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Xie C, Bai F, Yuan B, Yu H, Shi Y, Yuan Y, Wu D, Zhang ZS, Zhang ZJ. Joint effects of gray matter atrophy and altered functional connectivity on cognitive deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1799-1810. [PMID: 25511078 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray matter (GM) atrophy and disrupted intrinsic functional connectivity (IFC) are often present in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), which shows high risk of developing into Alzheimer's disease. Little is known, however, about the relationship between GM atrophy and altered IFC, and whether they are related to cognitive decline. METHOD A total of 30 aMCI and 26 cognitively normal (CN) subjects were recruited for this study. Optimized voxel-based morphometric and resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging approaches were performed to measure the GM volumes (GMVs) and atrophy-related IFC, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the effects of GM atrophy and IFC on cognitive performance across subjects, after controlling for the effects of age, education, gender and group. RESULTS Compared with CN subjects, aMCI subjects showed significantly reduced GMVs and decreased IFC in the frontal-parietal and medial temporal lobe systems. Multivariate regression analysis further demonstrated that the GMVs and decreased IFC simultaneously affected the cognitive function. Specifically, GMVs were positively correlated with cognitive performances, including global cognition and episodic memory, and showed a strong trend in correlation between GMVs and non-episodic memory, whilst IFC was positively correlated with the above three cognitive measures, across all subjects. In addition, significant correlation was found between GMVs and altered IFC strength across all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that GMVs and IFC jointly contribute to cognitive performance, and combining quantitative information about GMVs and the strength of functional connectivity may serve as an indicator of cognitive deficits in non-demented elderly.
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Xu S, Xie C, Qu B, Yu W, Xu W, Ge R, Cong X. SU-E-T-744: The Study of Total Marrow Irradiation Based On Rotational Intensity-Modulated Techniques. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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153
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Lin H, Jing J, Lu Y, Xie C. MO-F-CAMPUS-J-01: Effect of Iodine Contrast Agent Concentration On Cerebrovascular Dose for Synchrotron Radiation Microangiography Based On a Simple Mouse Head Model and a Voxel Mouse Head Phantom. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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154
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Jin X, Xie C. TH-AB-BRB-04: Dosimetric and Clinical Benefits of Conformal Radiotherapy Plus Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4926135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Xie C, Lin H, Jing J, Chen C, Cao R, Pei X. SU-E-T-47: A Monte Carlo Model of a Spot Scanning Proton Beam Based On a Synchrotron Proton Therapy Accelerator. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4924408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Xie C, Whalley N, Adasonla K, Grimer R, Jeys L. Can local recurrence of a sacral chordoma be treated by further surgery? Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:711-5. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.97b5.35131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of patients with a sacral chordoma and the surgical management of locally recurrent disease. Between October 1990 and August 2013 we operated on 54 consecutive patients with a sacral chordoma. There were 34 men and 20 women with a mean age of 60 years (25 to 86). The mean maximum diameter of the tumour was 9.3 cm (3 to 20). The mean follow-up was 7.8 years (2 months to 23.4 years). The disease-specific survival was 82% at five years, 57% at ten years and 45% at 15 years. The local recurrence-free survival was 49% at five years, 37% at ten years and 20% at 15 years. Local recurrence occurred in 30 patients (56%) at a mean of 3.8 years (3 months to 13 years) post-operatively. Survival after the treatment of recurrence was 89% at two years, 56% at five years and 19% at ten years. Of nine patients who had complete resection of a recurrence, one died after 72 months and eight remain disease-free. Incomplete resection of recurrent disease resulted in a survival of 54% at two years and 36% at five years. For 12 patients with a local recurrence who were treated palliatively, survival was 81% at two years and 31% at five years. A wide margin of resection gave the best chance of long-term survival and complete resection of local recurrence the best chance of control of disease. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:711–15.
