Cross-sectional analysis of gonadal hormone expression and relevant factors in female centenarians in Hainan, China

OBJECTIVES

Gonadal hormone is essential for the health of postmenopausal women, however, few studies have focused on the epidemiological distribution of gonadal hormones in postmenopausal women in very late postmenopausal women. This study aims to investigate and analyze the differences of serum gonadal hormone content and its influential factors among female centenarians in Hainan, China.

METHODS

The questionnaire and physical examination data of 741 female centenarians and 401 elderly females in Hainan Province were collected, and venous blood samples were taken to detect the indexes of lipid metabolism, bone metabolism, and gonadal hormone. The differences of gonadal hormones and relavant factors in female centenarians were analyzed and compared.

RESULTS

The serum levels of estradiol and progesterone of female centenarians were significantly higher than those of the elderly females (both P<0.001). The serum levels of estradiol and testosterone of ethnic minority centenarians were higher than those in Han nationality (P<0.001), and the serum estradiol and testosterone concentrations were relatively higher when the daily activities were more than 10 min (both P<0.05). Serum estradiol concentration was negatively correlated with apolipoprotein A-I, high density lipoprotein, triglyceride and bone formation markers such as calcium, inorganic phosphorus and vitamin D3, and was positively correlated with the special sequence of β-collagen (markers of bone resorption) (all P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

For the extremely late postmenopausal women (such as centenarians), there may be characteristic expressions of gonadal hormones, especially estradiol. There is an unprotective correlation of serum estradiol with lipid metabolism index and bone metabolism index in female centenarians, so it is necessary to evaluate the estrogen content and the use of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women.

Correction: Fabrication and behaviors of CdS on Bi2MoO6 thin film photoanodes

Correction for ‘Fabrication and behaviors of CdS on Bi2MoO6 thin film photoanodes’ by Hao Yang et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 10774–10781, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA28323C.

Tau Pathologies Mediate the Associations of Vascular Risk Burden with Cognitive Impairments in Non-demented Elders: The CABLE Study

BACKGROUND

Studies suggested that vascular dysfunction might increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms still remain obscure.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the associations of vascular risk burden with AD core pathologies and investigate the effects of AD core pathologies on relationships between vascular risk burden and cognitive impairments.

DESIGN

The Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestyLE (CABLE) study was principally focusing on aging, as well as the risk factors and biomarkers of AD initiated in 2017.

SETTING

The CABLE study was a large cohort study established in Qingdao, China.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 618 non-demented elders were obtained from CABLE study.

MEASUREMENTS

The general vascular risk burden was assessed by the Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score (FGCRS). Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations of FGCRS with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and cognition. Casual mediation analyses were performed to investigate the mediating effects of AD biomarkers on cognition.

RESULTS

Increased FGCRS was related to higher levels of CSF total tau (t-tau, p < 0.001), phosphorylated tau (p-tau, p < 0.001) as well as the ratio of t-tau and amyloid-β 42 (t-tau/Aβ42, p = 0.010), and lower Chinese-Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (CM-MMSE, p = 0.010) score. Stratified analysis indicated that age modified the associations, with FGCRS being significantly associated with tau pathology (p < 0.001 for t-tau and p-tau) in middle-aged group (<65 years old), instead of older group. The influences of FGCRS on cognitive impairments were partially mediated by tau pathologies (a maximum proportion of 20.9%).

CONCLUSIONS

Tau pathology might be a pivotal mediator for effects of vascular risk on cognitive decline. Early and comprehensive intervention for vascular risk factors might be a potential approach to delaying or preventing cognitive impairment and AD.

Correction: Distinctive organized molecular assemble of MoS2, MOF and Co3O4, for efficient dye-sensitized photocatalytic H2 evolution

Correction for ‘Distinctive organized molecular assemble of MoS2, MOF and Co3O4, for efficient dye-sensitized photocatalytic H2 evolution’ by Kai Fan et al., Catal. Sci. Technol., 2018, 8, 2352–2363, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CY00380G.

