel H, Perez Urzua B, Whisstock JC, Law RHP, Steinmetzer T. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Macrocyclic Plasmin Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200632. [PMID: 36710259 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two series of macrocyclic plasmin inhibitors with a C-terminal benzylamine group were synthesized. The substitution of the N-terminal phenylsulfonyl group of a previously described inhibitor provided two analogues with sub-nanomolar inhibition constants. Both compounds possess a high selectivity against all other tested trypsin-like serine proteases. Furthermore, a new approach was used to selectively introduce asymmetric linker segments. Two of these compounds inhibit plasmin with Ki values close to 2 nM. For the first time, four crystal structures of these macrocyclic inhibitors could be determined in complex with a Ser195Ala microplasmin mutant. The macrocyclic core segment of the inhibitors binds to the open active site of plasmin without any steric hindrance. This binding mode is incompatible with other trypsin-like serine proteases containing a sterically demanding 99-hairpin loop. The crystal structures obtained experimentally explain the excellent selectivity of this inhibitor type as previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Guojie Wu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - T L Phuong Pham
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heike Lang-Henkel
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Perez Urzua
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Guerra Y, Armijos‐Jaramillo V, Pons T, Tejera E, Berry C. Canonical or noncanonical? Structural plasticity of serine protease-binding loops in Kunitz-STI protease inhibitors. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4570. [PMID: 36660780 PMCID: PMC9885459 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Kunitz-Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz-STI) family is a large family of proteins with most of its members being protease inhibitors. The versatility of the inhibitory profile and the structural plasticity of these proteins, make this family a promising scaffold for designing new multifunctional proteins. Historically, Kunitz-STI inhibitors have been classified as canonical serine protease inhibitors, but new inhibitors with novel inhibition mechanisms have been described in recent years. Different inhibition mechanisms could be the result of different evolutionary pathways. In the present work, we performed a structural analysis of all the crystallographic structures available for Kunitz-STI inhibitors to characterize serine protease-binding loop structural features and locations. Our study suggests a relationship between the conformation of serine protease-binding loops and the inhibition mechanism, their location in the β-trefoil fold, and the plant source of the inhibitors. The classical canonical inhibitors of this family are restricted to plants from the Fabales order and bind their targets via the β4-β5 loop, whereas serine protease-binding loops in inhibitors from other plants lie mainly in the β5-β6 and β9-β10 loops. In addition, we found that the β5-β6 loop is used to inhibit two different families of serine proteases through a steric blockade inhibition mechanism. This work will help to change the general perception that all Kunitz-STI inhibitors are canonical inhibitors and proteins with protease-binding loops adopting noncanonical conformations are exceptions. Additionally, our results will help in the identification of protease-binding loops in uncharacterized or newly discovered inhibitors, and in the design of multifunctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasel Guerra
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Vinicio Armijos‐Jaramillo
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Tirso Pons
- Department of Immunology and OncologyNational Centre for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Ferreira GC, Bomediano Camillo LDM, Sasaki SD. Structural and functional properties of rBmTI-A: A Kunitz-BPTI serine protease inhibitor with therapeutical potential. Biochimie 2023; 204:1-7. [PMID: 36037882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases are an important group of enzymes present in several organisms such as viruses, bacteria and eukaryotes involved in several physiological and pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegeneration, tissue inflammation and infections. Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors have been studied as therapeutical targets with positive results in many of these diseases. rBmTI-A (recombinant B. microplus Trypsin Inhibitor A) is a Kunitz-BPTI type inhibitor based on the native protein BmTI-A. BmTI-A was extracted from tick larvae and presented inhibitory activity against trypsin, human plasma kallikrein (HuPK), human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and human plasmin. rBmTI-A presented the same inhibitory activities of the BmTI-A and its thermostability has already been demonstrated. In emphysema induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and by cigarette smoke animal models, the treatment using rBmTI-A showed a protective effect against the development of pulmonary emphysema and prevented the increase of inflammatory cells. In chronic allergic animal model, rBmTI-A treatment resulted in attenuated bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, remodeling. These are important physiological results in emphysema and lung inflammatory animal models with rBmTI-A treatment confirming its therapeutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Cristina Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Moraes Bomediano Camillo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Daishi Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program on Biosystems, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wu Z, Tang M, Zhao J, Lin Z, Wang S, Bao Y. Genome-wide identification and immune response analysis of serine protease inhibitor genes in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 131:1234-1244. [PMID: 36417957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) are the main regulators of serine protease activities. In this study, we present a genome-wide identification of SPI genes in T. granosa(TgSPI genes)and their expression characteristics in respond to Vibrio stress. A total of 102 TgSPI genes belonging to eight families, including Serpin, TIL (trypsin inhibitor like cysteine rich domain), Kunitz, Kazal, I84, Pacifastin, WAP (whey acidic protein) and A2M (Alpha-2-macroglobulin) were identified, while no genes belonging to Bowman-Birk, amfpi and Antistasin families were identified. The Kazal family has the most TgSPI genes with 38, and 11 TgSPI genes belong to the mollusc-specific I84 family. The TgSPI genes were found to be randomly distributed on 17 chromosomes with 12 tandem duplicate gene pairs. Expression profiles showed that most TgSPI genes were mainly expressed in immune-related tissues such as hepatopancreas, gill and mantle. In the hepatopancreas, most of TgSPI genes were sensitive to Vibrio stress, 28 and 29 TgSPI genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Some up-regulated genes with signal peptides, such as the TgSPIs of I84 family, may act as a mechanism to directly prevent Vibrio from invasion. Six Kazal-type TgSPIs (TgSPI29, 45, 49, 50, 51 and 52) were intracellular proteins and their expression was down-regulated in hemocytes after Vibrio stress. This may have boosted protease activity in hemocytes to the point that more hemoglobin derived peptides were produced and secreted into the hemolymph to exert their anti-Vibrio effects. These findings may provide valuable information for further clarifying the roles of SPIs in the immune defense and will benefit future exploration of the immune function of SPIs in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Mengjie Tang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China.
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China.
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9
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Xue G, Li J, Jiang L, Huang M. Structural study of the uPA-nafamostat complex reveals a covalent inhibitory mechanism of nafamostat. Biophys J 2022; 121:3940-3949. [PMID: 36039386 PMCID: PMC9674978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafamostat mesylate (NM) is a synthetic compound that inhibits various serine proteases produced during the coagulation cascade and inflammation. Previous studies showed that NM was a highly safe drug for the treatment of different cancers, but the precise functions and mechanisms of NM are not clear. In this study, we determined a series of crystal structures of NM and its hydrolysates in complex with a serine protease (urokinase-type plasminogen activator [uPA]). These structures reveal that NM was cleaved by uPA and that a hydrolyzed product (4-guanidinobenzoic acid [GBA]) remained covalently linked to Ser195 of uPA, and the other hydrolyzed product (6-amidino-2-naphthol [6A2N]) released from uPA. Strikingly, in the inactive uPA (uPA-S195A):NM structure, the 6A2N side of intact NM binds to the specific pocket of uPA. Molecular dynamics simulations and end-point binding free-energy calculations show that the conf1 of NM (6A2N as P1 group) in the uPA-S195A:NM complex may be more stable than conf2 of NM (GBA as P1 group). Moreover, in the structure of uPA:NM complex, the imidazole group of His57 flips further away from Ser195 and disrupts the stable canonical catalytic triad conformation. These results not only reveal the inhibitory mechanism of NM as an efficient serine protease inhibitor but also might provide the structural basis for the further development of serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Juhong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Guangpu Xue
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.
