Associations between sleep patterns and lifestyle behaviors in children: an international comparison

OBJECTIVES

Although evidence is accumulating on the importance of a good night's sleep for healthy eating and activity behaviors, existing research has mainly been conducted in high-income, developed countries with limited sociocultural variability. This study is the first to examine the associations between sleep patterns and lifestyle behaviors in children from 12 countries in five major geographic regions of the world.

METHODS

This observational, multinational cross-sectional study included 5777 children aged 9-11 years from sites in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, India, Kenya, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Nocturnal sleep duration (hours per night), sleep efficiency (%) and bedtime (h:min) were monitored over 7 consecutive days using an accelerometer. Lifestyle behaviors included moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), total sedentary time (SED), self-reported screen time (ST) and healthy/unhealthy diet patterns (HDP/UDP). Multilevel modeling analyses were used to account for the hierarchical nature of the data.

RESULTS

Overall, participants averaged 8.8 (s.d. 0.9) hours of sleep with 96.2% (s.d. 1.4) sleep efficiency and a mean bedtime of 2218 hours. After adjustment for age, sex, highest parental education and BMI z-score, results showed that (i) sleep duration was negatively associated with MVPA, SED and UDP score; (ii) sleep efficiency was negatively associated with MVPA and UDP score, and positively associated with SED; and (iii) later bedtime was positively associated with SED, ST and UDP score, and negatively associated with MVPA and HDP score. Results using categories of sleep patterns were consistent with the linear associations. Results also revealed that associations between sleep patterns and MVPA, SED and ST were significantly different between study sites, with stronger associations in high-income countries compared with low/middle-income countries.

CONCLUSIONS

Sleep characteristics are important correlates of lifestyle behaviors in children. Differences between countries suggest that interventions aimed at improving sleep and lifestyle behaviors should be culturally adapted.

Nocturnal sleep-related variables from 24-h free-living waist-worn accelerometry: International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment

OBJECTIVES

We describe the process of identifying and defining nocturnal sleep-related variables (for example, movement/non-movement indicators of sleep efficiency, waking episodes, midpoint and so on) using the unique 24-h waist-worn free-living accelerometer data collected in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE).

METHODS

Seven consecutive days of 24-h waist-worn accelerometer (GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC) data were collected from over 500 children at each site. An expert subgroup of the research team with accelerometry expertize, frontline data collectors and data managers met on several occasions to categorize and operationally define nocturnal accelerometer signal data patterns. The iterative process was informed by the raw data drawn from a sub set of the US data, and culminated in a refined and replicable delineated definition for each identified nocturnal sleep-related variable. Ultimately based on 6318 participants from all 12 ISCOLE sites with valid total sleep episode time (TSET), we report average clock times for nocturnal sleep onset, offset and midpoint in addition to sleep period time, TSET and restful sleep efficiency (among other derived variables).

RESULTS

Nocturnal sleep onset occurred at 2218 hours and nocturnal sleep offset at 0707 hours. The mean midpoint was 0243 hours. The sleep period time of 529.6 min (8.8 h) was typically accumulated in a single episode, making the average TSET very similar in duration (529.0 min). The mean restful sleep efficiency ranged from 86.8% (based on absolute non-movement of 0 counts per minute) to 96.0% (based on relative non-movement of <100 counts per minute).

CONCLUSIONS

These variables extend the potential of field-based 24-h waist-worn accelerometry to distinguish and categorize the underlying robust patterns of movement/non-movement signals conveying magnitude, duration, frequency and periodicity during the nocturnal sleep period.

Associations between breakfast frequency and adiposity indicators in children from 12 countries

OBJECTIVES

Reports of inverse associations between breakfast frequency and indices of obesity are predominantly based on samples of children from high-income countries with limited socioeconomic diversity. Using data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE), the present study examined associations between breakfast frequency and adiposity in a sample of 9-11-year-old children from 12 countries representing a wide range of geographic and socio-cultural variability.

METHODS

Multilevel statistical models were used to examine associations between breakfast frequency (independent variable) and adiposity indicators (dependent variables: body mass index (BMI) z-score and body fat percentage (BF%)), adjusting for age, sex, and parental education in 6941 children from 12 ISCOLE study sites. Associations were also adjusted for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and sleep time in a sub-sample (n=5710). Where interactions with site were significant, results were stratified by site.

RESULTS

Adjusted mean BMI z-score and BF% for frequent breakfast consumers were 0.45 and 20.5%, respectively. Frequent breakfast consumption was associated with lower BMI z-scores compared with occasional (P<0.0001, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.10-0.29) and rare (P<0.0001, 95% CI: 0.18-0.46) consumption, as well as lower BF% compared with occasional (P<0.0001, 95% CI: 0.86-1.99) and rare (P<0.0001, 95% CI: 1.07-2.76). Associations with BMI z-score varied by site (breakfast by site interaction; P=0.033): associations were non-significant in three sites (Australia, Finland and Kenya), and occasional (not rare) consumption was associated with higher BMI z-scores compared with frequent consumption in three sites (Canada, Portugal and South Africa). Sub-sample analyses adjusting for additional covariates showed similar associations between breakfast and adiposity indicators, but lacked site interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

In a multinational sample of children, more frequent breakfast consumption was associated with lower BMI z-scores and BF% compared with occasional and rare consumption. Associations were not consistent across all 12 countries. Further research is required to understand global differences in the observed associations.

Active school transport and weekday physical activity in 9-11-year-old children from 12 countries

OBJECTIVES

Active school transport (AST) may increase the time that children spend in physical activity (PA). This study examined relationships between AST and weekday moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary time (SED) and total activity during naturally organized time periods (daily, before school, during school and after school) in a sample of children from 12 countries.

