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Fauler G, Silbernagel G, Genser B, Krane V, Drechsler C, Scharnagl H, Ritz E, Wanner C, März W. Cholesterol absorption predicts the effectiveness of atorvastatin for preventing cardiovascular end points in diabetic hemodialysis patients. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Silbernagel G, Genser B, Drechsler C, Scharnagl H, Grammer TB, Stojakovic T, Krane V, Ritz E, Wanner C, März W. HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:484-92. [PMID: 25012163 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of HDL cholesterol are considered to indicate efficient reverse cholesterol transport and to protect from atherosclerosis. However, HDL has been suggested to be dysfunctional in ESRD. Hence, our main objective was to investigate the effect of HDL cholesterol on outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients with diabetes. Moreover, we investigated the associations between the major protein components of HDL (apoA1, apoA2, and apoC3) and end points. We performed an exploratory, post hoc analysis with 1255 participants (677 men and 578 women) of the German Diabetes Dialysis study. The mean age was 66.3 years and the mean body mass index was 28.0 kg/m(2). The primary end point was a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The secondary end point included all-cause mortality. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.9 years. A total of 31.3% of the study participants reached the primary end point and 49.1% died from any cause. HDL cholesterol and apoA1 and apoC3 quartiles were not related to end points. However, there was a trend toward an inverse association between apoA2 and all-cause mortality. The hazard ratio for death from any cause in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile of apoA2 was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.89). The lack of an association between HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk may support the concept of dysfunctional HDL in hemodialysis. The possible beneficial effect of apoA2 on survival requires confirmation in future studies.
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Pilz S, Kienreich K, Gaksch M, Grübler M, Verheyen N, Bersuch LA, Schmid J, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Moosbrugger A, Stepan V, Pieber TR, Meinitzer A, März W, Tomaschitz A. Aldosterone to active Renin ratio as screening test for primary aldosteronism: reproducibility and influence of orthostasis and salt loading. Horm Metab Res 2014; 46:427-32. [PMID: 24526370 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1367033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the aldosterone to active renin ratio (AARR) is the recommended screening test for primary aldosteronism (PA), but several sampling conditions impact on the AARR. We aimed to evaluate the reproducibility and the influence of orthostasis and salt loading on the AARR. The Graz Endocrine Causes of Hypertension (GECOH) study is a diagnostic accuracy study among hypertensive patients at a tertiary care centre in Graz, Austria. With a median interval of 4 weeks we determined the AARR under standardized sampling conditions twice in the sitting position, after 1h in the supine position, and after a salt infusion test (SIT). We identified 9 patients with PA and 151 patients with essential hypertension (EH). The Pearson correlation coefficient between both AARR measurements in the sitting position was 0.79 (p<0.001). In EH, recumbency was associated with a significant decrease of aldosterone and, to a lesser extent, of renin, thus lowering the AARR as compared to the sitting position (p<0.001 for all). In PA, recumbency had only minor effects, but it increased the rate of false negative AARR. SIT suppressed the AARR and its components in EH, whereas in PA only renin was slightly decreased. AARR has a good intra-individual reproducibility and decreases during recumbency. These results suggest that a single AARR determination in the sitting position is a reliable screening tool for PA.
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Athanasiou Y, Zavros M, Arsali M, Papazachariou L, Demosthenous P, Savva I, Voskarides K, Deltas C, Pierides A, Feriozzi S, Perrin A, West M, Nicholls K, Sunder-Plassmann G, Torras J, Neumann P, Cybulla M, Cofiell R, Kukreja A, Bedard K, Yan Y, Mickle A, Ogawa M, Bedrosian C, Faas S, Meszaros K, Pruess L, Gondan M, Ritz E, Schaefer F, Testa A, Spoto B, Leonardis D, Sanguedolce MC, Pisano A, Parlongo MR, Tripepi G, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Trujillano D, Bullich G, Ballarin J, Torra R, Estivill X, Ars E, Kleber ME, Delgado G, Grammer TB, Silbernagel G, Kraemer BK, Maerz W, Riccio E, Pisani A, Abdalla AA, Malone AF, Winn MP, Goodship T, Cronin C, Conlon PJ, Casserly