The dual effect of morphine on tumor development

Morphine is a classic opioid drug used for reducing pain and is commonly prescribed as an effective drug to control cancer pain. Morphine has a direct role in the central nervous system to relieve pain, but because of its peripheral functions, morphine also has some side effects, such as nausea, constipation, and addiction (Gupta et al. in Sci World J 2015:10, 2015). In addition to its analgesic effect, the role of morphine in tumor development is an important question that has been investigated for many years with conflicting results. Numerous studies suggest that morphine has a role in both promoting and inhibiting tumor growth. In this extensive review, we attempt to comprehensively understand the effects of morphine and summarize both its positive and negative influences on various aspects of tumors, including tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, and immunomodulation.

PGK1 as an immune target in Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an immune-mediated vasculitis with symptoms that mimic febrile illness; the immune origin has been suggested but never proved. First, cell chip technology was used to screen immune targets cells. With the indirect immunofluorescence assay we found that the HeLa cell chip could be recognized by KD patient serum samples. The target cell proteome was extracted as antigens, and antigen recognition reaction was performed using the patients' serum as antibodies and the detected target protein was detected and identified as phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Then PGK1 was produced and tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and competitive inhibition immunofluorescence assay. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G against PGK1 was detected in 46% (23 of 50) sera of KD patients, 13% (five of 38) sera in febrile non-KD patients (FC) and 2·6% (one of 38) sera in healthy donors. As an immune target, PGK1 not only helps understanding of the pathogenesis, it also has potential value in facilitating the laboratory diagnosis of KD.

Hedgehog Spin-Vortex Crystal Antiferromagnetic Quantum Criticality in CaK(Fe_{1-x}Ni_{x})_{4}As_{4} Revealed by NMR

Two ordering states, antiferromagnetism and nematicity, have been observed in most iron-based superconductors (SCs). In contrast to those SCs, the newly discovered SC CaK(Fe_{1-x}Ni_{x})_{4}As_{4} exhibits an antiferromagnetic (AFM) state, called hedgehog spin-vortex crystal (SVC) structure, without nematic order, providing the opportunity for the investigation into the relationship between spin fluctuations and SC without any effects of nematic fluctuations. Our ^{75}As nuclear magnetic resonance studies on CaK(Fe_{1-x}Ni_{x})_{4}As_{4} (0≤x≤0.049) revealed that CaKFe_{4}As_{4} is located close to a hidden hedgehog SVC AFM quantum-critical point (QCP). The magnetic QCP without nematicity in CaK(Fe_{1-x}Ni_{x})_{4}As_{4} highlights the close connection of spin fluctuations and superconductivity in iron-based SCs. The advantage of stoichiometric composition also makes CaKFe_{4}As_{4} an ideal platform for further detailed investigation of the relationship between magnetic QCP and superconductivity in iron-based SCs without disorder effects.

[The Wuhan Twin Birth Cohort Study]

The prevalence of child and adolescent growth and mental-behavior related diseases are increasing, and the pathogenesis are complex. Twins are excellent natural resources for complex chronic diseases research as they share the maternal intrauterine environment, born at the same time and share the same family environment in early years, which could benefit the adjust ment of confounding factors, such as age, genetic factors and early family environmental factors. Birth cohort with twin families involved could be more effective in exploring the genetic and environmental factors for complex chronic diseases at the very beginning of life. This paper summarizes the objective, content, progress, strengths and potential problems of Wuhan Twin Birth Cohort, with emphasis on the overall design and progress of the study.

Sequencing and phylogenetic characterization of Brucella canis isolates, Ohio, 2016

Brucella canis is one of zoonotic pathogens causing infection in human. In this study, we isolated and sequenced 38 B. canis strains from 11 cases. Core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis classified all B. canis isolates into two genogroups, GI and GII. All 38 isolates cluster together forming a 2016 Ohio cluster, in which they form five subclusters reflecting their geographical differences. Unlike GI, the isolates of the GII are from diverse geographical locations including Asia, America, Africa, and Europe and form Asia and South America clusters. Overall, our findings could be useful to investigate and track B. canis of future outbreaks.

Photoionization Modeling of Titan's Dayside Ionosphere

Previous modeling studies of Titan's dayside ionosphere predict electron number densities that are roughly a factor of 2 higher than those observed by the RPWS/Langmuir probe. The issue can equivalently be described as the ratio between the calculated electron production rates and the square of the observed electron number densities resulting in roughly a factor of 4 higher effective recombination coefficient than expected from the ion composition and the electron temperature. Here we make an extended reassessment of Titan's dayside ionization balance, focusing on 34 flybys between TA and T120. Using a recalibrated data set and by taking the presence of negative ions into account, we arrive at lower effective recombination coefficients compared with earlier studies. The values are still higher than expected from the ion composition and the electron temperature, but by a factor of ~2-3 instead of a factor of ~4. We have also investigated whether the derived effective recombination coefficients display dependencies on the solar zenith angle (SZA), the integrated solar EUV intensity (<80 nm), and the corotational plasma ram direction (RAM), and found statistically significant trends, which may be explained by a declining photoionization against the background ionization by magnetospheric particles (trends in SZA and RAM) and altered photochemistry (trend in EUV). We find that a series of flybys that occurred during solar minimum (2008) and with similar flyby geometries are associated with enhanced values of the effective recombination coefficient compared with the remaining data set, which also suggests a chemistry dependence on the sunlight conditions.