METHODS

The sample included 6224 children aged 9-11 years. PA and sedentary time were objectively measured using Actigraph accelerometers. AST was self-reported by participants. Multilevel generalized linear and logistic regression statistical models were used to determine associations between PA, SED and AST across and within study sites.

RESULTS

After adjustment for age, highest parental educational attainment, BMI z-score and accelerometer wear time, children who engaged in AST accumulated significantly more weekday MVPA during all studied time periods and significantly less time in LPA before school compared with children who used motorized transport to school. AST was unrelated to time spent in sedentary behaviors. Across all study sites, AST was associated with 6.0 min (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.7-7.3; P<0.0001) more of weekday MVPA; however, there was some evidence that this differed across study sites (P for interaction=0.06). Significant positive associations were identified within 7 of 12 study sites, with differences ranging from 4.6 min (95% CI: 0.3-8.9; P=0.04, in Canada) to 10.2 min (95% CI: 5.9-14.4; P<0.0001, in Brazil) more of daily MVPA among children who engaged in AST compared with motorized transport.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrated that AST was associated with children spending more time engaged in MVPA throughout the day and less time in LPA before school. AST represents a good behavioral target to increase levels of PA in children.

Relationships between active school transport and adiposity indicators in school-age children from low-, middle- and high-income countries

OBJECTIVES

Within the global context of the nutrition and physical activity transition it is important to determine the relationship between adiposity and active school transport (AST) across different environmental and socio-cultural settings. The present study assessed the association between adiposity (that is, body mass index z-score (BMIz), obesity, percentage body fat (PBF), waist circumference) and AST in 12 country sites, in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE).

METHODS

The analytical sample included 6797 children aged 9-11 years. Adiposity indicators included, BMIz calculated using reference data from the World Health Organization, obesity (BMIz ⩾+2 s.d.), PBF measured using bioelectrical impedance and waist circumference. School travel mode was assessed by questionnaire and categorized as active travel versus motorized travel. Multilevel linear and non-linear models were used to estimate the magnitude of the associations between adiposity indicators and AST by country site and sex.

RESULTS

After adjusting for age, sex, parental education and motorized vehicle availability, children who reported AST were less likely to be obese (odds ratio=0.72, 95% confidence interval (0.60-0.87), P<0.001) and had a lower BMIz (-0.09, s.e.m.=0.04, P=0.013), PBF (least square means (LSM) 20.57 versus 21.23% difference -0.66, s.e.m.=0.22, P=0.002) and waist circumference (LSM 63.73 cm versus 64.63 cm difference -0.90, s.e.m.=0.26, P=0.001) compared with those who reported motorized travel. Overall, associations between obesity and AST did not differ by country (P=0.279) or by sex (P=0.571).

CONCLUSIONS

AST was associated with lower measures of adiposity in this multinational sample of children. Such findings could inform global efforts to prevent obesity among school-age children.

Birth weight and childhood obesity: a 12-country study

OBJECTIVES

Few studies have investigated the association between the full range of birth weight and the risk of childhood obesity in high-, middle- and low-income countries. The aim of the present study is to assess the association between different levels of birth weight and the risk of obesity among children aged 9-11 years in 12 countries.

METHODS

A multinational, cross-sectional study of 5141 children aged 9-11 years was conducted in 12 countries. Height and weight were obtained using standardized methods. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary and sleeping were objectively measured using 24-h, waist-worn accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X+) monitored for 7 days. Birth weight and other factors (regions, parental education, maternal history of gestational diabetes, children age, gender, breast feeding, gestational age, unhealthy diet scores and healthy diet scores) were collected by parental and children's questionnaires. Multilevel modeling was used to account for the nested nature of the data.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of obesity (BMI z-score>+2 s.d.) was 15.4% for boys and 10.0% for girls. There was a positive association between birth weight and BMI z-scores. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of childhood obesity were significantly higher among children whose birth weights were 3500-3999 g (OR 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-1.92), and >4000 g (OR 2.08; 95% CI: 1.47-2.93), compared with the reference group (2500-2999 g). The positive association between birth weight and the odds of childhood obesity was seen in girls, whereas a U-shaped association appeared in boys.

CONCLUSIONS

High levels of birth weight, defined as birth weight ⩾3500 g, were associated with increased odds of obesity among 9-11-year-old children in 12 countries. However, sex differences in the association between birth weight and the risk of obesity need to be considered when planning interventions to reduce childhood obesity.

Are participant characteristics from ISCOLE study sites comparable to the rest of their country?

OBJECTIVES

The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) provides robust, multi-national information on physical activity, diet and weight status in 9-11-year-old children around the world. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the similarities and differences between participant characteristics from ISCOLE sites and data from nationally representative surveys from ISCOLE countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, Kenya, India, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States).

METHODS

Distributions of characteristics were assessed within each ISCOLE country-level database, and compared with published data from national or regional surveys, where available. Variables of comparison were identified a priori and included body mass index (BMI), physical activity (accelerometer-determined steps per day) and screen time (child-report).

RESULTS

Of 12 countries, data on weight status (BMI) were available in 8 countries, data on measured physical activity (steps per day) were available in 5 countries and data on self-reported screen time were available in 9 countries. The five ISCOLE countries that were part of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey (that is, Canada, Finland, Portugal, the United Kingdom (England) and the United States) also provided comparable data on self-reported physical activity. Available country-specific data often used different measurement tools or cut-points, making direct comparisons difficult. Where possible, ISCOLE data were re-analyzed to match country-level data, but this step limited between-country comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS

From the analyses performed, the ISCOLE data do not seem to be systematically biased; however, owing to limitations in data availability, data from ISCOLE should be used with appropriate caution when planning country-level population health interventions. This work highlights the need for harmonized measurement tools around the world while accounting for culturally specific characteristics, and the need for collaboration across study centers and research groups.

