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Wilson JN, Nokes DJ, Dimmock NJ. Analysis of the relationship between immunogenicity and immunity for viral subunit vaccines. J Med Virol 2001; 64:560-8. [PMID: 11468744 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of viral infection by vaccination relies on stimulating an appropriate immune response in order to reduce the probability with which a virus can establish an infection. Post-vaccination antibody responses have therefore been associated with reducing the probability with which an individual can be infected (i.e., the vaccine's "impact"). Quantifying this relationship is essential in evaluating new vaccines, especially since comparisons between vaccines, and vaccine licensure, may be dependent on antibody responses alone. In this paper two principal questions are identified which need to be addressed in the evaluation of subunit vaccines: i) how do specific antibody levels relate to complete protection from infection or disease and ii) how do antigenic subunits interact in developing protection when combined together in a single vaccine. The aim is to identify explicitly certain assumptions that are frequently made implicitly in the discussion of vaccine action. First, antibody levels are related to levels of protection through a novel statistical analysis of incidence data from a published hepatitis B vaccine trial. The antibody response observed after influenza A virus infection is discussed in relation to the selection of neutralisation escape variants. Finally, by way of example, a theoretical situation is examined and three simple models of subunit vaccine action are constructed in order to describe how antibody levels may be related to population level phenomena such as the elimination of an infection by mass vaccination.
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Odegård SW, Hagemann GB, Jensen DR, Bergström M, Herskind B, Sletten G, Törmänen S, Wilson JN, Tjøm PO, Hamamoto I, Spohr K, Hübel H, Görgen A, Schönwasser G, Bracco A, Leoni S, Maj A, Petrache CM, Bednarczyk P, Curien D. Evidence for the wobbling mode in nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:5866-5869. [PMID: 11415381 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.5866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus (163)Lu has been populated through the fusion-evaporation reaction (139)La((29)Si,5n)(163)Lu with a beam energy of 152 MeV. The electromagnetic properties of several connecting transitions between two presumably triaxial, strongly deformed (TSD) bands have been studied. Evidence is presented for the assignment of the excited TSD band as a wobbling mode built on the yrast TSD band, based on comparisons to new calculations in which an aligned particle is coupled to a strongly deformed triaxial rotor. The wobbling mode is uniquely related to triaxiality in nuclei.
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Wilson JN, Nokes DJ, Carman WF. Predictions of the emergence of vaccine-resistant hepatitis B in The Gambia using a mathematical model. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124:295-307. [PMID: 10813156 PMCID: PMC2810914 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800003605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine escape variants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified world-wide. A mathematical model of HBV transmission is used to investigate the potential pattern of emergence of such variants. Attention is focused on The Gambia as a country with high quality epidemiological data, universal infant immunization and in which escape mutants after childhood infections have been observed. We predict that a variant cannot become dominant for at least 20 years from the start of vaccination, even when using a vaccine which affords no cross protection. The dominant factor responsible for this long time scale is the low rate of infectious contacts between infected and susceptible individuals (we estimate the basic reproduction number of hepatitis B in The Gambia to be 1.7). A variant strain that achieves high prevalence will also take many years to control, and it is questionable whether emergence will be identifiable by sero-surveillance until of high prevalence. The sensitivity of the model predictions to epidemiological and demographic factors is explored.
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Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine may provide protection through the clonal expansion of specific memory cells without necessarily having to produce high serum antibody levels. We develop a mathematical model which distinguishes between the accumulation of sensitive memory B and T-helper cells prior to a booster and the high circulating antibody levels present in an individual after a booster. We suggest this immune memory accumulates primarily in an antigen-independent fashion. These phenomena suggest individuals may be immune to infection six months after the priming vaccine dose(s) regardless of whether they receive a booster or not. This hypothesis is supported by immunogenicity data and by two independent vaccine efficacy trials comparing 0, 1 month schedules with 0, 1 and 6 month schedules.
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80
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Wilson JN, Nokes DJ, Carman WF. The predicted pattern of emergence of vaccine-resistant hepatitis B: a cause for concern? Vaccine 1999; 17:973-8. [PMID: 10067705 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We develop an epidemiological model of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in The Gambia in order to investigate the possible patterns of emergence of a vaccine-resistant strain. Under pessimistic assumptions (e.g., the current vaccine provides no cross-immunity against the variant) the model predicts the variant will not become dominant over the wild-type for at least 50 years. Therefore the current low prevalence of variant infections is not evidence for high cross-immunity of the vaccine or for low infectiousness of the variant, but may simply be a consequence of the epidemiology of HBV. The efficacy of the present vaccine against possible variants needs to be evaluated now to determine whether vaccine modifications are required. However, the model also suggests that serological surveillance may be unable to determine this efficacy for 40-50 years.