Genetic diversity and transmission patterns of Burkholderia pseudomallei on Hainan island, China, revealed by a population genomics analysis

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative soil-dwelling bacillus that causes melioidosis, a frequently fatal infectious disease, in tropical and subtropical regions. Previous studies have identified the overall genetic and evolutionary characteristics of B. pseudomallei on a global scale, including its origin and transmission routes. However, beyond its known hyperendemicity foci in northern Australia and Southeast Asia, the distribution and genetic characteristics of B. pseudomallei in most tropical regions remain poorly understood, including in southern China. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 122 B. pseudomallei strains collected from Hainan, an island in southern China, in 2002–2018, to investigate the population structure, relationships with global strains, local epidemiology, and virulence and antimicrobial-resistance factors. A phylogenetic analysis and hierarchical clustering divided the Hainan strains into nine phylogenic groups (PGs), 80 % of which were concentrated within five major groups (group 1: corresponding to minor sequence types [STs], 12.3 %; group 3: ST46 and ST50, 31.1 %; group 9: ST58, 13.1 %; group 11: ST55, 8.2 %; group 15: mainly ST658, 15.6%). A phylogenetic analysis that included global strains suggested that B. pseudomallei in Hainan originated from Southeast Asian countries, transmitted in multiple historical importation events. We also identified several mutual transmission events between Hainan and Southeast Asian countries in recent years, including three importation events from Thailand and Singapore to Hainan and three exportation events from Hainan to Singapore, Malaysia, and Taiwan island. A statistical analysis of the temporal distribution showed that the Hainan strains of groups 3, 9, and 15 have dominated the disease epidemic locally in the last 5 years. The spatial distribution of the Hainan strains demonstrated that some PGs are distributed in different cities on Hainan island, and by combining phylogenic and geographic distribution information, we detected 21 between-city transmission events, indicating its frequent local transmission. The detection of virulence factor genes showed that 56 % of the Hainan strains in group 1 encode a B. pseudomallei-specific adherence factor, boaB, confirming the specific pathogenic characteristics of the Hainan strains in group 1. An analysis of the antimicrobial-resistance potential of B. pseudomallei showed that various kinds of alterations were identified in clinically relevant antibiotic resistance factors, such as AmrR, PenA and PBP3, etc. Our results clarify the population structure, local epidemiology, and pathogenic characteristics of B. pseudomallei in Hainan, providing further insight into its regional and global transmission networks and improving our knowledge of its global phylogeography.

Drug-coated balloon angioplasty for failing haemodialysis access: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Arteriovenous fistulas, a major treatment for end-stage kidney disease, frequently require endovascular reinterventions to maintain haemodialysis function. Drug-coated angioplasty balloons (DCBs) were developed with the intention of reducing reintervention rates. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of DCBs in the treatment of failing haemodialysis access.

METHODS

Electronic databases were searched systematically to identify all relevant RCTs and any follow-up studies from RCTs. Pooled estimates of dichotomous outcomes were calculated using the odds ratio (OR) and 95 per cent confidence interval. Effect data are presented as summary hazard ratio and 95 per cent confidence interval.

RESULTS

Some 19 studies from 18 RCTs and comprising 1898 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with plain balloon angioplasty (PBA), DCB use was associated with higher target-lesion primary patency (HR 0.60, 95 per cent c.i. 0.45 to 0.79), access-circuit primary patency (HR 0.67, 0.56 to 0.80), and less target-lesion revascularization (TLR) within 6 months (OR 0.33, 0.23 to 0.47). No difference was observed between DCB and PBA in 12-month TLR (OR 0.62, 0.28 to 1.37). Mortality after DCB use was similar to that associated with PBA use at 6 months (OR 1.20, 0.65 to 2.21) and 12 months (OR 0.99, 0.66 to 1.49), and was higher at 24 months (23.1 versus 16.6 per cent), although the difference was not statistically significant (OR 1.53, 0.92 to 2.53).

CONCLUSION

Drug-coated balloon angioplasty of haemodialysis fistulas is associated with higher patency rates and lower rates of reintervention in the short to mid term. Although mortality rates appeared to be higher with drug-coated angioplasty at 24 months, this did not reach statistical significance.