CMOS integration of inkjet-printed graphene for humidity sensing

We report on the integration of inkjet-printed graphene with a CMOS micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) microhotplate for humidity sensing. The graphene ink is produced via ultrasonic assisted liquid phase exfoliation in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) polymer as the stabilizer. We formulate inks with different graphene concentrations, which are then deposited through inkjet printing over predefined interdigitated gold electrodes on a CMOS microhotplate. The graphene flakes form a percolating network to render the resultant graphene-PVP thin film conductive, which varies in presence of humidity due to swelling of the hygroscopic PVP host. When the sensors are exposed to relative humidity ranging from 10-80%, we observe significant changes in resistance with increasing sensitivity from the amount of graphene in the inks. Our sensors show excellent repeatability and stability, over a period of several weeks. The location specific deposition of functional graphene ink onto a low cost CMOS platform has the potential for high volume, economic manufacturing and application as a new generation of miniature, low power humidity sensors for the internet of things.

Metabolic syndrome of weight change from pre-pregnancy to 1-5 years post-partum among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes

AIMS

Few studies have evaluated the effect of weight change from pre-pregnancy to post-partum with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between weight change from pre-pregnancy to 1-5 years post-partum with metabolic syndrome among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study in 1263 women with gestational diabetes mellitus at 1-5 years post-partum. Participants were divided into four groups based on their weight change from pre-pregnancy to 1-5 years post-partum: loss of ≥ 3 kg, ± 3 kg, gain of 3-7 kg and gain of ≥7 kg.

RESULTS

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 12.1%, 16.2%, 26.0% and 44.3% among women with weight loss ≥ 3 kg, stable weight ( ± 3 kg), weight gain 3-7 kg and weight gain ≥ 7 kg from pre-pregnancy to post-partum, respectively. The positive association between weight change and metabolic syndrome was observed among women with pre-pregnancy normal weight (BMI < 24 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI 24-27.9 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m(2)). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was almost similar among pre-pregnancy normal weight women with weight gain ≥ 7 kg, pre-pregnancy overweight women with stable weight ( ± 3 kg) and pre-pregnancy obese women with weight loss ≥ 3 kg from pre-pregnancy to post-partum (P = 0.62).

CONCLUSIONS

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus who had large weight gain from pre-pregnancy to post-partum were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome. Women who are pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and also diagnosed as gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy need more weight control after delivery.

Metabolic targeting of oncogene MYC by selective activation of the proton-coupled monocarboxylate family of transporters

Deregulation of the MYC oncogene produces Myc protein that regulates multiple aspects of cancer cell metabolism, contributing to the acquisition of building blocks essential for cancer cell growth and proliferation. Therefore, disabling Myc function represents an attractive therapeutic option for cancer treatment. However, pharmacological strategies capable of directly targeting Myc remain elusive. Here, we identified that 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), a drug candidate that primarily inhibits glycolysis, preferentially induced massive cell death in human cancer cells overexpressing the MYC oncogene, in vitro and in vivo, without appreciable effects on those exhibiting low MYC levels. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of glutamine metabolism synergistically potentiated the synthetic lethal targeting of MYC by 3-BrPA due in part to the metabolic disturbance caused by this combination. Mechanistically, we identified that the proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and MCT2, which enable efficient 3-BrPA uptake by cancer cells, were selectively activated by Myc. Two regulatory mechanisms were involved: first, Myc directly activated MCT1 and MCT2 transcription by binding to specific recognition sites of both genes; second, Myc transcriptionally repressed miR29a and miR29c, resulting in enhanced expression of their target protein MCT1. Of note, expressions of MCT1 and MCT2 were each significantly elevated in MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas and C-MYC-overexpressing lymphomas than in tumors without MYC overexpression, correlating with poor prognosis and unfavorable patient survival. These results identify a novel mechanism by which Myc sensitizes cells to metabolic inhibitors and validate 3-BrPA as potential Myc-selective cancer therapeutics.

Silencing NFBD1/MDC1 enhances the radiosensitivity of human nasopharyngeal cancer CNE1 cells and results in tumor growth inhibition

NFBD1 functions in cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA repair following ionizing radiation (IR). In this study, we defined the NFBD1 as a tractable molecular target to radiosensitize nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Silencing NFBD1 using lentivirus-mediated shRNA-sensitized NPC cells to radiation in a dose-dependent manner, increasing apoptotic cell death, decreasing clonogenic survival and delaying DNA damage repair. Furthermore, downregulation of NFBD1 inhibited the amplification of the IR-induced DNA damage signal, and failed to accumulate and retain DNA damage-response proteins at the DNA damage sites, which leaded to defective checkpoint activation following DNA damage. We also implicated the involvement of NFBD1 in IR-induced Rad51 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit foci formation. Xenografts models in nude mice showed that silencing NFBD1 significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of IR, leading to tumor growth inhibition of the combination therapy. Our studies suggested that a combination of gene therapy and radiation therapy may be an effective strategy for human NPC treatment.

Wideband saturable absorption in few-layer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) for Q-switching Yb-, Er- and Tm-doped fiber lasers

We fabricate a free-standing molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) saturable absorber by embedding liquid-phase exfoliated few-layer MoSe2 flakes into a polymer film. The MoSe2-polymer composite is used to Q-switch fiber lasers based on ytterbium (Yb), erbium (Er) and thulium (Tm) gain fiber, producing trains of microsecond-duration pulses with kilohertz repetition rates at 1060 nm, 1566 nm and 1924 nm, respectively. Such operating wavelengths correspond to sub-bandgap saturable absorption in MoSe2, which is explained in the context of edge-states, building upon studies of other semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based saturable absorbers. Our work adds few-layer MoSe2 to the growing catalog of TMDs with remarkable optical properties, which offer new opportunities for photonic devices.

