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Papatla K, Halpern M, Hernandez E, Brown J, Benrubi I, Houck K, Chu C, Rubin S. Patients with a history of cervical cancer are at an increased risk of developing primary anal or oropharyngeal cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.04.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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77
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Roberts M, Hall M, Woodman S, Glass D, Brown J, Benrubi I, Jain A, Martin L, Chu C, Rubin S, Mantia-Smaldone G. Opportunities for improved Lynch syndrome tumor screening in endometrial cancer patients surgically treated at an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center. Gynecol Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.04.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Chu C, Syu Y, Sheen Y, Chu C. 147 Novel RNA targets regulated by insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP-3) in human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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79
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Liu C, Chu C, Zhang J, Wu D, Xu D, Li P, Chen Y, Liu B, Pei L, Zhang L, Liu S, Qi T, Lou XY, Li L. IRX3 is a genetic modifier for birth weight, adolescent obesity and transaminase metabolism. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:141-148. [PMID: 28316138 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IRX3 expression has been functionally associated in obesity-associated long-distance susceptibility loci, but the effect of the IRX3 genetic variants on human obesity and obesity-related metabolism remains uncertain. METHODS To determine the genetic role of IRX3, we conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis using three haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs8053360, rs3751723 and rs12445085) and one nonsynonymous SNP (rs1126960) at the IRX3 locus in 333 junior and senior high school students from a northeast Chinese population. RESULTS We identified significant associations between IRX3 SNPs and birth weight, body mass index (BMI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and AST/ALT ratio. The rs8053360 CC and rs1126960 GG genotypes were associated with increased birth weight and BMI, especially in females. Individuals with the rs12445085 TT genotype had significantly higher levels of AST and ALT, whereas individuals with the rs1126960 GG genotype had a significantly lower AST/ALT ratio than did individuals with other genotypes. However, no significant relationships were found between any of the IRX3 SNPs and metabolic syndrome or diabetes. CONCLUSIONS IRX3 genetic variants associate with birth weight, BMI and AST/ALT-related transaminase metabolism, supporting the role of IRX3 as an obesity-associated susceptibility gene.
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Chu C, Stamatelatos D, McNeill K. Aquatic indirect photochemical transformations of natural peptidic thiols: impact of thiol properties, solution pH, solution salinity and metal ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1518-1527. [PMID: 29090717 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00324b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural peptidic thiols play numerous important roles in aquatic systems. While thiols are known to be susceptible to sensitized photoreaction, the photochemical transformation of thiols in surface waters remains largely unknown. This study systematically assessed the photochemical transformation of naturally occurring thiols, including arginylcysteine (RC), γ-glutamylcysteine (γEC), glutathione (GSH), and phytochelatin (PC) in solutions containing dissolved organic matter (DOM). The results show that all thiols underwent rapid indirect photochemical transformation. The transformation rates of thiols were highly pH-dependent and increased with increasing solution pH. γEC and GSH show lower transformation rates than free Cys, which was ascribed to their higher thiol pKa values. In comparison, PC and RC show much higher transformation rates than γEC and GSH, due to more reactive thiol groups contained in the PC molecule and sorption of RC to DOM macromolecules, respectively. While all investigated pathways contributed to thiol transformation, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidation dominated at low solution pH and singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation dominated at high solution pH in the DOM-sensitized phototransformations of γEC, GSH, and PC. Furthermore, the effects of metal complexation and solution salinity on thiol transformation rates were examined. Thiol reactivity was not affected by Fe3+ and Ag+, slightly enhanced in the presence of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+, and significantly enhanced by Cu2+. Additionally, enhanced thiol transformation rates were observed in solutions with high salinity.