Quality of meta-analyses in major leading orthopedics journals: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Meta-Analyses are the basis of professional and healthcare agencies recommendations and have a growing importance. Quality of meta-analyses has been investigated in some medical fields but to our best knowledge this issue remains under investigated in orthopedics. Therefore, we performed a systematic analysis to: 1) after the introduction of PRISMA statement as a comprehensive guideline and the use of the AMSTAR tool as the standard for sufficient review methodology, has the quality of MAs improved because of that? 2) have some general characteristics influenced the quality of MAs (country, funding source, number of authors)?

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We systematically searched the meta-analyses in the top four journals with the impact factor (2015) as following: JBJS, Osteoarthritis Cartilage Arthroscopy and Clin Orthop Relat Res from 2005 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2015. Likewise from 2012-2015, we also analyzed the meta-analyses from OTSR. Characteristics were extracted based on the PRISMA statement and the AMSTAR tool. Country, number of authors, funding source were also extracted.

RESULTS

A total of 154 meta-analyses were included in the present study. Score with PRISMA statement and the AMSTAR checklist were 20.86±3.04 out of a maximum of 27 and 7.86±1.55 out of a maximum of 11. The best journal was OTSR according to the PRISMA (23.06±1.92) and AMSTAR (9.13±0.87) scores. And the worst journal was Clin Orthop Relat Res according to the PRISMA score (19.4±2.70) and JBJS according to the AMSTAR score (6.78±1.65). Twelve items showed significant difference in the PRISMA statement, and five items in the AMSTAR checklist. Integral score of PRISMA statement and AMSTAR checklist has a significant difference between 2005-2008 and 2012-2015. The MAs reported from U.S. (56, 36.4%) were more than any other region in the world. And the MAs published by Asia/Oceania increased remarkably between these two period times [from (4, 10.8%) to (45, 38.5%)].

CONCLUSION

This study showed that methodological reporting quality of meta-analyses in the major orthopedics journals has improved after the publication of the PRISMA statement.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III.

Treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy with an in-house Phosphorus-32 source: Initial clinical observations

The objective of the present study was to observe the therapeutic effect of radiation delivered via a ³²P source on Graves' ophthalmopathy. A³²P solution was injected into a 10-ml vacuum flask held inside a lead container. A window was cut in the lead, generating a treatment beam. Radiation was given to four areas: The upper and lower orbit (covering ~1/3 of the eyelid) and the inner and outer canthus. Each site received 10 daily doses of 20 cGy. Proptosis was measured by an exophthalmometer and the palpebral aperture was determined with a ruler. Measurements were taken before and after the treatment. After 5 days of treatment, the patient displayed a significant improvement, and by 10 days, the average reduction of proptosis in Graves' ophthalmopathy was 3.36±1.73 mm for the left and 3.05±2.04 mm for the right eyes. The treatment was effective in all patients, who uniformly reported rapid pain relief. Conjunctival congestion and eyelid edema also improved significantly. However, only 50% of patients showed improved diplopia after treatment, which was poor compared with other symptoms. No obvious side effects were found in the subsequent follow-up. In conclusion, ³²P brachytherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy was simple and effective, with few side effects, and should be considered as a promising therapy.

Study on the correlation between CD14 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to laryngeal cancer

OBJECTIVE

CD14 is the cell surface glycoprotein, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. This study was designed to assess the association between CD14 SNPs and laryngeal cancer risk.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This case-control study including 406 cases of laryngeal cancer and 893 healthy controls. The relationship between the genetic variation of CD14, rs2569190 and rs5744455, and the onset risk of laryngeal cancer were investigated. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to study the relationship between CD14 gene polymorphism and pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer.

RESULTS

The results showed that rs5744455 mutation could increase the onset risk of laryngeal cancer (TT vs. CC: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01-1.41; additive model: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01-1.42). The results of stratified analysis showed that rs5744455 was associated with the susceptibility to laryngeal cancer in the elderly, females, non-smokers and non-drinkers (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.04-1.66; OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.21-2.06; OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.08-1.69; OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.05-1.65). The analysis of combined effect of rs2569190 and rs5744455 showed that there was a combined effect between the two mutant loci (ptrend = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggested that the genetic variation of CD14, rs5744455, is related to the susceptibility to laryngeal cancer, providing a theoretical basis for the study of the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer.