LF, Nishio S, Sakuhara Y, Matsuoka N, Yamamoto J, Nakazawa D, Nakagakaki T, Abo D, Shibazaki S, Atsumi T, Mazzinghi B, Giglio S, Provenzano A, Becherucci F, Sansavini G, Ravaglia F, Roperto RM, Murer L, Lasagni L, Materassi M, Romagnani P, Schmidts M, Christou S, Cortes C, McInerney-Leo A, Kayserili H, Zankl A, Peter S, Duncan E, Wicking C, Beales PL, Mitchison H, Magestro M, Vekeman F, Nichols T, Karner P, Duh MS, Srivastava B, Van Doorn-Khosrovani SBVW, Zonnenberg BA, Musetti C, Quaglia M, Ghiggeri GM, Fogazzi GB, Settanni F, Boldorini RL, Lazzarich E, Airoldi A, Izzo C, Giordano M, Stratta P, Garrido P, Fernandes JC, Ribeiro S, Belo L, Costa EC, Reis F, Santos-Silva A, Youssef DM, Alshal AS, Salah K, Rashed AE, Kingswood JC, Jozwiak S, Belousova E, Frost M, Kuperman R, Bebin EM, Korf B, Flamini JR, Kohrman MH, Sparagana S, Wu JY, Berkowitz N, Miao S, Segal S, Ridolfi A, Bissler JJ, Franz DN, Oud MM, Van Bon BW, Bongers EM, Hoischen A, Marcelis CL, De Leeuw N, Mol SJ, Mortier G, Knoers NV, Brunner HG, Roepman R, Arts HH, Van Eerde AM, Van Der Zwaag B, Lilien MR, Renkema KY, De Borst MH, Van Haaften G, Giles RH, Navis GJ, Knoers NVAM, Lu KC, Su SL, Gigante M, Santangelo L, Diella S, Argentiero L, Cianciotta F, Martino M, Ranieri E, Grandaliano G, Giordano M, Gesualdo L, Fernandes J, Ribeiro S, Garrido P, Sereno J, Costa E, Reis F, Santos-Silva A, Chub O, Aires I, Polidori D, Santos AR, Brito Costa A, Simoes C, Rueff J, Nolasco F, Calado J, Van Der Tol L, Biegstraaten M, Florquin S, Vogt L, Van Den Bergh Weerman MA, Hollak CE, Hughes DA, Lachmann RH, Oliveira JP, Ortiz A, Svarstad E, Terryn W, Tondel C, Waldek S, Wanner C, West ML, Linthorst GE, Kaesler N, Brandenburg V, Theuwissen E, Vermeer C, Floege J, Schlieper G, Kruger T, Xydakis D, Goulielmos G, Antonaki E, Stylianoy K, Sfakianaki M, Papadogiannakis A, Dafnis E, Mdimegh S, Ben Hadj Mbarek - Fredj I, Moussa A, Omezzine A, Zellama D, Mabrouk S, Zouari N, Hassayoun S, Chemli J, Achour A, Bouslama A, Abroug S, Spoto B, Leonardis D, Politi C, Pisano A, Cutrupi S, Testa A, Parlongo RM, D'Arrigo G, Tripepi G, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Mdimegh S, Ben Hadj Mbarek - Fredj I, Moussa A, Omezzine A, Mabrouk S, Zouari N, Hassayoun S, Chemli J, Zellama D, Achour A, Bouslama A, Abroug S, Hohenstein-Scheibenecker K, Schmidt A, Stylianou KG, Kyriazis J, Androvitsanea A, Tzanakakis M, Maragkaki E, Petrakis J, Stratakis S, Poulidaki R, Vardaki E, Petra C, Statigis S, Perakis K, Daphnis E, Cybulla M, West M, Nicholls K, Torras J, Neumann P, Sunder-Plassmann G, Feriozzi S, Metzinger-Le Meuth V, Taibi F, M'Baya-Moutoula E, Louvet L, Massy Z, Metzinger L, Mani LY, Sidler D, Vogt B, Nikolskaya N, Cox JA, Kingswood JC, Smirnov A, Zarayski M, Kayukov I, Karunnaya H, Sipovski V, Kukoleva L, Dobronravov V. GENETIC DISEASES AND MOLECULAR GENETICS. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Locatelli F, Choukroun G, Fliser D, Moecks J, Wiggenhauser A, Gupta A, Swinkels DW, Lin V, Guss C, Pratt R, Carrilho P, Martins AR, Alves M, Mateus A, Gusmao L, Parreira L, Assuncao J, Rodrigues I, Stamopoulos D, Mpakirtzi N, Afentakis N, Grapsa E, Zitt E, Sturm G, Kronenberg F, Neyer U, Knoll F, Lhotta K, Weiss G, Robinson BM, Larkina M, Bieber B, Kleophas W, Li Y, Locatelli F, McCullough K, Nolen JG, Port FK, Pisoni RL, Kalicki RM, Uehlinger DE, Ogawa C, Kanda F, Tomosugi N, Maeda T, Kuji T, Fujikawa T, Shino M, Shibata K, Kaneda T, Nishihara M, Satta H, Kawata SI, Koguchi N, Tamura K, Hirawa N, Toya Y, Umemura S, Chanliau J, Martin H, Stamatelou K, Gonzalez-Tabares L, Manamley N, Farouk M, Addison J, Donck J, Schneider A, Gutjahr-Lengsfeld L, Ritz E, Scharnagl H, Gelbrich G, Pilz S, Macdougall IC, Wanner C, Drechsler C, Kuntsevich V, Charen E, Kobena D, Sheth N, Siktel H, Levin NW, Winchester JF, Kotanko P, Kaysen G, Kuragano T, Kida A, Yahiro M, Nanami M, Nagasawa Y, Hasuike Y, Nakanishi T, Stamopoulos D, Mpakirtzi N, Dimitratou V, Griveas I, Lianos E, Grapsa E, Sasaki Y, Yamazaki S, Fujita K, Kurasawa M, Yorozu K, Shimonaka Y, Suzuki N, Yamamoto M, Zwiech R, Szczepa ska J, Bruzda-Zwiech A, Rao A, Gilg J, Caskey F, Kirkpantur A, Balci MM, Turkvatan A, Afsar B, Alkis M, Mandiroglu F, Kim YO, Yoon SA, Kim YS, Choi SJ, Min JW, Cheong MA, Hasuike Y, Kida A, Oue M, Yamamoto K, Kimura T, Fukao W, Yahiro M, Kaibe S, Nanami M, Nakanishi T, Djuric PS, Ikonomovski J, Tosic J, Jankovic A, Majster Z, Stankovic Popovic V, Dimkovic N, Aicardi Spalloni V, Del Vecchio L, Longhi S, Violo L, La Milia V, Pontoriero G, Locatelli F, Shino M, Kuji T, Fujikawa T, Toya Y, Umemura S, Macdougall I, Rumjon A, Mangahis E, Goldstein L, Ryzlewicz T, Becker F, Kilgallon W, Fukasawa M, Otake Y, Yamagishi T, Kamiyama M, Kobayashi H, Takeda M, Toida T, Sato Y, Fujimoto S. DIALYSIS ANAEMIA. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Dave SD, Vanikar AV, Trivedi HL, Bertram A, Shushakova N, Park JK, Kirsch T, Agustian PA, Menne J, Hermann H, Gellai R, Hodrea J, Lenart L, Koszegi S, Ver A, Banki NF, Wagner L, Fulop N, Molnar A, Vannay A, Szabo AJ, Fekete A, Silva KAS, Santos RA, Arlotti MR, Jorge L, Luiz RS, Rampaso RR, Cunha TS, Schor N, Parodi EL, Ansaldo F, Veziano E, Villaggio B, Mij M, Gianiorio F, Viazzi F, Verzola D, Garibotto G, Menne J, Ritz E, Ruilope LM, Chatzikyrkou C, Viberti G, Haller H. DIABETES. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Heisterkamp M, Titze S, Lorenzen J, Eckardt KU, Koettgen A, Kielstein JT, Bouquegneau A, Vidal-Petiot E, Vrtovsnik F, Cavalier E, Krzesinski JM, Flamant M, Delanaye P, Anguiano L, Riera M, Pascual J, Barrios C, Betriu A, Valdivielso JM, Fernandez E, Soler MJ, Denys MA, Viaene A, Goessaert AS, Delanghe J, Everaert K, Kim YS, Choi MJ, Deok JY, Kim SG, Bevc S, Hojs N, Hojs R, Ekart R, Gorenjak M, Puklavec L, Bevc S, Hojs N, Hojs R, Ekart R, Gorenjak M, Puklavec L, Piskunowicz M, Hofmann L, Zurcher E, Bassi I, Zweiacker C, Stuber M, Narkiewicz K, Vogt B, Burnier M, Pruijm M, Rusu E, Zilisteanu D, Atasie T, Circiumaru A, Carstea F, Ecobici M, Rosca M, Tanase C, Mihai S, Voiculescu M, Kim YS, Jeon YD, Choi MJ, Kim SG, Polenakovic M, Pop-Jordanova N, Hung SC, Tarng DC, Tuta L, Stanigut A, Mesiano P, Rollino C, Ferro M, Beltrame G, Massara C, Quattrocchio G, Borca M, Bazzan M, Roccatello D, Maksudova A, Urasaeva LI, Khalfina TN, Zilisteanu D, Rusu E, Atasie T, Ecobici M, Circiumaru A, Carstea F, Rosca M, Tanase C, Mihai S, Voiculescu M, Tekce H, Kin Tekce B, Aktas G, Alcelik A, Sengul E, Lindic J, Purg D, Skamen J, Krsnik M, Skoberne A, Pajek J, Kveder R, Bren A, Kovac D, Kin Tekce B, Tekce H, Aktas G, Delgado G, Drechsler C, Wanner C, Blouin K, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Kleber ME, Willmes C, Krane V, Marz W, Ritz E, Van Gilst WH, Van Der Harst P, De Boer RA, Scholze A, Petersen L, Hocher B, Rasmussen LM, Tepel M, De Paula EA, Vanelli CP, Caminhas MS, Soares BC, Bassoli FA, Da Costa DMN, Lanna CMM, Galil AGS, Colugnati FAB, Costa MB, Bastos MG, De Paula RB, Santoro D, Zappulla Z, Alibrandi A, Tomasello Andulajevic M, Licari M, Baldari S, Buemi M, Cernaro V, Campenni A, Pallet N, Chauvet S, Levi C, Meas-Yedid V, Beaune P, Thevet E, Karras A, Santos S, Malheiro J, Campos A, Pedroso S, Santos J, Cabrita A, Mayor MM, Ayala R, Ramos C, Franco S, Guillen R, Kim JS, Yang JW, Han BG, Choi SO, Tudor MN, Navajas Martinez MF, Vaduva C, Maria DT, Mota E, Clari R, Mongilardi E, Vigotti FN, Consiglio V, Scognamiglio S, Nazha M, Roggero S, Piga A, Piccoli G, Mukhopadhyay P, Patar K, Chaterjee N, Ganguly K. CKD LAB METHODS, PROGRESSION & RISK FACTORS 1. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ritz E. Introduction to 'Integration of the response to dietary potassium load: a paleolithic perspective'. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:981. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Tomaschitz A, Piecha G, Ritz E, Meinitzer A, Haas J, Pieske B, Wiecek A, Rus-Machan J, Toplak H, März W, Verheyen N, Gaksch M, Amrein K, Kraigher-Krainer E, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Pilz S. Marinobufagenin in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism: a cardiotonic steroid with clinical and diagnostic implications. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 37:108-15. [PMID: 24785704 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.913604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiotonic steroid marinobufagenin (MBG) is increasingly suggested to be responsible for some of the cardiovascular injury that has been previously attributed to aldosterone. We examined the clinical correlates of circulating MBG concentrations in hypertensive patients and tested the hypothesis that MBG serves as a reliable diagnostic tool for detecting primary aldosteronism (PA). METHODS Plasma MBG concentrations (mean: 0.51±0.25 nmol/l) were measured in the morning fasting samples in 20 patients with PA and 20 essential hypertensive (EH) controls matched for age, sex, body mass index, renal function, urinary sodium and intake of antihypertensive medication (mean age: 51.6 years; 52.2% women). RESULTS Overall, plasma MBG was directly correlated with plasma aldosterone, aldosterone to active renin ratio (AARR), diastolic blood pressure, mean carotid intima-media thickness, serum sodium, urinary protein to creatinine ratio and inversely with serum potassium levels. Plasma MBG levels were significantly higher in patients with PA compared to EH (mean: 0.68±0.12 versus 0.35±0.24 nmol/l; p<0.001). ROC analysis yielded a greater AUC for plasma MBG compared to the AARR, PAC and serum potassium levels for detecting PA. Youden's Index analyses yielded the optimal plasma MBG cut-off score for diagnosing PA at >0.49 nmol/l with specificity and sensitivity values of 0.85 and 0.95, respectively, which were higher than those at the optimum AARR cut-off at >3.32 ng/dl/µU/ml. CONCLUSIONS In a well-characterized cohort, values of plasma MBG were significantly related to clinical correlates of cardiovascular and renal disease. Plasma MBG emerged as a valuable alternative to the AARR for screening of PA.