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OuYang PY, Zhang LN, Lan XW, Xie C, Zhang WW, Wang QX, Su Z, Tang J, Xie FY. The significant survival advantage of female sex in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a propensity-matched analysis. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1554-61. [PMID: 25742485 PMCID: PMC4453682 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether females have better survival than males in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is barely acknowledged and the exact explanations remain unknown. METHODS Overall, 5929 patients receiving treatment between January 2005 and December 2010 were separately stratified by stage into early and advanced stage groups, and by age into premenopausal (⩽45 years), menopausal (46-54 years) and postmenopausal (⩾55 years) groups. Matched males and females in each group were identified using the propensity score matching method. Differences in disease-free survival (DSS), overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. RESULTS Overall, 398, 923, 744, 319 and 313 pairs of males and females were matched in early stage, advanced stage, premenopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal group, respectively. Females showed significant advantage over males across all end points in both early and advanced stage groups (P⩽0.042). However, this advantage persisted at premenopausal age (P⩽0.042), declined during menopause (DMFS, P=0.021; DSS, P=0.100; OS, P=0.693; LRFS, P=0.330) and totally disappeared at postmenopausal age (P⩾0.344). CONCLUSIONS Sex significantly affects NPC survival, with a definite female advantage regardless of tumour stage. Intrinsic biologic traits appear to be the exact explanation according to the declining magnitude of sex effect with age.
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Shi Y, Zhang C, Xie C, Quan Y, Nie Z, Chen J, Lv Z, Zhang Y, Yu W. The effect of BM67 gene deletion on Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus replication. Acta Virol 2015; 59:40-8. [PMID: 25790050 DOI: 10.4149/av_2015_01_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Homologs of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) Bm67 gene ORF67 have been found in the genome of all lepidopteran nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, but their function is still not very clear. In order to analyze it we employed a bacmid harboring the complete BmNPV genome including the Bm67 gene and expressing infectious virus (wtBacmid) for the construction of its Bm67-deficient variant (Bm67-KO-Bacmid) using the Red recombination system and the Bm67-repaired variant (Bm67-Re-Bacmid) using the Bac-to-Bac system. By transfecting BmN cells with these bacmids we demonstrated that the Bm67-deficient virus did not generate infectious virus, while the repaired virus restored its infectivity, indicating that the Bm67 gene is essential for the formation of infectious budding virus (BV). Electron microscopy of BmN cells transfected with the abovementioned bacmids showed many mature rodshaped virus particles in both wtBacmid- and Bm67-Re-Bacmid-transfected cells but none in Bm67-KO-Bacmid-transfected ones. Moreover, the real-time RT-PCR showed that the deletion of Bm67 from wtBacmid significantly reduced the levels of viral genomic DNA and transcripts of viral early genes dnapol, ie-1 and lef-3 but not those of transcripts of late gene vp39 and very late gene p10. The finding that the Bm67-deficient virus generated reduced levels of infectious virus and transcripts of early dnapol gene but not those of late genes indicates that the Bm67 gene is essential for BmNPV replication.
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Zhao J, Xu L, Xie T, Xie C. Preparation of high-purity γ-Mn3O4by decomposing MnCO3from low-grade rhodochrosite ore. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1179/1743285514y.0000000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Jin X, Yan H, Han C, Zhou Y, Yi J, Xie C. Correlation between gamma index passing rate and clinical dosimetric difference for pre-treatment 2D and 3D volumetric modulated arc therapy dosimetric verification. Br J Radiol 2014; 88:20140577. [PMID: 25494412 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate comparatively the percentage gamma passing rate (%GP) of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) pre-treatment volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) dosimetric verification and their correlation and sensitivity with percentage dosimetric errors (%DE). METHODS %GP of 2D and 3D pre-treatment VMAT quality assurance (QA) with different acceptance criteria was obtained by ArcCHECK® (Sun Nuclear Corporation, Melbourne, FL) for 20 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and 20 patients with oesophageal cancer. %DE were calculated from planned dose-volume histogram (DVH) and patients' predicted DVH calculated by 3DVH® software (Sun Nuclear Corporation). Correlation and sensitivity between %GP and %DE were investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). RESULTS Relatively higher %DE on some DVH-based metrics were observed for both patients with NPC and oesophageal cancer. Except for 2%/2 mm criterion, the average %GPs for all patients undergoing VMAT were acceptable with average rates of 97.11% ± 1.54% and 97.39% ± 1.37% for 2D and 3D 3%/3 mm criteria, respectively. The number of correlations for 3D was higher than that for 2D (21 vs 8). However, the general correlation was still poor for all the analysed metrics (9 out of 26 for 3D 3%/3 mm criterion). The average area under the curve (AUC) of ROCs was 0.66 ± 0.12 and 0.71 ± 0.21 for 2D and 3D evaluations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of correlation between %GP and %DE for both 2D and 3D pre-treatment VMAT dosimetric evaluation. DVH-based dose metrics evaluation obtained from 3DVH will provide more useful analysis. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Correlation and sensitivity of %GP with %DE for VMAT QA were studied for the first time.