Comparison of effectiveness and safety between conbercept and ranibizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. A retrospective case-controlled non-inferiority multiple center study

Purpose

To compare the efficacy and safety of conbercept and ranibizumab when administered according to a treat-and-extend (TREX) protocol for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in China.

Patients and methods

Between May 2014 and May 2015, 180 patients were treated in a 1 : 1 ratio using conbercept or ranibizumab from four hospitals. Patients received either conbercept 0.5 mg or ranibizumab 0.5 mg intravitreal injections. Follow-up time was 1 year and treated based on a TREX approach. Main outcomes and measures include best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS); number of injections; central retinal thickness (CRT); and leakage of choroidal neovascularization before and after the treatment was analyzed by fluorescein fundus angiography and indocyanine green angiography.

Results

The 1-year visit was completed by 168 (93.3%) of patients. Mean BCVA was equivalent between two cohorts, and were improved by 12.7±7.770 and 12.3±7.269 letters in the conbercept and ranibizumab cohorts, respectively (P=0.624). There was no significant difference in measured CRT, with a mean decrease of 191.5 μm for conbercept and 187.8 μm for ranibizumab (P=0.773). There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.001) between the drugs regarding the number of treatments: 7.4 for conbercept and 8.7 for ranibizumab. The difference in the distribution of injection intervals was statistically significant between two groups (P=0.011). During the study, there were no cases of endophthalmitis or intraocular inflammation.

Conclusion

Both drugs had equivalent effects in visual and anatomic gains at 1 year when administered. In the conbercept group, longer treatment intervals were achieved with more patients.

IL-10 Dysregulation in Acute Mountain Sickness Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis

Acute mountain sickness (AMS), which may progress to life-threatening high-altitude cerebral edema, is a major threat to millions of people who live in or travel to high altitude. Although studies have revealed the risk factors and pathophysiology theories of AMS, the molecular mechanisms of it do not comprehensively illustrate. Here, we used a system-level methodology, RNA sequencing, to explore the molecular mechanisms of AMS at genome-wide level in 10 individuals. After exposure to high altitude, a total of 1,164 and 1,322 differentially expressed transcripts were identified in AMS and non-AMS groups, respectively. Among them, only 328 common transcripts presented between the two groups. Immune and inflammatory responses were overrepresented in participants with AMS, but not in non-AMS individuals. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 and inflammation cytokines IF17F and CCL8 exhibited significantly different genetic connectivity in AMS compared to that of non-AMS individuals based on network analysis. IL10 was downregulated and both IF17F and CCL8 were upregulated in AMS individuals. Moreover, the serum concentration of IL10 significantly decreased in AMS patients after exposure to high altitude (p = 0.001) in another population (n = 22). There was a large negative correlation between the changes in IL10 concentration, r(22) = −0.52, p = 0.013, and Lake Louise Score. Taken together, our analysis provides unprecedented characterization of AMS transcriptome and identifies that genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses were disturbed in AMS individuals by high-altitude exposure. The reduction of IL10 after exposure to high altitude was associated with AMS.

Primary cultures of mouse small intestinal epithelial cells using the dissociating enzyme type I collagenase and hyaluronidase

The epithelium is a highly dynamic system, which plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of the intestinal tract. However, studies on the physiological and pathophysiological functions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have been hampered due to lack of normal epithelial cell models. In the present study, we established a reproducible method for primary culture of mouse IECs, which were isolated from the viable small intestinal crypts of murine fetuses (on embryonic day 19), using type I collagenase and hyaluronidase in a short span of time (≤20 min). With this method, continuously growing mouse IECs, which can be subcultured over a number of passages, were obtained. The obtained cell lines formed a tight cobblestone-like arrangement, displayed long and slender microvilli, expressed characteristic markers (cytokeratin 18 and Notch-1), and generated increasing transepithelial electrical resistance and low paracellular permeability during in vitro culture. The cells also had enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase-isomaltase, and secreted various cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), responding to the stimulation of Escherichia coli. These results show that the primary-cultured mouse IECs obtained by the method established here had the morphological and immunological characteristics of IECs. This culture system can be a beneficial in vitro model for studies on mucosal immunology and toxicology.