Functional role and mechanism of lncRNA LOC728228 in malignant 16HBE cells transformed by anti-benzopyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide

Lung cancer is a major health problem, and is considered one of the deadliest cancers in humans. It is refractory to current treatments, and the mechanisms of lung cancer are unknown. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes and human diseases. However, the exact functional roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs are largely unclear. In this study, we attempted to identify lung-cancer-related lncRNAs. We found changes in lncRNA expression in the anti-benzo(a) pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (anti-BPDE)-transformed human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE-T cells) using microarrays and qRT-PCR. Of these lncRNAs, LOC728228 was upregulated relative to its expression in control untransformed16HBE (16HBE-N) cells. LOC728228 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, caused G0/G1-phase cell-cycle arrest, reduced cellular migration, suppressed colony formation in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model. LOC728228 knockdown also suppressed cyclin D1 expression, and the depletion of cyclin D1 induced G0/G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation, thus influencing the malignant potential of cancer cells. In summary, our results suggest that lncRNA LOC728228 has an oncogene-like function and plays a vital role in human lung cancer.

Tunable Q-switched fiber laser based on saturable edge-state absorption in few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)

We fabricate a few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) polymer composite saturable absorber by liquid-phase exfoliation, and use this to passively Q-switch an ytterbium-doped fiber laser, tunable from 1030 to 1070 nm. Self-starting Q-switching generates 2.88 μs pulses at 74 kHz repetition rate, with over 100 nJ pulse energy. We propose a mechanism, based on edge states within the bandgap, responsible for the wideband nonlinear optical absorption exhibited by our few-layer MoS₂ sample, despite operating at photon energies lower than the material bandgap.

Obesity index and the risk of diabetes among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes

AIMS

There is some confusion regarding which anthropometric measurement of adiposity should be used to indicate diabetes, especially for Asians. The present study was to evaluate different indicators of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference and body fat) with Type 2 diabetes risk among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional survey in 1263 women with gestational diabetes at 1-5 years after delivery. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of BMI, waist circumference and body fat with Type 2 diabetes risk.

RESULTS

BMI, waist circumference and body fat were all associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes among women with prior gestational diabetes (all P(trend) < 0.001). After adjustment for waist circumference and body fat, the positive association of BMI with Type 2 diabetes risk became non-significant and reversed. There was a significantly positive association of waist circumference with Type 2 diabetes risk after adjustment for BMI, and a significantly positive association of body fat with Type 2 diabetes risk after adjustment for both BMI and waist circumference. When the joint effects were examined, the significantly positive associations of waist circumference or body fat with Type 2 diabetes risk were consistent among women with different levels of BMI, and the positive association of BMI and Type 2 diabetes risk was significant among women with gestational diabetes with a waist circumference of ≥ 50% or body fat ≥ 50%.

CONCLUSIONS

BMI, waist circumference and body fat were all associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, and waist circumference and body fat were better indicators than BMI for Type 2 diabetes risk among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes.

Racial disparities in cardiovascular risk factor control in an underinsured population with Type 2 diabetes

AIM

To investigate the race-specific trend in attainment of the American Diabetes Association cardiovascular risk factor control goals (HbA1c <53 mmol/mol (7.0%), blood pressure <130/80 mmHg and LDL cholesterol <2.6mmol/l) by patients with Type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

The study sample included 14 946 African-American and 12 758 white patients who were newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes between 2001 and 2009 in the Louisiana State University Hospital system. The race-specific percentages of patients' attainment of American Diabetes Association goals were calculated using the baseline and follow-up measurements of HbA1c , blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol levels. Logistic regression was used to test the difference between African-American and white patients.

RESULTS

The percentage of patients who met all three American Diabetes Association goals increased from 8.2% in 2001 to 10.2% in 2009 (increased by 24.4%) in this cohort. Compared with African-American patients, white patients had better attainment of the following American Diabetes Association goals: HbA1c (61.4 vs. 55.1%), blood pressure (25.8 vs. 20.4%), LDL cholesterol (40.1 vs. 37.7%) and all three goals (7.3 vs. 5.1%). African-American and white patients generally had a better cardiovascular disease risk factor profile during follow-up when we assessed attainment of the American Diabetes Association goals by means of HbA1c , blood pressure and LDL cholesterol.

CONCLUSIONS

During 2001-2009, the present low-income cohort of people with Type 2 diabetes generally experienced improved control of cardiovascular disease risk factors. White patients had better attainment of the American Diabetes Association cardiovascular risk factor control goals than their African-American counterparts.