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10
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Skrabana R, Gebetsberger L, Tajti G, Baráth P, Ondrovičová G, Praženicová R, Jantova N, Hrasnova P, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Blockade of TMPRSS2-mediated priming of SARS-CoV-2 by lactoferricin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958581. [PMID: 36081512 PMCID: PMC9445877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to vaccines, there is an urgent need for supplemental antiviral therapeutics to dampen the persistent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), that is responsible for proteolytic priming of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, appears as a rational therapeutic target. Accordingly, selective inhibitors of TMPRSS2 represent potential tools for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Previously, we identified the human milk glycoprotein lactoferrin as a natural inhibitor of plasminogen conversion to plasmin, a serine protease homologous to TMPRSS2. Here, we tested whether lactoferrin and lactoferricin, a biologically active natural peptide produced by pepsin-mediated digestion of lactoferrin, together with synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin, were able to block TMPRSS2 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly, we revealed that both lactoferricin and the N-terminal synthetic peptide pLF1 significantly inhibited: i) proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2 and plasmin, ii) proteolytic processing of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and iii) SARS-CoV-2 infection of SARS-CoV-2-permissive cells. Thus, natural and synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin represent feasible candidates for supporting prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Vladimir Leksa, ; Anna Ohradanova-Repic,
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Baráth
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Romana Praženicová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikola Jantova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia Hrasnova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Vladimir Leksa, ; Anna Ohradanova-Repic,
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11
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Cui Y, Zhang M, Xu H, Zhang T, Zhang S, Zhao X, Jiang P, Li J, Ye B, Sun Y, Wang M, Deng Y, Meng Q, Liu Y, Fu Q, Lin J, Wang L, Chen Y. Elastase Inhibitor Cyclotheonellazole A: Total Synthesis and In Vivo Biological Evaluation for Acute Lung Injury. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2971-2987. [PMID: 35005973 PMCID: PMC8936052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is one of the most common complications in COVID-19. Elastase has been recognized as an important target to prevent ALI/ARDS in the patient of COVID-19. Cyclotheonellazole A (CTL-A) is a natural macrocyclic peptide reported to be a potent elastase inhibitor. Herein, we completed the first total synthesis of CTL-A in 24 linear steps. The key reactions include three-component MAC reactions and two late-stage oxidations. We also provided seven CTL-A analogues and elucidated preliminary structure-activity relationships. The in vivo ALI mouse model further suggested that CTL-A alleviated acute lung injury with reductions in lung edema and pathological deterioration, which is better than sivelestat, one approved elastase inhibitor. The activity of CTL-A against elastase, along with its cellular safety and well-established synthetic route, warrants further investigation of CTL-A as a candidate against COVID-19 pathogeneses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Cui
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyi Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglei Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingrong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songming Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhe Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baijun Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mukuo Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangping Deng
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Meng
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Tianjin
4th Centre Hospital, Tianjin 300140, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jianping Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
- Biodesign
Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Babii O, Afonin S, Diel C, Huhn M, Dommermuth J, Schober T, Koniev S, Hrebonkin A, Nesterov‐Mueller A, Komarov IV, Ulrich AS. Diarylethene-Based Photoswitchable Inhibitors of Serine Proteases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21789-21794. [PMID: 34268844 PMCID: PMC8519022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A bicyclic peptide scaffold was chemically adapted to generate diarylethene-based photoswitchable inhibitors of serine protease Bos taurus trypsin 1 (T1). Starting from a prototype molecule-sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1)-we obtained light-controllable inhibitors of T1 with Ki in the low nanomolar range, whose activity could be modulated over 20-fold by irradiation. The inhibitory potency as well as resistance to proteolytic degradation were systematically studied on a series of 17 SFTI-1 analogues. The hydrogen bond network that stabilizes the structure of inhibitors and possibly the enzyme-inhibitor binding dynamics were affected by isomerization of the photoswitch. The feasibility of manipulating enzyme activity in time and space was demonstrated by controlled digestion of gelatin-based hydrogel and an antimicrobial peptide BP100-RW. Finally, our design principles of diarylethene photoswitches are shown to apply also for the development of other serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Babii
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)POB 364076021KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT)KITHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)POB 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christian Diel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)KITFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Marcel Huhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)KITFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jennifer Dommermuth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)KITFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Tim Schober
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)KITFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Lumobiotics GmbHAuer Straße 276227KarlsruheGermany
| | - Serhii Koniev
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyivvul. Volodymyrska 601601KyivUkraine
| | - Andrii Hrebonkin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)POB 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Alexander Nesterov‐Mueller
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT)KITHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Igor V. Komarov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyivvul. Volodymyrska 601601KyivUkraine
- Lumobiotics GmbHAuer Straße 276227KarlsruheGermany
| | - Anne S. Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)POB 364076021KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)KITFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
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13
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Huang X, Pearce R, Omenn GS, Zhang Y. Identification of 13 Guanidinobenzoyl- or Aminidinobenzoyl-Containing Drugs to Potentially Inhibit TMPRSS2 for COVID-19 Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7060. [PMID: 34209110 PMCID: PMC8269196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Positively charged groups that mimic arginine or lysine in a natural substrate of trypsin are necessary for drugs to inhibit the trypsin-like serine protease TMPRSS2 that is involved in the viral entry and spread of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Based on this assumption, we identified a set of 13 approved or clinically investigational drugs with positively charged guanidinobenzoyl and/or aminidinobenzoyl groups, including the experimentally verified TMPRSS2 inhibitors Camostat and Nafamostat. Molecular docking using the C-I-TASSER-predicted TMPRSS2 catalytic domain model suggested that the guanidinobenzoyl or aminidinobenzoyl group in all the drugs could form putative salt bridge interactions with the side-chain carboxyl group of Asp435 located in the S1 pocket of TMPRSS2. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed the high stability of the putative salt bridge interactions over long-time (100 ns) simulations. The molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area-binding free energy assessment and per-residue energy decomposition analysis also supported the strong binding interactions between TMPRSS2 and the proposed drugs. These results suggest that the proposed compounds, in addition to Camostat and Nafamostat, could be effective TMPRSS2 inhibitors for COVID-19 treatment by occupying the S1 pocket with the hallmark positively charged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (R.P.); (G.S.O.)
| | - Robin Pearce
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (R.P.); (G.S.O.)
| | - Gilbert S. Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (R.P.); (G.S.O.)
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (R.P.); (G.S.O.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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14
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Oliveira C, Valois MV, Ottaiano TF, Miranda A, Hansen D, Sampaio MU, Oliva MLV, de Abreu Maffei FH. The recombinant plant Bauhinia bauhinioides elastase inhibitor reduces rat thrombus without alterations in hemostatic parameters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13475. [PMID: 34188079 PMCID: PMC8241853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of the plant protease inhibitor BbCI (Bauhinia bauhinioides cruzipain inhibitor), which blocks elastase, cathepsin G, and L, and proteinase 3 has been demonstrated. Here, we investigated the recombinant rBbCI-His(6) (containing a histidine tail) in an experimental venous thrombosis model of vena cava (VC) ligature in rats, comparing to heparin. We evaluate the effects of the inhibitors (native or recombinant) or heparin on the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) in human and rat plasmas. The rats undergoing treatment received a saline solution or increasing concentrations of rBbCI-His(6), heparin, or a mixture of both. After 4 h of ligature VC, thrombus, if present was removed and weighed. aPTT, PT, and cytokines were measured in blood collected by cardiac puncture. aPTT, PT, and bleeding time (BT) were also measured at the time of VC (vena cava) ligature. rBbCI-His(6) (0.45 or 1.40 mg/kg) does not alter aPTT, PT or BT. No differences in coagulation parameters were detected in rBbCI-His(6) treated rats at the time of VC ligature or when the thrombus was removed. There was a significant decrease in the weight of thrombus in the animals of the groups treated with the rBbCI-His(6) (1.40 mg/kg), with the rBbCI-His(6) mixture (1.40 mg/kg) + heparin (50 IU/kg) and heparin (100 IU/kg) in relation to control group (saline). The growth-related oncogene/keratinocyte chemoattractant (GRO/KC) serum levels in rats treated with rBbCI-His(6) (1.40 mg/kg) or heparin (200 IU/kg) were reduced. In the experimental model used, rBbCI-His(6) alone had an antithrombotic effect, not altering blood clotting or bleeding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleide Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Mayara Vioto Valois
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Fontes Ottaiano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Daiane Hansen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Misako Uemura Sampaio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.
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15
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Sun YJ, Velez G, Parsons DE, Li K, Ortiz ME, Sharma S, McCray PB, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Structure-based phylogeny identifies avoralstat as a TMPRSS2 inhibitor that prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:147973. [PMID: 33844653 PMCID: PMC8121520 DOI: 10.1172/jci147973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting host proteins can act prophylactically to reduce viral burden early in disease and limit morbidity, even with antivirals and vaccination. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is a human protease required for SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral entry and may represent such a target. We hypothesized that drugs selected from proteins related by their tertiary structure, rather than their primary structure, were likely to interact with TMPRSS2. We created a structure-based phylogenetic computational tool named 3DPhyloFold to systematically identify structurally similar serine proteases with known therapeutic inhibitors and demonstrated effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo. Several candidate compounds, avoralstat, PCI-27483, antipain, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, inhibited TMPRSS2 in biochemical and cell infection assays. Avoralstat, a clinically tested kallikrein-related B1 inhibitor, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in human airway epithelial cells. In an in vivo proof of principle, avoralstat significantly reduced lung tissue titers and mitigated weight loss when administered prophylactically to mice susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, indicating its potential to be repositioned for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prophylaxis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Sun
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Dylan E. Parsons
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul B. McCray
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Neurology, and
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- Molecular Surgery Lab, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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16
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Mota FAR, Pereira SAP, Araujo ARTS, Saraiva MLMFS. Evaluation of Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquids Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Inhibition in Elastase Enzyme Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010200. [PMID: 33401768 PMCID: PMC7796259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is used as diagnostic biomarker for inflammation/infection. In this work, 10 ionic liquids (ILs) and 11 ionic liquids active pharmaceutical ingredients (ILs-APIs) were tested to evaluate the inhibition effect on the activity of porcine pancreatic elastase enzyme, frequently employed as a model for HNE. The insertion of ionic liquids in some drugs is useful, as the insertion of ILs with inhibitory capacity will also slow down all processes in which this enzyme is involved. Therefore, a spectrophotometric method was performed to the determination of EC50 values of the compounds tested. EC50 values of 124 ± 4 mM to 289 ± 11 mM were obtained, with the most toxic IL for elastase being tetrabutylammonium acetate and the least toxic 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Moreover, sodium salicylate (raw material) presented the lower and benzethonium bistriflimide the higher EC50 when compared with all the IL-APIs tested. This work provides significant information about the effect of the studied IL and IL-APIs in elastase enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima A. R. Mota
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.R.M.); (S.A.P.P.); (A.R.T.S.A.)
- Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sarah A. P. Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.R.M.); (S.A.P.P.); (A.R.T.S.A.)
| | - André R. T. S. Araujo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.R.M.); (S.A.P.P.); (A.R.T.S.A.)
- Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - M. Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.R.M.); (S.A.P.P.); (A.R.T.S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220428674; Fax: +351-226093483
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17
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Jagger AM, Waudby CA, Irving JA, Christodoulou J, Lomas DA. High-resolution ex vivo NMR spectroscopy of human Z α 1-antitrypsin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6371. [PMID: 33311470 PMCID: PMC7732992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations predispose the serine protease inhibitor α1-antitrypsin to misfolding and polymerisation within hepatocytes, causing liver disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This misfolding occurs via a transiently populated intermediate state, but our structural understanding of this process is limited by the instability of recombinant α1-antitrypsin variants in solution. Here we apply NMR spectroscopy to patient-derived samples of α1-antitrypsin at natural isotopic abundance to investigate the consequences of disease-causing mutations, and observe widespread chemical shift perturbations for methyl groups in Z AAT (E342K). By comparison with perturbations induced by binding of a small-molecule inhibitor of misfolding we conclude that they arise from rapid exchange between the native conformation and a well-populated intermediate state. The observation that this intermediate is stabilised by inhibitor binding suggests a paradoxical approach to the targeted treatment of protein misfolding disorders, wherein the stabilisation of disease-associated states provides selectivity while inhibiting further transitions along misfolding pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Jagger
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher A Waudby
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - John Christodoulou
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - David A Lomas
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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18
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Schütz D, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Münch J, Kirchhoff F, Sanchez-Garcia E, Müller JA. Peptide and peptide-based inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 167:47-65. [PMID: 33189768 PMCID: PMC7665879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, no effective vaccines or therapies are available against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pandemic agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to their safety, efficacy and specificity, peptide inhibitors hold great promise for the treatment of newly emerging viral pathogens. Based on the known structures of viral proteins and their cellular targets, antiviral peptides can be rationally designed and optimized. The resulting peptides may be highly specific for their respective targets and particular viral pathogens or exert broad antiviral activity. Here, we summarize the current status of peptides inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 entry and outline the strategies used to design peptides targeting the ACE2 receptor or the viral spike protein and its activating proteases furin, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), or cathepsin L. In addition, we present approaches used against related viruses such as SARS-CoV-1 that might be implemented for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Chen QY, Luo D, Seabra GM, Luesch H. Ahp-Cyclodepsipeptides as tunable inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase and kallikrein 7: Total synthesis of tutuilamide A, serine protease selectivity profile and comparison with lyngbyastatin 7. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115756. [PMID: 33002682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe the total synthesis of tutuilamide A, a potent porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) inhibitor and a representative member of the 3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone (Ahp) cyclodepsipeptide family, isolated from marine cyanobacteria. The Ahp unit serves as a pharmacophore and the adjacent 2-amino-2-butenoic acid (Abu) is a main driver of the selectivity among serine proteases. We adapted our previous convergent strategy to generate the macrocycle, common with lyngbyastatin 7 and related elastase inhibitors, and then appended the tutuilamide A-specific side chain bearing a vinyl chloride. Tutuilamide A and lyngbyastatin 7 were evaluated side by side for the inhibition of the disease-relevant human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Tutuilamide A and lyngbyastatin 7 were approximately equipotent against HNE, while tutuilamide A was previously shown to be more active against PPE compared with lyngbyastatin 7, further demonstrating that the side chain provides opportunities to not only modulate potency but also selectivity among proteases of the same function from different organisms. Profiling of tutuilamide A against mainly human serine proteases revealed high selectivity for HNE (IC50 0.73 nM) and pleiotropic activity against kallikrein 7 (KLK7, IC50 5.0 nM), without affecting other kallikreins, similarly to lyngbyastatin 7 (IC50 0.85 nM for HNE and 3.1 nM for KLK7). A comprehensive molecular docking study for elastases and KLK7 afforded deeper insight into the intricate differences between inhibitor interactions with HNE and PPE, accounting for the differential activities for both compounds. The synthesis and molecular studies serve as a proof-of-concept that the macrocyclic scaffold can be diversified to fine-tune the activity of serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Danmeng Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Gustavo M Seabra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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20
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Shi Y, Shao Y, Lv Z, Li C. Serpin-type serine protease inhibitor mediates coelomocyte apoptosis in Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 104:410-418. [PMID: 32569714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs, serpins) are a protein superfamily involved in almost all physiological processes in all organisms. In this study, a novel serpin was identified from Apostichopus japonicus (Ajserpin) by using high-throughput sequencing and RACE approaches. The full-length cDNA of Ajserpin was 1893 bp with a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 130 bp, a 3'-UTR of 587 bp, and an open reading frame of 1176 bp encoding a polypeptide of 391 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 43.8 kDa. Ajserpin shares the standard structure of SPI, including three β-sheets and eight α-helices. The deduced amino acid sequences of Ajserpin had no nuclear location signal and signal peptide structure. The phylogenetic tree and immunofluorescence showed that Ajserpin belonged to the clade B subfamily and was mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Sequence comparison and protein inhibition experiments showed that the active site (P1-P1' site) of Ajserpin was Arginine and Serine, which displayed inhibitory activity toward trypsin in a dose-dependent manner. Tissue distribution analysis showed that Ajserpin transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues with the peak in the body wall. Ajserpin mRNA transcripts could be induced in Vibrio splendidus-challenged sea cucumber or lipopolysaccharide-exposed coelomocytes. Furthermore, Ajserpin knockdown by small interfering RNAs could inhibit coelomocytes apoptosis. All our results revealed that Ajserpin might serve as an immune regulator in sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Zhimeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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Tsuji M. Potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates identified through virtual screening of the ChEMBL database for compounds that target the main coronavirus protease. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:995-1004. [PMID: 32374074 PMCID: PMC7262888 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or 2019 novel coronavirus] has been identified as the pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019. The main protease (Mpro , also called 3-chymotrypsin-like protease) of SARS-CoV-2 is a potential target for treatment of COVID-19. A Mpro homodimer structure suitable for docking simulations was prepared using a crystal structure (PDB ID: 6Y2G; resolution 2.20 Å). Structural refinement was performed in the presence of peptidomimetic α-ketoamide inhibitors, which were previously disconnected from each Cys145 of the Mpro homodimer, and energy calculations were performed. Structure-based virtual screenings were performed using the ChEMBL database. Through a total of 1 485 144 screenings, 64 potential drugs (11 approved, 14 clinical, and 39 preclinical drugs) were predicted to show high binding affinity with Mpro . Additional docking simulations for predicted compounds with high binding affinity with Mpro suggested that 28 bioactive compounds may have potential as effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates. The procedure used in this study is a possible strategy for discovering anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs from drug libraries that may significantly shorten the clinical development period with regard to drug repositioning.
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Rahman N, Basharat Z, Yousuf M, Castaldo G, Rastrelli L, Khan H. Virtual Screening of Natural Products against Type II Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS2), the Priming Agent of Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Molecules 2020; 25:E2271. [PMID: 32408547 PMCID: PMC7287752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused about 2 million infections and is responsible for more than 100,000 deaths worldwide. To date, there is no specific drug registered to combat the disease it causes, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In the current study, we used an in silico approach to screen natural compounds to find potent inhibitors of the host enzyme transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). This enzyme facilitates viral particle entry into host cells, and its inhibition blocks virus fusion with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This, in turn, restricts SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. A three-dimensional structure of TMPRSS2 was built using SWISS-MODEL and validated by RAMPAGE. The natural compounds library Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS), containing 30,927 compounds, was screened against the target protein. Two techniques were used in the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) for this purpose, i.e., a ligand-based pharmacophore approach and a molecular docking-based screening. In total, 2140 compounds with pharmacophoric features were retained using the first approach. Using the second approach, 85 compounds with molecular docking comparable to or greater than that of the standard inhibitor (camostat mesylate) were identified. The top 12 compounds with the most favorable structural features were studied for physicochemical and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) properties. The low-molecular-weight compound NPC306344 showed significant interaction with the active site residues of TMPRSS2, with a binding energy score of -14.69. Further in vitro and in vivo validation is needed to study and develop an anti-COVID-19 drug based on the structures of the most promising compounds identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Rahman
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (N.R.); (M.Y.)
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, PCMD, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (N.R.); (M.Y.)