[A clinical analysis of 123 cases of primary empty sella]

Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the clinical characteristics and pituitary function of patients with primary empty sella (PES). Methods: The clinical data from 123 hospitalized adult patients with PES from January 2010 to May 2016 were retrospectively studied. Results: (1) The average age of the 123 (male 43, female 80) PES patients was (59.2±13.6) years (ranging 24-92 years), among whom 61% patients were in the age group between 50-69 years. (2) The symptoms of the patients included fatigue (56.1%), headache (34.1%), nausea and vomiting (17.9%), gonadal dysfunction (17.1%), visual disturbance (5.7%) and hypopituitarism crisis (3.3%). (3) Hypopituitarism was found in 66 of the 123 patients. Among them, 36.6%, 31.7% and 17.1% were central hypoadrenalism, hypogonadism, and hypothyroidism, respectively.The percentage of hypopituitarism in complete PES was significantly higher than that in partial PES (P<0.05). (4) Sixteen patients were concomitant with other autoimmune diseases including 11 patients with Graves' disease and 2 with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma. Conclusions: The incidence of hypopituitarism in PES was 53.7%, in which the pituitary-adrenal axis hypofunction was more common. An overall evaluation of the pituitary function was essential for the patients who had headache and fatigue, or with suspected PES. The patients with hypopituitarism should be given hormone replacement therapy in time and followed up afterword.

Identification of early diagnostic antigens in soluble proteins of Trichinella spiralis adult worms by Western blot

Previous studies showed that crude antigens from Trichinella spiralis adult worms (AW) can be recognized by mouse infection sera at 8 days post infection. The aim of this study was to identify the early diagnostic antigenic bands in soluble proteins from T. spiralis AW by Western blot using early infection sera. The affecting factors of adult recovery were firstly observed in this study, and the results showed that the maximum number of adults was collected from small intestine when the female BALB/c mice were orally infected with 4000 ML and sacrificed at 3 days post infection. The results of Western blot analysis showed that seven protein bands (31, 35.1, 39, 40.6, 41.9, 47 and 50.6 kDa) could be recognized by early infection sera as early as at 8-10 days post infection, and were strongly reacted with mouse infection sera at 11-12 days post infection. Our results suggested that the seven protein bands of T. spiralis AW soluble proteins might be the early expressed antigens during the intestinal stage of Trichinella infection and therefore have potential value for the early diagnosis of trichinellosis.

Dynamical beam manipulation based on 2-bit digitally-controlled coding metasurface

Recently, a concept of digital metamaterials has been proposed to manipulate field distribution through proper spatial mixtures of digital metamaterial bits. Here, we present a design of 2-bit digitally-controlled coding metasurface that can effectively modulate the scattered electromagnetic wave and realize different far-field beams. Each meta-atom of this metasurface integrates two pin diodes, and by tuning their operating states, the metasurface has four phase responses of 0, π/2, π, and 3π/2, corresponding to four basic digital elements “00”, “01”, “10”, and “11”, respectively. By designing the coding sequence of the above digital element array, the reflected beam can be arbitrarily controlled. The proposed 2-bit digital metasurface has been demonstrated to possess capability of achieving beam deflection, multi-beam and beam diffusion, and the dynamical switching of these different scattering patterns is completed by a programmable electric source.

A new HLA-B*55 allele, B*55:83N with a stop codon in exon 4 generated by a point mutation, identified in a Chinese individual

The new allele HLA-B*55:83N differs from HLA-B*55:02:01:01 by a single nucleotide.

[miR-34b-3p regulates the angiogenesis of senescent endothelial cell]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of miR-34b-3p on the proliferation, migration and tube formation of senescent endothelial cell.

METHODS

Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in vitro, and population doubling levels (PDLs) were calculated by passage. The young endothelial cell was defined as PDL8. The senescent endothelial cell was defined as PDL44. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was applied to detect the expression of miR-34b-3p in PDL8 and PDL44 HUVECs. miR-34b-3p mimic and inhibitor were transfected into PDL8 and PDL44 HUVECs. Then, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), transwell and tube formation assays were used to determine the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs, respectively.

RESULTS

miR-34b-3p was significantly up-regulated approximately 4.3 times in PDL44 HUVECs than that in PDL44 HUVECs (t=-4.528, P<0.05). The proliferation, migration, total tube length and branch points of miR-34b-3p in PDL8 HUVECs group were significantly higher approximately 1.2 (0.67/0.57), 1.2 (106/86), 1.4 (10 605/7 735) and 1.3 (41/31) times than that in PDL44 HUVECs group, respectively (t=3.237, 3.564, 5.165, 3.487, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Overexpression of miR-34b-3p had significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, total tube length and branch points approximately 2.2 (0.67/0.30), 2.3 (106/46), 1.6 (10 605/6 652) and 1.9 (41/22) times in PDL8 HUVECs, respectively (F=145.898, 53.026, 41.997, 36.341, all P<0.01). Repression of miR-34b-3p had significantly increased proliferation, migration, total tube length and branch points approximately 1.4 (0.77/0.57), 2.3 (198/86), 1.7 (13 073/7 735) and 2.3 (71/31) times in PDL44 HUVECs, respectively (F=14.815, 42.970, 167.063, 258.340, all P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

The high expression of miR-34b-3p in senescent HUVECs could impair the proliferation, migration and tube formation of senescent endothelial cell.

