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Abstract
Abstract
The mammalian intestine contains trillions of microbes, a community that is dominated by members of the domain Bacteria but also includes members of Archaea, Eukarya, and viruses. The vast repertoire of this microbiome functions in ways that benefit the host. The mucosal immune system coevolves with the microbiota beginning at birth, acquiring the capacity to tolerate components of the community while maintaining the capacity to respond to invading pathogens. The gut microbiota is shaped and regulated by multiple factors including our genomic composition, the local intestinal niche, and multiple environmental factors including our nutritional repertoire and biogeographic location. Moreover, it has been recently highlighted that dysregulation of these genetic or environmental factors leads to aberrant host-microbiome interactions, ultimately predisposing to pathologies ranging from chronic inflammation, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and even cancer. We have identified various possible mechanisms participating in the reciprocal regulation between the host and the intestinal microbial ecosystem and demonstrate that disruption of these factors, in mice and humans, lead to dysbiosis and susceptibility to common multifactorial disease. Understanding the molecular basis of host-microbiome interactions may lead to development of new microbiome-targeting treatments.
Citation Format: Eran Elinav. Host microbiome interactions in health and disease [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr IA02.
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Abstract
The microbiome field is increasingly raising interest among scientists, clinicians, biopharmaceutical entities, and the general public. Technological advances from the past two decades have enabled the rapid expansion of our ability to characterize the human microbiome in depth, highlighting its previously underappreciated role in contributing to multifactorial diseases including those with unknown etiology. Consequently, there is growing evidence that the microbiome could be utilized in medical diagnosis and patient stratification. Moreover, multiple gut microbes and their metabolic products may be bioactive, thereby serving as future potential microbiome-targeting or -associated therapeutics. Such therapies could include new generation probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantations, postbiotics, and dietary modulators. However, microbiome research has also been associated with significant limitations, technical and conceptual challenges, and, at times, "over-hyped" expectations that microbiome research will produce quick solutions to chronic and mechanistically complex human disorders. Herein, we summarize these challenges and also discuss some of the realistic promises associated with microbiome research and its applicability into clinical application.
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Carson D, Barry R, Hopkins EGD, Roumeliotis TI, García-Weber D, Mullineaux-Sanders C, Elinav E, Arrieumerlou C, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. Citrobacter rodentium induces rapid and unique metabolic and inflammatory responses in mice suffering from severe disease. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13126. [PMID: 31610608 PMCID: PMC7003488 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium is used to model infections with enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC and EPEC). Pathogenesis is commonly modelled in mice developing mild disease (e.g., C57BL/6). However, little is known about host responses in mice exhibiting severe colitis (e.g., C3H/HeN), which arguably provide a more clinically relevant model for human paediatric enteric infection. Infection of C3H/HeN mice with C. rodentium results in rapid colonic colonisation, coinciding with induction of key inflammatory signatures and colonic crypt hyperplasia. Infection also induces dramatic changes to bioenergetics in intestinal epithelial cells, with transition from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis and higher abundance of SGLT4, LDHA, and MCT4. Concomitantly, mitochondrial proteins involved in the TCA cycle and OXPHOS were in lower abundance. Similar to observations in C57BL/6 mice, we detected simultaneous activation of cholesterol biogenesis, import, and efflux. Distinctly, however, the pattern recognition receptors NLRP3 and ALPK1 were specifically induced in C3H/HeN. Using cell‐based assays revealed that C. rodentium activates the ALPK1/TIFA axis, which is dependent on the ADP‐heptose biosynthesis pathway but independent of the Type III secretion system. This study reveals for the first time the unfolding intestinal epithelial cells' responses during severe infectious colitis, which resemble EPEC human infections.