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Tomaschitz A, Meinitzer A, Pilz S, Rus-Machan J, Genser B, Drechsler C, Grammer T, Krane V, Ritz E, Kleber ME, Pieske B, Kraigher-Krainer E, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Wanner C, Boehm BO, Marz W. Homoarginine, kidney function and cardiovascular mortality risk. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:663-71. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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87
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Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieske B, Rus-Machan J, Kienreich K, Verheyen N, Gaksch M, Grübler M, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Mrak P, Toplak H, Kraigher-Krainer E, März W, Pilz S. Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone interactions as mediators of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2014; 63:20-31. [PMID: 24095631 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate aldosterone and parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is strongly linked with development and progression of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Accumulating evidence suggests a bidirectional interplay between parathyroid hormone and aldosterone. This interaction may lead to a disproportionally increased risk of CV damage, metabolic and bone diseases. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying the mutual interplay between aldosterone and PTH as well as their potential impact on CV, metabolic and bone health. PTH stimulates aldosterone secretion by increasing the calcium concentration in the cells of the adrenal zona glomerulosa as a result of binding to the PTH/PTH-rP receptor and indirectly by potentiating angiotensin 2 induced effects. This may explain why after parathyroidectomy lower aldosterone levels are seen in parallel with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Aldosterone mediated effects are inappropriately pronounced in conditions such as chronic heart failure, excess dietary salt intake (relative aldosterone excess) and primary aldosteronism. PTH is increased as a result of (1) the MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) mediated calciuretic and magnesiuretic effects with a trend of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia; the resulting secondary hyperparathyroidism causes myocardial fibrosis and disturbed bone metabolism; and (2) direct effects of aldosterone on parathyroid cells via binding to the MR. This adverse sequence is interrupted by mineralocorticoid receptor blockade and adrenalectomy. Hyperaldosteronism due to klotho deficiency results in vascular calcification, which can be mitigated by spironolactone treatment. In view of the documented reciprocal interaction between aldosterone and PTH as well as the potentially ensuing target organ damage, studies are needed to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to address this increasingly recognized pathophysiological phenomenon.
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Ritz E, Pitt B. Erratum: Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade-a novel approach to fight hyperkalaemia in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2013; 6:674. [PMID: 26120469 PMCID: PMC4438384 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sft143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hasslacher C, Wolf G, Kempe P, Ritz E. Nephropathie bei Diabetes. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1355645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ritz E, Tomaschitz A. Aldosterone and the kidney: a rapidly moving frontier (an update). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 29:2012-9. [PMID: 24194611 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the classical effect of aldosterone on sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron, the spectrum of aldosterone-induced effects on the kidney (and the cardiovascular system) continues to expand at a rapid pace. Blockade of this system has become an attractive target for intervention. Major contributions have been reported in the past 2-3 years. By necessity this brief summary addresses only some of the emerging issues of nephrological relevance. In this fast moving field, we try to give a concise discussion of papers with potential nephrological relevance in the past 2-3 years.