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Wilson JN, Nokes DJ, Carman WF. Current status of HBV vaccine escape variants--a mathematical model of their epidemiology. J Viral Hepat 1998; 5 Suppl 2:25-30. [PMID: 9857357 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.1998.0050s2025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a deterministic model of the possible emergence of a vaccine escape variant of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The model identifies the key unknowns determining this process: the protection afforded by the current vaccines against particular HBV variants; the infectiousness of these variants; and the current prevalence of individuals infectious with the variants (each factor relative to wild-type). By making pessimistic assumptions about these unknowns we show that even a highly infectious variant, under a vaccine programme that affords no protection against the variant, would still take decades to emerge. Thus the current low prevalence of variants is not evidence for the cross-reactivity of the current vaccines or for a lack of infectiousness in the variants. As any vaccine failure will be inapparent for decades it may be sensible to recommend vaccine modifications now rather than later.
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Weber K, Wilson JN, Taylor L, Brierley E, Johnson MA, Turnbull DM, Bindoff LA. A new mtDNA mutation showing accumulation with time and restriction to skeletal muscle. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60:373-80. [PMID: 9012410 PMCID: PMC1712391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a new mutation in mtDNA, involving tRNALeu(CUN) in a patient manifesting an isolated skeletal myopathy. This heteroplasmic A-->G transition at position 12320 affects the T psi C loop at a conserved site and was not found in 120 controls. Analysis of cultured fibroblasts, white blood cells/platelets, and skeletal muscle showed that only skeletal muscle contained the mutation and that only this tissue demonstrated a biochemical defect of respiratory-chain activity. In a series of four muscle-biopsy specimens taken over a 12-year period, there was a gradual increase, from 70% to 90%, in the overall level of mutation, as well as a marked clinical deterioration. Single-fiber PCR confirmed that the proportion of mutant mtDNA was highest in cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibers. This study, which reports a mutation involving tRNALeu(CUN), demonstrates clearly that mtDNA point mutations can accumulate over time and may be restricted in their tissue distribution. Furthermore, clinical deterioration seemed to follow the increase in the level of mutation, although, interestingly, the appearance of fibers deficient in respiratory-chain activity showed a lag period.
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Hibbert IM, Wadsworth R, Hauschild K, Hübel H, Korten W, Paul ES, Wilson AN, Wilson JN, Byrne AP, Satula W, Wyss R. Superdeformed structures in 197,198Pb. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 54:2253-2258. [PMID: 9971578 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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84
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Nieminen JM, Flibotte S, Galindo-Uribarri A, Viesti G, Ball GC, Bazzacco D, Cromaz M, Drake TE, Fabris D, Finck C, Janzen VP, Lunardi S, Lunardon M, Medina NH, Maron G, Petrache CM, Radford DC, Stezowski O, Theisen C, Waddington JC, Ward D, Wilson JN. Superdeformed band in 147Tb. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 54:2764-2766. [PMID: 9971631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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85
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Flibotte S, Chomaz P, Colonna M, Cromaz M, DeGraaf J, Drake TE, Galindo-Uribarri A, Janzen VP, Jonkman J, Marshall SW, Mullins SM, Nieminen JM, Radford DC, Rodriguez JL, Waddington JC, Ward D, Wilson JN. Pre-Equilibrium Effects in the Population of Giant Dipole Resonances. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1448-1451. [PMID: 10063081 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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86
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Wilson AN, Timár J, Sharpey-Schafer JF, Crowell B, Carpenter MP, Janssens RV, Blumenthal DJ, Ahmad I, Astier A, Azaiez F, Bergström M, Ducroux L, Gall BJ, Hannachi F, Khoo TL, Korichi A, Lauritsen T, Lopez-Martens A, Meyer M, Nisius D, Paul ES, Porquet MG, Redon N, Wilson JN, Nakatsukasa T. Collective and quasiparticle excitations in superdeformed 190Hg. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 54:559-567. [PMID: 9971378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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87
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Semple AT, Nolan PJ, Beausang CW, Forbes SA, Paul ES, Wilson JN, Wadsworth R, Hauschild K, Clark RM, Foin C, Genevey J, Gizon J, Gizon A, Pinston JA, Santos D, Nyako BM, Zolnai L, Klamra W, Simpson J. Excited superdeformed band in 131Ce. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 54:425-428. [PMID: 9971358 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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88
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Wadsworth R, Beausang CW, Cromaz M, DeGraaf J, Drake TE, Fossan DB, Flibotte S, Galindo-Uribarri A, Hauschild K, Hibbert IM, Hackman G, Hughes JR, Janzen VP, LaFosse DR, Mullins SM, Paul ES, Radford DC, Schnare H, Vaska P, Ward D, Wilson JN, Ragnarsson I. Smooth band termination in 108Sn. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:2763-2769. [PMID: 9971262 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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89
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Semple AT, Nolan PJ, Beausang CW, Forbes SA, Paul ES, Wilson JN, Wadsworth R, Hauschild K, Hibbert IM, Clark RM, Gizon J, Gizon A, Santos D, Simpson J. Energy staggering in superdeformed bands in 131Ce, 132Ce, and 133Ce. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:3671-3674. [PMID: 10061080 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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90
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Flibotte S, Cromaz M, DeGraaf J, Drake TE, Galindo-Uribarri A, Hackman G, Janzen VP, Mullins SM, Radford DC, Waddington JC, Ward D, Wilson JN. Absence of entrance-channel effects in the high-energy gamma -ray emission from 146Gd. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:R533-R536. [PMID: 9971033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.r533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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91