Malignant acanthosis nigricans and diseases with extensive oral papillary hyperplasia

Oral papillary lesions represent a variety of developmental and neoplastic conditions. Early diagnoses of different papillary lesions are challenging for oral medicine specialists. Malignant acanthosis nigricans (MAN) is a rare cutaneous disorder and a potential marker of underlying hidden tumours. It is characterized by papillary lesions that always involve the oral mucosa. In oral medicine specialities, MAN is not well understood. When the early signs of MAN are extensive oral lesions and slight cutaneous pigmentation without obvious florid cutaneous papillomatosis, the diagnosis can be incorrect or delayed. Oral medicine specialists should ask affected patients to provide details of their medical history and conduct a timely systemic examination.

Engineering of a Spider Peptide via Conserved Structure-Function Traits Optimizes Sodium Channel Inhibition In Vitro and Anti-Nociception In Vivo

Venom peptides are potent and selective modulators of voltage-gated ion channels that regulate neuronal function both in health and in disease. We previously identified the spider venom peptide Tap1a from the Venezuelan tarantula Theraphosa apophysis that targeted multiple voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels in visceral pain pathways and inhibited visceral mechano-sensing neurons contributing to irritable bowel syndrome. In this work, alanine scanning and domain activity analysis revealed Tap1a inhibited sodium channels by binding with nanomolar affinity to the voltage-sensor domain II utilising conserved structure-function features characteristic of spider peptides belonging to family NaSpTx1. In order to speed up the development of optimized Na_V-targeting peptides with greater inhibitory potency and enhanced in vivo activity, we tested the hypothesis that incorporating residues identified from other optimized NaSpTx1 peptides into Tap1a could also optimize its potency for Na_Vs. Applying this approach, we designed the peptides Tap1a-OPT1 and Tap1a-OPT2 exhibiting significant increased potency for Na_V1.1, Na_V1.2, Na_V1.3, Na_V1.6 and Na_V1.7 involved in several neurological disorders including acute and chronic pain, motor neuron disease and epilepsy. Tap1a-OPT1 showed increased potency for the off-target Na_V1.4, while this off-target activity was absent in Tap1a-OPT2. This enhanced potency arose through a slowed off-rate mechanism. Optimized inhibition of Na_V channels observed in vitro translated in vivo, with reversal of nocifensive behaviours in a murine model of Na_V-mediated pain also enhanced by Tap1a-OPT. Molecular docking studies suggested that improved interactions within loops 3 and 4, and C-terminal of Tap1a-OPT and the Na_V channel voltage-sensor domain II were the main drivers of potency optimization. Overall, the rationally designed peptide Tap1a-OPT displayed new and refined structure-function features which are likely the major contributors to its enhanced bioactive properties observed in vivo. This work contributes to the rapid engineering and optimization of potent spider peptides multi-targeting Na_V channels, and the research into novel drugs to treat neurological diseases.

[The comparison of prognosis and risk factors after radical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma between China Pancreas Data Center and SEER]

Objectives: To compare the prognosis of patients underwent radical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER) and China Pancreas Data Center(CPDC), and to compare the prognostic factors for PDAC in both databases. Methods: The data of patients underwent radical resection for PDAC in CPDC database from January 2016 to December 2017 and SEER database from January 2014 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The prognosis of patients in both databases was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank method, and propensity score matching, and the Cox proportional hazard regression was used to analyze the independent prognosis factors for PDAC. Results: There were 1 977 cases and 2 220 cases of pancreatic cancer that underwent radical resection from CPDC and SEER, respectively. There were more male patients(60.90%,1 204/1 977) than female patients(39.10%,773/1 977) in CPDC, while nearly 1∶1 ratio(male:1 112 cases,female:1108)was observed between male and female in SEER(χ²=48.977,P<0.01). The proportion of patients under 45 years old was the smallest in both databases, and the age group with the most significant proportion was 60 to 74 years old. The ratio of patients over 75 years old in the SEER(24.28%,539/2 220) was higher than that of CPDC(7.89%,156/1 977)(χ²=202.090,P<0.01), while the proportion of patients between 45 and 59 years old in CPDC(33.69%,666/1 977) was higher than that in SEER(19.77%,439/2 220)(χ²=103.640,P<0.01). There were more pancreatic head cancers than body and tail cancers in both databases, and no statistical difference was found in tumor size between the two databases (W=2 181 502,P=0.740). More positive and examined lymph nodes were found in SEER patients (W=3 265 131,W=2 954 363,all P<0.01); and the proportion of patients who had at least 15 lymph nodes dissected was higher in SEER(63.24%,1 404/2 220)(χ²=532.130,P<0.01). There were more patients without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy in CPDC(57.16%,1 130/1 977) than that in SEER(24.91%,553/2 220)(χ²=451.390,P<0.01). After propensity score matching, the overall survival for CPDC was better than that for SEER(Log-rank test:χ²=4.500,P=0.034), and the median overall survival was 24 months and 23 months respectively. Cox regressional analysis showed the common independent prognosis factors in both databases were ≥75 years old, pancreatic head cancer, poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumors, T stage, N stage(All P<0.05). Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy was a protective factor in both databases(CPDC:Wald=27.082;SEER:Wald=212.285, all P<0.01) and 45 to 59 years old was protective factor in the SEER database(Wald=5.212,P=0.020). Conclusions: The data in both databases have a good consistency. However, in terms of data quality, examined lymph nodes count, and neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy rate, the CPDC differs greatly from the SEER.