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JR, Wöhri HK, Worm SD, Zeuner WD, Bertl W, Deiters K, Erdmann W, Gabathuler K, Horisberger R, Ingram Q, Kaestli HC, König S, Kotlinski D, Langenegger U, Renker D, Rohe T, Bachmair F, Bäni L, Bianchini L, Bortignon P, Buchmann MA, Casal B, Chanon N, Deisher A, Dissertori G, Dittmar M, Donegà M, Dünser M, Eller P, Freudenreich K, Grab C, Hits D, Lecomte P, Lustermann W, Mangano B, Marini AC, del Arbol PMR, Meister D, Mohr N, Moortgat F, Nägeli C, Nef P, Nessi-Tedaldi F, Pandolfi F, Pape L, Pauss F, Peruzzi M, Quittnat M, Ronga FJ, Rossini M, Sala L, Sanchez AK, Starodumov A, Takahashi M, Tauscher L, Thea A, Theofilatos K, Treille D, Urscheler C, Wallny R, Weber HA, Amsler C, Chiochia V, Favaro C, Rikova MI, Kilminster B, Mejias BM, Otiougova P, Robmann P, Snoek H, Taroni S, Verzetti M, Yang Y, Cardaci M, Chen KH, Ferro C, Kuo CM, Li SW, Lin W, Lu YJ, Volpe R, Yu SS, Bartalini P, Chang P, Chang YH, Chang YW, Chao Y, Chen KF, Dietz C, Grundler U, Hou WS, Hsiung Y, Kao KY, Lei YJ, Lu RS, 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Womersley WJ, Bainbridge R, Buchmuller O, Burton D, Colling D, Cripps N, Cutajar M, Dauncey P, Davies G, Negra MD, Ferguson W, Fulcher J, Futyan D, Gilbert A, Bryer AG, Hall G, Hatherell Z, Hays J, Iles G, Jarvis M, Karapostoli G, Kenzie M, Lane R, Lucas R, Lyons L, Magnan AM, Marrouche J, Mathias B, Nandi R, Nash J, Nikitenko A, Pela J, Pesaresi M, Petridis K, Pioppi M, Raymond DM, Rogerson S, Rose A, Seez C, Sharp P, Sparrow A, Tapper A, Acosta MV, Virdee T, Wakefield S, Wardle N, Chadwick M, Cole JE, Hobson PR, Khan A, Kyberd P, Leggat D, Leslie D, Martin W, Reid ID, Symonds P, Teodorescu L, Turner M, Dittmann J, Hatakeyama K, Kasmi A, Liu H, Scarborough T, Charaf O, Cooper SI, Henderson C, Rumerio P, Avetisyan A, Bose T, Fantasia C, Heister A, Lawson P, Lazic D, Rohlf J, Sperka D, St. John J, Sulak L, Alimena J, Christopher G, Cutts D, Demiragli Z, Ferapontov A, Garabedian A, Heintz U, Jabeen S, Kukartsev G, Laird E, Landsberg G, Luk M, Narain M, Segala M, Sinthuprasith T, Speer T, Breedon R, Breto G, De La Barca Sanchez MC, Chauhan S, Chertok M, Conway J, Conway R, Cox PT, Erbacher R, Gardner M, Houtz R, Ko W, Kopecky A, Lander R, Miceli T, Pellett D, Pilot J, Ricci-Tam F, Rutherford B, Searle M, Shalhout S, Smith J, Squires M, Tripathi M, Wilbur S, Yohay R, Andreev V, Cline D, Cousins R, Erhan S, Everaerts P, Farrell C, Felcini M, Hauser J, Ignatenko M, Jarvis C, Rakness G, Schlein P, Takasugi E, Traczyk P, Valuev V, Babb J, Clare R, Ellison J, Gary JW, Hanson G, Heilman J, Jandir P, Liu H, Long OR, Luthra A, Malberti M, Nguyen H, Shrinivas A, Sturdy J, Sumowidagdo S, Wilken R, Wimpenny S, Andrews W, Branson JG, Cerati GB, Cittolin S, Evans D, Holzner A, Kelley R, Lebourgeois M, Letts J, Macneill I, Padhi S, Palmer C, Petrucciani G, Pieri M, Sani M, Simon S, Sudano E, Tadel M, Tu Y, Vartak A, Wasserbaech S, Würthwein F, Yagil A, Yoo J, Barge D, Campagnari C, Danielson T, Flowers K, Geffert P, George C, Golf F, Incandela J, Justus C, Kovalskyi D, Krutelyov V, Villalba RM, Mccoll N, Pavlunin V, Richman J, Rossin R, Stuart D, To W, West C, Apresyan A, Bornheim A, Bunn J, Chen Y, Di Marco E, Duarte J, Kcira D, Ma Y, Mott A, Newman HB, Pena C, Rogan C, Spiropulu M, Timciuc V, Veverka J, Wilkinson R, Xie S, Zhu RY, Azzolini V, Calamba A, Carroll R, Ferguson T, Iiyama Y, Jang DW, Liu YF, Paulini M, Russ J, Vogel H, Vorobiev I, Cumalat JP, Drell BR, Ford WT, Gaz A, Lopez EL, Nauenberg U, Smith JG, Stenson K, Ulmer KA, Wagner SR, Alexander J, Chatterjee A, Eggert N, Gibbons LK, Hopkins W, Khukhunaishvili A, Kreis B, Mirman N, Kaufman GN, Patterson JR, Ryd A, Salvati E, Sun W, Teo WD, Thom J, Thompson J, Tucker J, Weng Y, Winstrom L, Wittich P, Winn D, Abdullin S, Albrow M, Anderson J, Apollinari G, Bauerdick LAT, Beretvas A, Berryhill J, Bhat PC, Burkett K, Butler JN, Chetluru V, Cheung HWK, Chlebana F, Cihangir S, Elvira VD, Fisk I, Freeman J, Gao Y, Gottschalk E, Gray L, Green D, Gutsche O, Hare D, Harris RM, Hirschauer J, Hooberman B, Jindariani 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Hohlmann M, Kalakhety H, Yumiceva F, Adams MR, Apanasevich L, Bazterra VE, Betts RR, Bucinskaite I, Callner J, Cavanaugh R, Evdokimov O, Gauthier L, Gerber CE, Hofman DJ, Khalatyan S, Kurt P, Lacroix F, Moon DH, O’Brien C, Silkworth C, Strom D, Turner P, Varelas N, Akgun U, Albayrak EA, Bilki B, Clarida W, Dilsiz K, Duru F, Griffiths S, Merlo JP, Mermerkaya H, Mestvirishvili A, Moeller A, Nachtman J, Newsom CR, Ogul H, Onel Y, Ozok F, Sen S, Tan P, Tiras E, Wetzel J, Yetkin T, Yi K, Barnett BA, Blumenfeld B, Bolognesi S, Giurgiu G, Gritsan AV, Hu G, Maksimovic P, Martin C, Swartz M, Whitbeck A, Baringer P, Bean A, Benelli G, Kenny RP, Murray M, Noonan D, Sanders S, Stringer R, Wood JS, Barfuss AF, Chakaberia I, Ivanov A, Khalil S, Makouski M, Maravin Y, Saini LK, Shrestha S, Svintradze I, Gronberg J, Lange D, Rebassoo F, Wright D, Baden A, Calvert B, Eno SC, Gomez JA, Hadley NJ, Kellogg RG, Kolberg T, Lu Y, Marionneau M, Mignerey AC, Pedro K, Peterman A, Skuja A, Temple J, Tonjes MB, 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Zabel J, Betchart B, Bodek A, Covarelli R, de Barbaro P, Demina R, Eshaq Y, Ferbel T, Garcia-Bellido A, Goldenzweig P, Han J, Harel A, Miner DC, Petrillo G, Vishnevskiy D, Zielinski M, Bhatti A, Ciesielski R, Demortier L, Goulianos K, Lungu G, Malik S, Mesropian C, Arora S, Barker A, Chou JP, Contreras-Campana C, Contreras-Campana E, Duggan D, Ferencek D, Gershtein Y, Gray R, Halkiadakis E, Hidas D, Lath A, Panwalkar S, Park M, Patel R, Rekovic V, Robles J, Salur S, Schnetzer S, Seitz C, Somalwar S, Stone R, Thomas S, Thomassen P, Walker M, Cerizza G, Hollingsworth M, Rose K, Spanier S, Yang ZC, York A, Bouhali O, Eusebi R, Flanagan W, Gilmore J, Kamon T, Khotilovich V, Montalvo R, Osipenkov I, Pakhotin Y, Perloff A, Roe J, Safonov A, Sakuma T, Suarez I, Tatarinov A, Toback D, Akchurin N, Cowden C, Damgov J, Dragoiu C, Dudero PR, Kovitanggoon K, Lee SW, Libeiro T, Volobouev I, Appelt E, Delannoy AG, Greene S, Gurrola A, Johns W, Maguire C, Melo A, Sharma M, Sheldon P, Snook B, Tuo S, Velkovska J, Arenton MW, Boutle S, Cox B, Francis B, Goodell J, Hirosky R, Ledovskoy A, Lin C, Neu C, Wood J, Gollapinni S, Harr R, Karchin PE, Kottachchi Kankanamge Don C, Lamichhane P, Sakharov A, Belknap DA, Borrello L, Carlsmith D, Cepeda M, Dasu S, Duric S, Friis E, Grothe M, Hall-Wilton R, Herndon M, Hervé A, Klabbers P, Klukas J, Lanaro A, Loveless R, Mohapatra A, Ojalvo I, Perry T, Pierro GA, Polese G, Ross I, Sarangi T, Savin A, Smith WH, Swanson J. Probing color coherence effects in pp collisions at [Formula: see text]