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- NUTRIKETO_LAB Unisa-“San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino (AV), Italy;
| | - Luca Rastrelli
- NUTRIKETO_LAB Unisa-“San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino (AV), Italy;
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Salerno. Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
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Omar AM, Elfaky MA, Arold ST, Soror SH, Khayat MT, Asfour HZ, Bamane FH, El-Araby ME. 1 H-Imidazole-2,5-Dicarboxamides as NS4A Peptidomimetics: Identification of a New Approach to Inhibit HCV-NS3 Protease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E479. [PMID: 32245218 PMCID: PMC7175367 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural (NS) protein NS3/4A protease is a critical factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) maturation that requires activation by NS4A. Synthetic peptide mutants of NS4A were found to inhibit NS3 function. The bridging from peptide inhibitors to heterocyclic peptidomimetics of NS4A has not been considered in the literature and, therefore, we decided to explore this strategy for developing a new class of NS3 inhibitors. In this report, a structure-based design approach was used to convert the bound form of NS4A into 1H-imidazole-2,5-dicarboxamide derivatives as first generation peptidomimetics. This scaffold mimics the buried amino acid sequence Ile-25` to Arg-28` at the core of NS4A21`-33` needed to activate the NS3 protease. Some of the synthesized compounds (Coded MOC) were able to compete with and displace NS4A21`-33` for binding to NS3. For instance, N5-(4-guanidinobutyl)-N2-(n-hexyl)-1H-imidazole-2,5-dicarboxamide (MOC-24) inhibited the binding of NS4A21`-33` with a competition half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.9 ± 0.12 µM in a fluorescence anisotropy assay and stabilized the denaturation of NS3 by increasing the aggregation temperature (40% compared to NS4A21`-33`). MOC-24 also inhibited NS3 protease activity in a fluorometric assay. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to rationalize the differences in structure-activity relationship (SAR) between the active MOC-24 and the inactive MOC-26. Our data show that MOC compounds are possibly the first examples of NS4A peptidomimetics that have demonstrated promising activities against NS3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.O.); (M.T.K.)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Elfaky
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Stefan T. Arold
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameh H. Soror
- Center for Scientific Excellence Helwan Structural Biology Research (HSBR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Maan T. Khayat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.O.); (M.T.K.)
| | - Hani Z. Asfour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faida H. Bamane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Moustafa E. El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.O.); (M.T.K.)
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24
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Timm J, Kosovrasti K, Henes M, Leidner F, Hou S, Ali A, Kurt-Yilmaz N, Schiffer CA. Molecular and Structural Mechanism of Pan-Genotypic HCV NS3/4A Protease Inhibition by Glecaprevir. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:342-352. [PMID: 31868341 PMCID: PMC7747061 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus, causative agent of chronic viral hepatitis, infects 71 million people worldwide and is divided into seven genotypes and multiple subtypes with sequence identities between 68 to 82%. While older generation direct-acting antivirals had varying effectiveness against different genotypes, the newest NS3/4A protease inhibitors including glecaprevir (GLE) have pan-genotypic activity. The structural basis for pan-genotypic inhibition and effects of polymorphisms on inhibitor potency were not well-known due to lack of crystal structures of GLE-bound NS3/4A or genotypes other than 1. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of NS3/4A from genotypes 1a, 3a, 4a, and 5a in complex with GLE. Comparison with the highly similar grazoprevir indicated the mechanism of GLE's drastic improvement in potency. We found that, while GLE is highly potent against wild-type NS3/4A of all genotypes, specific resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) confer orders of magnitude loss in inhibition. Our crystal structures reveal molecular mechanisms behind pan-genotypic activity of GLE, including potency loss due to RASs at D168. Our structures permit for the first time analysis of changes due to polymorphisms among genotypes, providing insights into design principles that can aid future drug development and potentially can be extended to other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Timm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Klajdi Kosovrasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mina Henes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Florian Leidner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nese Kurt-Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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25
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Yu X, Wei LH, Zhang JK, Chen TR, Jin Q, Wang YN, Zhang SJ, Dou TY, Cao YF, Guo WZ, Ge GB, Yang L. Anthraquinones from Cassiae semen as thrombin inhibitors: in vitro and in silico studies. Phytochemistry 2019; 165:112025. [PMID: 31207449 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin inhibitor therapy is one of the most effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases. Although several marketed direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) have been widely used in clinic, the potentially serious complications of these DTIs prompted the researchers to find more DTIs with improved safety profiles. Herein, we report that natural anthraquinones in Cassiae semen (the seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. or C. tora L.), including obtusifolin, obtusin, aurantio-obtusin and chryso-obtusin, display strong to moderate inhibition on human thrombin, with the IC50 values ranging from 9.08 μM to 27.88 μM. Further investigation on the inhibition kinetics demonstrates that these anthraquinones are mixed inhibitors against thrombin-mediated Z-GGRAMC acetate hydrolysis, while obtusifolin and aurantio-obtusin show strong thrombin inhibition capacity, with the Ki values of 9.63 μM and 10.30 μM, respectively. Docking simulations demonstrate that both obtusifolin and aurantio-obtusin can simultaneously bind on the catalytic cavity and the two anion binding exosites (ABE1 and ABE2), while the hydroxyl group at the C-7 site and the methoxyl group at the C-8 site can create key interactions with the amino acids surrounding the catalytic cavity via hydrogen bonding. All these findings suggest that obtusifolin and aurantio-obtusin are strong thrombin inhibitors possessing a unique anthraquinone skeleton, and could be used as lead compounds for the development of new thrombin inhibitors with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation; Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities; Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ling-Hua Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation; Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities; Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jia-Kai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation; Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities; Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Tian-Ran Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation; Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities; Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation; Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities; Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Tong-Yi Dou
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Yun-Feng Cao
- Dalian Runsheng Kangtai Medical Laboratory Co.Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation; Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities; Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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26
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Nakamura R, Konishi M, Taniguchi M, Hatakawa Y, Akizawa T. The discovery of shorter synthetic proteolytic peptides derived from Tob1 protein. Peptides 2019; 116:71-77. [PMID: 30930080 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We screened nearly 1000 synthetic peptides and found that JAL-AK22 (KYEGHWYPEKPYKGSGFRCIHI), which is derived from the BoxA domain in the Tob1 protein, activates both unfolded and folded proMMP-7. Interestingly, the smaller derivative of JAL-AK22, termed JAL-TA9 (YKGSGFRMI) possessed auto-proteolytic activity and cleaved three synthetic peptides fragment (MMP18-33, MMP18-40, and Aβ11-29) under physiological conditions. The kcat of JAL-TA9 was 4.58 × 10-4 min-1 against MMP18-33 and 6.5 × 10-4 min-1 against MMP18-40. These kinetic parameters are lower than those of general proteinases like trypsin, for which the kcat is 247.2 × 105 min-1 against benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester. In addition, a 5-mer peptide derived from JAL-TA9, GSGFR also cleaved Aβ11-29. These proteolytic activities were inhibited by AEBSF (4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride), a serine protease inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that some small synthetic peptides have protease activity. Thus, we propose calling small peptides possessing with protease activity Catalytides (catalytic peptides). We expect that our findings will stimulate the development of novel Catalytides and related applications such as the development of strategic peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Nakamura
- O-Force Co. Ltd., 3454 Irino, Kuroshio-cho, Hata-gun, Kochi, 789-1931, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Motomi Konishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Masanari Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hatakawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Akizawa
- O-Force Co. Ltd., 3454 Irino, Kuroshio-cho, Hata-gun, Kochi, 789-1931, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
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Cabrera-Muñoz A, Valiente PA, Rojas L, Alonso-Del-Rivero Antigua M, Pires JR. NMR structure of CmPI-II, a non-classical Kazal protease inhibitor: Understanding its conformational dynamics and subtilisin A inhibition. J Struct Biol 2019; 206:280-294. [PMID: 30930219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases play crucial roles in host-pathogen interactions. Thus, protease inhibitors constitute important tools in the regulation of this interaction. CmPI-II is a Kazal proteinase inhibitor isolated from Cenchritis muricatus that inhibits subtilisin A, trypsin and elastases. Based on sequence analysis it defines a new group of non-classical Kazal inhibitors. Lacking solved 3D structures from this group prevents the straightforward structural comparison with other Kazal inhibitors. The 3D structure of CmPI-II, solved in this work using NMR techniques, shows the typical fold of Kazal inhibitors, but has significant differences in its N-terminal moiety, the disposition of the CysI-CysV disulfide bond and the reactive site loop (RSL) conformation. The high flexibility of its N-terminal region, the RSL, and the α-helix observed in NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, suggest a coupled motion of these regions that could explain CmPI-II broad specificity. The 3D structure of the CmPI-II/subtilisin A complex, obtained by modeling, allows understanding of the energetic basis of the subtilisin A inhibition. The residues at the P2 and P2' positions of the inhibitor RSL were predicted to be major contributors to the binding free energy of the complex, rather than those at the P1 position. Site directed mutagenesis experiments confirmed the Trp14 (P2') contribution to CmPI-II/subtilisin A complex formation. Overall, this work provides the structural determinants for the subtilisin A inhibition by CmPI-II and allows the designing of more specific and potent molecules. In addition, the 3D structure obtained supports the existence of a new group in non-classical Kazal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymara Cabrera-Muñoz
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Pedro A Valiente
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Laritza Rojas
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Maday Alonso-Del-Rivero Antigua
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - José R Pires
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS / Bloco E - sala 32, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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da Silva Ferreira R, Napoleão TH, Silva-Lucca RA, Silva MCC, Paiva PMG, Oliva MLV. The effects of Enterolobium contortisiliquum serine protease inhibitor on the survival of the termite Nasutitermes corniger, and its use as affinity adsorbent to purify termite proteases. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:632-638. [PMID: 30051588 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of Enterolobium contortisiliquum protease inhibitor, EcTI-Sepharose, as an affinity chromatography matrix is a powerful biotechnological tool to purify targets from Nasutitermes corniger in the investigation of insecticidal properties of natural compounds.