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Ritz E, Pitt B. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade-a novel approach to fight hyperkalaemia in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2013; 6:464-8. [PMID: 26120440 PMCID: PMC4438399 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sft084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperkalaemia continues to be a major hazard of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in an effort to retard the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In cardiac patients on mineralocorticoid receptor blockade, RLY-5016 which captures K+ in the colon has been effective in reducing the risk of hyperkalaemia. This compound might be useful in CKD as well.
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Gut N, Piecha G, Aldebssi F, Schaefer S, Bekeredjian R, Schirmacher P, Ritz E, Gross-Weissmann ML. Erythropoietin combined with ACE inhibitor prevents heart remodeling in 5/6 nephrectomized rats independently of blood pressure and kidney function. Am J Nephrol 2013; 38:124-35. [PMID: 23920063 DOI: 10.1159/000353106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Heart remodeling in CKD comprises mainly interstitial fibrosis and capillary loss. Beyond correcting renal anemia, erythropoietin (Epo) has potentially beneficial pleiotropic effects on heart remodeling. METHODS 12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 5/6 nephrectomy (NX) or sham operation (sham-op); subsequently, they received murine Epo (2.5 μg/kg/week), enalapril (12 mg/kg/day), Epo + enalapril, Epo + dihydralazine (25 mg/kg/day), or vehicle. Heart function and morphology was assessed after 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Compared with sham-op (81.2%), left ventricle fractional shortening was reduced in vehicle-treated NX (66.3%) and this was ameliorated by Epo (72.6%) and even prevented by enalapril (80.6%). Capillary length density was lower and the area of fibrosis more marked in vehicle-treated NX compared to sham-op. Capillary rarefaction and heart fibrosis were prevented in NX treated with Epo + enalapril and reduced in NX treated with enalapril and Epo + dihydralazine. Despite higher blood pressure, treatment with Epo reduced heart fibrosis but failed to prevent capillary loss. In parallel, expression of the p47phox NADPH oxidase was higher in untreated NX and was effectively reduced in NX treated with Epo + enalapril. Under basal conditions there was no difference between the groups regarding myocardial hypoxia as reflected by pimonidazole staining. CONCLUSION Epo in combination with enalapril caused additive reduction of cardiac fibrosis and microvessel disease in 5/6 nephrectomized rats presumably by decreasing myocardial oxidative stress.
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Ritz E, Menne J, Haller H. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: lessons learned from the ROADMAP study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 27 Suppl 4:iv28-30. [PMID: 23258807 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lambers Heerspink HJ, Navis G, Ritz E. Salt intake in kidney disease--a missed therapeutic opportunity? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 27:3435-42. [PMID: 22942175 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD), treatment is not yet satisfactory, particularly when it is started in the late stages of the disease. Novel modes of intervention to mitigate the burden of disease are required. The reduction of dietary salt intake (which is high in the industrialized world) is one such option. Better understanding of the deleterious effects of salt on renal and cardiovascular health is necessary to raise awareness of the importance of reduction of the salt content in food products. Therefore, we (i) review pathways through which high salt intake exerts damaging effects, (ii) provide an assessment of recent observational studies linking dietary salt intake to the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease and (iii) discuss the interaction between salt intake and rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system inhibitors, i.e. the first choice antihypertensive agents for the treatment of CKD.
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Coyne DW, Andress DL, Amdahl MJ, Ritz E, de Zeeuw D. Effects of paricalcitol on calcium and phosphate metabolism and markers of bone health in patients with diabetic nephropathy: results of the VITAL study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:2260-8. [PMID: 23787544 PMCID: PMC3769981 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with elevations in serum phosphate, calcium–phosphorus product and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), with attendant risks of cardiovascular and bone disorders. Active vitamin D can suppress parathyroid hormone (PTH), but may raise serum calcium and phosphate concentrations. Paricalcitol, a selective vitamin D activator, suppressed PTH in CKD patients (stages 3 and 4) with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) with minimal changes in calcium and phosphate metabolism. Methods The VITAL study enrolled patients with CKD stages 2–4. We examined the effect and relationship of paricalcitol to calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone markers in a post hoc analysis of VITAL. The study comprised patients with diabetic nephropathy enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of paricalcitol (1 or 2 μg/day). Urinary and serum calcium and phosphate, serum BAP, and intact PTH (iPTH) concentrations were measured throughout the study. Results Baseline demographics and calcium, phosphate, PTH (49% with iPTH <70 pg/mL), and BAP concentrations were similar between groups. A transient, modest yet significant increase in phosphate was observed for paricalcitol 2 μg/day (+0.29 mg/dL; P < 0.001). Dose-dependent increases in serum and urinary calcium were observed; however, there were few cases of hypercalcemia: one in the 1-μg/day group (1.1%) and three in the 2-μg/day group (3.2%). Significant reductions in BAP were observed that persisted for 60 days after paricalcitol discontinuation (P < 0.001 for combined paricalcitol groups versus placebo). Paricalcitol dose-dependent reductions in iPTH were observed. Paricalcitol in CKD patients (±SHPT) was associated with modest increases in calcium and phosphate. Conclusion Paricalcitol reduces BAP levels, which may be beneficial for reducing vascular calcification. Trial registration Trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00421733.