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Li P, Su W, Xie C, Zeng X, Peng W, Liu M. Rapid Identification and Simultaneous Quantification of Multiple Constituents in Nao-Shuan-Tong Capsule by Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography/Diode-Array Detector/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:886-97. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jukna V, Milián C, Xie C, Itina T, Dudley J, Courvoisier F, Couairon A. Filamentation with nonlinear Bessel vortices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:25410-25425. [PMID: 25401574 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.025410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a new type of ring-shaped filaments featured by stationary nonlinear high-order Bessel solutions to the laser beam propagation equation. Two different regimes are identified by direct numerical simulations of the nonlinear propagation of axicon focused Gaussian beams carrying helicity in a Kerr medium with multiphoton absorption: the stable nonlinear propagation regime corresponds to a slow beam reshaping into one of the stationary nonlinear high-order Bessel solutions, called nonlinear Bessel vortices. The region of existence of nonlinear Bessel vortices is found semi-analytically. The influence of the Kerr nonlinearity and nonlinear losses on the beam shape is presented. Direct numerical simulations highlight the role of attractors played by nonlinear Bessel vortices in the stable propagation regime. Large input powers or small cone angles lead to the unstable propagation regime where nonlinear Bessel vortices break up into an helical multiple filament pattern or a more irregular structure. Nonlinear Bessel vortices are shown to be sufficiently intense to generate a ring-shaped filamentary ionized channel in the medium which is foreseen as opening the way to novel applications in laser material processing of transparent dielectrics.
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Ehrhardt S, Xie C, Guo N, Nelson K, Thio CL. Breastfeeding While Taking Lamivudine or Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A Review of the Evidence. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:275-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ma L, Yao W, Xu S, Zhou F, Liu B, Ren G, Feng L, Qu B, Xie C. Replanning Criteria and Timing Definition for Parotid Protection-Based Adaptive Radiation Therapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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165
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Ban X, Wu J, Mo Y, Yang Q, Liu X, Xie C, Zhang R. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland: morphologic patterns and imaging features on CT and MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:1813-9. [PMID: 24831594 PMCID: PMC7966265 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lymphoepithelial carcinoma is a rare salivary gland lesion. We retrospectively reviewed CT and MR imaging features of salivary gland lymphoepithelial carcinoma to determine their imaging features and morphologic patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical data, CT, and MR imaging findings of 28 patients with histologically proved lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland were retrospectively reviewed. Morphologic patterns of the lesions were categorized into 3 types on the basis of margin and shape. RESULTS There were 17 men and 11 women with a mean age of 39.3 years; 96.4% of patients were positive for Epstein-Barr virus both on histologic staining and Epstein-Barr virus serology. Tumors were parotid in 18 patients, submandibular in 8 patients, sublingual in 1 patient, and palatal in 1 patient. Most tumors (57.1%) manifested as a partially or ill-defined mass with a lobulated or plaque-like shape. Homogeneous enhancement was found in 16 patients, while heterogeneous enhancement was found in 12, including 4 patients with intratumoral necrosis. Invasion into adjacent structures was found in 5 patients; 60.7% of patients exhibited abnormal lymph nodes, with nodal necrosis in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic lobulated or plaque-like shape, with a partially or ill-defined margin, of a salivary gland mass associated with ipsilateral lymphadenopathy may suggest a preoperative diagnosis of lymphoepithelial carcinoma.