Circulation of Porcine Parvovirus Types 1 through 6 in Serum Samples Obtained from Six Commercial Polish Pig Farms

Porcine parvoviruses are small non-enveloped DNA viruses, very resistant to inactivation, and ubiquitous in the global pig population. Porcine parvovirus type 1 (PPV1) has been known since the 1960s and is a major causative agent of reproductive failure in breeding herds. During the last decade, several new parvoviruses have been identified in pigs by molecular methods and have been consecutively designated as PPV2 through PPV6. Epidemiology data for these viruses are limited, and the impact of these newly recognized parvoviruses on pigs is largely unknown. To further generate knowledge on the distribution of PPVs in pigs, a total of 247 serum samples were collected from six commercial Polish pig farms during 2013-2015 and tested by PCR assays and ELISAs. The pigs ranged from two to 18 weeks of age at sample collection. Breeding herds supplying the investigated farms were routinely vaccinated against PPV1. While all growing pig samples were negative for PPV1 DNA, young pigs were frequently negative for PPV1 antibodies and seroconversion to PPV1 was commonly seen at 9-10 weeks of age. The PPV2 antibody detection was highest in young pigs (2-6-week-old) and decreased in older pigs indicating passively acquired antibodies. The DNA prevalence rates in the serum samples analysed were 19% for PPV2, 7.7% for PPV3, 2.4% for PPV4, 4.0% for PPV5 and 6.1% for PPV6. Most PPV DNA-positive samples were identified in 9- to 18-week-old pigs with no obvious association with disease on the farm. All recently emerging PPV genotypes were detected in Polish farms. Similar to previous reports in other pig populations, PPV2 was the most frequent PPV genotype circulating in Poland.

[Effects of tetrahydrobiopterin on the angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) on the angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: BALB/c-nu mice were subcutaneously injected with HepG-2 cells and randomly divided into control and BH4 groups. The BH4 group and control group received 20 mg/kg BH4 or saline by intraperitoneal injection daily for two weeks, respectively. The level of BH4 was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the level of nitric oxide (NO) was measured by Griess test array, the transcriptional level of K-ras was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, and the protein expressions of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase Ⅰ(GTPCH), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phospho-Akt and Akt were determined by Western blot. Results: BH4 level in the tumor tissues of BH4 group was (0.24±0.02) μg/ml, significantly higher than the (0.17±0.01) μg/ml in the control group (P<0.01). The level of NO in the tumor tissues of BH4 group was (51.44±2.90) mmol/L, significantly higher than the (24.77±0.54) mmol/L in the control group (P<0.01). The tumor volume of BH4 group was (191.05±8.70) mm3, significantly higher than the (103.10±5.03) mm3 in the control group (P<0.01). The expressions of CD34, K-ras, phospho-eNOS, phospho-Akt and GTPCH were significantly up-regulated in the tumor tissues of BH4 group when compared with those of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions: BH4 recognized as an essential cofactor of eNOS can increase tumor-produced NO by activating the wild-type Ras-PI3K/Akt pathway, thus induces angiogenesis. This might provide a novel and promising way to control the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through targeting BH4 synthesis pathway and inhibiting angiogenesis.

Microstructure of the Default Mode Network in Preterm Infants

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Diffusion and fMRI has been providing insights to brain development in addition to anatomic imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure of white matter tracts underlying the default mode network in premature infants by using resting-state functional MR imaging in conjunction with diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cohort of 44 preterm infants underwent structural T1-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and DTI at 3T, including 21 infants with brain injuries and 23 infants with normal-appearing structural imaging as controls. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12 months' adjusted age. Probabilistic independent component analysis was applied to resting-state fMRI data to explore resting-state networks. The localized clusters of the default mode network were used as seeding for probabilistic tractography. The DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) of the reconstructed primary tracts within the default mode network-cingula were measured.

RESULTS

Results revealed decreased fractional anisotropy (0.20 ± 0.03) and elevated radial diffusivity values (1.24 ± 0.16) of the cingula in the preterm infants with brain injuries compared with controls (fractional anisotropy, 0.25 ± 0.03; P < .001; radial diffusivity, 1.06 ± 0.16; P = .001). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development cognitive scores were significantly associated with cingulate fractional anisotropy (P = .004) and radial diffusivity (P = .021); this association suggests that the microstructural properties of interconnecting axonal pathways within the default mode network are of critical importance in the early neurocognitive development of infants.