A study of color coherence effects in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7[Formula: see text] is presented. The data used in the analysis were collected in 2010 with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb[Formula: see text]. Events are selected that contain at least three jets and where the two jets with the largest transverse momentum exhibit a back-to-back topology. The measured angular correlation between the second- and third-leading jet is shown to be sensitive to color coherence effects, and is compared to the predictions of Monte Carlo models with various implementations of color coherence. None of the models describe the data satisfactorily.

John J, Sulak L, Alimena J, Christopher G, Cutts D, Demiragli Z, Ferapontov A, Garabedian A, Heintz U, Jabeen S, Kukartsev G, Laird E, Landsberg G, Luk M, Narain M, Segala M, Sinthuprasith T, Speer T, Breedon R, Breto G, De La Barca Sanchez MC, Chauhan S, Chertok M, Conway J, Conway R, Cox PT, Erbacher R, Gardner M, Houtz R, Ko W, Kopecky A, Lander R, Miceli T, Pellett D, Ricci-Tam F, Rutherford B, Searle M, Smith J, Squires M, Tripathi M, Wilbur S, Yohay R, Andreev V, Cline D, Cousins R, Erhan S, Everaerts P, Farrell C, Felcini M, Hauser J, Ignatenko M, Jarvis C, Rakness G, Schlein P, Takasugi E, Traczyk P, Valuev V, Babb J, Clare R, Ellison J, Gary JW, Hanson G, Jandir P, Liu H, Long OR, Luthra A, Nguyen H, Paramesvaran S, Sturdy J, Sumowidagdo S, Wilken R, Wimpenny S, Andrews W, Branson JG, Cerati GB, Cittolin S, Evans D, Holzner A, Kelley R, Lebourgeois M, Letts J, Macneill I, Padhi S, Palmer C, Petrucciani G, Pieri M, Sani M, Simon S, Sudano E, Tadel M, Tu Y, Vartak A, Wasserbaech S, Würthwein F, Yagil A, Yoo J, Barge D, Campagnari C, D’Alfonso M, Danielson T, Flowers K, Geffert P, George C, Golf F, Incandela J, Justus C, Kalavase P, Kovalskyi D, Krutelyov V, Lowette S, Magaña Villalba R, Mccoll N, Pavlunin V, Ribnik J, Richman J, Rossin R, Stuart D, To W, West C, Apresyan A, Bornheim A, Bunn J, Chen Y, Di Marco E, Duarte J, Kcira D, Ma Y, Mott A, Newman HB, Rogan C, Spiropulu M, Timciuc V, Veverka J, Wilkinson R, Xie S, Yang Y, Zhu RY, Azzolini V, Calamba A, Carroll R, Ferguson T, Iiyama Y, Jang DW, Liu YF, Paulini M, Russ J, Vogel H, Vorobiev I, Cumalat JP, Drell BR, Ford WT, Gaz A, Lopez EL, Nauenberg U, Smith JG, Stenson K, Ulmer KA, Wagner SR, Alexander J, Chatterjee A, Eggert N, Gibbons LK, Hopkins W, Khukhunaishvili A, Kreis B, Mirman N, Kaufman GN, Patterson JR, Ryd A, Salvati E, Sun W, Teo WD, Thom J, Thompson J, Tucker J, Weng Y, Winstrom L, Wittich P, Winn D, Abdullin S, Albrow M, Anderson J, Apollinari G, Bauerdick LAT, Beretvas A, Berryhill J, Bhat PC, Burkett K, Butler JN, Chetluru V, Cheung HWK, Chlebana F, Cihangir S, Elvira VD, Fisk I, Freeman J, Gao Y, Gottschalk E, Gray L, Green D, Gutsche O, Hare D, Harris RM, Hirschauer J, Hooberman B, Jindariani S, Johnson M, Joshi U, Kaadze K, Klima B, Kunori S, Kwan S, Linacre J, Lincoln D, Lipton R, Lykken J, Maeshima K, Marraffino JM, Outschoorn VIM, Maruyama S, Mason D, McBride P, Mishra K, Mrenna S, Musienko Y, Newman-Holmes C, O’Dell V, Prokofyev O, Ratnikova N, Sexton-Kennedy E, Sharma S, Spalding WJ, Spiegel L, Taylor L, Tkaczyk S, Tran NV, Uplegger L, Vaandering EW, Vidal R, Whitmore J, Wu W, Yang F, Yun JC, Acosta D, Avery P, Bourilkov D, Chen M, Cheng T, Das S, De Gruttola M, Di Giovanni GP, Dobur D, Drozdetskiy A, Field RD, Fisher M, Fu Y, Furic IK, Hugon J, Kim B, Konigsberg J, Korytov A, Kropivnitskaya A, Kypreos T, Low JF, Matchev K, Milenovic P, Mitselmakher G, Muniz L, Remington R, Rinkevicius A, Skhirtladze N, Snowball M, Yelton J, Zakaria M, Gaultney V, Hewamanage S, Linn S, Markowitz P, Martinez G, Rodriguez JL, Adams T, Askew A, Bochenek J, Chen J, Diamond B, Gleyzer SV, Haas J, Hagopian S, Hagopian V, Johnson KF, Prosper H, Veeraraghavan V, Weinberg M, Baarmand MM, Dorney B, Hohlmann M, Kalakhety H, Yumiceva F, Adams MR, Apanasevich L, Bazterra VE, Betts RR, Bucinskaite I, Callner J, Cavanaugh R, Evdokimov O, Gauthier L, Gerber CE, Hofman DJ, Khalatyan S, Kurt P, Lacroix F, Moon DH, O’Brien C, Silkworth C, Strom D, Turner P, Varelas N, Akgun U, Albayrak EA, Bilki B, Clarida W, Dilsiz K, Duru F, Griffiths