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Wu S, Zhang X, Xia B, Luo H, Li J, Zheng A, Xie C, Wang L, Hu W, Lian X, Du D, Chen M, Bian X, Tan B, Hui Z, Zhao F, Tian Z, Liu H, Huang K, Hu J. Interim Results of a Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial of Elective Nodal Irradiation Plus Erlotinib Combined with Chemotherapy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Nct00686114). Ann Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu334.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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167
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Nederlof R, Gürel E, Xie C, Eerbeek O, Koeman A, Hollmann M, Southworth R, Akar F, Mik E, Zuurbier C. TAT-HKII Induced Reduction in Mitochondrial Bound Hexokinase II Increases Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Increased Respiration and Increased Ros Levels. Clin Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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168
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Stakhursky V, Xie C, Chinault J. SU-E-T-57: Brain SRS Dose Variations Due to TrueBeam STx Isocenter Uncertainty. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Kunheri B, Arjunan A, Krishnan P, Pillai B, Prasad S, Bernier-Chastagner V, Desandes E, Carrie C, Alapetite C, Hankinson T, Jones D, Handler M, Foreman N, Liu A, Smiley NP, Alden T, Hartsell W, Fangusaro J, Hill-Kayser CE, Lustig RA, Minturn JE, Both S, Waanders AJ, Belasco JB, Armstrong C, Phillips PC, Fisher MJ, Hill-Kayser CE, Paltin I, Lustig RA, Fisher MJ, Both S, Belasco JB, Cole KA, Waanders AJ, Phillips PC, Minturn JE, Wells E, Vezina G, Kilburn L, Rood B, Crozier F, Hwang E, Packer R, Janssens GO, van den Bosch S, van Kollenburg PG, Gidding CE, Schieving JH, Kaanders JH, van Lindert EJ, Kramer K, Pandit-Taskar N, Souweidane MM, Wolden S, DeSelm C, Cheung NKV, Lassen-Ramshad Y, Hansen J, Seiersen K, Petersen JBB, Mahajan A, Grosshans D, Ris D, Chintagumpala M, Okcu F, McAleer MF, Moore B, Stancel H, Minard C, Guffey D, Kahalley L, Blomgren K, Zhou K, Xie C, Zhu C, McAleer MF, Zhao Z, Weinberg J, Sandberg D, Hughes D, Mahajan A, Anderson P, Guha-Thakurta N, Muller K, Hoffmann M, Seidel C, Warmuth-Metz M, Pietsch T, Kordes U, Sander A, Rossler J, Graf N, Scheithauer H, Kortmann RD, Kramm CM, von Bueren AO, Gunther J, Sato M, Chintagumpala M, Jo E, Paulino A, Adesina A, Ketonen L, Jones J, Su J, Okcu F, Khatua S, Dauser R, Whitehead W, Weinberg J, Mahajan A, Gandola L, Pecori E, Biassoni V, Chiruzzi C, Schiavello E, Meroni S, Spreafico F, Pignoli E, Massimino M, Jalali R, Krishna U, Gupta T, Goswami S, Deodhar J, Dutta D, Kannan S, Goel A, Sarin R, Sastry J, Ronghe M, Murphy D, Forbes K, Jones R, Cowie F, Brown J, Indelicato D, Goksel EO, Tezcanli E, Bilge H, Yasemin, Yarar Y, Sato M, Gunther J, Mahajan A, Jo E, Paulino A, Adesina A, Jones J, Ketonen L, Su J, Okcu M, Khatua S, Dauser R, Whitehead W, Weinberg J, Chintagumpala M, Paulino A, Jo E, Sato M, Su J, Okcu MF, Mahajan A, Dauser R, Whitehead W, Adesina A, Chintagumpala M, Danielsson A, Tisell M, Rydenhag B, Caren H. RADIATION ONCOLOGY. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:i117-i122. [PMCID: PMC4046296 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
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Aliaga L, Lai C, Yu J, Chub N, Shim H, Sun L, Xie C, Yang WJ, Lin X, O'Donovan MJ, Cai H. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related VAPB P56S mutation differentially affects the function and survival of corticospinal and spinal motor neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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171
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Jin X, Xie C. SU-E-T-422: Correlation Between 2D Passing Rates and 3D Dose Differences for Pretreatment VMAT QA. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Xie C, Tang LM, Pan CY, Guan LP. Synthesis and Anticonvulsant and Antidepressant Activity of Some 2-(6-bromo-2,3-dioxoindolin)-N-substituted Phenylacetamide Derivatives. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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173
