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Essam N, Davy Z, Shaw D, Spaight A, Siriwardena AN. A15 A case study framework for design and evaluation of a national project to improve prehospital care of myocardial infarction and stroke. Arch Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2011-200645.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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152
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Shaw D, Knowles S, Siriwardena AN. A3 Identifying barriers and facilitators to improving prehospital care of asthma: views of ambulance clinicians. Arch Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2011-200645.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Shaw D, Knowles S, Siriwardena AN. A2 Identifying barriers and facilitators to improving prehospital care of asthma: views of ambulance clinicians. Arch Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2011-200644.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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154
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Norwood S, Shaw D, Cowieson N, Swarbrick J, Collins B. Assembly and solution structure of the retromer complex. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311085990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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155
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Shaw D, Norwood K, Leslie JC. Chlordiazepoxide and lavender oil alter unconditioned anxiety-induced c-fos expression in the rat brain. Behav Brain Res 2011; 224:1-7. [PMID: 21641938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lavender oil has a long history of use for treating anxiety, but only recent research has examined its effects using standard behavioural methods used to test novel drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled lavender oil on anxiety related behaviour of rats in the open field and to compare them with the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP), a typical anxiolytic drug. Additionally c-fos immunochemistry was used to investigate whether lavender oil produced the same pattern of c-fos expression as CDP in eight different brain areas associated with anxiety. As previously found, lavender oil showed anxiolytic properties in the open field similar to but not as extensive as those of CDP. Immunochemistry results indicated that exposure to the open field increased c-fos expression, while CDP reversed the effects of this behavioural stressor on c-fos expression in all brain regions examined except the central nucleus of the amygdala, where c-fos expression increased. Lavender oil had similar effects to CDP on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and the central nucleus of the amygdala. These results strengthen the suggestion that inhaling lavender oil has anxiolytic behavioural effects, but they are weaker than the effects of benzodiazepines, and there is limited evidence that they are mediated by the same neural processes.
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Gwini SM, Shaw D, Mohammad I, Spaight A, Siriwardena AN. 013 Factors associated with adverse clinical features in patients presenting with non-fatal self-poisoning. Arch Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/emj.2010.108605.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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157
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Iqbal M, Spaight A, Siriwardena AN, Shaw D. 02 Investigation of patient and practitioner views on improving pain management in the prehospital settings. Arch Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/emj.2010.108605.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
In the last year there has been a great deal of public debate about homeopathy, the system of alternative medicine whose main principles are that like cures like and that potency increases relative to dilution. The House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology concluded in November 2009 that there is no evidence base for homeopathy, and agreed with some academic commentators that homeopathy should not be funded by the NHS. While homeopathic doctors and hospitals are quite commonplace, some might be surprised to learn that there are also many homeopathic dentists practising in the UK. This paper examines the statements made by several organisations on behalf of homeopathic dentistry and suggests that they are not entirely ethical and may be in breach of various professional guidelines.
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Kaushik S, Shaw D. Estimation of body composition using different equations on a longitudinal physical training paradigm of experimentation on female sports persons of national level. Br J Sports Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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160
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Shaw D, Kaushik S. Influence of long term physical activity on selected skinfold variables of national level male sports persons. Br J Sports Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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161
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Kaushik S, Shaw D. Alteration in the selected skinfold variables of female as a result of longitudinal physical training. Br J Sports Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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162
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Shaw D, Kaushik S. Estimation of body composition using different equations on a longitudinal physical training paradigm of experimentation on national level male sportsperson. Br J Sports Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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163
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Yu M, Zhou B, Bi D, Shaw D. Preparation of graded multilayer materials and evaluation of residual stresses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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164
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Shaw D, Conway DI. Pascal's Wager, infective endocarditis and the "no-lose" philosophy in medicine. Heart 2009; 96:15-8. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2009.186056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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165
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Hawkins D, Rocabayera X, Ruckman S, Segret R, Shaw D. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of ethyl Nα-lauroyl-L-arginate hydrochloride in human volunteers. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2711-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shaw D. Ethics, professionalism and fitness to practise: three concepts, not one. Br Dent J 2009; 207:59-62. [PMID: 19629106 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The GDC's recent third interim edition of The first five years places renewed emphasis on the place of professionalism in the undergraduate dental curriculum. This paper provides a brief analysis of the concepts of ethics, professionalism and fitness to practise, and an examination of the GDC's First five years and Standards for dental professionals guidance, as well as providing an insight into the innovative ethics strand of the BDS course at the University of Glasgow. It emerges that GDC guidance is flawed inasmuch as it advocates a virtue-based approach to ethics and professionalism, and fails to distinguish clearly between these two concepts.