S, Merlo JP, Mermerkaya H, Mestvirishvili A, Moeller A, Nachtman J, Newsom CR, Ogul H, Onel Y, Ozok F, Sen S, Tan P, Tiras E, Wetzel J, Yetkin T, Yi K, Barnett BA, Blumenfeld B, Bolognesi S, Giurgiu G, Gritsan AV, Hu G, Maksimovic P, Martin C, Swartz M, Whitbeck A, Baringer P, Bean A, Benelli G, Kenny RP, Murray M, Noonan D, Sanders S, Stringer R, Wood JS, Barfuss AF, Chakaberia I, Ivanov A, Khalil S, Makouski M, Maravin Y, Shrestha S, Svintradze I, Gronberg J, Lange D, Rebassoo F, Wright D, Baden A, Calvert B, Eno SC, Gomez JA, Hadley NJ, Kellogg RG, Kolberg T, Lu Y, Marionneau M, Mignerey AC, Pedro K, Peterman A, Skuja A, Temple J, Tonjes MB, Tonwar SC, Apyan A, Bauer G, Busza W, Cali IA, Chan M, Di Matteo L, Dutta V, Gomez Ceballos G, Goncharov M, Gulhan D, Kim Y, Klute M, Lai YS, Levin A, Luckey PD, Ma T, Nahn S, Paus C, Ralph D, Roland C, Roland G, Stephans GSF, Stöckli F, Sumorok K, Velicanu D, Wolf R, Wyslouch B, Yang M, Yilmaz Y, Yoon AS, Zanetti M, Zhukova V, Dahmes B, De Benedetti A, Franzoni G, Gude A, Haupt J, Kao SC, Klapoetke K, Kubota Y, Mans J, Pastika N, Rusack R, Sasseville M, Singovsky A, Tambe N, Turkewitz J, Acosta JG, Cremaldi LM, Kroeger R, Oliveros S, Perera L, Rahmat R, Sanders DA, Summers D, Avdeeva E, Bloom K, Bose S, Claes DR, Dominguez A, Eads M, Suarez RG, Keller J, Kravchenko I, Lazo-Flores J, Malik S, Meier F, Snow GR, Dolen J, Godshalk A, Iashvili I, Jain S, Kharchilava A, Kumar A, Rappoccio S, Wan Z, Alverson G, Barberis E, Baumgartel D, Chasco M, Haley J, Massironi A, Nash D, Orimoto T, Trocino D, Wood D, Zhang J, Anastassov A, Hahn KA, Kubik A, Lusito L, Mucia N, Odell N, Pollack B, Pozdnyakov A, Schmitt M, Stoynev S, Sung K, Velasco M, Won S, Berry D, Brinkerhoff A, Chan KM, Hildreth M, Jessop C, Karmgard DJ, Kolb J, Lannon K, Luo W, Lynch S, Marinelli N, Morse DM, Pearson T, Planer M, Ruchti R, Slaunwhite J, Valls N, Wayne M, Wolf M, Antonelli L, Bylsma B, Durkin LS, Hill C, Hughes R, Kotov K, Ling TY, Puigh D, Rodenburg M, Smith G, Vuosalo C, Winer BL, Wolfe H, Berry E, Elmer P, Halyo V, Hebda P, Hegeman J, Hunt A, Jindal P, Koay SA, Lujan P, Marlow D, Medvedeva T, Mooney M, Olsen J, Piroué P, Quan X, Raval A, Saka H, Stickland D, Tully C, Werner JS, Zenz SC, Zuranski A, Brownson E, Lopez A, Mendez H, Ramirez Vargas JE, Alagoz E, Benedetti D, Bolla G, Bortoletto D, De Mattia M, Everett A, Hu Z, Jones M, Jung K, Koybasi O, Kress M, Leonardo N, Lopes Pegna D, Maroussov V, Merkel P, Miller DH, Neumeister N, Shipsey I, Silvers D, Svyatkovskiy A, Vidal Marono M, Wang F, Xie W, Xu L, Yoo HD, Zablocki J, Zheng Y, Guragain S, Parashar N, Adair A, Akgun B, Ecklund KM, Geurts FJM, Padley BP, Redjimi R, Roberts J, Zabel J, Betchart B, Bodek A, Covarelli R, de Barbaro P, Demina R, Eshaq Y, Ferbel T, Garcia-Bellido A, Goldenzweig P, Han J, Harel A, Miner DC, Petrillo G, Vishnevskiy D, Zielinski M, Bhatti A, Ciesielski R, Demortier L, Goulianos K, Lungu G, Malik S, Mesropian C, Arora S, Barker A, Chou JP, Contreras-Campana C, Contreras-Campana E, Duggan D, Ferencek D, Gershtein Y, Gray R, Halkiadakis E, Hidas D, Lath A, Panwalkar S, Park M, Patel R, Rekovic V, Robles J, Salur S, Schnetzer S, Seitz C, Somalwar S, Stone R, Thomas S, Thomassen P, Walker M, Cerizza G, Hollingsworth M, Rose K, Spanier S, Yang ZC, York A, Bouhali O, Eusebi R, Flanagan W, Gilmore J, Kamon T, Khotilovich V, Montalvo R, Osipenkov I, Pakhotin Y, Perloff A, Roe J, Safonov A, Sakuma T, Suarez I, Tatarinov A, Toback D, Akchurin N, Cowden C, Damgov J, Dragoiu C, Dudero PR, Jeong C, Kovitanggoon K, Lee SW, Libeiro T, Volobouev I, Appelt E, Delannoy AG, Greene S, Gurrola A, Johns W, Maguire C, Melo A, Sharma M, Sheldon P, Snook B, Tuo S, Velkovska J, Arenton MW, Boutle S, Cox B, Francis B, Goodell J, Hirosky R, Ledovskoy A, Lin C, Neu C, Wood J, Gollapinni S, Harr R, Karchin PE, Don CKK, Lamichhane P, Sakharov A, Belknap DA, Borrello L, Carlsmith D, Cepeda M, Dasu S, Friis E, Grothe M, Hall-Wilton R, Herndon M, Hervé A, Klabbers P, Klukas J, Lanaro A, Loveless R, Mohapatra A, Mozer MU, Ojalvo I, Pierro GA, Polese G, Ross I, Savin A, Smith WH, Swanson J. Study of the production of charged pions, kaons, and protons in pPb collisions at [Formula: see text]5.02[Formula: see text]

