Nonlinear optical response spatial self-phase modulation in MoTe2: correlations between χ(3) and mobility or effective mass

We report on an unambiguous observation of the third-order nonlinear optical effect, spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM), in a MoTe₂ dispersion. The values of the third-order nonlinear optical coefficients effectively for one-layer MoTe₂, χone-layer(3), are obtained through the SSPM method at excitation wavelengths 473, 532, 750, and 801 nm, respectively. The wind-chime model is used to explain the ring formation time. The wavelength dependence of χone-layer(3) compares well with the photo-absorption spectra. Significantly, we find a correlation between χ⁽³⁾ and the carrier mobility μ or effective mass m*, which again further supports the laser-induced ac electron coherence in 2D materials.

[Screening and antibiotic resistance analysis of nasal colonized bacteria in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis]

Objective:Since bacterial infection is one of the common pathogenic factors lead to chronic rhinosinusitis （CRS）, our study is designed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of nasal colonized bacteria in patients with CRS, and to analyze the correlation between nasal colonized bacteria and pathogenesis of CRS. Method:Nasal vestibule samples collected from 200 patients with CRS were automatically inoculated on to various bacterial culture medium, cultured by WaspLab microbiology automated system, potential pathogenic bacterial colonies grew on agar plates were then examined, identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and analyzed their antibiotic-resistant phenotype by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Result:Two hundred and seventy-five bacterial strains of nasal colonization were isolated, including coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All strains displayed various degrees of antimicrobial resistance among children and adult patients, or among patients with and without endoscopic sinus surgery. Conclusion:The constitution of nasal colonized commensal bacteria in patients with CRS was partially similar to that of pathogenic bacteria causing CRS. They may form a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant pathogens, which would transform into pathogenic bacteria causing CRS under certain conditions. Screening of nasal colonized bacteria may represent an alternative approach for diagnosis and treatment of CRS.

[Introduction to PRISMA-CI extension statement and checklist systematic reviews on complex interventions]

Comprehensive interventions have been widely used in health system, public health, education and communities and have become increasingly focus of systematic reviews. There have been many reporting guidelines about systematic reviews, but they do not take the features of comprehensive interventions in medical area into consideration. As a result, PRISMA-CI has been developed as an extension of PRISMA, which adds or modifies the essential items of PRISMA. This paper introduces the items of PRISMA-CI and explains the items with an example to help authors, publishers, and readers understand PRISMA-CI and use it in systematic reviews on comprehensive interventions. As it become more and more popular with comprehensive interventions, PRISMA-CI will provide important structure and guidance for its systematic review and Meta-analysis.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis reveal the potential function of ethylene responsive factor gene family in response to Botrytis cinerea infection and ovule development in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

The prevention of Botrytis cinerea infection and the study of grape seedlessness are very important for grape industries. Finding correlated regulatory genes is an important approach towards understanding their molecular mechanisms. Ethylene responsive factor (ERF) gene family play critical roles in defence networks and the growth of plants. To date, no large-scale study of the ERF proteins associated with pathogen defence and ovule development has been performed in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). In the present study, we identified 113 ERF genes (VvERF) and named them based on their chromosome locations. The ERF genes could be divided into 11 groups based on a multiple sequence alignment and a phylogenetic comparison with homologues from Arabidopsis thaliana. Synteny analysis and Ka/Ks ratio calculation suggested that segmental and tandem duplications contributed to the expansion of the ERF gene family. The evolutionary relationships between the VvERF genes were investigated by exon-intron structure characterisation, and an analysis of the cis-acting regulatory elements in their promoters suggested potential regulation after stress or hormone treatments. Expression profiling after infection with the fungus, B. cinerea, indicated that ERF genes function in responses to pathogen attack. In addition, the expression levels of most ERF genes were much higher during ovule development in seedless grapes, suggesting a role in ovule abortion related to seedlessness. Taken together, these results indicate that VvERF proteins are involved in responses to Botrytis cinerea infection and in grape ovule development. This information may help guide strategies to improve grape production.