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Yen Y, Chu C, Wei Y, Cheng Y, Tseng Y, Su W, Lin C. MA 16.02 Different Pattern and Prognostic Role of PD-L1, IDO, and Foxp3 Treg Expression in Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.09.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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Rousseau J, Chu C, Guitard P. HOME ASSESSMENT OF PERSON-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION (HOPE): A CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDATION STUDY. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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83
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Chu C, Yang C, Lin L, Hughes M, Tsai Y. 271 The role of local and systemic leptin in androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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84
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Dwipayanti N, Rutherford S, Phung D, Chu C. How Important is Culture to Sanitation Uptake? The Influence of Local Values in Rural Bali. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1166/asl.2017.9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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85
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Gill TA, Chu C, Pelz-Stelinski KS. Comparative proteomic analysis of hemolymph from uninfected and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus-infected Diaphorina citri. Amino Acids 2016; 49:389-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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86
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Lundeen RA, Chu C, Sander M, McNeill K. Photooxidation of the Antimicrobial, Nonribosomal Peptide Bacitracin A by Singlet Oxygen under Environmentally Relevant Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8586-8595. [PMID: 27128169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacitracin is a mixture of nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) that is extensively used as an antibiotic in both human and veterinary medicine. Despite its widespread use over the past six decades, very few studies have addressed the environmental fate of bacitracin and zinc-bacitracin complexes. In this study, the photochemical transformation of bacitracin components (i.e., cyclic dodecapeptides) in the aquatic environment was investigated. A high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based approach enabled monitoring of the photochemical degradation kinetics of individual bacitracin components, investigation of the relative contribution of reactive oxygen species (e.g., singlet oxygen, (1)O2) in dissolved organic matter-sensitized photoreactions, and identification of oxidative modifications in bacitracin photoproducts. The results of this study support the hypothesis that indirect photochemical oxidation of the histidine (His) residue by (1)O2 is a major degradation pathway for bacitracin A, the most potent congener of the mixture. Furthermore, the photooxidation rate of bacitracin A with (1)O2 decreased upon bacitracin A coordination with Zn(2+), demonstrating that the photochemistry of metal-bound His is different from that of metal-free His. Overall, these results provide insight into the fate of bacitracin components in the aquatic environment and highlight the potential of utilizing this HRMS-based methodology to study transformations of other environmentally relevant NRPs.
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Wong JY, Chu C, Chong VC, Dhillon SK, Loh KH. Automated otolith image classification with multiple views: an evaluation on Sciaenidae. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:1324-1344. [PMID: 27364089 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined multiple 2D views (proximal, anterior and ventral aspects) of the sagittal otolith are proposed here as a method to capture shape information for fish classification. Classification performance of single view compared with combined 2D views show improved classification accuracy of the latter, for nine species of Sciaenidae. The effects of shape description methods (shape indices, Procrustes analysis and elliptical Fourier analysis) on classification performance were evaluated. Procrustes analysis and elliptical Fourier analysis perform better than shape indices when single view is considered, but all perform equally well with combined views. A generic content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system that ranks dissimilarity (Procrustes distance) of otolith images was built to search query images without the need for detailed information of side (left or right), aspect (proximal or distal) and direction (positive or negative) of the otolith. Methods for the development of this automated classification system are discussed.
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88
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Chu C, Erickson PR, Lundeen RA, Stamatelatos D, Alaimo PJ, Latch DE, McNeill K. Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Transformations of Cysteine with Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6363-6373. [PMID: 27172378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) plays numerous key roles in the biogeochemistry of natural waters. Despite its importance, a full assessment of Cys abiotic transformation kinetics, products and pathways under environmental conditions has not been conducted. This study is a mechanistic evaluation of the photochemical and nonphotochemical (dark) transformations of Cys in solutions containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The results show that Cys underwent abiotic transformations under both dark and irradiated conditions. Under dark conditions, the transformation rates of Cys were moderate and were highly pH- and temperature-dependent. Under UVA or natural sunlight irradiations, Cys transformation rates were enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to rates under dark conditions. Product analysis indicated cystine and cysteine sulfinic acid were the major photooxidation products. In addition, this study provides an assessment of the contributions of singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and triplet dissolved organic matter to the CDOM-sensitized photochemical oxidation of Cys. The results suggest that another unknown pathway was dominant in the CDOM-sensitized photodegradation of Cys, which will require further study to identify.