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Lunn J, Shaw D, de Bree A. Leadership training for European nutritionists. NUTR BULL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2009.01766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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168
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Fendt M, Bürki H, Imobersteg S, van der Putten H, McAllister K, Leslie JC, Shaw D, Hölscher C. The effect of mGlu8 deficiency in animal models of psychiatric diseases. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 9:33-44. [PMID: 19740090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 8 (mGlu(8)) is presynaptically located and regulates the release of the transmitter. Dysfunctions of this mechanism are involved in the pathophysiology of different psychiatric disorders. mGlu(8) deficient mice have been previously investigated in a range of studies, but the results are contradictory and there are still many open questions. Therefore, we tested mGlu(8)-deficient animals in different behavioral tasks that are commonly used in neuropsychiatric research. Our results show a robust contextual fear deficit in mGlu(8)-deficient mice. Furthermore, novel object recognition, chlordiazepoxide-facilitated extinction of operant conditioning and the acoustic startle response were attenuated by mGlu(8) deficiency. We found no changes in sensory processing, locomotor activity, prepulse inhibition, phencyclidine-induced changes in locomotion or prepulse inhibition, operant conditioning, conditioned fear to a discrete cue or in animal models of innate fear and post-traumatic stress disorder. We conclude that mGlu(8) might be a potential target for disorders with pathophysiological changes in brain areas where mGlu(8) modulates glutamate and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) transmission. Our data especially point to anxiety disorders involving exaggerated contextual fear, such as generalized anxiety disorders, and to conditions with disturbed declarative memory.
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Shaw D. Institutional fear. Br Dent J 2009; 207:97. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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170
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Shaw D. Exhaled nitric oxide: time to employ or make redundant? Chron Respir Dis 2009; 6:3-4. [PMID: 19176706 DOI: 10.1177/1479972308099206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Smith P, Stalin C, Shaw D, Granger N, Jeffery N. Comparison of Two Regimens for the Treatment of Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Etiology. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:520-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Wiseman HM, Edwards JN, Bates N, Campbell A, Cullen G, Dauncey E, Dines AM, Farrow C, Fitzpatrick R, Jones A, Kennedy K, Hawkins L, McParland M, Monaghan J, Northall FS, Sturgeon K, Sutton N, Shaw D, Tizzard Z. Surveillance of poisons centre enquiries. Arch Emerg Med 2009; 26:309. [DOI: 10.1136/emj.2008.064568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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174
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Jissendi-Tchofo P, Doherty D, McGillivray G, Hevner R, Shaw D, Ishak G, Leventer R, Barkovich AJ. Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia: MR imaging and diffusion tensor imaging features of impaired axonal navigation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 30:113-9. [PMID: 18842761 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Malformations of the brain stem are uncommon. We present MR imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) features of 6 patients with pontine tegmental cap dysplasia, characterized by ventral pontine hypoplasia and a dorsal "bump," and speculate on potential mechanisms by which it forms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Birth and developmental records of 6 patients were reviewed. We reviewed MR imaging studies of all patients and DTIs of patient 3. Potential developmental causes were evaluated. RESULTS All patients were born uneventfully after normal pregnancies except patient 6 (in utero growth retardation). They presented with multiple cranial neuropathies and evidence of cerebellar dysfunction. Variable hypotonia and motor dysfunction were present. Imaging revealed ventral pontine hypoplasia and mild cerebellar vermian hypoplasia, in addition to an unusual rounded to beaklike "bump" on the dorsal surface of the pons, extending into the fourth ventricle. Color fractional anisotropy maps showed the bump to consist of a bundle of axons directed horizontally (left-right). The bump appeared, on morphologic images, to be continuous with the middle cerebellar peduncles (MCPs), which were slightly diminished in size compared with those in healthy infants. Analysis of the DTI was, however, inconclusive regarding the connections of these axons. The decussation of the MCPs, transverse pontine fibers, and longitudinal brain stem axonal pathways was also abnormal. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the dorsal transverse axonal band in these disorders results from abnormal axonal pathfinding, abnormal neuronal migration, or a combination of the 2 processes.