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Adlung L, Amit I, Elinav E. Embrace the fat when getting old. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8730-8732. [PMID: 31645481 PMCID: PMC6834405 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Veiga N, Goldsmith M, Diesendruck Y, Ramishetti S, Rosenblum D, Elinav E, Behlke MA, Benhar I, Peer D. Leukocyte-specific siRNA delivery revealing IRF8 as a potential anti-inflammatory target. J Control Release 2019; 313:33-41. [PMID: 31634546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) protein plays a critical role in the differentiation, polarization, and activation of mononuclear phagocytic cells. In light of previous studies, we explored the therapeutic potential of IRF8 inhibition as immunomodulatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To this end, we utilized siRNA-loaded lipid-based nanoparticles (siLNPs) and demonstrated a ∼90% reduction of IRF8 mRNA levels in vitro (PV < 0.0001), alongside a notable reduction in IRF8 protein. Moreover, silencing IRF8 ex vivo in splenocytes lead to a profound downregulation of IRF8 protein, followed by an immunomodulatory effect, as represented by a decrease in the secretion of TNFα, IL6 and IL12/IL23 (IL12p40) proinflammatory cytokines (PV = 0.0045, 0.0330, <0.0001, respectively). In order to silence IRF8 in vivo, selectively in inflammatory leukocytes, we used siLNPs that were coated with anti-Ly6C antibodies via our recently published ASSET targeting approach. Through this strategy, we have demonstrated a selective binding of the targeted-LNPs (T-LNPs) to Ly6C + inflammatory leukocytes. Finally, an immunomodulatory effect was demonstrated in vivo in an IBD mouse model with a profound decrease of TNFα, IL6, IL12/IL23, and IL1β pro-inflammatory cytokines (n = 5, PV < 0.0001, <0.0001, <0.0001, 0.02, respectively) and an improvement of colon-morphology as assessed by colon-length measurements and colonoscopy (PV < 0.0001). Overall, using antibody-targeted siLNPs, we showed a notable reduction of IRF8 mRNA and protein and demonstrated a targeted immunomodulation therapeutic effect ex vivo and in vivo, in the DSS colitis model. We claim that a selective silencing of IRF8 in inflammatory leukocytes (such as Ly6C+) may serve as a therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory disorders.
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Kolodziejczyk AA, Zheng D, Elinav E. Diet–microbiota interactions and personalized nutrition. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:742-753. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tilg H, Zmora N, Adolph TE, Elinav E. The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:40-54. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of cardiometabolic syndrome, which often also includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It is rapidly becoming the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A sizable minority of NAFLD patients develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by inflammatory changes that can lead to progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that in addition to genetic predisposition and diet, the gut microbiota affects hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as influences the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory effectors in the liver, thereby impacting NAFLD and its progression to NASH. In this review, we will explore the impact of gut microbiota and microbiota‐derived compounds on the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH, and the unexplored factors related to potential microbiome contributions to this common liver disease.
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Geva‐Zatorsky N, Elinav E, Pettersson S. When Cultures Meet: The Landscape of “Social” Interactions between the Host and Its Indigenous Microbes. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900002. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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86
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Jaitin DA, Adlung L, Thaiss CA, Weiner A, Li B, Descamps H, Lundgren P, Bleriot C, Liu Z, Deczkowska A, Keren-Shaul H, David E, Zmora N, Eldar SM, Lubezky N, Shibolet O, Hill DA, Lazar MA, Colonna M, Ginhoux F, Shapiro H, Elinav E, Amit I. Lipid-Associated Macrophages Control Metabolic Homeostasis in a Trem2-Dependent Manner. Cell 2019; 178:686-698.e14. [PMID: 31257031 PMCID: PMC7068689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells residing in white adipose tissue have been highlighted as important factors contributing to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, but the molecular regulators that drive adipose tissue immune cell remodeling during obesity remain largely unknown. Using index and transcriptional single-cell sorting, we comprehensively map all adipose tissue immune populations in both mice and humans during obesity. We describe a novel and conserved Trem2+ lipid-associated macrophage (LAM) subset and identify markers, spatial localization, origin, and functional pathways associated with these cells. Genetic ablation of Trem2 in mice globally inhibits the downstream molecular LAM program, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy as well as systemic hypercholesterolemia, body fat accumulation, and glucose intolerance. These findings identify Trem2 signaling as a major pathway by which macrophages respond to loss of tissue-level lipid homeostasis, highlighting Trem2 as a key sensor of metabolic pathologies across multiple tissues and a potential therapeutic target in metabolic diseases.
