151
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Bottiglieri T, Lim CK, Peters TJ. Isocratic analysis of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1984; 311:354-60. [PMID: 6084013 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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152
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Lim CK, Rideout JM, Peters TJ. Pseudoporphyria associated with consumption of brewers' yeast. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1984; 288:1640-2. [PMID: 6426673 PMCID: PMC1441498 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.288.6431.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A case of pseudoporphyria associated with excessive consumption of brewers ' yeast was studied. Detailed analysis of the yeast tablets by high performance liquid chromatography showed the presence of dicarboxylic deuteroporphyrin , mesoporphyrin, and protoporphyrin; coproporphyrin I and III isomers; and uroporphyrin I and III isomers. The faecal porphyrin concentration of the patient taking yeast tablets was significantly increased, resembling the excretion pattern in variegate porphyria. Any patient showing an unusual porphyrin excretion pattern on high performance liquid chromatography should be investigated for a possible dietary cause.
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153
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Lim CK, Peters TJ. Urine and faecal porphyrin profiles by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the porphyrias. Clin Chim Acta 1984; 139:55-63. [PMID: 6723073 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(84)90192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel reversed-phase system is described for the simultaneous separation of type I and type III isomers of uro-, heptacarboxylic-, hexacarboxylic -, pentacarboxylic - and copro -porphyrins and the dicarboxylic meso- and proto-porphyrins. The porphyrins were resolved on a Hypersil -SAS column eluted with 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in 1 mol/l ammonium acetate, pH 5.16 (solvent A) and 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in methanol (solvent B) with a linear gradient from 100% A (0%B) to 35% A (65%B) in 30 min followed by isocratic elution at 65% B for a further 10 min. The method is simple and reproducible and has been applied to the analysis of porphyrins in urine and faeces from patients with acute intermittent, variegate, hereditary copro , congenital erythropoietic, erythrohepatic proto and symptomatic porphyrias.
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154
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Lim CK, Rideout JM, Wright DJ. High-performance liquid chromatography of naturally occurring 8-, 7-, 6-, 5- and 4-carboxylic porphyrin isomers. J Chromatogr A 1983; 282:629-41. [PMID: 6674318 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring 8-, 7-, 6-, 5- and 4-carboxylic porphyrin isomers are separated on C18 reversed-phase columns with various proportions (13-31%, v/v) of acetonitrile in 1 M ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.16) as the mobile phases. Hydrophobic interaction between the porphyrin side chain substituents and the C18 hydrophobic surface is the main retention mechanism. Ion-exchange behaviour is also observed, but this does not influence the relative retention of the isomers. All possible forms of the decarboxylation intermediates of uroporphyrinogen III are detected in normal and porphyric urine, and the results provide conclusive evidence for the existence of decarboxylation pathways other than the currently accepted clockwise sequence, starting at the ring D acetic acid group of uroporphyrinogen III.
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155
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156
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Wright DJ, Lim CK. Simultaneous determination of hydroxymethylbilane synthase and uroporphyrinogen III synthase in erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biochem J 1983; 213:85-8. [PMID: 6615434 PMCID: PMC1152093 DOI: 10.1042/bj2130085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance-liquid-chromatographic method is developed for the simultaneous determination of hydroxymethylbilane synthase and uroporphyrinogen III synthase activity in erythrocytes. Effective separation of uroporphyrin I and III isomers allows the accurate quantification of individual isomers and the total uroporphyrin concentration. Total uroporphyrin production is used to calculate hydroxymethylbilane synthase activity, and the amount of uroporphyrin III formed represents the activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase. Normal ranges are established for the two enzymes.
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157
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Lynch C, Lim CK, Thomas M, Peters TJ. Assay of blood and tissue aldehydes by HPLC analysis of their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine adducts. Clin Chim Acta 1983; 130:117-22. [PMID: 6851179 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(83)90265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the assay of blood and tissue acetaldehyde is described. Samples are reacted with a methanolic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) and the DNP-aldehyde adducts extracted into CHCl3. DNP-[14C]formaldehyde is added as internal standard. The CHCl3 extracts are washed with HCl and H2O and purified by aluminium oxide chromatography. The eluate is dried down, re-dissolved in methanol and subjected to quantitative analysis by HPLC. The acetaldehyde adduct was identified by co-chromatography with the authentic derivative and by mass spectrometry. Recoveries of added acetaldehyde were 85% and addition of 20 mmol ethanol to the sample gave no apparent increment in acetaldehyde content. This technique is suitable for assessment of acetaldehyde levels in clinical and experimental studies of ethanol metabolism.