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Gut N, Piecha G, Pradel A, Geldyyev A, Potemkina A, Ritz E, Regele H, Schmitt CP, Gross-Weissmann ML. The calcimimetic R-568 prevents podocyte loss in uninephrectomized ApoE-/- mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F277-85. [PMID: 23698122 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00514.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcimimetics are indicated for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease, and some data have suggested their protective role for progression of renal damage. We aimed to evaluate whether a calcimimetic can slow the progression of kidney damage in uninephrectomized apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. To this end, we compared its effect with that of calcitriol. Male ApoE-/- mice (12 wk old) were randomized to undergo sham operation (sham) or unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) and subsequently received the calcimimetic R-568 (4 μg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹), calcitriol (0.03 μg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹), or vehicle intraperitoneally. Glomerular number and volume, damage indexes (glomerular, vascular, and interstitial), and glomerular (podocytes, mesangial, and endothelial) cell number and volume were assessed in perfused kidneys after a 12-wk treatment period. Lower numbers of podocytes per glomerulus were observed in the UNX + vehicle group compared with the sham group, and this was prevented in the UNX + R-568 group but not in the UNX + calcitriol group. In parallel, albuminuria was higher in the untreated UNX group compared with the sham group, and the increase was prevented in the UNX + R-568 group. Interstitial fibrosis was more prevalent in the vehicle-treated UNX group compared with the sham group, and this was prevented in the UNX group treated with R-568 and less effectively with calcitriol treatment. In all UNX groups, the weight of the residual kidney was significantly higher compared with all sham groups. No differences were observed in serum ionized calcium and systolic blood pressure between the groups. The calcimimetic R-568 prevented interstial fibrosis and podocyte loss after uninephrectomy in ApoE-/- mice. Minor renal dysfunction, lack of secondary hyperparathyroidism, and hypertension in this model support the hypothesis of direct effects of this compound on glomerular cells.
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Drechsler C, Kollerits B, Meinitzer A, März W, Ritz E, König P, Neyer U, Pilz S, Wanner C, Kronenberg F. Homoarginine and progression of chronic kidney disease: results from the Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease Study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63560. [PMID: 23691067 PMCID: PMC3655120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homoarginine is an amino acid derivative mainly synthesized in the kidney. It is suggested to increase nitric oxide availability, enhance endothelial function and to protect against cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to investigate the relation between homoarginine, kidney function and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods We measured plasma homoarginine concentrations in baseline samples of the Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study, a prospective cohort study of 227 patients with CKD in Europe. Homoarginine concentrations were available in 182 of the baseline samples and in 139 of the prospectively-followed patients. We correlated homoarginine concentrations to parameters of kidney function. The association between homoarginine and progression of CKD was assessed during a follow-up of up to seven years (median 4.45 years, interquartile range 2.54–5.19) using Cox regression analysis. Progression of CKD was defined as doubling of baseline serum creatinine and/or end-stage renal disease. Results Study participants were at baseline on average 47±13 years old and 65% were male. Mean±standard deviation of homoarginine concentrations were 2.5±1.1 µmol/L and concentrations were incrementally lower at lower levels of GFR with mean concentrations of 2.90±1.02 µmol/L (GFR>90 ml/min), 2.64±1.06 µmol/L (GFR 60–90 ml/min), 2.52±1.24 µmol/L (GFR 30–60 ml/min) and 2.05±0.78 µmol/L (GFR<30 ml/min), respectively (p = 0.002). The age- and sex-adjusted risk to reach the renal endpoint was significantly higher by 62% with each decrease by one standard deviation (1.1 µmol/L) of homoarginine (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.16–2.27, p = 0.005). This association was independent of proteinuria (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.11–2.20, p = 0.01), and was slightly attenuated when adjusting for GFR (HR 1.40 (95% CI 0.98–1.98, p = 0.06). Conclusions Homoarginine concentrations are directly correlated with kidney function and are significantly associated with the progression of CKD. Low homoarginine concentrations might be an early indicator of kidney failure and a potential target for the prevention of disease progression which needs further investigations.
