Characteristics and risk factors of mucosal cysts in the paranasal sinuses

BACKGROUND

Though mucosal cysts in the paranasal sinuses (PSMCs) are common findings on radiographic images, the nature of PSMCs and risk factors for the development of PSMCs have not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of PSMCs using brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL

A total of 6831 subjects who underwent health checkup including brain MR imaging were included in this study. The characteristics of PSMCs, including their location, number and size, as well as the presence of obstruction of the sinus ostium and sinusitis, were analysed using brain MR images. Structured questionnaires and medical records were reviewed to evaluate the smoking status and comorbid medical conditions.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of PSMCs was 7.4% and was significantly higher in females than in males. PSMCs were most commonly found in the maxillary sinus, most of which were located unilaterally as a solitary cyst. Large cysts were associated with obstruction of the sinus ostium and subsequent sinusitis. Smoking was a single important risk factor for developing PSMCs. No significant associations were found between symptoms (nasal/respiratory) and the presence of PSMCs.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of PSMCs was 7.4% and decreased with age. Large cysts may lead to obstruction of the sinus and subsequent sinusitis. Smoking was an important risk factor for PSMCs, and the total amount of smoking correlated with cyst size. Most subjects were asymptomatic, and specific treatment was not performed.

Biplane fluoroscopy-guided radiofrequency ablation combined with chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma: initial experience

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to assess the technical feasibility and local efficacy of biplane fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHOD

Our retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and informed consent was waived. 18 patients with 19 HCCs (mean 2.5 cm diameter; range 2-4.2 cm) were treated with percutaneous RF ablation combined with TACE. After segmental TACE, 18 (95%) of 19 HCCs were visible on fluoroscopy. Shortly (median 2 days; range 1-4 days) after TACE, percutaneous RF ablation was performed under real-time biplane fluoroscopic guidance. We evaluated major complications, rate of technical success at immediate post-RF ablation CT images and local tumour progression at follow-up CT images.

RESULTS

Major complication was not observed in any patients. Technical success was achieved for all 18 visible HCCs. During the follow-up period (median 20 months; range 5-30 months), no local tumour progression was found.

CONCLUSION

Biplane fluoroscopy-guided RF ablation combined with TACE is technically feasible and effective for treatment of HCC.

Amelioration of intestinal colitis by macrophage migration inhibitory factor isolated from intestinal parasites through toll-like receptor 2

In a previous study, we cloned type II MIFs (As-MIF) from Anisakis simplex 3rd stage larva and expressed a recombinant protein that suppressed allergic airway inflammation via regulatory T (CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T; T(reg) )-cell recruitment. In this study, in an effort to evaluate the function of rAs-MIF on another immune disease, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice using dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) with or without the application of rAs-MIF treatment to the mice. As a consequence, weight losses were recovered, and the value of disease activity index (DAI) was reduced by rAs-MIF treatment during the experimental period. The levels of TGF-β and IL-10 in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) from the rAs-MIF-treated mice were higher, but the levels of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-13 were lower than those of the mice treated with DSS but not with rAs-MIF. Additionally, the T(reg) cells observed were greatly increased in the MLNs of the rAs-MIF-treated mice than those of mice not treated with rAs-MIF. The results of our in vitro experiments showed that the elevated IL-10 production induced by rAs-MIF was generated via toll-like receptor 2. In conclusion, rAs-MIF appears to ameliorate DSS-induced colitis and may prove useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of intestinal inflammatory disease.

A retrospective study of pulmonary infarction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from southern Taiwan

Since large-scale reports of pulmonary infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are limited, a retrospective study was performed for this manifestation in 773 hospitalized patients in southern Taiwan from 1999 to 2009. Pulmonary infarction was defined as the presence of pulmonary embolism, persistent pulmonary infiltrates, and characteristic clinical symptoms. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological images data were analyzed. There were 12 patients with pulmonary embolism and 9 of them had antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Six patients (19 to 53 years, average 38.2 ± 12.6) with 9 episodes of lung infarction were identified. All cases were APS and four episodes had coincidental venous thromboembolism. There were four episodes of bilateral infarction and seven episodes of larger central pulmonary artery embolism. Heparin therapy was routinely prescribed and thrombolytic agents were added in two episodes. Successful recovery was noted in all patients. In conclusion, there was a 0.8% incidence of pulmonary infarction in patients with SLE, all with the risk factor of APS. Differentiation between pulmonary infarction and pneumonia in lupus patients should be made; they have similar chest radiography with lung consolidation but require a different clinical approach in management. Although this report is a retrospective study with relatively small numbers of lupus patients with lung infarcts, our observation might provide beneficial information on the clinical features and radiological presentations during the disease evolution of pulmonary infarction in SLE with APS.

Induced migration of dental pulp stem cells for in vivo pulp regeneration

Dental pulp has intrinsic capacity for self-repair. However, it is not clear whether dental pulp cells can be recruited endogenously for regenerating pulp tissues, including mineralizing into dentin. This work is based on a hypothesis that dental pulp stem/progenitor cells can be induced to migrate by chemotactic cytokines and act as endogenous cell sources for regeneration and mineralization. Dental stem cells (DSCs) were isolated from adult human tooth pulp and seeded on the surfaces of 3D collagen gel cylinders that were incubated in chemically defined media with stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7). Significantly more cells were recruited into collagen gel by SDF1 or bFGF than without cytokines in 7 days, whereas BMP7 had little effect on cell recruitment. BMP7, however, was highly effective, equally to dexamethasone, in orchestrating mineralization of cultured DSCs. Cell membrane receptors for SDF1, bFGF, and BMP7 were up-regulated in treated DSCs. Upon in vivo delivery, bFGF induced re-cellularization and re-vascularization in endodontically treated human teeth implanted into the dorsum of rats. Thus, endogenous dental pulp cells, including stem/progenitor cells, may be recruited and subsequently differentiated by chemotaxis of selective cytokines in the regeneration of dental pulp.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-immunoreactive cells in the ageing gerbil hippocampus