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Abstract
Collectively known as the microbiota, the commensal bacteria and other microorganisms that colonize the epithelial surfaces of our body have been shown to produce small molecules and metabolites that have both local and systemic effects on cancer onset, progression and therapy response. To date, most studies focusing on the microbiome have used traditional preclinical mouse models and identified correlative relationships between microbial species and cancer phenotypes. Now, the profound influence of the microbiota on the efficacy of cancer treatments, such as immunotherapies, has begun to be extensively characterized in humans. Paramount to the development of microbiota-based therapeutics, the next challenge in microbiome research will be to identify individual microbial species that causally affect cancer phenotypes and unravel the underlying mechanisms. In this Viewpoint article, we asked four scientists working on the cancer microbiome for their opinions on the current state of the field, where the research is heading and how we can advance our understanding to rationally design microbial-based therapeutics to transform treatment strategies for patients with cancer.
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Bernshtein B, Curato C, Ioannou M, Thaiss CA, Gross-Vered M, Kolesnikov M, Wang Q, David E, Chappell-Maor L, Harmelin A, Elinav E, Thakker P, Papayannopoulos V, Jung S. IL-23-producing IL-10Rα-deficient gut macrophages elicit an IL-22-driven proinflammatory epithelial cell response. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaau6571. [PMID: 31201258 PMCID: PMC6697185 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines maintain intestinal health, but precise intercellular communication networks remain poorly understood. Macrophages are immune sentinels of the intestinal tissue and are critical for gut homeostasis. Here, we show that in a murine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) model based on macrophage-restricted interleukin-10 (IL-10) receptor deficiency (Cx3cr1Cre:Il10rafl/fl mice), proinflammatory mutant gut macrophages cause severe spontaneous colitis resembling the condition observed in children carrying IL-10R mutations. We establish macrophage-derived IL-23 as the driving factor of this pathology. Specifically, we report that Cx3cr1Cre:Il10rafl/fl:Il23afl/fl mice harboring macrophages deficient for both IL-10R and IL-23 are protected from colitis. By analyzing the epithelial response to proinflammatory macrophages, we provide evidence that T cells of colitic animals produce IL-22, which induces epithelial chemokine expression and detrimental neutrophil recruitment. Collectively, we define macrophage-specific contributions to the induction and pathogenesis of colitis, as manifested in mice harboring IL-10R deficiencies and human IBDs.
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Leshem A, Horesh N, Elinav E. Fecal Microbial Transplantation and Its Potential Application in Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1341. [PMID: 31258528 PMCID: PMC6587678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly revealed links between inflammation, obesity, and cardiometabolic syndrome have created opportunities to try previously unexplored therapeutic modalities in these common and life-risking disorders. One potential modulator of these complex disorders is the gut microbiome, which was described in recent years to be altered in patients suffering from features of cardiometabolic syndrome and to transmit cardiometabolic phenotypes upon transfer into germ-free mice. As a result, there is great interest in developing new modalities targeting the altered commensal bacteria as a means of treatment for cardiometabolic syndrome. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is one such modality in which a disease-associated microbiome is replaced by a healthy microbiome configuration. So far clinical use of FMT has been overwhelmingly successful in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and is being extensively studied in other microbiome-associated pathologies such as cardiometabolic syndrome. This review will focus on the rationale, promises and challenges in FMT utilization in human disease. In particular, it will overview the role of the gut microbiota in cardiometabolic syndrome and the rationale, experience, and prospects of utilizing FMT treatment as a potential preventive and curative treatment of metabolic human disease.
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Suez J, Zmora N, Zilberman-Schapira G, Mor U, Dori-Bachash M, Bashiardes S, Zur M, Regev-Lehavi D, Ben-Zeev Brik R, Federici S, Horn M, Cohen Y, Moor AE, Zeevi D, Korem T, Kotler E, Harmelin A, Itzkovitz S, Maharshak N, Shibolet O, Pevsner-Fischer M, Shapiro H, Sharon I, Halpern Z, Segal E, Elinav E. Post-Antibiotic Gut Mucosal Microbiome Reconstitution Is Impaired by Probiotics and Improved by Autologous FMT. Cell 2019; 174:1406-1423.e16. [PMID: 30193113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are widely prescribed for prevention of antibiotics-associated dysbiosis and related adverse effects. However, probiotic impact on post-antibiotic reconstitution of the gut mucosal host-microbiome niche remains elusive. We invasively examined the effects of multi-strain probiotics or autologous fecal microbiome transplantation (aFMT) on post-antibiotic reconstitution of the murine and human mucosal microbiome niche. Contrary to homeostasis, antibiotic perturbation enhanced probiotics colonization in the human mucosa but only mildly improved colonization in mice. Compared to spontaneous post-antibiotic recovery, probiotics induced a markedly delayed and persistently incomplete indigenous stool/mucosal microbiome reconstitution and host transcriptome recovery toward homeostatic configuration, while aFMT induced a rapid and near-complete recovery within days of administration. In vitro, Lactobacillus-secreted soluble factors contributed to probiotics-induced microbiome inhibition. Collectively, potential post-antibiotic probiotic benefits may be offset by a compromised gut mucosal recovery, highlighting a need of developing aFMT or personalized probiotic approaches achieving mucosal protection without compromising microbiome recolonization in the antibiotics-perturbed host.