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158
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Lim CK, Rideout JM, Wright DJ. Separation of porphyrin isomers by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biochem J 1983; 211:435-8. [PMID: 6870841 PMCID: PMC1154376 DOI: 10.1042/bj2110435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase gradient elution system is described for the simultaneous separation of the type I and type III isomers of 8-, 7-, 6-, 5- and 4-carboxylated porphyrins and isocoproporphyrins. The method, adaptable for isocratic and stepwise separation of individual groups of isomers, is also suitable for preparative isolation of pure porphyrins. The analyses of porphyrin isomers in the urine and faeces of porphyric patients are examples of applications.
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159
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Wright DJ, Rideout JM, Lim CK. High-performance liquid chromatography of coproporphyrin isomers. Biochem J 1983; 209:553-5. [PMID: 6847635 PMCID: PMC1154125 DOI: 10.1042/bj2090553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase system is described for the simultaneous isocratic separation of coproporphyrin I, II, III and IV isomers. The retention behaviour of coproporphyrin I and III is studied in detail. The method is suitable for both analytical and semi-preparative separation.
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160
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Honour JW, Lim CK, Mitchell FL. Metabolic and drug profiling. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1983; 1:127-42. [PMID: 16867811 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(83)80020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, advances in analytical technology have greatly improved our ability to study the metabolism of compounds from either endogenous or erogenous sources. The application of gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and immunological approaches are discussed in relation to the analysis of steroids, bile acids, organic acids, prostaglandins, porphyrins and bile pigments, amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, catecholamines, vitamins and drugs.
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161
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162
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Lim CK, Chan JY. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of porphyrin free acids on silica modified with tetraethylenepentamine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 228:305-10. [PMID: 6281286 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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163
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Evans J, Lefkowitch J, Lim CK, Billing B. Fecal porphyrin abnormalities in a patient with features of Rotor's syndrome. Gastroenterology 1981; 81:1125-30. [PMID: 7286590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Detailed porphyrin analysis and additional ultrastructural abnormalities of liver cells are described in a patient with features of Rotor's syndrome. Normal values of porphyrin precursors, delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen, and porphyrins were found in plasma, urine, and erythrocytes. However, fecal porphyrin excretion was markedly increased to 406 micrograms/g dry stool weight (normal range less than 100 micrograms/g) constituted predominantly of protoporphyrin 225 micrograms/g (normal range less than 76 micrograms/g),. with a smaller increase in coproporphyrin III of 56 micrograms/g (normal range less than 20 micrograms/g). Increased fecal porphyrin excretion in this patient appears to reflect abnormal hepatic porphyrin excretion. Electron microscopic examination of liver biopsy tissue showed new abnormalities of peroxisomes and mitochondria. The predominant abnormality of mitochondria was "bleb" deformation of the outer membrane and these changes may reflect abnormal hepatic mitochondrial porphyrin metabolism. The significance of abnormalities involving peroxisomes is uncertain. Increased fecal porphyrin excretion may be a feature of Rotor's syndrome that requires further study.
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164
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Bull RV, Lim CK, Gray CH. High-performance liquid chromatography of bile pigments: separation and characterization of the urobilinoids. J Chromatogr A 1981; 218:647-52. [PMID: 7320125 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The detailed analysis of faecal bile pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. Non-aqueous reversed-phase systems with acetonitrile-dimethyl sulphoxide or acetonitrile-dimethyl sulphoxide-methanol as the mobile phase on C1, C8 or C18-bonded silica are used for the group separation of verdinoids, violinoids and urobilinoids. A silica column, with acetonitrile-water-tetraethylene-pentamine as mobile phase, separates the laevorotatory stercobilin (C33H46N4O6) and half-stercobilin (C33H44N4O6) from the optically inactive urobilin (C33H42N4O6). The diastereoisomers are resolved by converting the urobilinoids into their dimethyl esters before chromatography on a silica column with n-heptane-methyl acetate-methanol containing 1% of diethylamine as the solvent system.
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165
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166
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Tikerpae J, Samson D, Lim CK. Determination of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase activity in human bone marrow using high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1981; 113:65-73. [PMID: 7237843 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(81)90441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the rapid and specific determination of the activity of the enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S) in mitochondria prepared by sonication of human bone marrow cells. After incubation with 14C-alpha-ketoglutarate the 14C-delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) formed is converted to a pyrrole derivative, 2-methyl-3-carbethoxy-4-(3-propionic acid) pyrrole. This is isolated by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography on a Hypersil-SAS column with methanol-water (45:155, v/v) in the presence of 0.005 mol/l 1-heptanesulphonic acid (PIC B-7) as the mobile phase. The radioactivity of the isolated pyrrole is determined by scintillation counting. The optimal substrate concentration and pH were 0.17 mmol/l alpha-ketoglutarate and pH 7.4, with an optimal period of sonication of 18s. Under these conditions ALA production was proportional to the concentrations of erythroblasts in the initial sample and was linear with time up to 60 min. The addition of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) did not affect ALA-S activity in normal subjects. The mean ALA-S activity in 10 haematologically normal control subjects was found to be 318.8 pmol.10-6 erythroblasts.h-1 (S.D. 125.8, range 193-444.6).