In the present study, we investigated age-related changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the gerbil hippocampus at various ages using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. In the post-natal month 1 (PM 1) group, PACAP-immunoreactive cells were found in all hippocampal subregions. The number of PACAP-immunoreactive cells was decreased in the PM 3 group and was still more decreased in the PM 6 and 12 groups. Thereafter, in the PM 18 and 24 groups, PACAP-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased again. However, in the mossy fibre zone, PACAP immunostaining was very strong in the adult group, especially in the PM 6 group. In addition, PACAP protein level was highest at PM 6, showing a slight decrease at PM 24. These results indicate that PACAP-immunoreactive cells are lowest in the adult stage and highest in the aged stage. However, PACAP immunoreactivity in the mossy fibre zone and PACAP protein level in the hippocampus are highest in the adult stage.

Microtubule associated protein 2 and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord of young adult and aged dogs

German Shepherds are a good model for research about aging and neurological disorders such as lumbosacral spinal canal stenosis. We compared neurons, glia and cholinergic neurons in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord (L(3)) between adult (1-2 years old) and aged (10-12 years old) groups. Any pathological findings were not found by hematoxylin and eosin staining and neurological examination, and the number of NeuN (a marker for neurons)-positive neurons were similar in both groups. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactive dendrites in the aged dog were decreased without any change in β-tubulin protein level. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (a marker for astrocytes) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (a marker for microglia) immunoreactivity were not significantly changed in both groups. The number of ChAT immunoreactive neurons was decreased; however, its protein level was not significantly changed in the aged group. These results suggest that numbers of ventral horn neurons are not changed, but cholinergic neurons may change in aged dogs compared to adult dogs.

Alteration of reducing powers in an isogenic phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi)-disrupted Escherichia coli expressing NAD(P)-dependent malic enzymes and NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

AIMS

To understand the intracellular reducing power metabolism, growth and intracellular NAD(P)H concentrations of a phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi)-disrupted Escherichia coli (KS002) were investigated with the expressions of redox enzymes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The isogenic pgi-mutation enabled E. coli to harbour two times both the intracellular NADPH and NADH at half the growth rate. The wild-type expressing NAD-dependent malic enzyme (maeA) was incapable of sufficient growth (<0·02 h(-1)), and the growth retardations were distinctively recovered when NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapB) from Bacillus subtilis was coexpressed. The KS002 expressing maeA harboured the highest intracellular reducing powers (NADPH of 3·9 and NADH of 5·2 μmol g DCW(-1) ) by three times each of those in wild type. The expression of NADP-dependent malic enzyme (maeB) enabled wild-type and KS002 strains to grow without significant alteration.

CONCLUSIONS

The alterations of reducing powers and the growth were analysed in the genetic engineered E. coli strains. The potential application of the cells with the high intracellular NAD(P)H level is discussed based on the results.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Metabolic engineering strategy for higher reducing power regeneration is provided.

Incommensurate spin fluctuations in hole-overdoped superconductor KFe2As2

A neutron scattering study of heavily hole-overdoped superconducting KFe2As2 revealed a well-defined low-energy incommensurate spin fluctuation at [π(1 ± 2 δ),0] with δ = 0.16. The incommensurate structure differs from the previously observed commensurate peaks in electron-doped AFe2As2 (A = Ba, Ca, or Sr) at low energies. The direction of the peak splitting is perpendicular to that observed in Fe(Te,Se) or in Ba(Fe,Co)2As2 at high energies. A band structure calculation suggests interband scattering between bands around the Γ and X points as an origin of this incommensurate peak. The perpendicular direction of the peak splitting can be understood within the framework of multiorbital band structure. The results suggest that spin fluctuation is more robust in hole-doped than in electron-doped samples, which can be responsible for the appearance of superconductivity in the heavily hole-doped samples.

Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment reduces allergic responses in an allergic rhinitis mouse model

BACKGROUND

  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response, including allergic rhinitis. TNF-α inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases; however, the effects of TNF-α inhibitors on allergic rhinitis are not well established. We aimed to investigate the effects of infliximab, a TNF-α inhibitor, on allergic rhinitis in a mouse model.

METHODS

  BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum, and challenged intranasally with OVA. The TNF-α inhibitor, infliximab was administered intraperitoneally, and multiple parameters of allergic responses were evaluated to determine the effects of infliximab.

RESULTS

  Infliximab reduced allergic symptoms and eosinophilic infiltration into the nasal mucosa. It also suppressed total and OVA-specific IgE levels, and inhibited local Th2 cytokine transcription in the nasal mucosa and systemic Th2 cytokine production by splenocytes. Furthermore, the expression of E-selectin, neither intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) nor vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), in the nasal mucosa was suppressed in the infliximab-treated group when compared to the nontreated group.

CONCLUSION

  This study shows that the TNF-α inhibitor infliximab induces anti-allergic effects by decreasing local and systemic Th2 cytokine (IL-4) production, total and OVA-specific IgE levels, adhesion molecule (E-selectin) expression, and eosinophil infiltration into the nasal mucosa in an allergic rhinitis model. Therefore, infliximab should be considered as a potential agent in treating allergic rhinitis.

Lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking and the development of adult-onset atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND

Adult-onset atopic dermatitis (AD) has recently been recognized as a distinct disease entity, but its risk factors have not yet been clearly defined. Although gestational and perinatal exposure to tobacco smoking may be associated with the development of classic AD, the association between active/passive smoking and adult-onset AD remains controversial.