Spectra of identified charged hadrons are measured in pPb collisions with the CMS detector at the LHC at [Formula: see text]. Charged pions, kaons, and protons in the transverse-momentum range [Formula: see text]-1.7[Formula: see text] and laboratory rapidity [Formula: see text] are identified via their energy loss in the silicon tracker. The average [Formula: see text] increases with particle mass and the charged multiplicity of the event. The increase of the average [Formula: see text] with charged multiplicity is greater for heavier hadrons. Comparisons to Monte Carlo event generators reveal that Epos Lhc, which incorporates additional hydrodynamic evolution of the created system, is able to reproduce most of the data features, unlike Hijing and Ampt. The [Formula: see text] spectra and integrated yields are also compared to those measured in pp and PbPb collisions at various energies. The average transverse momentum and particle ratio measurements indicate that particle production at LHC energies is strongly correlated with event particle multiplicity.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathways in inflammatory airway diseases

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been reported being involved in the remodeling and immunosuppression processes of inflammatory airway diseases; understanding the regulation of TGF-β1 is therefore a key to unravel the pathomechanisms of these diseases. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on the influencing factors for driving TGF-β1 and its regulatory pathways in inflammatory airway diseases and discusses possible therapeutic approaches to TGF-β1 control. The factors include smoking and oxidative stress, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), bradykinin (BK), and microRNAs (miRs). Based on the summary, new innovative treatment strategies may be developed for inflammatory airway diseases with an impaired expression of TGF-β1.