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167
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Crowne H, Lim CK, Samson D. Determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydrase activity in erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 223:421-5. [PMID: 7251797 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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168
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Bell RG, Lim CK. Corrosion of mild and stainless steel by four tropical Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strains. Can J Microbiol 1981; 27:242-5. [PMID: 7011522 DOI: 10.1139/m81-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The corrosion potential of four tropical Desulfovibrio desulfuricans isolates was determined using a semicontinuous batch culture technique in a 56-day test incubated at 37 degrees C. The corrosion potentials for mild and stainless steel of marine or brackish water isolates (0.55 and 0.0026 mg cm-2 day-1) were observed to be approximately twice those of freshwater isolates (0.23 and 0.0014 mg cm-2 day-1). Under comparable experimental conditions of severe anaerobic corrosion, stainless steel was found to be over 200 times more resistant than mild steel.
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169
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Lim CK, Bull RV, Rideout JM. High-performance liquid chromatography of bile pigments: application to the determination of unconjugated bilirubin in serum. J Chromatogr A 1981; 204:219-23. [PMID: 7217254 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and specific method for the determination of unconjugated bilirubin in serum is described. Reversed-phase chromatography on short-chain alkylsilica (C2) or octadecylsilica (C18) with acetonitrile--dimethylsulphoxide--water as eluent is used for the separation of bilirubin. The method is applied to the analysis of bilirubin in patients with disorders associated with jaundice.
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170
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Lim CK, Rideout JM, Samson DM. Determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1979; 185:605-11. [PMID: 546936 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A strong anion-exchange column coupled to a strong cation-exchange column with acetate buffer as eluent or reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography on octadecylsilica with methanol-water containing 1-heptanesulphonic acid as the mobile phase is described for the simultaneous separation of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The separation is applied to the development of a fast and simple method for determining the activity of the enzyme aminolaevulinic acid dehydrase in human erythrocytes. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid is used as the enzyme substrate and the enzyme activity is expressed as micromoles of porphobilinogen formed per ml of erythrocytes in 1 h at 38 degrees. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen can also be separated from the urine of prophyric patients but the UV detector has insufficient sensitivity for the determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid.
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171
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Lim CK, Pryde DE, Lawson AM. Specific method for determining uric acid in serum using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectropmetry. J Chromatogr A 1978; 149:711-20. [PMID: 649738 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A method using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and stable-isotope dilution-mass spectrometry is described for the specific quantitation of uric acid in serum. The procedure involves addition of a known amount of [1,3,9-15n]uric acid, as intenral standard, to the serum sample followed by equilibration with the endogenous analyte. After separation from serum proteins, cationic and neutral compounds by anion-exchange chromatography, the purified uric acid is converted into its tetraethyl derivatives. High-performance liquid chromatography is used to isolate the three major isomeric derivatives for measurement of the isotope ratio m/e 280 to m/e 283. This ratio gives the relative abundances of the molecular ions of natural and of labelled tetraethyluric acid, and from it the amount of uric acid in the original serum specimen is determined. Effective separation of tetraethyluric acid isomers can be achieved by adsorption or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using n-heptane-isopropanol (80:1, v/v) and methanol-water (3:2, v/v), respectively, as solvent systems.
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172
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Lim CK, Richmond W, Robinson DP, Brown SS. Towards a definitive assay of creatinine in serum and in urine: separation by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1978; 145:41-9. [PMID: 621246 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive method for the separation of serum and urinary creatinine is described. For the preliminary purification of serum and urine, a cation-exchange column is used to remove protein, anions and neutral compounds prior to isolation of creatinine by high-performance liquid chromatography. A reversed-phase system with 0.01 M ammonium acetate solution as the mobile phase can separate creatinine in 7.5 min at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The purity of the separated creatinine is proved by derivatization using trifluoracetic anhydride, followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although this method of purification was designed for incorporation into a definitive assay, the ease and speed of analysis makes is very attractive for routine clinical use.
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173
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Weston MJ, Nicholson DC, Lim CK, Clark KG, Macdonald A, Henderson MA, Williams R. Congenital erythropoietic uroporphyria (Günther's disease) presenting in a middle aged man. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:921-6. [PMID: 744297 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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174
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Gray CH, Lim CK, Nicholson DC. The differentiation of the porphyrias by means of high pressure liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1977; 77:167-78. [PMID: 890941 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(77)90024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of faecal and urinary porphyrins by high pressure liquid chromatography (H.P.L.C.) provides characteristic profiles and facilitates rapid diagnosis of variegate (porphyria cutanea tarda hereditaria), symptomatic porphyria (porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica), hereditary coproporphyria, acute intermittent porphyria, erythro-hepatic protoporphyria and congenital porphyria (erythropoietic porphyria).
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