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Malhotra R, Usyvat L, Raimann J, Thijssen S, Levin N, Kotanko P, Hilderman M, Qureshi AR, Al-Abed Y, Anderstam B, Bruchfeld A, Minco M, Argentino G, Grumetto L, Postiglione L, Memoli B, Riccio E, Striker G, Yubero-Serrano E, Uribarri J, Vlassara H, do Sameiro-Faria M, Ribeiro S, Kohlova M, Rocha-Pereira P, Fernandes J, Nascimento H, Reis F, Miranda V, Bronze-da-Rocha E, Quintanilha A, Costa E, Belo L, Santos-Silva A, Modilca M, Margineanu M, Gluhovschi G, Vernic C, Velciov S, Petrica L, Barzuca E, Gluhovschi C, Balgradean C, Kaycsa A, Stockler-Pinto M, Dornelles S, Cozzolino S, Malm O, Mafra D, Cobo G, Rodriguez I, Oliet A, Hinostroza J, Vigil A, Di Gioia M, Gallar P, Drechsler C, Wanner C, Blouin K, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Krane V, Marz W, Ritz E, van der Harst P, de Boer R, Carrero JJ, Cabezas-Rodriguez I, Zoccali C, Qureshi A, Ketteler M, Gorriz J, Rutkowski B, Teplan V, Kramar R, Pavlovic D, Goldsmith D, Benedik M, Fernandez-Martin J, Cannata-Andia J, Guido G, Loiacono E, Serriello I, Camilla R, Coppo R, Amore A, Schiller A, Munteanu M, Schiller O, Mihaescu A, Olariu N, Andrei C, Anton C, Ivacson Z, Roman V, Berca S, Bansal V, Marcelli D, Grassmann A, Bayh I, Scatizzi L, Marelli C, Etter M, Usvyat L, Kooman J, Sande F, Levin N, Kotanko P, Canaud B, Quiroga B, Villaverde M, Abad S, Vega A, Reque J, Yuste C, Barraca D, Perez de Jose A, Lopez-Gomez JM, Castellano Gasch S, Palomares I, Dominguez J, Ramos R, Schmidt J, Hafer C, Clajus C, Hadem J, Schmidt B, Haller H, Kielstein J, Katagiri M, Kamada Y, Kobayashi N, Moriguchi I, Ito Y, Kamekawa D, Akiyama A, Ishii H, Tanaka S, Kamiya K, Hamazaki N, Kato M, Shimizu R, Hotta K, Masuda T, Veronesi M, Mancini E, Valente F, Righetti F, Brunori G, Santoro A, Bal Z, Tutal E, Erkmen Uyar M, Guliyev O, Sayin B, Sezer S, Mikami S, Hamano T, Tanaka T, Iba O, Toki M, Mikami H, Takamitsu Y, Inoue T, Fujii M, Hirayama A, Ueda A, Watanabe R, Matsui H, Nagano Y, Nagase S, Aoyagi K, Owada S, Tutal E, Bal Z, Erkmen Uyar M, Sayin B, Tot U, Sezer S, Onec K, Erten Y, Pasaoglu O, Ebinc F, Uludag K, Okyay G, Inal S, Pasaoglu H, Deger S, Arinsoy T, Arias-Guillen M, Masso E, Perez E, Herrera P, Romano B, Perez N, Maduell F, Jung YS, Kim YN, Shin HS, Rim H, Al Ismaili Z, Hassan M, Dastoor H, Bernieh B, Ismael A, Marcelli D, Richards N, Khil M, Sheiman B, Dudar I, Gonchar Y, Khil V, Kim HL, Ryu HH, Kim SH, Bosch Benitez-Parodi E, Baamonde Laborda E, Perez Suarez G, Ramirez JI, Garcia Canton C, Guerra R, Ramirez Puga A, Toledo A, Lago Alonso MM, Checa Andres MD, Hwang WM, Yun SR, Molsted S, Andersen JL, Eidemak I, Harrison AP, Kose E, Turgutalp K, Kiykim A, Celik F, Gok Oguz E. Protein-energy wasting. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Stevens K, Beattie E, Delles C, Jardine A, Neumann K, Fang L, Ritz E, Gross-Weissmann ML, Kokeny G, Nakano C, Hamano T, Fujii N, Matsui I, Mikami S, Obi Y, Shimomura A, Rakugi H, Tsubakihara Y, Isaka Y, Torremade N, Arcidiacono MV, Valcheva P, Bozic M, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM, Rotondi S, Pasquali M, Conte C, Leonangeli C, Muci ML, Pirro G, Tartaglione L, Mazzaferro S, Janssen U, Naderi S, Hennies M, Kruger T, Brandenburg V. CKD-MBD - A. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lai CF, Lin SL, Chiang WC, Chen YM, Kuo ML, Tsai TJ, Hwang HS, Choi YA, Park KC, Yang KJ, Choi HS, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Chang YK, Kim SY, Yang CW, Xiujuan Z, Yoshimura R, Matsuyama M, Chargui J, Touraine JL, Yoshimura N, Zulkarnaev AB, Vasilenko IA, Artemov DV, Vatazin AV, Park SK, Kang KP, Lee S, Kim W, Schneider R, Betz B, Moller-Ehrlich K, Wanner C, Sauvant C, Yang KJ, Park KC, Choi HS, Kim SH, Choi YA, Chang YK, Park CW, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Yang CW, Hwang HS, Sohotnik R, Nativ O, Abbasi A, Awad H, Frajewicki V, Armaly Z, Heyman SN, Nativ O, Abassi Z, Chen PY, Chen BL, Yang CC, Chiang CK, Liu