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Wilson JN. The meaning of words in the new health service. J R Soc Med 1995; 88:723. [PMID: 20894984 PMCID: PMC1295434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
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92
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Paul ES, Fossan DB, Hauschild K, Hibbert IM, Schnare H, Sears JM, Thorslund I, Wadsworth R, Wilson AN, Wilson JN. Yrast bands in 117I and 116-118Xe: Anomalous quasiparticle alignment frequencies and band termination. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 51:R2857-R2861. [PMID: 9970470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.51.r2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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93
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Wilson JN, Nolan PJ, Beausang CW, Clark RM, Forbes SA, Gizon A, Gizon J, Hauschild K, Hibbert IM, Paul ES, Santos D, Semple AT, Simpson J, Wadsworth R. Excited superdeformed bands in 133Pr: Identification of the g9/2 proton orbital. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:1950-1953. [PMID: 10057804 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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94
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Santos D, Gizon J, Foin C, Genevey J, Gizon A, Józsa M, Pinston JA, Beausang CW, Forbes SA, Nolan PJ, Paul ES, Semple AT, Wilson JN, Clark RM, Hauschild K, Wadsworth R, Simpson J, Nyakó BM, Zolnai L, Klamra W, Dudek J. Observation of excited superdeformed bands in 132Ce and evidence for identical bands in the mass 130 region. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:1708-1711. [PMID: 10057737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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95
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Hauschild K, Wadsworth R, Clark RM, Hibbert IM, Beausang CW, Forbes SA, Nolan PJ, Paul ES, Semple AT, Wilson JN, Gizon A, Gizon J, Santos D, Simpson J. Deformed rotational bands in the doubly odd nuclei 134Pr and 132Pr. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1994; 50:707-715. [PMID: 9969710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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96
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Wadsworth R, Andrews HR, Beausang CW, Clark RM, DeGraaf J, Fossan DB, Galindo-Uribarri A, Hibbert IM, Hauschild K, Hughes JR, Janzen VP, LaFosse DR, Mullins SM, Paul ES, Persson L, Pilotte S, Radford DC, Schnare H, Vaska P, Ward D, Wilson JN, Ragnarsson I. Rotational structures in 106Sn: A new form of band termination? PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1994; 50:483-486. [PMID: 9969681 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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97
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Jackson MJ, Bindoff LA, Weber K, Wilson JN, Ince P, Alberti KG, Turnbull DM. Biochemical and molecular studies of mitochondrial function in diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. Diabetes Care 1994; 17:728-33. [PMID: 7924787 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.17.7.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness (DIDMOAD) combined with a cerebellar syndrome is associated with a systemic disorder of respiratory chain function as found in similar genetic syndromes. CASE A muscle biopsy was taken from a patient with DIDMOAD, and a mitochondrial fraction was prepared. Respiratory chain function was assessed by analysis of intermediary metabolites, histochemical analysis of muscle biopsy, measurement of the activity of individual respiratory chain complexes, oxidative flux through the respiratory chain, and cytochrome concentration and compared with a population with normal respiratory chain function. Mitochondrial DNA from skeletal muscle, brain, and pancreas was examined for major rearrangements and specific point mutations. Brain tissue was examined neuropathologically for abnormalities, particularly those previously described in association with DIDMOAD. RESULTS No abnormality was found in mitochondrial oxidation, individual complex activity, or cytochrome concentration. Histochemical analysis and electron microscopy showed no abnormality known to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. A single-base substitution at position 12308 of the mitochondrial genome was found, but no major rearrangement of mitochondrial DNA was demonstrated. Neuropathological examination revealed severe demyelination and gliosis in the optic nerves and loss of Purkinje cells associated with gliosis in the white matter in the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS We have found no evidence that DIDMOAD is associated with a systemic abnormality of respiratory chain function. The mitochondrial DNA single-base substitution noted is likely to be a polymorphism rather than a pathogenic point mutation. We have confirmed that DIDMOAD may be associated with a neurodegenerative disorder, but the cause of this remains undetermined.
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Shaffer S, Wilson JN. Bone marrow transplantation: critical care implications. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1993; 5:531-50. [PMID: 8217048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation is an effective treatment for a growing list of disease processes both malignant and non-malignant. Complications associated with marrow transplantation may be related to ablative therapy, immunosuppression, graft-versus-host disease, and recurrence of the underlying disease. Survival depends upon prompt recognition of problems and timely institution of specific interventions, both medical and nursing. Nurses caring for bone marrow transplant recipients face a never-ending and ever-changing challenge to stay on top of the day-to-day problems and patient care crises that can occur.
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Wilson JN. Osteomyelitis in Uganda. Trop Doct 1993; 23:144. [PMID: 8356758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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100
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Wilson JN. Missed dislocation of the hip. Trop Doct 1993; 23:122-4. [PMID: 8356740 DOI: 10.1177/004947559302300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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