Study on Catalytic Oxidation, Flocculation and Sedimentation of Acidizing and Fracturing Wastewater

The acidizing and fracturing waste fluid in a wellsite in northern Shaanxi was treated by catalytic oxidation and flocculation precipitation. It investigated the effect of different coagulants and their dosage and the wastewater pH on coagulation precipitation. As for chemical oxidation experiment, it investigated the effect of oxidant dosage and reaction time on its treatment effect. The results showed that when 30% hydrogen peroxide (volume percentage) was added at the dosage of 0.3% and oxidized for 50 min, the pH was adjusted to 7.5 and 350 mg/L polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and 4 mg/L polyacrylamide were added (PAM); after processing the waste liquid, total iron, chemical oxygen demand (COD), chromaticity, and average corrosion rate were reduced from 252.75 mg/L, 3427.50 mg/L, 624.15°, and 0.1226 mm/a to 0.12 mg/L, 275.18 mg/L, 125° and 0.0217 mm/a, respectively; effective removal of iron and color, reduced COD, and controlled corrosion was achieved.

[Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in 3D System Inhibit Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Through p38 MAPK and CXCR4/AKT Pathways by IL-24 Regulating]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is prevalent worldwide and has a high mortality rate. Even if mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are suggested as cancer treatment, the studies of their effects on NSCLC cells contradict each other, mainly due to utilization of two-dimensional (2D) culture system. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems resemble tissue organization in vivo. Here we comprehensively explore the inhibitory effects of MSCs on NSCLC cells in a 3D culture system. We confirmed that the inhibitory effects of 3D-cultured MSCs (3D-MSCs) on the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells are greater than that of the 2D-cultured MSCs. 3D-MSCs overexpress IL-24, which serve as the key factor enhancing antitumor effects of MSCs. In these cells, IL-24 affects p38 MAPK and CXCR4/AKT pathways. Overall, this study provides the support for use of MSCs in tumor.

Combined Transcriptomic Analysis and RNA Interference Reveal the Effects of Methoxyfenozide on Ecdysone Signaling Pathway of Spodoptera exigua

Spodoptera exigua is a worldwide pest afflicting edible vegetables and has developed varying levels of resistance to insecticides. Methoxyfenozide (MET), an ecdysteroid agonist, is effective against lepidopteran pests such as S. exigua. However, the mechanism of MET to S. exigua remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression patterns of genes related to the ecdysone signaling pathway in transcriptome data treated with sublethal doses of MET and analyzed how expression levels of key genes affect the toxicity of MET on S. exigua. Our results demonstrated that 2639 genes were up-regulated and 2512 genes were down-regulated in S. exigua treated with LC₃₀ of MET. Of these, 15 genes were involved in the ecdysone signaling pathway. qPCR results demonstrated that ecdysone receptor A (EcRA) expression levels significantly increased in S. exigua when treated with different doses of MET, and that the RNAi-mediated silencing of EcRA significantly increased mortality to 55.43% at 72 h when L3 S. exigua larvae were exposed to MET at the LC₃₀ dose. Additionally, knocking down EcRA suppressed the most genes expressed in the ecdysone signaling pathway. The combination of MET and dsEcRA affected the expression of E74 and enhanced the expression of TREA. These results demonstrate that the adverse effects of sublethal MET disturb the ecdysone signaling pathway in S. exigua, and EcRA is closely related to MET toxic effect. This study increases our collective understanding of the mechanisms of MET in insect pests.