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Dean JCS, Robertson Z, Reid V, Wang Q, Hailey H, Moore S, Rasalam AD, Turnpenny P, Lloyd D, Shaw D, Little J. A high frequency of the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism in Scottish women with epilepsy: Possible role in pathogenesis. Seizure 2008; 17:269-75. [PMID: 17904392 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of most forms of epilepsy is usually considered to be multifactorial, although a number of single gene causes are known. Most previous studies of epilepsy genetics have implicated ion channel genes or ligand receptors. In a previous study of children with adverse effects of prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs, we noted an increased frequency of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T polymorphism in the mothers. To investigate this further, a new cohort of women with epilepsy has been identified from maternity hospital records and genotyped for polymorphisms in MTHFR, serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT1), methionine synthase (MTR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR). Healthy blood donors were genotyped as controls. The frequency of the MTHFR 677TT genotype was significantly higher in women with idiopathic generalised epilepsy than in healthy controls (p=0.012, OR 2.26, 95%CI 1.13-4.51). No association was detected for the other polymorphisms tested. The MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism may be a susceptibility factor for epilepsy, and its higher frequency in women with epilepsy may contribute to the increased risk of malformation in children of women with epilepsy.
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Abstract
Currently, any dentist in the UK who is HIV-seropositive must stop treating patients. This is despite the fact that hepatitis B-infected dentists with a low viral load can continue to practise, and the fact that HIV is 100 times less infectious than hepatitis B. Dentists are obliged to treat HIV-positive patients, but are obliged not to treat any patients if they themselves are HIV-positive. Furthermore, prospective dental students are now screened for hepatitis B and C and HIV, and are not allowed to enrol on Bachelor of Dental Surgery degrees if they are infectious carriers of these diseases. This paper will argue that: (i) the current restriction on HIV-positive dentists is unethical, and unfair; (ii) dentists are more likely to contract HIV from patients than vice versa, and this is not reflected by the current system; (iii) the screening of dental students for HIV is also unethical; (iv) the fact that dentists can continue to practise despite hepatitis B infection, but infected prospective students are denied matriculation, is unethical; and (v) that the current Department of Health protocols, as well as being intrinsically unfair, have further unethical effects, such as the waste of valuable resources on 'lookback' exercises and the even more damaging loss of present and future dentists. Regulation in this area seems to have been driven by institutional fear of public fear of infection, rather than any scientific evidence or ethical reasoning.
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Reeves BC, Langham J, Lindsay KW, Molyneux AJ, Browne JP, Copley L, Shaw D, Gholkar A, Kirkpatrick PJ. Findings of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial and the National Study of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in context. Br J Neurosurg 2008; 21:318-23; discussion 323-7. [PMID: 17676447 DOI: 10.1080/02688690701534748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Concern has been expressed about the applicability of the findings of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) with respect to the relative effects on outcome of coiling and clipping. It has been suggested that the findings of the National Study of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage may have greater relevance for neurosurgical practice. The objective of this paper was to interpret the findings of these two studies in the context of differences in their study populations, design, execution and analysis. Because of differences in design and analysis, the findings of the two studies are not directly comparable. The ISAT analysed all randomized patients by intention-to-treat, including some who did not undergo a repair, and obtained the primary outcome for 99% of participants. The National Study only analysed participants who underwent clipping or coiling, according to the method of repair, and obtained the primary outcome for 91% of participants. Time to repair was also considered differently in the two studies. The comparison between coiling and clipping was susceptible to confounding in the National Study, but not in the ISAT. The two study populations differed to some extent, but inspection of these differences does not support the view that coiling was applied inappropriately in the National Study. Therefore, there are many reasons why the two studies estimated different sizes of effect. The possibility that there were real, systematic differences in practice between the ISAT and the National Study cannot be ruled out, but such explanations must be seen in the context of other explanations relating to chance, differences in design or analysis, or confounding.