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Liu X, Hu H, Chandrasekhar S, Jopson RM, Gnauck AH, Dinu M, Xie C, Winzer PJ. Generation of 1.024-Tb/s Nyquist-WDM phase-conjugated twin vector waves by a polarization-insensitive optical parametric amplifier for fiber-nonlinearity-tolerant transmission. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6478-6485. [PMID: 24663996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the generation of 1.024-Tb/s Nyquist-WDM phase-conjugated vector twin waves (PCTWs), consisting of eight 128-Gb/s polarization-division-multiplexed QPSK signals and their idlers, by a broadband polarization-insensitive fiber optic parametric amplifier. This novel all-optical signal processing approach to generate WDM-PCTWs enables a 2-fold reduction in the needed optical transmitters as compared to the conventional approach where each idler is generated by a dedicated transmitter. Digital coherent superposition of the twin waves at the receiver enables more than doubled reach in a dispersion-managed transmission link. We further study the impact of polarization-mode dispersion on the performance gain brought by the phase-conjugated twin waves, showing a gain of ~3.8 dB in signal quality factors.
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Jin X, Yi J, Zhou Y, Yan H, Han C, Xie C. A new plan quality index for nasopharyngeal cancer SIB IMRT. Phys Med 2014; 30:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Niu J, Ma Z, Xie C, Zhang Z. Association of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration with myocardial infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2014; 13:6177-83. [DOI: 10.4238/2014.february.21.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jin X, Xie C. EP-1668: CBCT-based volumetric and dosimetric variation evaluation of VMAT in the treatment of NPC patients. Radiother Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)31786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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177
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Xie C, Xu S, Ding F, Xie M, Lv J, Yao J, Pan D, Sun Q, Liu C, Chen T, Li S, Wang W. Clinical features of severe wasp sting patients with dominantly toxic reaction: analysis of 1091 cases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83164. [PMID: 24391743 PMCID: PMC3877022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Massive wasp stings have been greatly underestimated and have not been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical features and treatment strategies of severe wasp stings. Methods and Findings A multicenter retrospective study was undertaken in 35 hospitals and medical centers including 12 tertiary care hospitals and 23 secondary care hospitals in the Hubei Province, China. The detailed clinical data of 1091 hospitalized wasp sting patients were investigated. Over three-fourths (76.9%) of the cases had 10 or more stings and the in-hospital mortality of patients was 5.1%. Forty-eight patients died of organ injury following toxic reactions to the stings, whereas six died from anaphylactic shock. The in-hospital mortality in patients with >10 stings was higher than that of ≤10 stings (5.2% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.02). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was seen in 21.0% patients and most patients required blood purification therapy. Rhabdomyolysis was seen in 24.1% patients, hemolysis in 19.2% patients, liver injury in 30.1% patients, and coagulopathy in 22.5% patients. Regression analysis revealed that high creatinine level, shock, oliguria, and anemia were risk factors for death. Blood purification therapy was beneficial for patients with ≥20 stings and delayed hospital admission of patients (≥4 hours after sting). Conclusions In China, most patients with multiple wasp stings presented with toxic reactions and multiple organ dysfunction caused by the venom rather than an anaphylactic reaction. AKI is the prominent clinical manifestation of wasp stings with toxic reaction. High creatinine levels, shock, oliguria, and anemia were risk factors for death.