OBJECTIVES

To determine if exposure to smoking, including environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is associated with the risk of adult-onset AD.

METHODS

Tobacco smoking and exposure to ETS were measured in a case-control association analysis in 83 patients with physician-diagnosed adult-onset AD and 142 age- and sex-matched controls.

RESULTS

Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that, among the potential environmental risk factors, both current and ever smoking were significant risk factors for adult-onset AD [odds ratio (OR) 4·994 and 3·619, respectively], compared with never smoking. Also, packs per year was significantly associated with adult-onset AD (OR 1·058, 95% confidence interval 1·028-1·089), suggesting a lifelong cumulative risk in current smokers. Moreover, nonsmokers with adult-onset AD reported significantly more exposure to ETS.

CONCLUSIONS

Early and/or current exposure to cigarette smoking may contribute cumulatively to the development of adult-onset AD. Exposure to ETS in childhood is associated with the development of adult-onset AD. Adults should be discouraged from smoking to prevent adult-onset AD in themselves and their family members.

Quasi-two-dimensional Fermi surfaces and coherent interlayer transport in KFe₂As₂

We report the results of the angular-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations (AMROs), which can determine the shape of bulk Fermi surfaces (FSs) in quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) systems, in a highly hole-doped Fe-based superconductor KFe2As2 with Tc ≈ 3.7  K. From the AMROs, we determined the two Q2D FSs with rounded-square cross sections, correspond to 12% and 17% of the first Brillouin zone. The rounded-squared shape of the FS cross section is also confirmed by the analyses of the interlayer transport under in-plane fields. From the obtained FS shape, we infer the character of the 3d orbitals that contribute to the FSs.

Analysis of the factors influencing living kidney donation: the experience in National Taiwan University Hospital

INTRODUCTION

Kidney transplantation provides a choice of active treatment for patients with chronic renal failure. However, the sources of organs are limited; therefore, living kidney donation is an alternative source. The regulation of organ donation in Taiwan stipulates that living organ donation is restricted to living related recipients. We sought to investigate factors that influenced or prevented individuals from living kidney donation in our center.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From January 2005 to December 2008, there were 266 potential candidates who underwent evaluation for living kidney donation in our center.

RESULTS

Among the potential candidates, most were spouses (n=85, 31.9%), followed by parents (n=67, 25.1%), siblings (n=62, 23.3%), and children (n=40, 15%). Eventually, 124 candidates (47%) completed organ donation, most of whom were siblings (n=39, 31.5%), then parents (n=38, 30.6%), spouses (n=26), and children (n=18). Most donors were females, including mothers and sisters. The most frequent reason to not donate was unwillingness, due to potential influences on their health, economic stress due to suspension of their job, and objection of family members. In 34 candidates (23.9%), adverse health factors of potential candidates prohibited them from donating, including age, chronic medical illness, hepatitis carrier status, severe depression, or mental retardation. Among 59 potential donor-recipient pairs with incompatible ABO blood types or highly sensitized to potential donors, 22 candidates completed living kidney donation.

CONCLUSION

Although laparoscopic nephrectomy for living kidney donation decreases the discomfort and hospital stay after donation, we can only promote living kidney donation if we can deal with the possible factors that prohibit candidates from living kidney donation, such as morbidity after organ donation, anxiety, or other factors. After analyzing those factors, we must also develop a protocol to closely follow the living kidney donors to ensure their health status and relieve their anxiety.

Global target analysis of picosecond chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics from pea chloroplasts: A new approach to the characterization of the primary processes in photosystem II alpha- and beta-units

In this study, we have used the method of target analysis to analyze the ps fluorescence kinetics of pea chloroplasts with open (F(0)) and closed (F(max)) photosystem II (PS II) centers. Extending the exciton/radical pair equilibrium model (Schatz, G. H., H. Brock, and A. R. Holzwarth. 1988. Biophys. J. 54:397-405) to allow for PS II heterogeneity, we show that two types of PS II (labeled alpha and beta) must be accounted for, each pool being characterized by its own set of molecular rate constants within the model. Simultaneous global target analysis of the data at F(0) and F(max) results in a detailed description of the molecular kinetics and energetics of the primary processes in both types of PS II units. This characterization revealed that the PS IIalpha pool accounts for twice as many Chl molecules as PS IIbeta, which suggests a PSIIalpha/PSIIbeta reaction center stoichiometry of close to unity. By extrapolation it is shown that the primary charge separation in hypothetical "isolated" beta reaction centers is slower than in isolated alpha reaction centers: in open centers by a factor of 4 (1/k(1) (int) = 11 vs 2.9 ps), in closed centers by a factor of 2 (1/k(1) (int) = 34 vs 19 ps). Despite this slower charge separation process in PS IIbeta, the quantum efficiency of the charge separation process is hardly affected: a charge stabilization yield at F(0), (i.e., P(+)IQ(A) (-)) of 86% (as compared to 90% in PS IIalpha). Reduction of Q(A) (closing PS II) has distinctly different effects on the primary kinetics of PS IIbeta, as compared to PS IIalpha. In PS IIalpha the charge separation rate drops by a factor of 6, whereas the charge recombination process is hardly affected. In PS IIbeta the charge separation is slowed down by a factor of 3, whereas the charge recombination rate increases by a factor of 5. In terms of changes in standard free energy, the reduction to Q(A) (-) lifts the free energy of the radical pair P(+)I(-), relative to the excited state (Chl(n)/P)(*), by 47 meV in PS IIalpha and by 67 meV in PS IIbeta. The concomitant increase in fluorescence quantum yield is the same for both types of PS II. These results show that PS IIalpha and PS IIbeta exhibit a different molecular functioning with respect to the primary processes, which might have its origin in a different molecular structure of the reaction centers and/or a different local environment of these centers. Location in different parts of the thylakoid membrane might be involved. We also applied different error analysis procedures to determine the error ranges of the values found for the molecular rate constants. It is shown that the commonly used standard error has very little meaning, as it assumes independence of the fit parameters. Instead, an exhaustive search procedure, accounting for all possible correlations between the fit parameters, gives a more realistic view on the accuracy of the fit parameters.