[Association of sepM gene mutation with mutacin Ⅳ production by Streptococcus mutans]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the types of sepM gene mutations and their distribution in clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and explore the association of sepM gene mutation with the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production by S. mutans.

OBJECTIVE

We assessed the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production in 80 clinical isolates of S. mutans using an inhibition zone assay. The minimum spanning tree and phylogenetic tree of these isolates were constructed using core genome multilocus sequence typing and maximum likelihood method, respectively. GeneMarkS software was used to predict the coding genes of these isolates, and the predicted genes were blasted against the sepM gene sequence of the reference genome UA159 to determine sepM gene mutations and their distribution characteristics in the clinical isolates. The mutation types affecting mutacin Ⅳ production were identified by analyzing the differentially distributed mutations between mutacin Ⅳ-producing isolates and mutacin Ⅳ-free isolates and by comparing the inhibition zones between isolates with sepM gene mutations and those without mutations.

OBJECTIVE

Among the 80 clinical isolates of S. mutans, 25 isolates were capable of mutacin Ⅳ production and 55 did not produce mutacin Ⅳ. The minimum spanning tree showed that the allelic differences were less among the mutacin Ⅳproducing isolates than among the mutacin Ⅳ-free isolates, and the origins of the mutacin Ⅳ-producing isolates were similar. We identified a total of 34 single base mutations in the 80 clinical isolates, and among them, C31T (P=0.001), G533A (P < 0.001), C756T (P=0.025), and C1036T (P=0.003) showed significant differential distributions between the mutacin Ⅳ-producing and mutacin Ⅳ-free isolates. These differentially distributed mutations were positively correlated with the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production of the bacteria.

OBJECTIVE

sepM gene mutations that affect the capacity of mutacin Ⅳ production are present in the clinical strains of S. mutans.

Nano-TiO2 particles inhibit the biological behavior and mineralization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transfected with CXCR4

OBJECTIVE

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) are widely used as experimental cells with potential differentiation function. Nanomaterials are currently a research hotspot. We assessed nano-TiO2 particles' effect on the biological behavior and mineralization of CXCR4 transfected BMSCs.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

After transfection of BMSC with CXCR4, cells were divided into blank group (no transfection), control group (transfection with CXCR4) and observe group (transfection with CXCR4 containing nanoparticles). Then, cell proliferation and ALP staining were measured along with analysis of Runx2 and BGP level by Western blot or RT-PCR and mineralization detection.

RESULTS

With increased culture time, the observed fractionation on day 14 showed significantly reduced activity; 3 mn nano-TiO2 particles significantly inhibited cell proliferation and bone formation after CXCR4 transfection with an inhibitory effect on the osteogenic ability of CXCR4-transfected BMCS cells in a time-dependent manner. The longer the culture time, the more significantly inhibitory effect; 3 mn nano-TiO2 particles can inhibit the mineralization of BMSCs after transfection of CXCR4 to a certain extent.

CONCLUSIONS

TiO2 nanoparticles have an inhibitory effect on the biological behavior and mineralization of BMSC cells transfected with CXCR4. The longer the culture time, the greater the inhibitory effect on osteogenic differentiation of BMSC cells transfected with CXCR4.