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Nouraei SAR, Xie C, Hudosvky A, Middleton SE, Mace AD, Clarke PM. Development and validation of a health informatics algorithm for identifying major head and neck cancer surgery amidst Hospital Episode Statistics data. Clin Otolaryngol 2013; 38:186-8. [PMID: 23577889 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Smith CD, Wang A, Vembaiyan K, Zhang J, Xie C, Zhou Q, Wu G, Chen SRW, Back TG. Novel carvedilol analogues that suppress store-overload-induced Ca2+ release. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8626-55. [PMID: 24124794 DOI: 10.1021/jm401090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carvedilol is a uniquely effective drug for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. This activity is in part because of its ability to inhibit store-overload-induced calcium release (SOICR) through the RyR2 channel. We describe the synthesis, characterization, and bioassay of ca. 100 compounds based on the carvedilol motif to identify features that correlate with and optimize SOICR inhibition. A single-cell bioassay was employed on the basis of the RyR2-R4496C mutant HEK-293 cell line in which calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum through the defective channel was measured. IC50 values for SOICR inhibition were thus obtained. The compounds investigated contained modifications to the three principal subunits of carvedilol, including the carbazole and catechol moieties, as well as the linker chain containing the β-amino alcohol functionality. The SAR results indicate that significant alterations are tolerated in each of the three subunits.
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180
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Wang J, Xia T, Ma L, Qu B, Pan L, Zhou G, Ju Z, Xie C, Guo Y. Primary Outcomes in Phase 2 Study of Hypofractionated Patterns by Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy (SABR). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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181
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Jing D, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang Y, Xie C. Nucleation Kinetics and Growth Model of Penicillin Sulfoxide in Butyl Acetate. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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182
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OuYang P, Xie C, Mao Y, Zhang Y, Liang X, Su Z, Liu Q, Xie F. Significant efficacies of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma by meta-analysis of published literature-based randomized, controlled trials. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:2136-46. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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183
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Meng P, Xie C, Geng P, Qi X, Zheng F, Bai F. Inhibitory effect of components from Streptomyces species on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amilase of different origin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 49:181-9. [PMID: 23795478 DOI: 10.7868/s0555109913020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The search for the effective and safe a-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors from Actinomycetaceae being antidiabetic agents is actual problem. Twenty one Streptomyces spp. of soil samples collected from different places of China were screened for the ability to produce this kind of inhibitory activities. Fermentation broth of isolated strains had absorbance between 350-190 nm. The Streptomyces strains PW003, ZG636, and ZG731 were characterized by special absorption at 280, 275, and 400 nm, respectively. Ten of the collected actinomycete strains had the ability to inhibit alpha-glucosidase or/and alpha-amylase and the fermentation broth of the same strain had inhibitory activity varied greatly depending on the enzyme source. In the process to screen the leading compounds used as antidiabetic agents, human alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase were revealed as the best used in trail compared with the same enzymes from other sources. Active alpha-glucosidase inhibitor was isolated from Streptomyces strain PW638 fermentation broth and identified as acarviostatin 103 by MS and N MR spectrometry. Its IC50 value was 1.25 and 12.23 microg/mL against human intestinal N-terminal maltase-glucoamylase and human pancreatic alpha-amylase, respectively.
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184
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Gao YY, Xie C, Wang JK. Effects of low magnetic field on batch crystallisation of glycine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/143307509x435213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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185
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Xie C, Tang LM, Pan CY, Guan LP. Synthesis and Anticonvulsant and Antidepressant Activity of 2-(5-bromo-2,3-dioxoindolin)-N-substituted Phenylacetamide Derivatives. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2013; 63:607-13. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1349130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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186
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Hu X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wang G, Bao Y, Xie C. Solvent Effect on Crystal Structure of Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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187
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Jin X, Xie C, Han C. SU-E-T-605: A Modified Adaptive Radiotherapy Based On CT-CT Image Fusion with a Repeat CT in the VMAT Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4815033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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188
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Xu S, Ge R, Xu W, Cong X, Xie C, Gong H. SU-E-T-155: RapidArc Delivery Performance Using EDR2 Film and EPID Measurement. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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189
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Xie C, Taylor DM, Howden BP, Charles PGP. Comparison of the bacterial isolates and antibiotic resistance patterns of elderly nursing home and general community patients. Intern Med J 2013; 42:e157-64. [PMID: 21241444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2011.02436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing home-acquired infections may differ from general community-acquired infections in bacteriology and antibiotic resistance. However, there are currently limited data on this topic in the Australian setting. AIMS To compare bacterial isolates and antibiotic resistance patterns, from pathology specimens of nursing home and community patients, and to comment on the suitability of empiric antibiotic guidelines for nursing home-acquired infection. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of patients, aged ≥ 65 years, who resided in either nursing homes or the general community. Patients with a hospital admission in the previous 28 days were excluded. Positive specimen cultures, collected between July 2003 and June 2008 in the Emergency Department and Outpatient Clinics of the Austin Hospital (Melbourne), were examined. The main outcome measures were the bacterial isolates, and their antibiotic resistance patterns, of patients from nursing homes and the general community. RESULTS Specimens of blood (638), sputum (425), urine (4044) and wound cultures (785) were examined. The bacteriology of blood culture isolates did not differ between the two groups (P= 0.3). However, the bacteriology of sputum, urine and wound cultures differed significantly between the groups (P= 0.025, P < 0.001, P= 0.004 respectively). There were also higher proportions of antibiotic resistance among some bacteria in nursing home patients, especially methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates across all specimen types, and resistance to several empiric antibiotics among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in urine cultures. CONCLUSION Empiric antibiotic guidelines appear adequate to treat nursing home-acquired septicaemia and pneumonia. However, guidelines for urinary tract infections and wound infections may need to be refined.