Anatomically shaped tooth and periodontal regeneration by cell homing

Tooth regeneration by cell delivery encounters translational hurdles. We hypothesized that anatomically correct teeth can regenerate in scaffolds without cell transplantation. Novel, anatomically shaped human molar scaffolds and rat incisor scaffolds were fabricated by 3D bioprinting from a hybrid of poly-epsilon-caprolactone and hydroxyapatite with 200-microm-diameter interconnecting microchannels. In each of 22 rats, an incisor scaffold was implanted orthotopically following mandibular incisor extraction, whereas a human molar scaffold was implanted ectopically into the dorsum. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF1) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) were delivered in scaffold microchannels. After 9 weeks, a putative periodontal ligament and new bone regenerated at the interface of rat incisor scaffold with native alveolar bone. SDF1 and BMP7 delivery not only recruited significantly more endogenous cells, but also elaborated greater angiogenesis than growth-factor-free control scaffolds. Regeneration of tooth-like structures and periodontal integration by cell homing provide an alternative to cell delivery, and may accelerate clinical applications.

Intra-articular magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) reduces experimental osteoarthritis and nociception: association with attenuation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 1 phosphorylation and apoptosis in rat chondrocytes

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of intra-articular injection of magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) on the development of osteoarthritis (OA) and to examine concomitant changes in the nociceptive behavior of rats.

METHODS

OA was induced in Wistar rats with intra-articular injection of collagenase (500 U) in the right knee; the left knee was left untreated. In the OA+MgSO(4) group (n=7), the treated knee was injected with 500-microg (0.1-ml) MgSO(4) twice a week for 5 consecutive weeks starting at 1 week after collagenase injection; in the OA group (n=7), the same knee was injected with the same amount of physiological normal saline. In the MgSO(4) group (n=6), naïve rats received only MgSO(4) injections; in the control group (n=6), naïve rats received only physiological normal saline injections. Nociceptive behavior (mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia) on OA development was measured before and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after collagenase injection, following which the animals were sacrificed. Gross morphology and histopathology were examined in the femoral condyles, tibial plateau, and synovia. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the effect of MgSO(4) on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 1 phosphorylation (p-NR1) and apoptosis in the articular cartilage chondrocytes.

RESULTS

OA rats receiving intra-articular MgSO(4) injections showed a significantly lower degree of cartilage degeneration than the rats receiving saline injections. MgSO(4) treatment also suppressed synovitis. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia showed significant improvement in the OA+MgSO(4) group as compared to the OA group. Moreover, MgSO(4) attenuated p-NR1 and chondrocyte apoptosis in OA-affected cartilage.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that local intra-articular administration of MgSO(4) following collagenase injection in an experimental rat OA model (1) modulates chondrocyte metabolism through inhibition of cell NMDA receptor phosphorylation and apoptosis, (2) attenuates the development of OA, and (3) concomitantly reduces nociception.

Food protective effect of geraniol and its congeners against stored food mites

The acaricidal activities of compounds derived from the oil of Pelargonium graveolens leaves against the storage food mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, were compared with the activity of a commercial acaricide, benzyl benzoate, in an impregnated fabric disk bioassay. Purification of the active constituent from P. graveolens was accomplished by silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural analysis of the active constituent by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR, 1H-13C shift correlated spectroscopy NMR, and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer NMR identified trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol (geraniol). Based on the 50% lethal dose values, the most toxic compounds against T. putrescentiae were geraniol (1.95 microg/cm3), which was followed by nerol (2.21 microg/cm3), citral (9.65 microg/cm3), benzyl benzoate (11.27 microg/cm3), and beta-citronellol (15.86 microg/cm3). Our results suggest that geraniol is more effective in controlling T. putrescentiae than benzyl benzoate is. Furthermore, geraniol, which is used as a flavoring for beverages, candies, ice creams, and baked goods and congeners (citral and nerol), may be useful for managing populations of T. putrescentiae.

The utilization of thin film transistor liquid crystal display waste glass as a pozzolanic material

This investigation elucidates the pozzolanic behavior of waste glass blended cement (WGBC) paste used in thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate that the TFT-LCD waste glass was entirely non-crystalline. The leaching concentrations of the clay and TFT-LCD waste glass all met the current regulatory thresholds of the Taiwan EPA. The pozzolanic strength activity indices of TFT-LCD waste glass at 28 days and 56 days were 89% and 92%, respectively. Accordingly, this material can be regarded as a good pozzolanic material. The amount of TFT-LCD waste glass that is mixed into WGBC pastes affects the strength of the pastes. The strength of the paste clearly declined as the amount of TFT-LCD waste glass increased. XRD patterns indicated that the major difference was the presence of hydrates of calcium silicate (CSH, 2 theta=32.1 degrees), aluminate and aluminosilicate, which was present in WGBC pastes. Portland cement may have increased the alkalinity of the solution and induced the decomposition of the glass phase network. WGBC pastes that contained 40% TFT-LCD waste glass have markedly lower gel/space ratios and exhibit less degree of hydration than ordinary Portland cement (OPC) pastes. The most satisfactory characteristics of the strength were observed when the mixing ratio of the TFT-LCD waste glass was 10%.