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180
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Shaw D, Annett JM, Doherty B, Leslie JC. Anxiolytic effects of lavender oil inhalation on open-field behaviour in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:613-20. [PMID: 17482442 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To establish a valid animal model of the effects of olfactory stimuli on anxiety, a series of experiments was conducted using rats in an open-field test. Throughout, effects of lavender oil were compared with the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP), as a reference anxiolytic with well-known effects on open-field behaviour. Rats were exposed to lavender oil (0.1-1.0 ml) for 30 min (Experiment 1) or 1h (Experiment 2) prior to open-field test and in the open field or injected with CDP (10 mg/kg i.p.). CDP had predicted effects on behaviour, and the higher doses of lavender oil had some effects on behaviour similar to those of CDP. In Experiment 3, various combinations of pre-exposure times and amounts of lavender oil were used. With sufficient exposure time and quantity of lavender the same effects were obtained as in Experiment 2. Experiment 4 demonstrated that these behavioural effects of lavender could be obtained following pre-exposure, even if no oil was present in the open-field test. In Experiments 2-4, lavender oil increased immobility. Together, these experiments suggest that lavender oil does have anxiolytic effects in the open field, but that a sedative effect can also occur at the highest doses.
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181
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Bain JM, Tavanti A, Davidson AD, Jacobsen MD, Shaw D, Gow NAR, Odds FC. Multilocus sequence typing of the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1469-77. [PMID: 17376886 PMCID: PMC1865896 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00064-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was devised for Aspergillus fumigatus. The system involved sequencing seven gene fragments and was applied to a panel of 100 isolates of A. fumigatus from diverse sources. Thirty different sequence types were found among the 100 isolates, and 93% of the isolates differed from the other isolates by only one allele sequence, forming a single clonal cluster as indicated by the eBURST algorithm. The discriminatory power of the MLST method was only 0.93. These results strongly indicate that A. fumigatus is a species of a relatively recent origin, with low levels of sequence dissimilarity. Typing methods based on variable numbers of tandem repeats offer higher levels of strain discrimination. Mating type data for the 100 isolates showed that 71 isolates were type MAT1-2 and 29 isolates were MAT1-1.
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182
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Edouard L, Shaw D. Access to sexual and reproductive health services: rights, priorities, commitments and actions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 97:227-8. [PMID: 17451713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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184
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Carr JM, Cheney KM, Coolen C, Davis A, Shaw D, Ferguson W, Chang G, Higgins G, Burrell C, Li P. Development of methods for coordinate measurement of total cell-associated and integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA forms in routine clinical samples: levels are not associated with clinical parameters, but low levels of integrated HIV-1 DNA may be prognostic for continued successful therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1288-97. [PMID: 17314225 PMCID: PMC1865852 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01926-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have adapted our established Alu PCR assay for proviral DNA and PCR for total cellular DNA to a real-time PCR format and applied these to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive specimens collected for routine determination of the plasma viral load (pVL). In a cohort of five patients, measurements of integrated viral load (iVL) and cell-associated viral load (cVL) in CD4(+) cells isolated by a single positive selection step were not indicative of HIV DNA levels in the circulation, and further analysis was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In a cohort of 46 samples total cVL was quantitated in most samples, but iVL could be quantitated in only 47.8%, since in 26% iVL was undetectable and in 21.7% the results were invalid due to high levels of unintegrated HIV DNA. There was no correlation of cVL or iVL with pVL, CD4 count, or duration of successful antiretroviral treatment. Out of 26 patients with undetectable pVL, 4 patients failed therapy within the subsequent 12 months and had higher than average iVL, but this was not the case for cVL. Among nine patients with long-term undetectable pVL, no consistent decline in cVL or iVL was seen with time, and changes in cVL and iVL within a patient could be concordant or discordant. These results show that cVL and iVL can be coordinately measured in PBMC from clinical samples but do not correlate with pVL, CD4 counts, or length of suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Interestingly, a high iVL (but not a high cVL) in patients with undetectable pVL was associated with subsequent treatment failure.