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190
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Liu S, Wang Z, Yu S, Xie C. Transesterification of waste oil to biodiesel using Brønsted acid ionic liquid as catalyst. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2013. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v27i2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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191
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Meng P, Xie C, Geng P, Qi X, Zheng F, Bai F. Inhibitory effect of components from Streptomyces species on α-glucosidase and α-amilase of different origin. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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192
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Gao L, Pan J, Wu S, Xie C, Zhong M, Chen X, Jin Y, Wu G, Cai J, Xu G. PO-077: Cetuximab Plus Radiotherapy for Chinese Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer. Radiother Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)34696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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193
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Xie C, Mills H, Magill J, Randhawa P, Mace A, Clarke P, Sandhu G, Sandison A, Nouraei S. Reducing treatment delay by improving information flow within the multidisciplinary team: a muticycle audit spiral in head and neck cancer. Clin Otolaryngol 2012; 37:427-8. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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194
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Zhang H, Zeng L, Liang C, Qiu H, Zhang M, Zhu Y, Xie C. Successful Treatment of Hurthle Cell Thyroid Carcinoma with Lung and Liver Metastasis Using Docetaxel and Cisplatin. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42:1086-90. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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195
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Feng D, Qiu F, Tong Z, Xie C. Oral Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Different Genistein Tablets in Beagle Dogs. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:335-40. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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196
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Xie C, Jiang XH, Zhang JT, Sun TT, Dong JD, Sanders AJ, Diao RY, Wang Y, Fok KL, Tsang LL, Yu MK, Zhang XH, Chung YW, Ye L, Zhao MY, Guo JH, Xiao ZJ, Lan HY, Ng CF, Lau KM, Cai ZM, Jiang WG, Chan HC. CFTR suppresses tumor progression through miR-193b targeting urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:2282-91, 2291.e1-7. [PMID: 22797075 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is expressed in the epithelial cells of a wide range of organs/tissues from which most cancers are derived. Although accumulating reports have indicated the association of cancer incidence with genetic variations in CFTR gene, the exact role of CFTR in cancer development and the possible underlying mechanism have not been elucidated. Here, we report that CFTR expression is significantly decreased in both prostate cancer cell lines and human prostate cancer tissue samples. Overexpression of CFTR in prostate cancer cell lines suppresses tumor progression (cell growth, adhesion and migration), whereas knockdown of CFTR leads to enhanced malignancies both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that CFTR knockdown-enhanced cell proliferation, cell invasion and migration are significantly reversed by antibodies against either urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) or uPA receptor (uPAR), which are known to be involved in various malignant traits of cancer development. More interestingly, overexpression of CFTR suppresses uPA by upregulating the recently described tumor suppressor microRNA-193b (miR-193b), and overexpression of pre-miR-193b significantly reverses CFTR knockdown-enhanced malignant phenotype and abrogates elevated uPA activity in prostate cancer cell line. Finally, we show that CFTR gene transfer results in significant tumor repression in prostate cancer xenografts in vivo. Taken together, the present study has demonstrated a previously undefined tumor-suppressing role of CFTR and its involvement in regulation of miR-193b in prostate cancer development.