The gep oncogenes, Galpha(12) and Galpha(13), upregulate the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) plays a role in neoplastic transformation and transdifferentiation. Galpha(12) and Galpha(13), referred to as the gep oncogenes, stimulate mitogenic pathways. Nonetheless, no information is available regarding their roles in the regulation of the TGFbeta1 gene and the molecules linking them to gene transcription. Knockdown or knockout experiments using murine embryonic fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells indicated that a Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) deficiency reduced constitutive, auto-stimulatory or thrombin-inducible TGFbeta1 gene expression. In contrast, transfection of activated mutants of Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) enabled the knockout cells to promote TGFbeta1 induction. A promoter deletion analysis suggested that activating protein 1 (AP-1) plays a role in TGFbeta1 gene transactivation, which was corroborated by the observation that a deficiency of the G-proteins decreased the AP-1 activity, whereas their activation enhanced it. Moreover, mutation of the AP-1-binding site abrogated the ability of Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) to induce the TGFbeta1 gene. Transfection of a dominant-negative mutant of Rho or Rac, but not Cdc42, prevented gene transactivation and decreased AP-1 activity downstream of Galpha(12) and Galpha(13). In summary, Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) regulate the expression of the TGFbeta1 gene through an increase in Rho/Rac-dependent AP-1 activity, implying that the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-Galpha(12) pathway is involved in the TGFbeta1-mediated transdifferentiation process.

Cell-culture-based immunochromatography for rapid detection of group A human rotaviruses in aquatic environments

In an effort to detect rapidly and conveniently the infectious waterborne group A human rotaviruses that cause diarrhea in infants and children, the authors developed the first-ever cell-culture-based immunochromatography method. An immunochromatography kit interacted only with the human rotaviruses VP6 antigen, and the cell-culture-based immunochromatography detected group A human rotaviruses with a sensitivity as low as 1.99 TCID50 ml(-1). This detection sensitivity was similar to that of the cytopathic effect-based method. There were no actual differences between the sensitivity of this method and that of the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method, which is known as a method with a relatively high sensitivity. Furthermore, while cell culture detection methods, that is total culturable virus assay, can determine only the presence of infectious waterborne viruses, the cell-culture-based immunochromatography is advantageous for the accurate detection of group A human rotaviruses. Compared with the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method, the cell-culture-based immunochromatography is advantageous because it requires a relatively simple process that enables easy quality controls and low test costs. Thus, this study proposed a new method for the identification of group A human rotaviruses, and it is suggested that this cell-culture-based immunochromatography may be applied to detect group A human rotaviruses in aquatic environments.

Predictors of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp

BACKGROUND

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSNP) and asthma are inflammatory lesions of the respiratory epithelium. This study was conducted to evaluate predictive factors of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in patients with CRSNP.

METHODS

BHR was evaluated using a methacholine bronchoprovocation test (MBPT) in 122 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with CRSNP at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2004 to June 2006. The following parameters were analyzed and compared between the BHR and non-BHR groups: symptoms, atopic status, current smoking, disease severity of CRSNP based on the Lund-Mackay scoring system of sinus CT, and counts of eosinophils in the serum and nasal tissues.

RESULTS

Thirty-five percent of the patients were found to have BHR, and BHR was found to occur more frequently in patients that were currently suffering from sneezing (P = 0.007). In addition, the mean eosinophil counts of the serum and nasal tissues were higher in the BHR group than in the non-BHR group (P = 0.001 for the serum, P = 0.045 for the nasal tissues), and the eosinophil counts of the serum correlated to those of the nasal tissues (r = 0.334, P = 0.013). The disease severity, as determined by the Lund-Mackay scoring system, was not different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The best cutoff serum eosinophil count for predicting BHR in CRSNP patients was determined to be 300 cells/microl (sensitivity 70%, specificity 70%).

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results indicate that moderate to severe sneezing and a serum eosinophil count > or = 300 cells/microl may be predictive factors for BHR in patients with CRSNP.

A lipid extract of Perna canaliculus affects the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model

As published initially in this same journal in 2000, the lipid extract of Perna canaliculus (New Zealand green-lipped mussel; Lyprinol) is known for its anti-inflammatory effects in animal models and in human controlled studies (arthritis; asthma). As a follow-up of its effects on pain in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (ALA), we studied its effects on the production of cytokines known to be associated with inflammation (IL-6, IL-1alpha TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma). Feeding with Lyprinol was associated with significantly decreased expression levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma when compared to Naproxen (positive control) and, even more when compared with sham and extra-virgin olive oil (negative control). When compared to Naproxen, sham and extra-virgin olive oil, the levels of IL-6 and IL-1alpha were also marginally decreased in rats fed with Lyprinol. This study demonstrates that AIA rats fed with Lyprinol had decreased production ofcytokines associated with inflammation.

The effect of bupivacaine.HCl on the physical properties of neuronal membranes

Fluorescent probe techniques were used to evaluate the effect of bupivacaine.HCl on the physical properties (transbilayer asymmetric lateral and rotational mobilities, annular lipid fluidity and protein distribution) of synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (SPMVs) isolated from bovine cerebral cortex. An experimental procedure was used based on selective quenching of both 1,3-di(1-pyrenyl)propane (Py-3-Py) and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) by trinitrophenyl groups, and radiationless energy transfer (RET) from the tryptophans of membrane proteins to Py-3-Py. Bupivacaine.HCl increased the bulk lateral and rotational mobilities, and annular lipid fluidity in SPMVs lipid bilayers, and had a greater fluidizing effect on the inner monolayer than that of the outer monolayer. The magnitude of increasing effect on annular lipid fluidity in SPMVs lipid bilayer induced by bupivacaine.HCl was significantly far greater than magnitude of increasing effect of the drug on the lateral and rotational mobilities of bulk SPMVs lipid bilayer. It also caused membrane proteins to cluster. These effects of bupivacaine.HCl on neuronal membranes may be responsible for some, though not all, of the local anesthetic actions of bupivacaine.HCl.