CONCLUSIONS

This study of combined resting-state fMRI and DTI at rest suggests that such studies may allow the investigation of key functional brain circuits in premature infants, which could function not only as diagnostic tools but also as biomarkers for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Methodological reporting quality of randomized controlled trials: A survey of seven core journals of orthopaedics from Mainland China over 5 years following the CONSORT statement

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the field of orthopaedics is increasing in Mainland China. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are inclined to bias if they lack methodological quality. Therefore, we performed a survey of RCT to assess: (1) What about the quality of RCTs in the field of orthopedics in Mainland China? (2) Whether there is difference between the core journals of the Chinese department of orthopedics and Orthopaedics Traumatology Surgery & Research (OTSR).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This research aimed to evaluate the methodological reporting quality according to the CONSORT statement of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in seven key orthopaedic journals published in Mainland China over 5 years from 2010 to 2014. All of the articles were hand researched on Chongqing VIP database between 2010 and 2014. Studies were considered eligible if the words "random", "randomly", "randomization", "randomized" were employed to describe the allocation way. Trials including animals, cadavers, trials published as abstracts and case report, trials dealing with subgroups analysis, or trials without the outcomes were excluded. In addition, eight articles selected from Orthopaedics Traumatology Surgery & Research (OTSR) between 2010 and 2014 were included in this study for comparison. The identified RCTs are analyzed using a modified version of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), including the sample size calculation, allocation sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding and handling of dropouts.

RESULTS

A total of 222 RCTs were identified in seven core orthopaedic journals. No trials reported adequate sample size calculation, 74 (33.4%) reported adequate allocation generation, 8 (3.7%) trials reported adequate allocation concealment, 18 (8.1%) trials reported adequate blinding and 16 (7.2%) trials reported handling of dropouts. In OTSR, 1 (12.5%) trial reported adequate sample size calculation, 4 (50.0%) reported adequate allocation generation, 1 (12.5%) trials reported adequate allocation concealment, 2 (25.0%) trials reported adequate blinding and 5 (62.5%) trials reported handling of dropouts. There were statistical differences as for sample size calculation and handling of dropouts between papers from Mainland China and OTSR (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study show that the methodological reporting quality of RCTs in seven core orthopaedic journals from the Mainland China is far from satisfaction and it needs to further improve to keep up with the standards of the CONSORT statement.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III case control.

Orthopedics research output from China, USA, UK, Japan, Germany and France: A 10-year survey of the literature

BACKGROUND

In the past decade, researchers have made great progress in the field of Orthopedics. However, the research status of different countries is unclear. To summarize the number of published articles, we assessed the cumulative impact factors in top orthopedic journals. The aims of the study were to measure: 1) the quality and quantity of publications in orthopedics-related journals from China and other five counties, 2) the trend of the number of publications in orthopedics-related journals.

METHODS

The related journals were selected based on the 2014 scientific citation index (SCI) and articles were searched based on the PubMed database. To assess the quantity and quality of research output, the number of publications including clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, case reports, reviews, citations, impact factors, number of articles in the top 10 journals and most popular journals were recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 143,138 orthopedics articles were published from 2005 to 2014. The USA accounts for 24.9% (35,763/143,138) of the publications, followed by UK (7878/143,138 (5.5%)), Japan (7133/143,138 (5.0%)), Germany (5942/143,138 (4.2%)), China (4143/143,138 (2.9%)) and France (2748/143,138 (1.9%)). The ranking for accumulated impact factors as follows: USA, UK, Japan, Germany, France and China. The mean impact factor's order is USA, China, Germany, Japan, France, UK, and interestingly the mean impact factors in Japan is similar to the Germany in 2005-2014. The USA had the highest percentage of articles in the top 10 journals, while China owns the least. The USA had the highest number of average citations, while Japan had lowest number of average citations.

CONCLUSIONS

According to this study, we can conclude that the USA has had been leading the orthopedics research in the past 10 years. Although China still falls behind, it has made considerable progress in the orthopedics research, not only in quantity but also quality.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

The divergence pattern of Trichinella spiralis isolates from China revealed by mitochondrial and ribosomal markers

Trichinella spiralis is the main etiological agent of human trichinellosis. In China, trichinellosis remains a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis and poses a serious threat to human health. However, the genetic structure of Chinese T. spiralis population is still little known. In this study, we used three molecular markers to analyze phylogeographic structure of the Chinese T. spiralis population. A total of 11 T. spiralis isolates were collected from 10 geographical locations in mainland China. The cytochrome c-oxidase gene (COI), large subunit ribosomal DNA (mt-lsrDNA) and 5S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer region (5S ISR) genes of each isolate was amplified and sequenced. Only four haplotypes were found in these concatenated sequences. Both multimodal frequency distributions of mismatch analysis and the Bayesian skyline plot analysis rejected a possible population expansion of Chinese T. spiralis population. The phylogenetic inference based on neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and the Bayesian estimation of divergence times under the uncorrelated log-normal relaxed molecular-clock model suggested that the Chinese T. spiralis isolates started radiating in the late Miocene.