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Smith SM, Melrose J. A Retrospective Analysis of the Cartilage Kunitz Protease Inhibitory Proteins Identifies These as Members of the Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor Superfamily with Potential Roles in the Protection of the Articulatory Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030497. [PMID: 30678366 PMCID: PMC6387120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess if the ovine articular cartilage serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) were related to the Kunitz inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) family. Methods: Ovine articular cartilage was finely diced and extracted in 6 M urea and SPIs isolated by sequential anion exchange, HA affinity and Sephadex G100 gel permeation chromatography. Selected samples were also subjected to chymotrypsin and concanavalin-A affinity chromatography. Eluant fractions from these isolation steps were monitored for protein and trypsin inhibitory activity. Inhibitory fractions were assessed by affinity blotting using biotinylated trypsin to detect SPIs and by Western blotting using antibodies to α1-microglobulin, bikunin, TSG-6 and 2-B-6 (+) CS epitope generated by chondroitinase-ABC digestion. Results: 2-B-6 (+) positive 250, 220,120, 58 and 36 kDa SPIs were detected. The 58 kDa SPI contained α1-microglobulin, bikunin and chondroitin-4-sulfate stub epitope consistent with an identity of α1-microglobulin-bikunin (AMBP) precursor and was also isolated by concanavalin-A lectin affinity chromatography indicating it had N-glycosylation. Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI) species of 36, 26, 12 and 6 kDa were autolytically generated by prolonged storage of the 120 and 58 kDa SPIs; chymotrypsin affinity chromatography generated the 6 kDa SPI. KPI domain 1 and 2 SPIs were separated by concanavalin lectin affinity chromatography, domain 1 displayed affinity for this lectin indicating it had N-glycosylation. KPI 1 and 2 displayed potent inhibitory activity against trypsin, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, leucocyte elastase and cathepsin G. Localisation of versican, lubricin and hyaluronan (HA) in the surface regions of articular cartilage represented probable binding sites for the ITI serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) which may preserve articulatory properties and joint function. Discussion/Conclusions: The Kunitz SPI proteins synthesised by articular chondrocytes are members of the ITI superfamily. By analogy with other tissues in which these proteins occur we deduce that the cartilage Kunitz SPIs may be multifunctional proteins. Binding of the cartilage Kunitz SPIs to HA may protect this polymer from depolymerisation by free radical damage and may also protect other components in the cartilage surface from proteolytic degradation preserving joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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White GV, Edgar EV, Holmes DS, Lewell XQ, Liddle J, Polyakova O, Smith KJ, Thorpe JH, Walker AL, Wang Y, Young RJ, Hovnanian A. Kallikrein 5 inhibitors identified through structure based drug design in search for a treatment for Netherton Syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:821-825. [PMID: 30691925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare and debilitating severe autosomal recessive genetic skin disease with high mortality rates particularly in neonates. NS is caused by loss-of-function SPINK5 mutations leading to unregulated kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and kallikrein 7 (KLK7) activity. Furthermore, KLK5 inhibition has been proposed as a potential therapeutic treatment for NS. Identification of potent and selective KLK5 inhibitors would enable further exploration of the disease biology and could ultimately lead to a treatment for NS. This publication describes how fragmentation of known trypsin-like serine protease (TLSP) inhibitors resulted in the identification of a series of phenolic amidine-based KLK5 inhibitors 1. X-ray crystallography was used to find alternatives to the phenol interaction leading to identification of carbonyl analogues such as lactam 13 and benzimidazole 15. These reversible inhibitors, with selectivity over KLK1 (10-100 fold), provided novel starting points for the guided growth towards suitable tool molecules for the exploration of KLK5 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma V White
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Emma V Edgar
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Duncan S Holmes
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Xiao Qing Lewell
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - John Liddle
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Oxana Polyakova
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kathrine J Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - James H Thorpe
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ann L Walker
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Yichen Wang
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Robert J Young
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Tang X, Chen M, Duan Z, Mwangi J, Li P, Lai R. Isolation and Characterization of Poecistasin, an Anti-Thrombotic Antistasin-Type Serine Protease Inhibitor from Leech Poecilobdella manillensis. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110429. [PMID: 30373118 PMCID: PMC6265900 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antistasin, first identified as a potent inhibitor of the blood coagulation factor Xa, is a novel family of serine protease inhibitors. In this study, we purified a novel antistasin-type inhibitor from leech Poecilobdella manillensis called poecistasin. Amino acid sequencing of this 48-amino-acid protein revealed that poecistasin was an antistasin-type inhibitor known to consist of only one domain. Poecistasin inhibited factor XIIa, kallikrein, trypsin, and elastase, but had no inhibitory effect on factor Xa and thrombin. Poecistasin showed anticoagulant activities. It prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time and inhibited FeCl₃-induced carotid artery thrombus formation, implying its potent function in helping Poecilobdella manillensis to take a blood meal from the host by inhibiting coagulation. Poecistasin also suppressed ischemic stroke symptoms in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mice model. Our results suggest that poecistasin from the leech Poecilobdella manillensis plays a crucial role in blood-sucking and may be an excellent candidate for the development of clinical anti-thrombosis and anti-ischemic stroke medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China.
| | - Mengrou Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zilei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China.
| | - Pengpeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Boonrawd S, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V. Antimicrobial activity of a serine proteinase inhibitor SPIPm5 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 77:147-155. [PMID: 29601993 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A two-domain Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor, SPIPm5, from Penaeus monodon was studied. Its transcript was expressed in all tissues tested including the hemocytes, stomach, gill, lymphoid organ, muscle, intestine and heart albeit less in hepatopancreas and eyestalk. The expression of SPIPm5 gene was also up-regulated by heat stress, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection and yellow head virus (YHV) infection. Injection of recombinant rSPIPm5 protein into normal shrimp to mimic heat stress condition did not have or had little stimulating effect on the expression of other immune genes: crustinPm1, penaeidin3, penaeidin5, Hsp70, SPIPm2 and SPIPm5. Like some other proteinase inhibitors, the rSPIPm5 could inhibit the hemolymph proPO activity. In survival experiments, the rSPIPm5 could prolong the life of WSSV-infected shrimp similar to the effect of heat stress. The rSPIPm5 also helped the YHV-, Vibrio harveyi- and V. parahaemolyticus-infected shrimp survive longer. The increased endurance against microbial infection was due to the inhibitory effects presumably activated by rSPIPm5 on viral replication and bacterial growth but not the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, the SPIPm5 plays an important role in shrimp innate immunity against the viral and bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittichai Boonrawd
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Premruethai Supungul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 10120, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vichien Rimphanitchayakit
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Verbauwhede AE, Lambrecht MA, Fierens E, Hermans S, Shegay O, Brijs K, Delcour JA. Thermo-reversible inhibition makes aqualysin 1 from Thermus aquaticus a potent tool for studying the contribution of the wheat gluten network to the crumb texture of fresh bread. Food Chem 2018; 264:118-125. [PMID: 29853355 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The thermo-active serine peptidase aqualysin 1 (Aq1) of Thermus aquaticus was applied in bread making to study the relative contribution of thermoset gluten to bread crumb texture. Aq1 is active between 30 °C and 90 °C with an optimum activity temperature of around 65 °C. It is inhibited by wheat endogenous serine peptidase inhibitors during dough mixing and fermentation and starts hydrolyzing gluten proteins during baking above 80 °C when the enzyme is no longer inhibited and most of the starch is gelatinized and contributes to structure formation. Aq1 activity reduced the molecular weight of gluten proteins and significantly increased their extractability in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing medium. While it had no impact on the specific bread volume and only limited impact on hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience and chewiness, it impacted bread crumb coherence. We conclude that starch has a greater impact on crumb texture than thermoset gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien E Verbauwhede
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marlies A Lambrecht
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Fierens
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Senne Hermans
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oksana Shegay
- Competence Center for Fermentation, Puratos Group, Rue Bourrie 12, Andenne, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Brijs
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan A Delcour