Usefulness of concurrent reading using thin-section and thick-section CT images in subcentimetre solitary pulmonary nodules

AIM

To evaluate the differences in the characterization and recommendation for follow-up of subcentimetre solitary pulmonary nodules (SSPNs) between 5 and 1mm section CT, and to compare the assessments generated by four radiologists

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Five hundred and twenty-nine patients who had SSPNs on chest CT reconstructed using both 5 and 1mm sections were enrolled. Two image subsets of 5 and 1mm CT images of each nodule were interpreted independently by four radiologists. Nodule size, consistency (solid, partly solid, non-solid), the presence of calcification, and recommendations for follow-up were evaluated. If a non-calcified solid nodule was confirmed using CT, recommendation for follow-up was based on Fleischner Society guidelines. Data assessed by each radiologist were compared, and interobserver agreements were determined using the intraclass correlation coefficients and kappa value.

RESULTS

Using 1mm CT images, the nodule sizes were significantly larger than on 5mm CT images (paired t-test, p<0.01). The presence of calcification and nodule consistency were significantly different between 5 and 1mm CT images (McNemar test for the presence of calcification, p<0.01; Wilcoxon signed test for nodule consistency, p<0.01). On 1mm CT images there was significantly higher agreement regarding nodule consistency than on 5mm CT (kappa=0.78 and 0.67, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Concurrent use of thin-section and thick-section CT can provide more accurate nodule assessment and higher interobserver agreement in SSPN.

Biosorption of a reactive dye (Rhodamine-B) from an aqueous solution using dried biomass of activated sludge

Low cost, locally available biomaterial was tested for its ability to remove reactive dyes from aqueous solution. Granules prepared from dried activated sludge (DAS) were utilized as a sorbent for the uptake of Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) dye. The effects of various experimental parameters (dye concentration, sludge concentrations, swelling, pretreatment and other factors) were investigated and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. Nearly 15min was required for the equilibrium adsorption, and Rh-B dyes could be removed effectively. Dye removal performance of Rh-B and DAS increased with increasing concentrations. The acid pretreated biomass exhibited a slightly better biosorption capacity than alkali pretreated or non-pretreated biomass. The optimum swelling time for dye adsorption of the DAS within the swelling time range studied was 12h. Both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models could describe the adsorption equilibrium of the reactive dye onto the activated sludge with the Langmuir isotherm showing the better agreement of the two. Second-order kinetic models confirmed the agreement.

An improved enzyme assay for molybdenum-reducing activity in bacteria

Molybdenum-reducing activity in the heterotrophic bacteria is a phenomenon that has been reported for more than 100 years. In the presence of molybdenum in the growth media, bacterial colonies turn to blue. The enzyme(s) responsible for the reduction of molybdenum to molybdenum blue in these bacteria has never been purified. In our quest to purify the molybdenum-reducing enzyme, we have devised a better substrate for the enzyme activity using laboratory-prepared phosphomolybdate instead of the commercial 12-phosphomolybdate we developed previously. Using laboratory-prepared phosphomolybdate, the highest activity is given by 10:4-phosphomolybdate. The apparent Michaelis constant, Km for the laboratory-prepared 10:4-phosphomolybdate is 2.56 +/- 0.25 mM (arbitrary concentration), whereas the apparent V(max) is 99.4 +/- 2.85 nmol Mo-blue min(-1) mg(-1) protein. The apparent Michaelis constant or Km for NADH as the electron donor is 1.38 +/- 0.09 mM, whereas the apparent V(max) is 102.6 +/- 1.73 nmol Mo-blue min(-1) mg(-l) protein. The apparent Km and V(max) for another electron donor, NADPH, is 1.43 +/- 0.10 mM and 57.16 +/- 1.01 nmol Mo-blue min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively, using the same batch of molybdenum-reducing enzyme. The apparent V(max) obtained for NADH and 10:4-phosphomolybdate is approximately 13 times better than 12-phoshomolybdate using the same batch of enzyme, and hence, the laboratory-prepared phosphomolybdate is a much better substrate than 12-phoshomolybdate. In addition, 10:4-phosphomolybdate can be routinely prepared from phosphate and molybdate, two common chemicals in the laboratory.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver dome hepatocellular carcinoma invisible on ultrasonography: a new targeting strategy

Targeting of index tumours is prerequisite to their radiofrequency ablation. However, small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in the liver dome are often invisible on ultrasonography, thus causing difficulty in their targeting. In cases with multinodular HCCs, adjacent HCC lesions with compact iodized oil retention can be used as anatomic landmarks to guide radiofrequency (RF) ablation of such nodules under fluoroscopy. We present two cases in which nodules that were difficult to target with conventional methods were successfully treated by RF ablation using this targeting strategy.

Involvement of the BLT2 receptor in the itch-associated scratching induced by 12-(S)-lipoxygenase products in ICR mice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Recently, we reported that 12(S)-HPETE (12(S)-hydroperoxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-tetraenoic acid) induces scratching in ICR mice. We hypothesized that 12(S)-HPETE might act as an agonist of the low-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor BLT2. To confirm the involvement of the BLT2 receptor in 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching, we studied the scratch response using the BLT2 receptor agonists compound A (4'-[[pentanoyl (phenyl) amino]methyl]-1,1'-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid) and 12(S)-HETE (12(S)-hydroxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-tetraenoic acid).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

A video recording was used to determine whether the BLT2 receptor agonists caused itch-associated scratching in ICR mice. Selective antagonists and several chemicals were used.