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89
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Xiu J, Reddy S, Chu C. Multiplatform tumor-profiling of 43 malignant Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors of the ovary reveals therapeutic opportunities. Gynecol Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.04.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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90
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Shaikh T, Churilla T, Mantia-Smaldone G, Chu C, Rubin S, Anderson P. The role of adjuvant radiation in lymph node-positive endometrial adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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91
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92
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Chu C, Lundeen RA, Sander M, McNeill K. Assessing the Indirect Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Combined Amino Acids through the Use of Systematically Designed Histidine-Containing Oligopeptides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12798-12807. [PMID: 26425803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidation is an important abiotic transformation pathway for amino acids (AAs) in sunlit waters. Although dissolved free AAs are well studied, the photooxidation of dissolved combined AAs (DCAAs) remains poorly investigated. This study is a systematic investigation of the effect of neighboring photostable AA residues (i.e., aliphatic, cationic, anionic, or aromatic residues) on the environmental indirect photochemical transformation of histidine (His) in His-containing oligopeptides. The pKa values of His residues in the studied oligopeptides were found to be between 4.3 and 8.1. Accordingly, the phototransformation rate constants of the His-containing oligopeptides were highly pH-dependent in an environmentally relevant pH range with higher reactivity for neutral His than for the protonated species. The photostable AA residues significantly modulated the photoreactivity of oligopeptides either through altering the accessibility of His to photochemically produced oxidants or through shifting the pKa values of His residues. In addition, the influence of neighboring photostable AA residues on the sorption-enhanced phototransformation of oligopeptides in solutions containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was assessed. The constituent photostable AA residues promoted sorption of His-containing oligopeptides to CDOM macromolecules through electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic effects, and/or low-barrier hydrogen bonds, and subsequently increased the apparent phototransformation rate constants by up to 2 orders of magnitude.
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Chu C, Noël-Hudson M, Bénard J, Ha-Duong T, Allaoui F, Farinotti R, Bonhomme-Faivre L. Cetuximab directly inhibits P-glycoprotein function in vitro independently of EGFR binding. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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94
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Chu C, Lundeen RA, Remucal CK, Sander M, McNeill K. Enhanced Indirect Photochemical Transformation of Histidine and Histamine through Association with Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5511-5519. [PMID: 25827214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical transformations greatly affect the stability and fate of amino acids (AAs) in sunlit aquatic ecosystems. Whereas the direct phototransformation of dissolved AAs is well investigated, their indirect photolysis in the presence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is poorly understood. In aquatic systems, CDOM may act both as sorbent for AAs and as photosensitizer, creating microenvironments with high concentrations of photochemically produced reactive intermediates, such as singlet oxygen (1O2). This study provides a systematic investigation of the indirect photochemical transformation of histidine (His) and histamine by 1O2 in solutions containing CDOM as a function of solution pH. Both His and histamine showed pH-dependent enhanced phototransformation in the CDOM systems as compared to systems in which model, low-molecular-weight 1O2 sensitizers were used. Enhanced reactivity resulted from sorption of His and histamine to CDOM and thus exposure to elevated 1O2 concentrations in the CDOM microenvironment. The extent of reactivity enhancement depended on solution pH via its effects on the protonation state of His, histamine, and CDOM. Sorption-enhanced reactivity was independently supported by depressed rate enhancements in the presence of a cosorbate that competitively displaced His and histamine from CDOM. Incorporating sorption and photochemical transformation processes into a reaction rate prediction model improved the description of the abiotic photochemical transformation rates of His in the presence of CDOM.
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95
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Cory L, Haggerty A, Hwang W, Chu C. Factors influencing acceptability of the HPV vaccine among urban women. Gynecol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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96
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Haggerty A, Raggio G, Spitzer J, Boyer J, Sarwer D, Chu C, Allison K. Longitudinal analysis of cancer-associated biomarkers within weight loss intervention for endometrial cancer survivors with obesity. Gynecol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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97
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98
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Yuan Q, Rubic M, Seah J, Rae C, Wright IMR, Kaltenbach K, Feller JM, Abdel-Latif ME, Chu C, Oei JL. Do maternal opioids reduce neonatal regional brain volumes? A pilot study. J Perinatol 2014; 34:909-13. [PMID: 24945162 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A substantial number of children exposed to gestational opioids have neurodevelopmental, behavioral and cognitive problems. Opioids are not neuroteratogens but whether they affect the developing brain in more subtle ways (for example, volume loss) is unclear. We aimed to determine the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess volumetric changes in healthy opioid-exposed infants. STUDY DESIGN Observational pilot cohort study conducted in two maternity hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Maternal history and neonatal urine and meconium screens were obtained to confirm drug exposure. Volumetric analysis of MRI scans was performed with the ITK-snap program. RESULT Scans for 16 infants (mean (s.d.) gestational age: 40.9 (1.5) weeks, birth weight: 3022.5 (476.6) g, head circumference (HC): 33.7 (1.5 cm)) were analyzed. Six (37.5%) infants had HC <25th percentile. Fourteen mothers used methadone, four used buprenorphine and 11 used more than one opioid (including heroin, seven). All scans were structurally normal whole brain volumes (357.4 (63.8)) and basal ganglia (14.5 (3.5)) ml were significantly smaller than population means (425.4 (4.8), 17.1 (4.4) ml, respectively) but lateral ventricular volumes (3.5 (1.8) ml) were larger than population values (2.1(1.5)) ml. CONCLUSION Our pilot study suggests that brain volumes of opioid-exposed babies may be smaller than population means and that specific regions, for example, basal ganglia, that are involved in neurotransmission, may be particularly affected. Larger studies including correlation with neurodevelopmental outcomes are warranted to substantiate this finding.