[Quality assessment of global guidelines on colorectal cancer screening]

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review and assess the quality of guidelines on colorectal cancer screening worldwide to provide guidance for the development of high-quality colorectal cancer screening guidelines in mainland China.

METHODS

CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched to identify guidelines on colorectal cancer screening from inception to Jun. 20th, 2018, and so were some websites and major search engines about the development of the guidelines from the existing literature (search date: Aug. 3rd, 2018). Two experienced reviewers independently examined these abstracts and then extracted information, and the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) were used to evaluate the methodological quality of these guidelines by four well trained reviewers.

RESULTS

In this study, 46 guidelines published from 1994 to 2018 were finally included in our analysis from 10 countries and 5 regions, among which 5 were from mainland China. The quality of these guidelines was relatively high in domain 1 (scope and purpose) and domain 4 (clarity of presentation), and medium in domain 2 (stakeholder involvement). While in the other three domains (domain 3: rigour of development; domain 5: applicability; domain 6: editorial independence), the results were quite different among these guidelines. The quality of evidence-based guidelines (defined by the criteria based on World Health Organization guideline development handbook) was generally higher than that of the common guidelines. Existing guidelines from mainland China were not evidence-based guidelines, which were of low quality.

CONCLUSION

The colorectal cancer screening guidelines all over the world are generally large in number, low in quality, different in statements, and so are the guidelines in China. There are no evidence-based guidelines in mainland China, which cannot provide effective guidance for colorectal cancer screening, so we need to pay more attention to the establishment of guidelines with high quality and high credibility for colorectal cancer screening as well as for cancer screening based on the national condition, in order to provide reasonable guidance for practice in public health and improve the health conditions in our society.

[Risk of bias assessment: (7) Assessing Bias in Studies of Prognostic Factors]

This paper introduces the tools related to Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) to assess the risk of bias in studies of prognostic factors and the relevant points of assessment and to illustrate the application of QUIPS in published prognostic research. The QUIPS tool identified 6 important areas to consider when evaluating validity and bias in studies of prognostic factors including participation, attrition, measurement on prognostic factors, outcomes, confounding factors, statistical analysis and reporting. It also provided a new method for evaluation on bias in the areas of prognostic research.

[Risk of bias assessment: (1) overview]

This paper reviews the concept of risk of bias, followed by demonstrating why assessment of risk of bias in systematic reviews should be different from that of quality of evidence, methodological quality, reporting quality, precision, and external validity. We also discuss the recent development of tools for risk of bias assessment, the problems with the tools themselves, and the challenges in using these tools. This review may help systematic reviewers understand risk of bias assessment and the use of assessment tools.

Abstract P3-14-02: Upper extremity edema in the at-risk arm among patients receiving PI3K/mTOR/CDK4/6 inhibitors for metastatic breast cancer

Background: Targeted therapies, including mTOR and CDK 4/6 inhibitors, have changed the landscape of management of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). These therapies have shown significant improvement in progression-free survival and are generally well-tolerated. In pre-clinical models, modulation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway can impede lymphoangiogenesis resulting in capillary leakage. In this study, we examined the impact of PI3K, mTOR, and CDK 4/6 inhibitors in the development of upper extremity edema (UEE) in the at-risk arm for breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) in patients with MBC.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients treated with PI3K/mTOR/CDK4/6 inhibitors for MBC. Clinicopathologic data including age, body-mass index (BMI), specific pathway targeted, treatment duration, and presence of edema were recorded. Characteristics of treatment including surgery type and laterality, nodal surgery, radiation regimen, and tumor subtype were also collected.