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Teng L, Shaw D, Barnes J. Characteristics of Chinese Herbal Medicine Retail Outlets in London: A Cross-Sectional Study. Drug Saf 2007. [DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200730100-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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186
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Teng L, Shaw D, Barnes J. Views and Behaviours towards Effectiveness and Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM): Qualitative Interviews with CHM Shop/Clinic Employees in London. Drug Saf 2007. [DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200730100-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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187
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Barinka C, Parry G, Callahan J, Shaw D, Kuo A, Bdeir K, Cines D, Mazar A, Lubkowski J. ID: 343 Interactions between Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Its Receptor Defined by the X-ray Crystallography. J Thromb Haemost 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harwood PJ, Talbot C, Dimoutsos M, Sunderland G, Shaw D, Wilcox MH, Giannoudis PV. Early experience with linezolid for infections in orthopaedics. Injury 2006; 37:818-26. [PMID: 16620816 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In infections following orthopaedic surgery, isolated staphylococci are reported to be methicillin resistant (MRSA) in up to 50% of cases. Linezolid, the first in a new class of antibiotics, has excellent efficacy against gram positive organisms that are resistant to other therapies and is 100% orally bioavailable. We report early results of its use for the treatment of resistant infections in orthopaedic practice. Infections were characterised according to the UK Nosocomial Infections National Surveillance Service classification of surgical infections as superficial, deep or organ/space. Osteomyelitis, joint sepsis and deep infection involving orthopaedic implants were included into the final category. Outcome was recorded as clinical, microbiological and blood parameter cure or fail. Over the 12-month study period, 54 patients received linezolid therapy, 41% of these had significant co-morbidity that might affect their ability to fight infection. Sixty-seven percent of infections were in association with implanted metal work. The majority of patients were treated with vancomycin for a short period before linezolid was used as oral 'switch' therapy for longer-term administration, allowing early discharge in all cases. MRSA was isolated in 87% of the patients treated. The mean length of linezolid therapy was 39 days (2-151). Clinical success was achieved in 90% of patients overall. Though there were no life-threatening complications, adverse event rates were significantly higher than those recorded in the literature, with 19% of patients needing to cease therapy. Linezolid offers an alternative to traditional treatments for resistant infections and can facilitate early discharge. Patients need to be monitored closely, particularly where long-term therapy is planned.
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Shaw D. Women's right to health and the Millennium Development Goals: promoting partnerships to improve access. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006; 94:207-15. [PMID: 16904676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Millennium Development Goals (MGD) represent a commitment of 189 member states that adopted them during the Millennium Summit in September 2000. This UN General Assembly recognized that gender equality and women's empowerment are both central to achieving sustainable development by means of combating poverty, hunger and disease. Neither reproductive nor sexual health was explicitly articulated in the original MDGs and indicators-a critical omission, as globally women are more disadvantaged than men. However, a clear link exists between all of the MDGs and the reproductive and sexual health of women, who cannot contribute to sustainable development, unless their right to health is met through improved access. The FIGO 2006 World Report on Women's Health addresses many issues critical to the success of the MDGs, with a focus on how partnerships have become a crucial vehicle to improve access to health for women.
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Shaw D, Faúndes A. Preface. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stokes J, Chenoweth AD, Waltz AD, Gladen RG, Shaw D. RESULTS OF IMMUNIZATION BY MEANS OF ACTIVE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA. J Clin Invest 2006; 16:237-43. [PMID: 16694474 PMCID: PMC424866 DOI: 10.1172/jci100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Garbelotto M, Hüberli D, Shaw D. First Report on an Infestation of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Natural Oak Woodlands of California and its Differential Impact on Two Native Oak Species. PLANT DISEASE 2006; 90:685. [PMID: 30781165 DOI: 10.1094/pd-90-0685c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During an intense survey of natural woodlands around Lake Hodges (33°N, 117°W) in June 2001, symptoms typical of root and collar rot caused by Phytophthora spp. were observed on 27% of 474 coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia Nee.) and on none of 86 Engelmann oaks (Q. engelmannii Greene), in spite of complete spatial intermixing of the two species. Symptoms on coast live oaks included viscous exudates emerging through intact bark matched by underbark dark lesions with irregular margins. Lesions were delineated by a dark line and present on the root collar or the buttress of symptomatic trees. Crowns of trees with lesions ranged from completely healthy to declining or dead. All symptomatic trees were in proximity of the lake or streams. Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was isolated from four trees in three distinct sites by plating tissues from lesion margins on PARP selective medium and from four soil samples by using standard pear baiting and plating lesions from pear tissue onto PARP. Identification of the isolates was obtained from microscopic observations and direct sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (Genbank Accession Nos. AY302148, MC2 and AY302149, MC3). P. citricola Sawada was also isolated once. Pathogenicity tests were completed to compare the susceptibility of the two species of oaks growing in the Lake Hodges region with P. cinnamomi. Two P. cinnamomi isolates from Lake Hodges (MC2, ATCC MYA-3711; MC3) and one isolate from an avocado orchard in San Diego County (MC6) were used to inoculate separately 10 5-year-old trees each of Q. agrifolia and Q. engelmannii grown in 5-gallon containers. Inoculations were performed in two lath-house experiments during February and September 2002 by placing an 8-mm diameter V8-agar plug from the margin of a P. cinnamomi colony underbark and sealing the wound with Parafilm and grafting wax. Lesion lengths were measured 2 months after inoculation, and the presence of the pathogen confirmed by reisolation on PARP. Mean average, maximum, and minimum temperatures were 14, 19, and 9°C and 21, 24, and 18°C for the February and September inoculations, respectively. The February inoculation resulted in small lesions only on Q. agrifolia (26 ± 15 mm, SD). The September inoculation resulted in 135 ± 68 mm (SD) lesions on Q. agrifolia and 49 ± 35 mm (SD) lesions on Q. engelmannii. Controls did not show any lesions. The length of lesions was significantly different between the two hosts (P < 0.0001) and significant differences were observed among the three isolates (P = 0.0018). Although Q. agrifolia is a known host for P. cinnamomi in California (2,3), to our knowledge, this is the first report of widespread infestation of P. cinnamomi in natural oak woodlands in the western United States. Survey and inoculation results indicated Q. engelmannii to be less susceptible to infection. Inoculation results confirm previous research that cold temperatures are unfavorable to this pathogen and isolates differed in pathogenicity toward Q. agrifolia. Decline of oaks infected by P. cinnamomi was observed only in conjunction with other factors, in particular with the presence of the oak twig girdler, Agrilus angelicus Horn., an insect favored by stress conditions such as drought. Similar effects have been reported for Mediterranean oaks infected by the same pathogen (1). References: (1) C. M. Brasier. Nature 360:539, 1992. (2) P. A. Miller. Western Shade Tree Conf. Proc. 8:39, 1941. (3) S. M. Mircetich et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 61:66, 1977.
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Shaw D, Pavord I. Non-Invasive Assessment of Airway Inflammation in Asthma: An Overview. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.2174/157339806776843049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Frey W, Shaw D, Jegou A, Jäger V. Crystal structure of dimethyl (2S,3R,3aS,4S,5R,6R)-6-iodomethyl-4,5- isopropylidenedioxy-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2,3-dicarboxylate, C14H21IN2O6. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2006. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2006.221.14.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Frey W, Shaw D, Jégou A, Jäger V. Crystal structure of dimethyl (2S,3R,3aS,4S,5R,6R)-6-iodomethyl-4,5- isopropylidenedioxy-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2,3-dicarboxylate, C14H21IN2O6. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2006. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2006.221.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract C14H21IN2O6, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 9.748(1) Å, b = 11.701(2) Å, c = 15.552(2) Å, V = 1773.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.050, wRref(F2) = 0.120, T = 293 K.
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Warren K, Jakacki R, Widemann B, Aikin A, Libucha M, Packer R, Vezina G, Reaman G, Shaw D, Krailo M, Osborne C, Cehelsky J, Caldwell D, Stanwood J, Steinberg SM, Balis FM. Phase II trial of intravenous lobradimil and carboplatin in childhood brain tumors: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 58:343-7. [PMID: 16408203 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Lobradimil is a synthetic bradykinin analog that rapidly and transiently increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The combination of lobradimil and carboplatin was studied in pediatric patients with primary brain tumors in a phase II trial, the primary endpoints of which were to estimate the response rate and time to disease progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were stratified by histology into five cohorts: brainstem glioma, high-grade glioma, low-grade glioma, medullobastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and ependymoma. Patients received carboplatin adaptively dosed to achieve a target AUC of 3.5 mg min/ml per day (7 mg.min/ml/cycle) intravenously over 15 min on 2 consecutive days and lobradimil 600 ng/kg ideal body weight/day on 2 consecutive days each 28 day cycle. RESULTS Forty-one patients, age 2-19 years, were enrolled; 38 patients, including 1 patient ultimately determined to have atypical neurocytoma, were evaluable for response. No objective responses were observed in the brainstem glioma (n=12) and high-grade glioma (n = 9) cohorts, although two patients with high-grade glioma had prolonged disease stabilization (>6 months). The study was closed for commercial reasons prior to achieving the accrual goals for the ependymoma (n = 8), medulloblastoma/PNET (n = 6) and low-grade glioma (n = 2) cohorts, although responses were observed in 1 patient with PNET and 2 patients with ependymoma. CONCLUSION The combination of lobradimil and carboplatin was inactive in childhood high-grade gliomas and brainstem gliomas.