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Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, Elinav E. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat Med 2019; 25:716-729. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Taroncher-Oldenburg G, Jones S, Blaser M, Bonneau R, Christey P, Clemente JC, Elinav E, Ghedin E, Huttenhower C, Kelly D, Kyle D, Littman D, Maiti A, Maue A, Olle B, Segal L, van Hylckama Vlieg JET, Wang J. Translating microbiome futures. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 36:1037-1042. [PMID: 30412201 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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93
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Abstract
Technological developments, including massively parallel DNA sequencing, gnotobiotics, metabolomics, RNA sequencing and culturomics, have markedly propelled the field of microbiome research in recent years. These methodologies can be harnessed to improve our in-depth mechanistic understanding of basic concepts related to consumption of probiotics, including their rules of engagement with the indigenous microbiome and impacts on the human host. We have recently demonstrated that even during probiotic supplementation, resident gut bacteria in a subset of individuals resist the mucosal presence of probiotic strains, limiting their modulatory effect on the microbiome and on the host gut transcriptional landscape. Resistance is partly alleviated by antibiotics treatment, which enables probiotics to interact with the host at the gut mucosal interface, although rather than promoting reconstitution of the indigenous microbiome and of the host transcriptional profile, they inhibit these components from returning to their naïve pre-antibiotic configurations. In this commentary, we discuss our findings in the context of previous and recent works, and suggest that incorporating the state-of-the-art methods currently utilized in microbiome research into the field of probiotics may lead to improved understanding of their mechanisms of activity, as well as their efficacy and long-term safety.
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Nobs SP, Tuganbaev T, Elinav E. Microbiome diurnal rhythmicity and its impact on host physiology and disease risk. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847129. [PMID: 30877136 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-microbiome interactions constitute key determinants of host physiology, while their dysregulation is implicated in a wide range of human diseases. The microbiome undergoes diurnal variation in composition and function, and this in turn drives oscillations in host gene expression and functions. In this review, we discuss the newest developments in understanding circadian host-microbiome interplays, and how they may be relevant in health and disease contexts. We summarize the molecular mechanisms by which the microbiome influences host function in a diurnal manner, and inversely describe how the host orchestrates circadian rhythmicity of the microbiome. Furthermore, we highlight the future perspectives and challenges in studying this new and exciting facet of host-microbiome interactions. Finally, we illustrate how the elucidation of the microbiome chronobiology may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Wilharm A, Tabib Y, Nassar M, Reinhardt A, Mizraji G, Sandrock I, Heyman O, Barros-Martins J, Aizenbud Y, Khalaileh A, Eli-Berchoer L, Elinav E, Wilensky A, Förster R, Bercovier H, Prinz I, Hovav AH. Mutual interplay between IL-17-producing γδT cells and microbiota orchestrates oral mucosal homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2652-2661. [PMID: 30692259 PMCID: PMC6377488 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818812116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
γδT cells are a major component of epithelial tissues and play a role in tissue homeostasis and host defense. γδT cells also reside in the gingiva, an oral tissue covered with specialized epithelium that continuously monitors the challenging dental biofilm. Whereas most research on intraepithelial γδT cells focuses on the skin and intestine epithelia, our knowledge on these cells in the gingiva is still incomplete. In this study, we demonstrate that even though the gingiva develops after birth, the majority of gingival γδT cells are fetal thymus-derived Vγ6+ cells, and to a lesser extent Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ cells. Furthermore, we show that γδT cells are motile and locate preferentially in the epithelium adjacent to the biofilm. Vγ6+ cells represent the major source of IL-17-producing cells in the gingiva. Chimeric mice and parabiosis experiments indicated that the main fraction of gingival γδT cells is radioresistant and tissue-resident, persisting locally independent of circulating γδT cells. Notably, gingival γδT cell homeostasis is regulated by the microbiota as the ratio of Vγ6+ and Vγ4+ cells was reversed in germ-free mice, and their activation state was decreased. As a consequence, conditional ablation of γδT cells results in elevated gingival inflammation and subsequent alterations of oral microbial diversity. Taken together, these findings suggest that oral mucosal homeostasis is shaped by reciprocal interplays between γδT cells and local microbiota.