Results: Among patients with MBC treated with PI3K, mTOR, and/or CDK 4/6 inhibitors (N = 160), the incidence of edema that developed after initiation of the targeted therapy was 11.3% (18/160) for UEE and 31.9% (51/160) for edema in any anatomical location. 50.0% (11/22) of patients treated with a PI3K-a inhibitor, 32.6% (14/43) of patients treated with an mTOR inhibitor, and 33.3% (8/24) of patients treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor alone developed peripheral edema following initiation of the respective targeted therapy. Further, swelling developed in the at-risk upper extremity after C1D1 in 13.6% (3/22) patients treated with a PI3K-α inhibitor exclusively, 7.0% (3/43) treated with an mTOR inhibitor exclusively, and in 12.5% (3/24) treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor exclusively. Of the 42 patients treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor in combination with either an mTOR inhibitor, aromatase inhibitor, or an ER-binding promoter, the incidence of UEE in the at-risk upper extremity after C1D1 was 18.8% (6/32), 0.0% (0/7), and 0.0% (0/3) respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, both therapy with PI3K-a inhibitors (OR: 3.22; p = 0.049) and a relative decrease in serum albumin after 3 months of treatment (OR: 3.35, p = 0.024) increased the risk of developing peripheral edema; however, duration of therapy, and nodal surgery were not significant risk factors. Upon stratification of this cohort by number of BCRL-related risk factors, the incidence of BCRL was 18.3%, 39.5%, and 83.3% in women with one, two, or three BCRL-related risk factors, respectively.

Conclusions: PI3K, mTOR, and CDK 4/6 inhibitors may influence the development of UEE, which may cause or exacerbate progression of BCRL in at-risk arm among patients with MBC. Further research is needed to prospectively evaluate these novel findings as well as elucidate physiologic and clinical impacts of these therapies on peripheral edema and BRCL. Moreover, it is crucial to understand the role of close monitoring for the development or progression of peripheral edema or BCRL to ensure early detection and treatment, thus potentially minimizing the negative impacts on the quality of life of patients with MBC.

Citation Format: Daniell KM, Bardia A, Sun F, Brunelle CL, Gillespie TC, Sayegh HE, Naoum GE, Isakoff SJ, Juric D, Taghian AG. Upper extremity edema in the at-risk arm among patients receiving PI3K/mTOR/CDK4/6 inhibitors for metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-14-02.

Starch and dextrose at 2 levels of rumen-degradable protein in iso-nitrogenous diets: Effects on lactation performance, ruminal measurements, methane emission, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of dairy cows

Our objectives were to determine the effects of readily rumen-available carbohydrate source (refined starch vs. dextrose), the level of rumen-degradable protein (RDP), and their interaction on lactation performance, ruminal measurements, enteric methane (CH4) emission, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance in lactating dairy cows. Eighteen mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows were used in this split-plot study. The main plots were created by randomly assigning 9 cows to diets of 11 or 9% RDP obtained by altering the percentage of soybean meal, expeller soybean meal, and blood meal in the diet. All diets included 16.4% crude protein. In the subplots, the effects of 0:10, 5:5, and 10:0 refined starch:dextrose ratio (% of dietary dry matter) were determined in three 3 × 3 Latin squares by randomly assigning the 9 cows in each RDP level into squares. Each period lasted 4 wk, with the last 2 wk allotted for sample collection. Carbohydrate source × RDP level interaction tended to influence dry matter intake (DMI), the concentration of urinary N, and urinary urea-N. Replacing refined starch with dextrose increased DMI, the molar percentage of ruminal butyrate and valerate, daily CH4 production (g/d), and fecal N and decreased the molar percentage of ruminal branched-chain volatile fatty acids, feed efficiency (fat- and protein-corrected milk/DMI), and N use efficiency (milk N/intake N) but did not influence nutrient digestibility. Enteric CH4 production was negatively related to the molar percentage of ruminal propionate but positively related to the molar percentage of ruminal butyrate. Treatments did not influence milk production responses, but cows fed 9% RDP diets had lower ruminal ammonia concentration (7.2 vs. 12.3 mg/dL) and tended to excrete less urinary purine derivatives (428 vs. 493 mmol/d) compared with cows fed 11% RDP diets, suggesting lower ruminal synthesis of microbial protein. Reducing the level of RDP in iso-nitrogenous diets had no effect on nutrient apparent total-tract digestibility, manure excretion and composition, N balance, and CH4 production. In this study, treatments did not affect yield (20.0 g of CH4/kg of DMI) or intensity (13.1 g of CH4/kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk), but methane production (g of CH4/d) was 7.0% lower and N use efficiency (conversion of intake N into milk protein) was 7.8% higher for cows fed a diet of 28.1% starch and 4.6% water-soluble carbohydrate compared with diets with lower starch and higher water-soluble carbohydrate contents.