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197
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Jin X, Xie C, Yi J, Han C, Zhou Y. SU-C-211-06: A New Treatment Plan Quality Index for NPC SIB-IMRT. Med Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4734605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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198
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Zhou G, Xu S, Yang Y, Yang D, Xie C, Yin L, Zhang H, Liu A. SU-E-J-19: How Should CTV to PTV Margin Be Created - Analysis of Set-Up Uncertainties of Different Body Parts Using Daily Image Guidance. Med Phys 2012; 39:3656. [PMID: 28517601 DOI: 10.1118/1.4734852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective for this study is to systematically evaluate how the CTV to PTV margin should be created to compensate for setup error as afunction of treatment site. METHODS A total of 1757 setup MVCT images were analyzed using the registration between the MVCT and planning KVCT images. Among them, 526 images were from patients with head and neck cancers; 342 were from thoracic site; 447 from upper abdomen and 442 from patients treated at pelvic region. The correction was shifts in 3 directions from setup with skin marks to final treatment position due to volumetric image registration. Registration was based on soft tissue anatomy when tumor was visible in both KVCT and MVCT. Otherwise, bony landmarks were used when tumors could not be identified. RESULTS The anterior to posterior (A/P) direction requires the smallest correction for all body sites. The percentage of treatment with < 3mm set-up correction in A/P direction was 82.4%-96.0% for all disease sites. In medial to lateral direction (M/L), that number was 51.5%-74.7%. The largest set-up correction occurred in the superior to inferior (S/I) direction. As a function of the body site, 68.6% of head and neck patient had <3mm shift in the S/I direction. However, that number dropped to 41.8%〠42.5% and 31.9% for thoracic, upper abdomen and pelvic sites respectively. In addition, 48.0% of pelvic tumor required >5mm shift in the S/I direction. For thoracic and abdominal tumors, there were still 34.9% and 30.7% of the treatments where >5mm shift in the S/I direction was needed. CONCLUSIONS Uniform expansion margins in all directions are often used in radiation oncology practice. Our study showed setup error was directionally dependent. Therefore, non-uniform margin should be applied. Smaller margin can be used in A/P while larger expansion needs to be given in the S/I direction.
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Zhi M, Wang J, Wang Y, Gong J, Xie C. Degradation Kinetics and Aqueous Degradation Pathway of Cloxacillin Sodium. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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200
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Li C, Hirsh J, Xie C, Johnston MA, Eikelboom JW. Reversal of the anti-platelet effects of aspirin and clopidogrel. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:521-8. [PMID: 22268852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend stopping aspirin and clopidogrel 7 to 10 days before surgery to allow time for replacement of permanently inhibited platelets by newly released uninhibited platelets. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to determine the rate of offset of the anti-platelet effects of aspirin and clopidogrel after stopping treatment and the proportion of untreated donor platelets that are required to reverse their anti-platelet effects. METHODS Cohort 1 consisted of 15 healthy subjects who received aspirin 81 mg day(-1) or clopidogrel 75 mg day(-1) for 7 days and underwent serial blood sampling until platelet function testing results normalized. Cohort 2 consisted of 36 healthy subjects who received aspirin 325 mg day(-1), clopidogrel 75 mg day(-1), aspirin 81 mg day(-1) plus clopidogrel 75 mg day(-1) or no treatment for 7 days and underwent a single blood sampling. RESULTS In cohort 1, arachidonic acid (AA)-induced light transmission aggregation (LTA) returned to baseline levels in all subjects within 4 days of stopping aspirin, coinciding with the partial recovery of plasma thromboxane B(2) concentrations. ADP-induced LTA did not return to baseline levels until 10 days after stopping clopidogrel. In cohort 2, AA-induced LTA in patient treated with aspirin reached control levels after mixing with 30% untreated donor platelets whereas ADP-induced LTA in patients treated with clopidogrel reached control levels only after the addition of 90% or more donor platelets. CONCLUSIONS Platelet aggregation recovers within 4 days of stopping aspirin but clopidogrel must be stopped for 10 days to achieve a normal aggregatory response.
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