KEY RESULTS

Both 12(S)-HETE and compound A dose dependently induced scratching in the ICR mice. The dose-response curve for compound A showed peaks at around 0.005-0.015 nmol per site. Compound A- and 12(S)-HETE-induced scratching was suppressed by capsaicin and naltrexon. We examined the suppressive effects of U75302 (6-[6-(3-hydroxy-1E,5Z-undecadienyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1,5-hexanediol, the BLT1 receptor antagonist) and LY255283 (1-[5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-[[6-methyl-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)heptyl]oxy]phenyl]-ethanone, the BLT2 receptor antagonist) on the BLT2 agonist-induced scratching. LY255283 suppressed compound A- and 12(S)-HETE-induced scratching, but U75302 did not. LY255283 required a higher dose to suppress the compound A-induced scratching than it did to suppress the 12(S)-HETE-induced scratching. One of the BLT(2) receptor agonists, 12(R)-HETE (12(R)-hydroxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-tetraenoic acid), also induced scratching in the ICR mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Our present results corroborate the hypothesis that the BLT2 receptor is involved in 12(S)-lipoxygenase-product-induced scratching in ICR mice. We also confirmed that this animal model could be a valuable means of evaluating the effects of BLT2 receptor antagonists.

Conformation studies of 13 trinucleoside diphosphates by 360 MHz PMR spectroscopy. A bulged base conformation. I. Base protons and H1' protons

The 360 MHz NMR spectra of the base protons and the H1 protons of thirteen trinucleoside diphosphates have been analyzed. The sequences chosen represent all purine-pyrimidine sequences. The chemical shifts of the base protons give evidence for strong next nearest-neighbor effects in some oligonucleotides. Although increasing chain length usually increases nearest-neighbor base-base stacking, it is not always so. Comparing ApCpG, ApUpG and GpUpG to their component dimers, one finds a decrease in stacking of the center pyrimidine with the purine on either side. The coupling constants J 1'2' also show that these three trimers show less stacking for their terminal residues than expected from their component dimers. We conclude that the sequence Pu-Py-Pu favors a conformation in which the pyrimidine is bulged out and the two purines stack on each other.

Registration of sheep brain MR images for cell tracking using ferrite-composite micro-beads as markers

In the recent molecular imaging studies of the magnetic resonance imaging field, in-vivo cell tracking is becoming an issue for the observation of cell therapy and disease behavior. In order to perform cell tracking, high resolution images and long-term studies are required, because those images make better performance than low resolution images in the recognition of cells and cells are traced at least two weeks. Image registration is an essential image processing technique for long-term imaging. In this study, we proposed the image registration technique using ferrite-composite micro- beads which could be used as substitutes for the cells labeling MR contrast agent such as superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Registration of sheep brain images tagging micro-beads was performed with the sufficient accuracy for cell tracking.

Transcatheter embolization of a pseudoaneurysm of the inferior epigastric artery with N-butyl cyanoacrylate

A 41-year-old man presented with alcoholic liver cirrhosis with ascites and clotting abnormality. After therapeutic paracentesis, haemoperitoneum ensued without colour Doppler ultrasound or CT evidence of pseudoaneurysm or haematoma at the site of paracentesis. However, an angiogram of the inferior epigastric artery revealed an obvious small pseudoaneurysm arising from its small muscular branch, and this pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated by transcatheter embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate. Transcatheter embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate is useful treatment for pseudoaneurysms arising from the small muscular branch of the inferior epigastric artery, which cannot be catheterized superselectively close to the pseudoaneurysm.

Document retrieval using fuzzy-valued concept networks

This paper presents a new method for document retrieval using fuzzy-valued concept networks, where the relevant degrees between the concepts in a fuzzy-valued concept network are represented by arbitrary shapes of fuzzy numbers. There are two kinds of relevant relationships between any two concepts in a fuzzy-valued concept network, i.e., fuzzy positive association and fuzzy negative association. The relevant matrices and the relationship matrices are used to model the fuzzy-valued concept network. The elements in a relevant matrix represent the relevant degrees between concepts. The elements in a relationship matrix represent the relevant relationships between concepts. Furthermore, ne also allow users' queries to be represented by arbitrary shapes of fuzzy numbers and to use fuzzy positive association relationship and fuzzy negative association relationship for formulating their queries for increasing the flexibility of fuzzy information retrieval systems. We also present an information retrieval method in the Internet environment based on the network-type fuzzy-valued concept network architecture.

Suppression and recovery of the hypothalamic function after high-dose corticosteroid treatment in preterm infants

BACKGROUND

High-dose systemic dexamethasone is effective in facilitating extubation of ventilated infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although the suppression and recovery of pituitary-adrenal response had been assessed after corticosteroid treatment in very low birth weight infants, its effect on hypothalamic function has not been longitudinally monitored.

AIMS

This study was designed to assess the longitudinal hypothalamic response before, during and 4 weeks after a 3-week dose-tapering course of systemic dexamethasone treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty very low birth weight infants had blood collected for corticotropin-releasing hormone, ACTH and cortisol measurements immediately before starting dexamethasone (week 0), after receiving the maximum dose of treatment (week 1), at the end of the 3-week course (week 3) and 4 weeks after stopping corticosteroids (week 7).

RESULTS

All circulating hormone concentrations were significantly suppressed during the treatment period at week 1 and week 3 compared with pretreatment concentrations at week 0 (p < 0.001). The recovery of pituitary function started early soon after week 1, whereas that of hypothalamus and adrenal functions started after the end of the dexamethasone course. Plasma ACTH concentration at week 7 had returned to the pretreatment level, but plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone (p < 0.05) and serum cortisol (p < 0.001) concentrations remained significantly suppressed. Partial recovery of hypothalamic and adrenal function was observed at week 7 (62 vs. 36% of their pretreatment levels, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the hypothalamic function is suppressed during systemic corticosteroid treatment but partial recovery occurs 4 weeks after stopping therapy. Even in preterm infants, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis behaves in a similar manner as in adult subjects and the pituitary function recovers earlier than that of hypothalamus and adrenals.