SH, Abozahra AE, Abd-Elkhabir AA, Shokeir A, Hussein A, Awadalla A, Barakat N, Abdelaziz A, Yamaguchi J, Tanaka T, Eto N, Nangaku M, Quiros Y, Lopez-Hernandez FJ, Perez de Obanos MP, Ruiz J, Lopez-Novoa JM, Shin HS, Kim MJ, Choi YJ, Ryu ES, Choi HS, Kang DH, Jankauskas SS, Pevzner IB, Zorova LD, Babenko VA, Morosanova MA, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB, Huang CY, Huang TM, Wu VC, Young GH, Plotnikov EY, Pevzner IB, Zorova LD, Chupyrkina AA, Zorov SD, Zorov DB, Grande JP, Hartono SP, Knudsen BE, Mederle K, Castrop H, Hocherl K, Iwakura T, Fujikura T, Ohashi N, Yasuda H, Fujigaki Y, Matsui I, Hamano T, Inoue K, Obi Y, Nakano C, Kusunoki Y, Tsubakihara Y, Rakugi H, Isaka Y, Shimomura A, Wallentin Guron C, Nguy L, Lundgren J, Grimberg E, Kashioulis P, Guron G, Guron G, DiBona GF, Nguy L, Grimberg E, Lundgren J, Nedergaard Mikkelsen M, Marcussen N, Saeed A, Edvardsson K, Lindberg K, Larsson T, Ito K, Nakashima H, Watanabe M, Abe Y, Ogahara S, Saito T, Albertoni G, Borges F, Schor N, Beresneva ON, Parastayeva MM, Kucher AG, Ivanova GT, Shved N, Rybakova MG, Kayukov IG, Smirnov AV, Chen JF, Ni HF, Pan MM, Liu H, Xu M, Zhang MH, Liu BC, Kim Y, Choi BS, Kim YS, Han JS, Reis LA, Christo JS, Simoes MDJ, Schor N, Mulay SR, Santhosh Kumar VR, Kulkarni OP, Darisipudi M, Lech M, Anders HJ, Zorov DB, Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Jankauskas SS, Pevzner IB, Zorova LD, Zorov SD, Morosanova MA, Sola A, Jung M, Ventayol M, Mastora C, Buenestado S, Hotter G, Rong S, Shushakova N, Wensvoort G, Haller H, Gueler F, Pan MM, Zhang MH, Ni HF, Chen JF, Xu M, Liu BC, Morais C, Vesey DA, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Godo M, Kaucsar T, Revesz C, Hamar P, Cheng Q, Wen J, Ma Q, Zhao J, Castellano G, Stasi A, Di Palma AM, Gigante M, Netti GS, Curci C, Intini A, Divella C, Prattichizzo C, Fiaccadori E, Pertosa G, Grandaliano G, Gesualdo L, Wei QW, Jing QQ, Ying NJ, Dong QZ, Yong G, Choi YJ, Kim MJ, Shin HS, Ryu ES, Choi HS, Kang DH, Pevzner IB, Pulkova NV, Plotnikov EY, Zorova LD, Silachev DN, Morosanova MA, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB, Kim S, Lee J, Nam NJ, Na KY, Han JS, Ma SK, Joo SY, Kim CS, Choi JS, Bae EH, Lee J, Kim SW, Cernaro V, Medici MA, Donato V, Trimboli D, Lorenzano G, Santoro D, Montalto G, Buemi M, Longo V, Segreto HRC, Almeida W, Schor N, Ramos MF, Gomes L, Razvickas C, Schor N, Gueler F, Rong S, Gutberlet M, Meier M, Mengel M, Wacker D, Haller H, Hueper K, Uzum A, Ersoy R, Cakalagaoglu F, Karaman M, Kolatan E, Sahin O, Yilmaz O, Cirit M, Inal S, Koc E, Okyay GU, Pasaoglu O, Gonul I, Oyar E, Pasaoglu H, Guz G, Sabbatini M, Rossano R, Andreucci M, Pisani A, Riccio E, Choi DE, Jeong JY, Kim SS, Chang YK, Na KR, Lee KW, Shin YT, Silva AF, Teixeira VC, Schor N, Meszaros K, Koleganova-Gut N, Schaefer F, Ritz E, Walacides D, Ruskamp N, Rong S, Hueper K, Meier M, Haller H, Schiffer M, Gueler F, Marom O, Haick H, Nakhoul F, Chen JF, Liu H, Ni HF, Lv LL, Zhang MH, Tang RN, Zhang JD, Ma KL, Chen PS, Liu BC, Wu VC, Young GH, Chen YM, Ko WJ, Misiara GP, Coimbra TM, Silva GEB, Costa RS, Francescato HDC, Neto MM, Dantas M, Lindberg K, Olauson H, Amin R, Ponnusamy A, Goetz R, Mohammadi M, Canfield A, Kublickiene K, Larsson T, Rodriguez J, Reyes EP, Cortes PP, Fernandez R, Yoon HE, Koh ES, Chung S, Shin SJ, Pazzano D, Montalto G, Cernaro V, Lupica R, Torre F, Costantino G, Buemi M, Prieto M, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Lopez-Hernandez F, Lopez-Novoa JM, Morales AI, Vicente-Vicente L, Ferreira L, Christo JS, Reis LA, Simoes MJ, Passos CD, Schor NS, Shimizu MHM, Canale D, de Braganca AC, Andrade L, Luchi WM, Seguro AC, Canale D, de Braganca AC, Goncalves J, Shimizu MHM, Volpini RA, Andrade L, Seguro AC, Garrido P, Fernandes J, Ribeiro S, Vala H, Parada B, Alves R, Belo L, Costa E, Santos-Silva A, Reis F. AKI - experimental models. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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