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Kwon H, Yang H, Lee S, Nilojan J, Bathige SDNK, Nam BH, Wan Q, Lee J. Characterization of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii and its possible role in hepatic immune response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 74:485-490. [PMID: 29305992 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors (KSPIs) play important roles in the regulation of endogenous proteases, cell development, blood coagulation, and immune response. In this study, we identified and characterized a KSPI homologue (SsKSPI) in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. The full-length cDNA sequence of SsKSPI was 532 base pairs (bp), including an open reading frame (ORF) of 330 bp, which encodes a polypeptide of 110 amino acids with a signal peptide of 21 amino acids. The greatest value for identity (42.9%) and similarity (50.9%) was observed with Channa striata KSPI. We purified the recombinant protein of SsKSPI and performed protease inhibitory assays using three common serine proteases. The recombinant SsKSPI exhibited specific inhibitory activity against subtilisin A in a dose-dependent manner. Tissue distribution of SsKSPI mRNA has been examined amongst 10 important tissues in healthy rockfish and the liver was found to be the predominant expression organ of SsKSPI. The modulation of SsKSPI expression under immune challenges was also investigated in the liver. The SsKSPI mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in response to both bacterial (Streptococcus iniae and lipopolysaccharide) and viral (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid) challenges. Overall, we propose that SsKSPI is potentially involved in the hepatic immune response against bacterial and viral infections in black rockfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukjae Kwon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehanathan Nilojan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083 Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Banke IJ, Arlt MJE, Mueller MM, Sperl S, Stemberger A, Stürzebecher J, Amirkhosravi A, Moroder L, Krüger A. Effective inhibition of experimental metastasis and prolongation of survival in mice by a potent factor Xa-specific synthetic serine protease inhibitor with weak anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 2017; 94:1084-93. [PMID: 16363253 DOI: 10.1160/th05-04-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryClinical and experimental evidence suggests that the blood coagulation system is involved in the dissemination of malignant tumors. Consequently, anticoagulant agents have been tested as metastasis suppressors in experimental models. Recently, we have found a close correlation between factor Xa (FXa)-specificity of a series of synthetic serine protease inhibitors and their anti-metastatic potential in a murineT-cell lymphoma metastasis model. Interference of such inhibitors with blood-coagulation may represent a major experimental and clinical obstacle. Here, we test anti-metastatic effects of a recently developed, highly specific 3-amidinophenylalanine-type FXa inhibitor, WX-FX4, with weaker anticoagulant activity when compared to well-established FXa inhibitors, such as DX-9065a, as measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, prothrombinase complex activity, and coagulation time. Treatment of mice with WX-FX4 (1.5 mg/kg twice daily) led to significant reduction of experimental liver metastasis of a syngeneic T-cell lymphoma in DBA/2 mice (> 90%), and of experimental lung metastasis of a human fibrosarcoma in CD1 nu/nu mice (> 60%). Due to its relatively low anticoagulant activity, daily treatment over 100 days was possible, leading to significant survival benefits without inducing bleeding anomalities. FXa-inhibitors with highly efficient anti-metastatic potential without coagulationrelated side effects may represent important new tools as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo J Banke
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, München, Germany
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Yang L, Mei Y, Fang Q, Wang J, Yan Z, Song Q, Lin Z, Ye G. Identification and characterization of serine protease inhibitors in a parasitic wasp, Pteromalus puparum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15755. [PMID: 29147019 PMCID: PMC5691223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) regulate protease-mediated activities by inactivating their cognate proteinases, and are involved in multiple physiological processes. SPIs have been extensively studied in vertebrates and invertebrates; however, little SPI information is available in parasitoids. Herein, we identified 57 SPI genes in total through the genome of a parasitoid wasp, Pteromalus puparum. Gene structure analyses revealed that these SPIs contain 7 SPI domains. Depending on their mode of action, these SPIs can be categorized into serpins, canonical inhibitors and alpha-2-macroglobulins (A2Ms). For serpins and canonical inhibitors, we predicted their putative inhibitory activities to trypsin/chymotrypsin/elastase-like enzymes based on the amino acids in cleaved reactive sites. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree indicated that some serpins similar to known functional inhibitory serpins may participate in immune responses. Transcriptome analysis also showed some canonical SPI genes displayed distinct expression patterns in the venom gland and this was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis, suggesting their specific physiological functions as venom proteins in suppressing host immune responses. The study provides valuable information to clarify the functions of SPIs in digestion, development, reproduction and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaotian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Wu SR, Teng CH, Tu YT, Ko CJ, Cheng TS, Lan SW, Lin HY, Lin HH, Tu HF, Hsiao PW, Huang HP, Chen CH, Lee MS. The Kunitz Domain I of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitor-2 Inhibits Matriptase Activity and Invasive Ability of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15101. [PMID: 29118397 PMCID: PMC5678078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of pericellular proteolysis is often required for tumor invasion and cancer progression. It has been shown that down-regulation of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) results in activation of matriptase (a membrane-anchored serine protease), human prostate cancer cell motility and tumor growth. In this study, we further characterized if HAI-2 was a cognate inhibitor for matriptase and identified which Kunitz domain of HAI-2 was required for inhibiting matriptase and human prostate cancer cell motility. Our results show that HAI-2 overexpression suppressed matriptase-induced prostate cancer cell motility. We demonstrate that HAI-2 interacts with matriptase on cell surface and inhibits matriptase proteolytic activity. Moreover, cellular HAI-2 harnesses its Kunitz domain 1 (KD1) to inhibit matriptase activation and prostate cancer cell motility although recombinant KD1 and KD2 of HAI-2 both show an inhibitory activity and interaction with matriptase protease domain. The results together indicate that HAI-2 is a cognate inhibitor of matriptase, and KD1 of HAI-2 plays a major role in the inhibition of cellular matritptase activation as well as human prostate cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ru Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fang Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Po Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yu Q, Yang D, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Cong M, Wu H, Ji C, Li F, Zhao J. Molecular characterization, expression and functional analysis of two Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors from Venerupis philippinarum. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 70:156-163. [PMID: 28882790 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors (KSPIs) act as negative regulators in immune signaling pathway by controlling the extent of serine protease (SP) activities. In this study, the full-length cDNA of two KSPIs (designed as VpKSPI-1 and VpKSPI-2) were identified from Venerupis philippinarum by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The open reading frame (ORF) of VpKSPI-1 and VpKSPI-2 was of 552 bp and 402 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 183 and 133 amino acids, respectively. The transcripts of VpKSPI-1 and VpKSPI-2 were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. After Vibrio anguillarum challenge, the relative mRNA expression of VpKSPI-1 and VpKSPI-2 in hepatopancreas was both up-regulated within 96 h. The recombinant VpKSPI-1 (rVpKSPI-1) displayed weak activities towards chymotrypsin, moderate inhibitory activity to trypsin, while rVpKSPI-2 showed significant inhibitory activities against chymotrypsin and trypsin. When the molar ratio of rVpKSPI-2 to chymotrypsin and trypsin reached 1:4 and 1:2, the protease activities could be almost entirely inhibited. All these results suggested that both VpKSPI-1 and VpKSPI-2 perhaps play a vital role in the innate immunity of V. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Tichá A, Stanchev S, Vinothkumar KR, Mikles DC, Pachl P, Began J, Škerle J, Švehlová K, Nguyen MTN, Verhelst SHL, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA, Lepšík M, Majer P, Strisovsky K. General and Modular Strategy for Designing Potent, Selective, and Pharmacologically Compliant Inhibitors of Rhomboid Proteases. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1523-1536.e4. [PMID: 29107700 PMCID: PMC5746060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid-family intramembrane proteases regulate important biological processes and have been associated with malaria, cancer, and Parkinson's disease. However, due to the lack of potent, selective, and pharmacologically compliant inhibitors, the wide therapeutic potential of rhomboids is currently untapped. Here, we bridge this gap by discovering that peptidyl α-ketoamides substituted at the ketoamide nitrogen by hydrophobic groups are potent rhomboid inhibitors active in the nanomolar range, surpassing the currently used rhomboid inhibitors by up to three orders of magnitude. Such peptidyl ketoamides show selectivity for rhomboids, leaving most human serine hydrolases unaffected. Crystal structures show that these compounds bind the active site of rhomboid covalently and in a substrate-like manner, and kinetic analysis reveals their reversible, slow-binding, non-competitive mechanism. Since ketoamides are clinically used pharmacophores, our findings uncover a straightforward modular way for the design of specific inhibitors of rhomboid proteases, which can be widely applicable in cell biology and drug discovery. N-substituted peptidyl α-ketoamides are nanomolar inhibitors of rhomboid proteases Peptidyl ketoamides inhibit rhomboids covalently, reversibly, and non-competitively The peptide and ketoamide substituent independently modulate potency and selectivity Peptidyl ketoamides are selective for rhomboids, sparing most human serine proteases
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Tichá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic
| | - Stancho Stanchev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kutti R Vinothkumar
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David C Mikles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Began
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Škerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Švehlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Minh T N Nguyen
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven H L Verhelst
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 428, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 428, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic.