MicroRNA expression signature of human sarcomas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22 nucleotide-long noncoding RNAs involved in several biological processes including development, differentiation and proliferation. Recent studies suggest that knowledge of miRNA expression patterns in cancer may have substantial value for diagnostic and prognostic determinations as well as for eventual therapeutic intervention. We performed comprehensive analysis of miRNA expression profiles of 27 sarcomas, 5 normal smooth muscle and 2 normal skeletal muscle tissues using microarray technology and/or small RNA cloning approaches. The miRNA expression profiles are distinct among the tumor types as demonstrated by an unsupervised hierarchical clustering, and unique miRNA expression signatures were identified in each tumor class. Remarkably, the miRNA expression patterns suggested that two of the sarcomas had been misdiagnosed and this was confirmed by reevaluation of the tumors using histopathologic and molecular analyses. Using the cloning approach, we also identified 31 novel miRNAs or other small RNA effectors in the sarcomas and normal skeletal muscle tissues examined. Our data show that different histological types of sarcoma have distinct miRNA expression patterns, reflecting the apparent lineage and differentiation status of the tumors. The identification of unique miRNA signatures in each tumor type may indicate their role in tumorigenesis and may aid in diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas.

Data acquisition system for an advanced x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer using a segmented position-sensitive detector

A versatile time-to-digital converter based data acquisition system for a segmented position-sensitive detector has been developed. This data acquisition system was successfully demonstrated to a two-segment position-sensitive detector. The data acquisition system will be developed further to support multisegmented position-sensitive detector to improve the photon count rate capability of the advanced x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer system.

Biosynthesis of antibiotic prodiginines in the marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396

AIMS

Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396 produces red pigments, showing antibacterial and algicidal activities. The main red-coloured metabolite of the pigments was identified as antibiotic prodigiosin. With the expectation that the red pigments are a mixture of a series of close relatives, the aim of the present study is to detect new antibiotic prodigiosin analogues and to analyse the biosynthetic pattern for prodiginines in KCTC 2396.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Except prodigiosin, the other constituents in the red pigments were confirmed as well-known dipyrrolyldipyrromethene prodigiosin, norprodigiosin, and undecylprodiginine. Additionally, four new prodigiosin analogues, each of which was distinguished from prodigiosin (C(5)), according to differences in alkyl chain length (C(3)-C(7)), were detected in small quantities by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry spectroscopy. Owing to the presence of a cytotoxic methoxy group, it is expected that all the new prodigiosin analogues are bioactive.

CONCLUSIONS

Four characterized prodiginines, including prodigiosin and four new prodigiosin analogues are produced in different ratio in KCTC 2396. All of the prodiginines possess a common linear tripyrrolyl structure and a cytotoxic methoxy group.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This study shows for the first time that KCTC 2396 is able to produce antibiotic prodigiosin, undecylprodiginine and new prodigiosin analogues in a mixture of pigments. It is also shown that KCTC 2396 possesses a novel system for the simultaneous production of multiple prodiginines in a single micro-organism.

Effects of the surface pH on interfacial interactions of collagen-elastin matrix

This study is aimed to elucidate the effects of surface pH of bioprosthetic heart valve (BHV) on their binding property to calcium and protein. It is hypothesized that the binding affinities of the BHV for calcium and protein are surface pH dependent. To test this hypothesis, collagen-elastin matrix (CEM) made of varying ratios of collagen and elastin were used as calcifiable matrices to simulate the calcium binding process of BHV. The calcium binding profiles of CEM, whose surface pHs were adjusted at 3.4, 5.0 or 7.4, were examined by either incubating CEM in the buffer solutions containing various calcium concentrations or implanting CEM in the rat subcutaneous model. The amounts of calcium and protein bound to CEM decreased as the surface pH of CEM decreased. The calcium level in the CEM (pH 7.4) was 2.32+/-0.8 as compared with 1.23+/-0.35 (microg/mg) in CEM (pH 3.4). The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) was in a reciprocal relationship with the surface pH. This study demonstrated that the affinity of CEM for calcium is surface pH dependent and provided basic information about the role of surface properties in BHV calcification.

Portable microscopic cell counter for the determination of residual leucocytes in blood components

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The accurate determination of residual white blood cell (WBC) in blood components is of considerable clinical importance, and a variety of methods have been devised for the counting of low levels of residual WBC. In this study, we evaluated the performance of microscopic cell counter with microchannel plastic chip (C-reader) with regard to its ability to quantify WBC in WBC-reduced red cell concentrates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to quantify residual WBC with the microscopic cell counter, WBC-reduced red cell concentrate was stained using propidium iodide. Three studies were performed: linearity, precision and correlation compared to those of manual Nageotte chamber counting and automatic flow cytometric methods.

RESULTS

Dilution experiments, conducted over a range of 0.7-712 WBC/microl, showed a linearity of r(2) > 0.999, with coefficient of variation values of < or = 15.6% and accuracy of 93.8% over all tested ranges. In comparison with the Nageotte chamber counting and flow cytometric methods, the correlation coefficients were r(2) > 0.995. The detection limit of this method was 0.24 WBC/microl. Total analysis time per sample was approximately 5 min.

CONCLUSION

The microscopic cell counter for residual WBC counting was determined to be efficient at the level of currently defined standards, with acceptable precision and accuracy. This method may prove useful for the quality assurance and control of WBC-depleted blood products.