Influence of internal geometry on magnetization reversal in asymmetric permalloy rings

We report the magnetization reversal behavior of microstructured Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ rings using magneto-optic indicator film imaging and magnetometry. While the reversal behavior of rings with a symmetric (circular) interior hole agrees with micromagnetic simulations of an onion → vortex → onion transition, we experimentally demonstrate that rings possessing an elliptical hole with an aspect ratio of 2 exhibit complex reversal behavior comprising incoherent domain propagation in the rings. Magneto optic images reveal metastable magnetic configurations that illustrate this incoherent behavior. These results have important implications for understanding the reversal behavior of asymmetric ferromagnetic rings.

[Correlation analysis between glycolipids metabolism and clinicopathologic features in patients with gastric cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the correlation between glycolipids metabolism and clinicopathologic features in patients with gastric cancer.

METHODS

Glycolipids metabolism and clinicopathologic features of 443 gastric cancer patients were collected, and their correlation was analyzed.

RESULTS

Compared to gastric cancer patients with normal levels of glycolipids metabolism, there were less male patients who were with low level of total cholesterol (TCH)(χ(2)=7.676, P<0.05), and the number of male patients with low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (χ(2)=7.520) and apoA1 (χ(2)=6.253) was higher (both P<0.05). Serum TCH level showed a negative correlation with age of patients (r=-0.116), tumor size (r=-0.117) and TNM stage (r=-0.111) (P<0.05); serum HDL level was negatively correlated with tumor diameter (r=-0.094), the number of metastatic lymph nodes (r=-0.106), primary tumor invasion depth (r=-0.112), metastatic lymph nodes stage (r=-0.102) and TNM stage (r=-0.107) (P<0.05); serum LDL was negatively correlated with age of patients (r=-0.116) (P<0.05); serum LPa was positively correlated with tumor size (r=0.170), the number of metastatic lymph nodes (r=0.151), primary tumor invasion depth (r=0.160), metastatic lymph nodes stage (r=0.153) and TNM stage (r=0.115) (P<0.05); apoA1 was negatively correlated with distant metastasis (r=-0.168) and TNM stage (r=-0.120) (P<0.05); and apoB was negatively correlated with distant metastases (r=-0.132, P<0.05). Levels of blood glucose and TG had no significant association with clinicopathological features of gastric cancer patients (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Low lipid metabolism but high level of LPa may be the metabolic characteristics of gastric cancer progression. Monitoring the changes of serum lipids levels could be valuable for the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

PTBP1 modulation of MCL1 expression regulates cellular apoptosis induced by antitubulin chemotherapeutics

Myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1), an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family protein, is a key regulator of intrinsic apoptosis. Normal cells require strict control over MCL1 expression with aberrant MCL1 expression linked to the emergence of various diseases and chemoresistance. Previous studies have detailed how MCL1 expression is regulated by multiple mechanisms both transcriptionally and translationally. However, characterization of the post-transcriptional regulators of MCL1 mRNA is limited. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is a known regulator of post-transcriptional gene expression that can control mRNA splicing, translation, stability and localization. Here we demonstrate that PTBP1 binds to MCL1 mRNA and that knockdown of PTBP1 upregulates MCL1 expression in cancer cells by stabilizing MCL1 mRNA and increasing MCL1 mRNA accumulation in cytoplasm. Further, we show that depletion of PTBP1 protects cancer cells from antitubulin agent-induced apoptosis in a MCL1-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that PTBP1 is a novel regulator of MCL1 mRNA by which it controls apoptotic response to antitubulin chemotherapeutics.

Viability, morphology and function of primary endothelial cells on poly(n-butyl acrylate) networks having elastic moduli comparable to arteries