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Wang Y, Mu JJ, Geng LK, Wang D, Ren KY, Guo TS, Chu C, Xie BQ, Liu FQ, Yuan ZY. Effect of salt intake and potassium supplementation on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Chinese subjects: an interventional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:83-90. [PMID: 25493387 PMCID: PMC4288497 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that high salt and potassium might be associated
with vascular function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salt
intake and potassium supplementation on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) in
Chinese subjects. Forty-nine subjects (28-65 years of age) were selected from a rural
community of northern China. All subjects were sequentially maintained on a low-salt
diet for 7 days (3.0 g/day NaCl), a high-salt diet for an additional 7 days (18.0
g/day NaCl), and a high-salt diet with potassium supplementation for a final 7 days
(18.0 g/day NaCl+4.5 g/day KCl). Brachial-ankle PWV was measured at baseline and on
the last day of each intervention. Blood pressure levels were significantly increased
from the low-salt to high-salt diet, and decreased from the high-salt diet to
high-salt plus potassium supplementation. Baseline brachial-ankle PWV in
salt-sensitive subjects was significantly higher than in salt-resistant subjects.
There was no significant change in brachial-ankle PWV among the 3 intervention
periods in salt-sensitive, salt-resistant, or total subjects. No significant
correlations were found between brachial-ankle PWV and 24-h sodium and potassium
excretions. Our study indicates that dietary salt intake and potassium
supplementation, at least in the short term, had no significant effect on
brachial-ankle PWV in Chinese subjects.
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Cai Y, Chen Q, Zhou W, Chu C, Ji W, Ding Y, Xu J, Ji Z, You H, Wang J. Association analysis of polymorphisms in OAS1 with susceptibility and severity of hand, foot and mouth disease. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:384-92. [PMID: 25059424 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood illness that mainly affects Asian children under the age of 5 years. Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the most common pathogens of HFMD. It is imperative that the susceptible population is screened early and that the severe illness population can be identified via genetic variation detection in children. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) [2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase1 (OAS1) rs10774671, selectin P ligand (SELPLG) rs2228315, scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) rs41284767 and interleukin 28B (IL28B) rs12979860] were determined by Taqman assays in 333 HFMD samples and 163 control samples. The rs2228315, rs41284767 and rs12979860 polymorphisms did not differ significantly between HFMD patients and the controls, but the prevalence of the rs10774671 polymorphism was significantly different between the control children and children infected with CA16 (GG genotype vs. AA + AG genotype, P < 0.05). Children with the GG genotype were more susceptible to CA16-type HFMD. Furthermore, the rs10774671 genotype distribution was clearly different between children with severe HFMD and those with mild HFMD [P < 0.05, OR 0.240, 95% CI (0.071-0.809)]. HFMD children with the AA+AG genotype were more likely to progress to encephalitis than were those with the GG genotype. Plasma γ-interferon (IFN) expression levels among control children and the mild and severe HFMD children were detected by ELISA. Those with mild HFMD had higher γ-IFN expression levels compared with those with severe HFMD (P < 0.05). In addition, there is a significant correlation between γ-IFN levels and OAS1 rs10774671 SNP, as analysed by linear correlation assay. The GG genotype correlated with higher γ-IFN levels (P < 0.05). In short, the OAS1 rs10774671 SNP GG genotype contributed to CA16 susceptibility and was associated with the development of mild HFMD.
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