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Yang J, Lee KS, Kim BY, Choi YS, Yoon HJ, Jia J, Jin BR. Anti-fibrinolytic and anti-microbial activities of a serine protease inhibitor from honeybee (Apis cerana) venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 201:11-18. [PMID: 28917645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bee venom contains a variety of peptide constituents, including low-molecular-weight protease inhibitors. While the putative low-molecular-weight serine protease inhibitor Api m 6 containing a trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain was identified from honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom, no anti-fibrinolytic or anti-microbial roles for this inhibitor have been elucidated. In this study, we identified an Asiatic honeybee (A. cerana) venom serine protease inhibitor (AcVSPI) that was shown to act as a microbial serine protease inhibitor and plasmin inhibitor. AcVSPI was found to consist of a trypsin inhibitor-like domain that displays ten cysteine residues. Interestingly, the AcVSPI peptide sequence exhibited high similarity to the putative low-molecular-weight serine protease inhibitor Api m 6, which suggests that AcVSPI is an allergen Api m 6-like peptide. Recombinant AcVSPI was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells, and it demonstrated inhibitory activity against trypsin, but not chymotrypsin. Additionally, AcVSPI has inhibitory effects against plasmin and microbial serine proteases; however, it does not have any detectable inhibitory effects on thrombin or elastase. Consistent with these inhibitory effects, AcVSPI inhibited the plasmin-mediated degradation of fibrin to fibrin degradation products. AcVSPI also bound to bacterial and fungal surfaces and exhibited anti-microbial activity against fungi as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These findings demonstrate the anti-fibrinolytic and anti-microbial roles of AcVSPI as a serine protease inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea; Joint Laboratory Between Dong-A University and Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingming Jia
- Joint Laboratory Between Dong-A University and Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea; Joint Laboratory Between Dong-A University and Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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Hamad BK, Pathak M, Manna R, Fischer PM, Emsley J, Dekker LV. Assessment of the protein interaction between coagulation factor XII and corn trypsin inhibitor by molecular docking and biochemical validation. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1818-1828. [PMID: 28688220 PMCID: PMC5638086 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Corn Trypsin Inhibitor (CTI) is a selective inhibitor of coagulation Factor XII (FXII). Molecular modelling of the CTI-FXIIa complex suggested a canonical inhibitor binding mode. Mutagenesis revealed the CTI inhibitory loop and helices α1 and α2 mediate the interaction. This confirms that CTI inhibits FXII in canonical fashion and validates the molecular model. SUMMARY Background Corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI) has selectivity for the serine proteases coagulation factor XII and trypsin. CTI is in widespread use as a reagent that specifically inhibits the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation but not the extrinsic pathway. Objectives To investigate the molecular basis of FXII inhibition by CTI. Methods We performed molecular docking of CTI, using its known crystal structure, with a model of the activated FXII (FXIIa) protease domain. The interaction model was verified by use of a panel of recombinant CTI variants tested for their ability to inhibit FXIIa enzymatic activity in a substrate cleavage assay. Results The docking predicted that: (i) the CTI central inhibitory loop P1 Arg34 side chain forms a salt bridge with the FXIIa S1 pocket Asp189 side chain; (ii) Trp22 from CTI helix α1 interacts with the FXIIa S3 pocket; and (iii) Arg43 from CTI helix α2 forms a salt bridge with FXIIa H1 pocket Asp60A. CTI amino acid substitution R34A negated all inhibitory activity, whereas the G32W, L35A, W22A and R42A/R43A substitutions reduced activity by large degrees of 108-fold, 41-fold, 158-fold, and 100-fold, respectively; the R27A, W37A, W39A and R42A substitutions had no effect. Synthetic peptides spanning CTI residues 20-44 had inhibitory activity that was three-fold to 4000-fold less than that of full-length CTI. Conclusions The data confirm the validity of a canonical model of the FXIIa-CTI interaction, with helix α1 (Trp22), central inhibitory loop (Arg34) and helix α2 (Arg43) of CTI being required for effective binding by contacting the S1, S3 and H1 pockets of FXIIa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. K. Hamad
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - M. Pathak
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - R. Manna
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - P. M. Fischer
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - J. Emsley
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - L. V. Dekker
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Kornahrens AF, Cognetta AB, Brody DM, Matthews ML, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design of Benzoxathiazin-3-one 1,1-Dioxides as a New Class of Irreversible Serine Hydrolase Inhibitors: Discovery of a Uniquely Selective PNPLA4 Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7052-7061. [PMID: 28498651 PMCID: PMC5501285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The design and examination of 4,1,2-benzoxathiazin-3-one 1,1-dioxides as candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors are disclosed, and represent the synthesis and study of a previously unexplored heterocycle. This new class of activated cyclic carbamates provided selective irreversible inhibition of a small subset of serine hydrolases without release of a leaving group, does not covalently modify active site catalytic cysteine and lysine residues of other enzyme classes, and was found to be amenable to predictable structural modifications that modulate intrinsic reactivity or active site recognition. Even more remarkable and within the small pilot series of candidate inhibitors examined in an initial study, an exquisitely selective inhibitor for a poorly characterized serine hydrolase (PNPLA4, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4) involved in adipocyte triglyceride homeostasis was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F. Kornahrens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Armand B. Cognetta
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel M. Brody
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Megan L. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Briquez PS, Lorentz KM, Larsson HM, Frey P, Hubbell JA. Human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor engineered for enhanced matrix retention extends longevity of fibrin biomaterials. Biomaterials 2017; 135:1-9. [PMID: 28477492 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aprotinin is a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor used in the clinic as an anti-fibrinolytic agent in fibrin-based tissue sealants. However, upon re-exposure, some patients suffer from hypersensitivity immune reactions likely related to the bovine origin of aprotinin. Here, we aimed to develop a human-derived substitute to aprotinin. Based on sequence homology analyses, we identified the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (KPI) domain of human amyloid-β A4 precursor protein as being a potential candidate. While KPI has a lower intrinsic anti-fibrinolytic activity than aprotinin, we reasoned that its efficacy is additionally limited by its fast release from fibrin material, just as aprotinin's is. Thus, we engineered KPI variants for controlled retention in fibrin biomaterials, using either covalent binding through incorporation of a substrate for the coagulation transglutaminase Factor XIIIa or through engineering of extracellular matrix protein super-affinity domains for sequestration into fibrin. We showed that both engineered KPI variants significantly slowed plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis in vitro, outperforming aprotinin. In vivo, our best engineered KPI variant (incorporating the transglutaminase substrate) extended fibrin matrix longevity by 50%, at a dose at which aprotinin did not show efficacy, thus qualifying it as a competitive substitute of aprotinin in fibrin sealants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S Briquez
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Kristen M Lorentz
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Anokion, Inc., Cambridge MA 02139, United States
| | - Hans M Larsson
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Frey
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Yang CM, Yoon JC, Park JH, Lee JM. Hepatitis C virus impairs natural killer cell activity via viral serine protease NS3. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175793. [PMID: 28410411 PMCID: PMC5391949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by a high frequency of chronic cases owing to the impairment of innate and adaptive immune responses. The modulation of natural killer (NK) cell functions by HCV leads to an impaired innate immune response. However, the underling mechanisms and roles of HCV proteins in this immune evasion are controversial, especially in the early phase of HCV infection. To investigate the role of HCV nonstructural proteins especially NS3 in the impairment of NK functions, NK cells were isolated from the PBMCs by negative selection. To assess the direct cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production capability of NK cells, co-cultured with uninfected, HCV-infected, HCV-NS3 DNA-transfected Huh-7.5, or HCV-NS replicon cells. To determine the effect of an NS3 serine protease inhibitor, HCV-infected Huh-7.5 cells were treated with BILN-2061. Then, NK cells were harvested and further co-cultured with K-562 target cells. NK cell functions were analyzed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When co-cultured with HCV-infected Huh-7.5 cells, the natural cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production capability of NK cells were significantly reduced. NK cell functions were inhibited to similar levels upon co-culture with HCV-NS replicon cells, NS3-transfected cells, and HCV-infected Huh-7.5 cells. These reductions were restored by BILN-2061-treatment. Furthermore, BILN-2061-treatment significantly increased degranulation against K-562 target cells and IFN-γ productivity in NK cells. Consistent with these findings, the expression levels of activating NK cell receptors, such as NKp46 and NKp30, were also increased. In HCV-infected cells, the serine protease NS3 may play a role in the abrogation of NK cell functions in the early phase of infection through downregulation of NKp46 and NKp30 receptors on NK cells. Together, these results suggest that NS3 represents a novel drug target for the treatment of HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Mo Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Chun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon Han Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Van Spaendonk H, Ceuleers H, Witters L, Patteet E, Joossens J, Augustyns K, Lambeir AM, De Meester I, De Man JG, De Winter BY. Regulation of intestinal permeability: The role of proteases. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2106-2123. [PMID: 28405139 PMCID: PMC5374123 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i12.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal barrier is - with approximately 400 m2 - the human body’s largest surface separating the external environment from the internal milieu. This barrier serves a dual function: permitting the absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes on the one hand, while limiting host contact with noxious luminal antigens on the other hand. To maintain this selective barrier, junction protein complexes seal the intercellular space between adjacent epithelial cells and regulate the paracellular transport. Increased intestinal permeability is associated with and suggested as a player in the pathophysiology of various gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and type 1 diabetes. The gastrointestinal tract is exposed to high levels of endogenous and exogenous proteases, both in the lumen and in the mucosa. There is increasing evidence to suggest that a dysregulation of the protease/antiprotease balance in the gut contributes to epithelial damage and increased permeability. Excessive proteolysis leads to direct cleavage of intercellular junction proteins, or to opening of the junction proteins via activation of protease activated receptors. In addition, proteases regulate the activity and availability of cytokines and growth factors, which are also known modulators of intestinal permeability. This review aims at outlining the mechanisms by which proteases alter the intestinal permeability. More knowledge on the role of proteases in mucosal homeostasis and gastrointestinal barrier function will definitely contribute to the identification of new therapeutic targets for permeability-related diseases.