Similarities and Differences in Interoceptive Bodily Awareness Between US-American and Japanese Cultures: A Focus-Group Study in Bicultural Japanese-Americans

Interoceptive awareness is the conscious perception of sensations that create a sense of the physiological condition of the body. A validation study for the Japanese translation of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) surprised with a factor structure different from the original English-language version by eliminating two of eight scales. This prompted an exploration of the similarities and differences in interoceptive bodily awareness between Japanese and European Americans. Bicultural Japanese-Americans discussed concepts and experiences in the two cultures. We conducted focus groups and qualitative thematic analyses of transcribed recordings. 16 participants illustrated cross-cultural differences in interoceptive bodily awareness: switching between languages changes embodied experience; external versus internal attention focus; social expectations and body sensations; emphasis on form versus self-awareness; personal space; and mind-body relationship; context dependency of bodily awareness and self-construal. The participants explained key concepts that present challenges for a Japanese cultural adaptation of the MAIA, specifically the concept of self-regulation lost in the factor analysis. In Japanese culture, self-regulation serves the purpose of conforming to social expectations, rather than achieving an individual self-comforting sense of homeostasis. Our findings will inform the next phase of improving the MAIA's cross-cultural adaptation.

Tissue-specific transcriptome analyses reveal candidate genes for stilbene, flavonoid and anthraquinone biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum

BACKGROUND

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is a well-known medicinal plant whose pharmacological effects derive mainly from its stilbenes, anthraquinones, and flavonoids. These compounds accumulate differentially in the root, stem, and leaf; however, the molecular basis of such tissue-specific accumulation remains poorly understood. Because tissue-specific accumulation of compounds is usually associated with tissue-specific expression of the related biosynthetic enzyme genes and regulators, we aimed to clarify and compare the transcripts expressed in different tissues of P. cuspidatum in this study.

RESULTS

High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using three different tissues (the leaf, stem, and root) of P. cuspidatum. In total, 80,981 unigenes were obtained, of which 40,729 were annotated, and 21,235 differentially expressed genes were identified. Fifty-four candidate synthetase genes and 12 transcription factors associated with stilbene, flavonoid, and anthraquinone biosynthetic pathways were identified, and their expression levels in the three different tissues were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of polyketide synthase gene families revealed two novel CHS genes in P. cuspidatum. Most phenylpropanoid pathway genes were predominantly expressed in the root and stem, while methylerythritol 4-phosphate and isochorismate pathways for anthraquinone biosynthesis were dominant in the leaf. The expression patterns of synthase genes were almost in accordance with metabolite profiling in different tissues of P. cuspidatum as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography or ultraviolet spectrophotometry. All predicted transcription factors associated with regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway were expressed at lower levels in the stem than in the leaf and root, but no consistent trend in their expression was observed between the leaf and the root.

CONCLUSIONS

The molecular knowledge of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of P. cuspidatum stilbenes, flavonoids, and anthraquinones is poor. This study offers some novel insights into the biosynthetic regulation of bioactive compounds in different P. cuspidatum tissues and provides valuable resources for the potential metabolic engineering of this important medicinal plant.

Yak milk-derived exosomes alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/C3 pathway activation

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are important parts of the mucosal barrier, whose function can be impaired upon various injury factors such as lipopolysaccharide. Although food-derived exosomes are preventable against intestinal barrier injuries, there have been few studies on the effect of yak milk-derived exosomes and the underlying mechanism that remains poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the effect of exosomal proteins derived from yak and cow milk on the barrier function of IEC-6 treated with lipopolysaccharide and the relevant mechanism involved. Proteomics study revealed 392 differentially expressed proteins, with 58 higher expressed and 334 lower expressed in yak milk-derived exosomes than those in cow exosomes. Additionally, the top 20 proteins with a relatively consistent higher expression in yak milk exosomes than cow milk exosomes were identified. Protein CD46 was found to be a regulator for alleviating inflammatory injury of IEC-6. In vitro assay of the role of yak milk exosomes on survival of IEC-6 in inflammation by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay confirmed the effectiveness of yak milk exosomes to increase IEC-6 survival up to 18% for 12 h compared with cow milk exosomes (up to 12%), indicating a therapeutic effect of yak milk exosomes in the prevention of intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, yak and cow milk exosomes were shown to activate the PI3K/AKT/C3 signaling pathway, thus promoting IEC-6 survival. Our findings demonstrated an important relationship between yak and cow milk exosomes and intestinal inflammation, facilitating further understanding of the mechanisms of inflammation-driven epithelial homeostasis. Interestingly, compared with cow milk exosomes, yak milk exosomes activated the PI3K/AKT/C3 signaling pathway more to lower the incidence and severity of intestine inflammation, which might represent a potential innovative therapeutic option for intestinal inflammation.