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Zmora N, Soffer E, Elinav E. Transforming medicine with the microbiome. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/477/eaaw1815. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in microbiome research are spurring the development of new therapeutics for a variety of diseases, but translational challenges remain.
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Chao K, Zhang S, Qiu Y, Chen X, Zhang X, Cai C, Peng Y, Mao R, Pevsner-Fischer M, Ben-Horin S, Elinav E, Zeng Z, Chen B, He Y, Xiang AP, Chen M. Correction to: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against experimental colitis via CD5+ B regulatory cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:33. [PMID: 30665468 PMCID: PMC6341599 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The original article [1] contains a duplication error within Figure 3.
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Elinav E, Henao-Mejia J, Strowig T, Flavell R. NLRP6 and Dysbiosis: Avoiding the Luring Attraction of Over-Simplification. Immunity 2019; 48:603-604. [PMID: 29669238 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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99
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Abstract
Since the renaissance of microbiome research in the past decade, much insight has accumulated in comprehending forces shaping the architecture and functionality of resident microorganisms in the human gut. Of the multiple host-endogenous and host-exogenous factors involved, diet emerges as a pivotal determinant of gut microbiota community structure and function. By introducing dietary signals into the nexus between the host and its microbiota, nutrition sustains homeostasis or contributes to disease susceptibility. Herein, we summarize major concepts related to the effect of dietary constituents on the gut microbiota, highlighting chief principles in the diet-microbiota crosstalk. We then discuss the health benefits and detrimental consequences that the interactions between dietary and microbial factors elicit in the host. Finally, we present the promises and challenges that arise when seeking to incorporate microbiome data in dietary planning and portray the anticipated revolution that the field of nutrition is facing upon adopting these novel concepts.
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Berger CN, Crepin VF, Roumeliotis TI, Wright JC, Serafini N, Pevsner-Fischer M, Yu L, Elinav E, Di Santo JP, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. The Citrobacter rodentium type III secretion system effector EspO affects mucosal damage repair and antimicrobial responses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007406. [PMID: 30365535 PMCID: PMC6221368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Citrobacter rodentium triggers robust tissue damage repair responses, manifested by secretion of IL-22, in the absence of which mice succumbed to the infection. Of the main hallmarks of C. rodentium infection are colonic crypt hyperplasia (CCH) and dysbiosis. In order to colonize the host and compete with the gut microbiota, C. rodentium employs a type III secretion system (T3SS) that injects effectors into colonic intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Once injected, the effectors subvert processes involved in innate immune responses, cellular metabolism and oxygenation of the mucosa. Importantly, the identity of the effector/s triggering the tissue repair response is/are unknown. Here we report that the effector EspO ,an orthologue of OspE found in Shigella spp, affects proliferation of IECs 8 and 14 days post C. rodentium infection as well as secretion of IL-22 from colonic explants. While we observed no differences in the recruitment of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and T cells, which are the main sources of IL-22 at the early and late stages of C. rodentium infection respectively, infection with ΔespO was characterized by diminished recruitment of sub-mucosal neutrophils, which coincided with lower abundance of Mmp9 and chemokines (e.g. S100a8/9) in IECs. Moreover, mice infected with ΔespO triggered significantly lesser nutritional immunity (e.g. calprotectin, Lcn2) and expression of antimicrobial peptides (Reg3β, Reg3γ) compared to mice infected with WT C. rodentium. This overlapped with a decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation in IECs. Importantly, while the reduced CCH and abundance of antimicrobial proteins during ΔespO infection did not affect C. rodentium colonization or the composition of commensal Proteobacteria, they had a subtle consequence on Firmicutes subpopulations. EspO is the first bacterial virulence factor that affects neutrophil recruitment and secretion of IL-22, as well as expression of antimicrobial and nutritional immunity proteins in IECs.
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