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Berczi V, Randall M, Balamurugan R, Shaw D, Venables GS, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA. Safety of Arch Aortography for Assessment of Carotid Arteries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 31:3-7. [PMID: 16233982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively review the safety of arch aortography and compare complication rates with published figures for selective catheter angiography. METHODS The medical records of patients undergoing arch aortography over the last 3 years (n=311; 180 male, 131 female; mean+/-SD age 71.0+/-9.2 years, range 42-90 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Any peri-procedural (0-48 h) complications were recorded. A certified neurologist (MSR/GSV) classified all questionable neurological events. RESULTS There were no focal neurological events or deaths (n=0; 0%; CI: 0-0.96%). Non-focal neurological events included mild disorientation (n=2; 0.6%; CI: 0.176-2.31) and unequal pupils (n=1; 0.3%; CI: 0.056-1.79%). Cardiovascular events included symptomatic hypotension (n=4; 1.3%; CI: 0.50-3.25%), angina (n=1; 0.3%; CI: 0.056-1.79%) and arrhythmia (n=4; 1.3%; CI: 0.50-3.25). There were 27 minor access site complications (8.7%; CI: 6.0-12.3). None of these complications extended hospital stay. None of the arch angiograms had to be followed by selective carotid angiography. CONCLUSION Arch aortography appears to have a lower neurological complication rate than selective carotid angiography.
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Shaw D. Indian trends in percentage height of centre of gravity (a cross-sectional study from 3 to 78 years of age of male and female). J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(06)85244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saccomani G, Stewart HB, Shaw D, Lewin M, Sachs G. Characterization of gastric mucosal membranes. IX. Fractionation and purification of K+-ATPase-containing vesicles by zonal centrifugation and free-flow electrophoresis technique. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 465:311-30. [PMID: 16250342 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methods are described for purification of a vesicular membrane fraction of hog gastric mucosa using differential centrifugation, density gradient separation on zonal rotors and free-flow electrophoresis. As a result a fraction is obtained enriched 40-fold in terms of K(+)-ATPase and free of any other enzyme marker other than K(+)-activated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase. The 5'-nucleotidase and basal Mg(2+)-ATPase are clearly separated from the latter enzymes. Osmotic shock, Triton X-100 treatment or K+ ionophores increased the K(+)-ATPase activity in isotonic conditions, but K(+)-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase is not affected by these treatments, nor is the ATPase activity in the presence of NH4+. The results suggest that the electrophoretic fraction contains a major population of tight vesicles, whose permeability to K+ is rate limiting for the ATPase activity but not for the p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. It is concluded that K+ site for the ATPase is internal whereas the K+ site for the p-nitrophenyl phosphatase is external, hence, the K+ site must be mobile across the membrane.
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Berry M, Hargadon B, Morgan A, Shelley M, Richter J, Shaw D, Green RH, Brightling C, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. Alveolar nitric oxide in adults with asthma: evidence of distal lung inflammation in refractory asthma. Eur Respir J 2005; 25:986-91. [PMID: 15929952 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00132404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that alveolar nitric oxide (NO) concentration is a noninvasive test of distal lung inflammation. The current study determined whether alveolar NO concentration can be measured in patients with asthma of varying severity, tested the hypothesis that there is an association between alveolar NO and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophil count and determined whether refractory asthma is characterised by a raised alveolar NO concentration. Finally, the present authors assessed the effect of 2 weeks of prednisolone (30 mg q.d.) on alveolar NO concentration. Alveolar NO concentration was both measurable and repeatable in patients with refractory asthma. A positive correlation was found between alveolar NO concentration and BAL eosinophil count but not with bronchial wash or sputum eosinophil count. Alveolar NO concentration was increased in patients with refractory asthma (7.1 ppb) compared with mild-to-moderate asthma (3.4 ppb) and normal controls (3.4 ppb) and reduced by treatment with prednisolone. In conclusion, these findings support the hypothesis that alveolar nitric oxide is a measure of distal airway inflammation and suggest that distal lung inflammation is present in refractory asthma.
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