[Introduction on 'assessing the risk of bias of individual studies' in systematic review of health-care intervention programs revised by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]

This paper summarizes the Risk of Bias of Individual Studies in Systematic Reviews of Health Care Interventions revised by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and introduces how to use Revman software make risk of bias graph or risk of bias summary. AHRQ tool can be used to evaluate following study designs: RCTs, cohort study, case-control study (including nested case-control), case series study and cross-sectional study. The tool evaluates the risk of bias of individual studies from selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, detection bias and reporting bias. Each of the bias domains contains different items, and each item is available for the assessment of one or more study designs. It is worth noting that the appropriate items should be selected for evaluation different study designs instead of using all items to directly assess the risk of bias. AHRQ tool can be used to evaluate risk of bias individual studies when systematic reviews of health care interventions is including different study designs. Moreover, the tool items are relatively easy to understand and the assessment process is not complicated. AHRQ recommends the use of high, medium and low risk classification methods to assess the overall risk of bias of individual studies. However, AHRQ gives no recommendations on how to determine the overall bias grade. It is expected that future research will give corresponding recommendations.

[Risk of bias assessment: (9) Application of the risk of bias assessment results]

In this last paper of the series about risk of bias assessment, we introduce the application of risk of bias assessment results. Risk of bias assessment is one of the key steps in the assessment of quality of evidence. The risk of bias assessment results could be the "diagnosis" of individual studies, which helps decision making related to the inclusion and exclusion of individual studies, as well as the data analysis in the systematic review process. This paper focuses on how to incorporate risk of bias assessment results in the GRADE assessment for quality of evidence, including the principles and the tips for the application.

[Etiology analysis and vestibular assessment of bilateral vestibular vestibulopathy]

Objective:To define clinical and laboratory characteristics of bilateral vestibulopathy(BVP) and to propose diagnostic criteria of this disorder based on clinical and laboratory vestibular function test findings.Method:Forty-two case series with a clinical suspicion of BVP were retrospectively analyzed, in an attempt to determine etiology. Presenting auditory-vestibular symptoms, bedside dynamic visual acuity tests and laboratory test were reviewed, including bithermal caloric test, rotatory chair tests, video head impulse test (vHIT), vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP).Result:Among these 42 patients, dizziness was seen in 42 cases(100%), oscillopsia was seen in 21 cases(50%), hearing loss was seen in 30(71.4%). Eight cases(19%) had tinnitus. Twenty-five cases showed vestibular loss in dynamic visual acuity test (69.4%). Definite diagnosis of complete BVP was made in 36 patients when the patients showed abnormal findings on caloric test, rotatory chair test and vHIT in addition to the symptoms. Whereas probable diagnosis of partial BVP was obtained in 6 patients with abnormal caloric test and rotatory chair test but no pathological vHIT. VEMP (ocular or cervical) could be recorded in 20 patients. Fourteen cases were caused by ototoxic drugs while no causes could be determined in 6 cases among these 42 cases.Conclusion:The diagnosis of BVP is a challenge. Vestibular laboratory test battery which reflect full frequency function of VOR has great value to confirming the diagnosis and differentiate complete BVP to partial BVP. Diagnosis standard shall be made combining clinical history, characteristic symptoms and the results of auditory-vestibular function testing. Ototoxic drugs contribute most considering etiology.