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Xue Q, Beguel JP, Gauthier J, La Peyre J. Identification of cvSI-3 and evidence for the wide distribution and active evolution of the I84 family of protease inhibitors in mollusks. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 62:332-340. [PMID: 28159692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are an extremely diverse group of proteins that control the proteolytic activities of proteases and play a crucial role in biological processes including host defenses. The I84 family of protease inhibitors in the MEROPS database currently consists of cvSI-1 and cvSI-2, two novel serine protease inhibitors purified and characterized from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica plasma and believed to play a role in host defense and disease resistance. In the present study, a third member of I84 family, named cvSI-3, was identified from C. virginica by cDNA cloning and sequencing. The full cvSI-3 cDNA was composed of 342 bp including a 255 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes an 84-amino acid peptide. The mature cvSI-3 molecule was predicted to have 68 amino acid residues after removal of a 16-amino acid signal peptide, with a calculated molecular mass of 7724.5 Da and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 6.28. CvSI-3 amino acid sequence shared 41% identity with cvSI-2 and 37% identity with cvSI-1, which included 12 conserved cysteines. Quantitative real-time PCR determined that cvSI-3 gene expressed primarily in oyster digestive glands. Real-time PCR also detected that cvSI-1, cvSI-2 and cvSI-3 expression levels in digestive glands varied significantly, with cvSI-2 showing the highest expression level and cvSI-3 the lowest. Additionally, a significant correlation was detected between cvSI-2 and cvSI-3 mRNAs levels. Searches into sequence databases using cvSI-1, cvSI-2 and cvSI-3 as queries retrieved ESTs suggesting the possible existence of at least 9 more I84 family members in eastern oysters and of I84 family protease inhibitors in various bivalve and gastropod species. Moreover, orthologs of all C. virginica I84 family members or potential member genes were found to be present in the C. gigas genome, and their distributions among species provided important information about the evolution of the I84 family of protease inhibitors. It appears that the I84 family of protease inhibitors is widely distributed and actively evolving in the Phylum Mollusca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources and College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Jean-Phillipe Beguel
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Julie Gauthier
- Loyola University, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Jerome La Peyre
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Kalita B, Patra A, Mukherjee AK. Unraveling the Proteome Composition and Immuno-profiling of Western India Russell's Viper Venom for In-Depth Understanding of Its Pharmacological Properties, Clinical Manifestations, and Effective Antivenom Treatment. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:583-598. [PMID: 27936776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The proteome composition of western India (WI) Russell's viper venom (RVV) was correlated with pharmacological properties and pathological manifestations of RV envenomation. Proteins in the 5-19 and 100-110 kDa mass ranges were the most predominate (∼35.1%) and least abundant (∼3.4%) components, respectively, of WI RVV. Non-reduced SDS-PAGE indicated the occurrence of multiple subunits, non-covalent oligomers, self-aggregation, and/or interactions among the RVV proteins. A total of 55 proteins belonging to 13 distinct snake venom families were unambiguously identified by ESI-LC-MS/MS analysis. Phospholipase A2 (32.5%) and Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (12.5%) represented the most abundant enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins, respectively. However, ATPase, ADPase, and hyaluronidase, detected by enzyme assays, were not identified by proteomic analysis owing to limitations in protein database deposition. Several biochemical and pharmacological properties of WI RVV were also investigated. Neurological symptoms exhibited by some RV-bite patients in WI may be correlated to the presence of neurotoxic phospholipase A2 enzymes and Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor complex in this venom. Monovalent antivenom was found to be better than polyvalent antivenom in immuno-recognition and neutralization of the tested pharmacological properties and enzyme activities of WI RVV; nevertheless, both antivenoms demonstrated poor cross-reactivity and neutralization of pharmacological activities shown by low-molecular-mass proteins (<18 kDa) of this venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Aparup Patra
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
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Stratton A, Ericksen M, Harris TV, Symmonds N, Silverstein TP. Mercury(II) binds to both of chymotrypsin's histidines, causing inhibition followed by irreversible denaturation/aggregation. Protein Sci 2017; 26:292-305. [PMID: 27859834 PMCID: PMC5275735 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of mercury is often attributed to its tight binding to cysteine thiolate anions in vital enzymes. To test our hypothesis that Hg(II) binding to histidine could be a significant factor in mercury's toxic effects, we studied the enzyme chymotrypsin, which lacks free cysteine thiols; we found that chymotrypsin is not only inhibited, but also denatured by Hg(II). We followed the aggregation of denatured enzyme by the increase in visible absorbance due to light scattering. Hg(II)-induced chymotrypsin precipitation increased dramatically above pH 6.5, and free imidazole inhibited this precipitation, implicating histidine-Hg(II) binding in the process of chymotrypsin denaturation/aggregation. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) blocked chymotrypsin's two histidines (his40 and his57 ) quickly and completely, with an IC50 of 35 ± 6 µM. DEPC at 350 µM reduced the hydrolytic activity of chymotrypsin by 90%, suggesting that low concentrations of DEPC react with his57 at the active site catalytic triad; furthermore, DEPC below 400 µM enhanced the Hg(II)-induced precipitation of chymotrypsin. We conclude that his57 reacts readily with DEPC, causing enzyme inhibition and enhancement of Hg(II)-induced aggregation. Above 500 µM, DEPC inhibited Hg(II)-induced precipitation, and [DEPC] >2.5 mM completely protected chymotrypsin against precipitation. This suggests that his40 reacts less readily with DEPC, and that chymotrypsin denaturation is caused by Hg(II) binding specifically to the his40 residue. Finally, we show that Hg(II)-histidine binding may trigger hemoglobin aggregation as well. Because of results with these two enzymes, we suggest that metal-histidine binding may be key to understanding all heavy metal-induced protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Symmonds
- Chemistry DepartmentWillamette UniversitySalemOregon97301
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Zhang H, Fei R, Xue B, Yu S, Zhang Z, Zhong S, Gao Y, Zhou X. Pnserpin: A Novel Serine Protease Inhibitor from Extremophile Pyrobaculum neutrophilum. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010113. [PMID: 28067849 PMCID: PMC5297747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are native inhibitors of serine proteases, constituting a large protein family with members spread over eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, only very few prokaryotic serpins, especially from extremophiles, have been characterized to date. In this study, Pnserpin, a putative serine protease inhibitor from the thermophile Pyrobaculum neutrophilum, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli for purification and characterization. It irreversibly inhibits chymotrypsin-, trypsin-, elastase-, and subtilisin-like proteases in a temperature range from 20 to 100 °C in a concentration-dependent manner. The stoichiometry of inhibition (SI) of Pnserpin for proteases decreases as the temperature increases, indicating that the inhibitory activity of Pnserpin increases with the temperature. SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) showed that Pnserpin inhibits proteases by forming a SDS-resistant covalent complex. Homology modeling and molecular dynamic simulations predicted that Pnserpin can form a stable common serpin fold. Results of the present work will help in understanding the structural and functional characteristics of thermophilic serpin and will broaden the current knowledge about serpins from extremophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Rui Fei
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Baigong Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zuoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yuanqi Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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50
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Dietrich MA, Słowińska M, Karol H, Adamek M, Steinhagen D, Hejmej A, Bilińska B, Ciereszko A. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 2 is expressed in the male reproductive tract of carp with a possible role in antimicrobial protection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 60:150-163. [PMID: 27867114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the low-molecular-mass serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type (Spink) is a characteristic feature of vertebrate semen. Its main function is control of the serine protease in the acrosome, acrosin. Here we showed for the first time that Spink is present in the seminal plasma of carp, which have anacrosomal spermatozoa. Using a three-step isolation procedure that consisted in gel filtration and RP-HPLC and re-RP-HPLC, we isolated this inhibitor and identified it as serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 2 (Spink2), a reproductive-derived member of the Spink family. The cDNA sequence of this inhibitor obtained from carp testis encoded 77 amino acids, including a 17 amino acids signal peptide; this sequence was distinct from fish Kazal-type inhibitors. The mRNA expression analysis showed that Spink2 is expressed predominantly in carp testis and spermatic duct. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated its localization in testis in Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells at all developmental stages (with the exception of spermatozoa) and in the epithelium of the spermatic duct. Aside from strong inhibition of trypsin, this inhibitor acts strongly against subtilisin and possesses bacteriostatic activities against Lactobacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. The localization of Spink2 in carp reproductive tract suggests an important function in spermatogenesis and in maintenance of the microenvironment in which sperm maturation occurs and sperm are stored. Our results suggest that Spink2 from carp seminal plasma may play a role in antibacterial semen defense, protecting semen against unwanted proteolysis within the reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola A Dietrich
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Mariola Słowińska
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Halina Karol
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Bilińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ciereszko
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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