Soft hydrophobic poly(n-butyl acrylate) networks (cPnBA) were developed as entropy elastic substrates for passive mechanical stimulation of cells, where the elastic modulus of the cPnBAs could be systematically adjusted by variation of the cross-link density. The networks were synthesized by thermally-induced radical polymerization from n-butyl acrylate, with poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PPGDMA) acting as cross-linker, whereby the purity of the cPnBAs was confirmed by(1) H-NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography. In this work two cPnBA polymer networks with an elastic modulus around 200 kPa and 1 MPa were investigated having an elastic modulus similar to that of arteries. Both cPnBAs exhibited an almost smooth surface with a surface roughness (R q) in the wet state ranging from 17 to 37 nm and a similar zetapotential, indicating an almost identical chemical composition within the topmost surface layer in terms of functional groups. In contrast, wettability of the samples was found to be different with an advancing angle ( advancing) of 123 ± 3.8° for cPnBA0250, while for cPnBA1100 significantly lower values for advancing (111 ± 3.8°) were obtained. First in vitro tests were performed with primary endothelial cells (HUVEC) to study its effects on vascular cell functions. Within the time period of cultivation (72 h), the cells on the cPnBA samples reached subconfluence and showed a viability rate of almost 100%. Although cell density differed after 72 h with more cells on cPnBA0250 than on cPnBA1100, both materials showed no significant effect on the cell morphology, the cellular LDH-release, which was used as marker for the integrity of the cell membrane, and the organisation of the VE-cadherin. However, lower cell density and less actin stress fibre formation on cPnBA1100 might indicate that cell-material interaction was weaker on cPnBA1100 than on cPnBA0250. The secretion of the vasoactive cytokines prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) was low compared to previously reported values. However, the anti-thrombogenic ratio of PGI2/TXA2 - which is balanced under physiological conditions - with much higher PGI2 compared to TXA2 (up to 17.6-fold after 72 h for cPnBA1100) suggests that this material might be effective to preventing thrombosis.

[Relationship between N-nitrosodimethylamine and risk of digestive tract cancers: a Meta analysis based on cohort studies]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the relationship between N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA)and the risk of digestive tract cancers.

METHODS

The papers about the relationship between NDMA and the risk of digestive tract cancers published from 1980 to 2012 were retrieved following databases: Chinese BioMedical Literature Database(CBM), the Chinese Journal Full-text Database(CNKI), Wanfang Database, PubMed and EBSCO. The fix and random effect model was used and statistical analyses were conducted by using RevMan 5.1 software.

RESULTS

Thirteen papers were found, in which 7 about digestive tract cancers were used in this Meta analysis. The NDMA had significant positive effect on the incidence of digestive tract cancers(RR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.03-1.21). The relationship between NDMA and esophageal cancer was not significant(RR=1.18, 95%CI: 0.98-1.41)but NDMA could increase the risk of gastric cancer(RR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.00-1.18). For the subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer, NDMA had positive relationship with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(RR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.01-2.96), but had no significant relationship with esophageal adenocarcinoma, cardiac carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma.

CONCLUSION

The population-based cohort studies have showed that the NDMA could significantly increase the risk of digestive tract cancers, but the effects differed with subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer. However, it is necessary to collect more evidence due to the limited studies and obvious differences in the study design, sampling and exposure measurement of these cohort studies.

[Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributable to ambient ozone pollution in 1990 and 2013 in China]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China attributable to ambient ozone pollution in 1990 and 2013.

METHODS

Based on the results of the China Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2013, the population attributable fractions was used to analyze the deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of COPD attributable to ambient ozone pollution in all provinces (not including Taiwan, China) in 1990 and 2013, and to compare changes of the attributable disease burden in 1990 and 2013.

RESULTS

In 2013, 7.4% (95% uncertainty interval (95% UI): 6.1%-8.6%) of COPD were attributable to ambient ozone pollution, with the highest rate in Hebei province (15.0%, 95%UI: 12.0%-18.7%) and the lowest in Heilongjiang province (2.8%,95%UI: 0.9%-5.3%). In 2013, 67 485 COPD deaths in China were due to ambient ozone pollution, with the highest number in Sichuan province (11 929) and in China lowest in Macao (11). A total of 1.168 million DALYs caused by COPD were due to ambient ozone pollution, with the highest in Sichuan province (0.189 million) and lowest in Macao (257.4). In 2013, the DALY per 100 000 population caused by COPD due to ambient ozone pollution after age standardization was lowest in Heilongjiang province (21.9), Shanghai (26.7), Beijing (38.4), Tianjin (39.3), and Jilin province (39.7) and highest in Sichuan province (206.4), Qinghai province (202.5), Guizhou province (175.3), and Gansu province (171.4). DALYs caused by COPD attributable to ambient ozone pollution increased with age (0.144 million person years for ages 15-49 years, 0.43 million person years for age 50-69 years and 0.594 million person years for age 70 years and above), which were higher in men than in women (0.708 million person years for men and 0.459 million person years for women in 2013). Deaths of COPD attributable to ambient ozone pollution were 49 514 and 67 485 in 1990 and 2013, respectively. DALYs caused by COPD attributable to ozone pollution totaled 0.894 million and 1.168 million person years in 1990 and 2013, respectively. Ambient ozone pollution-related deaths and DALYs increased 36.3% and 30.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Compared with 1990, the disease burden of COPD in 2013 attributed to ambient ozone pollution in China increased substantially. Ambient ozone pollution caused great losses among Chinese residents. More attention should be directed toward western provinces with a particularly high disease burden due to ambient ozone pollution.

Combining the absorptive and radiative loss in metasurfaces for multi-spectral shaping of the electromagnetic scattering

The absorptive and radiative losses are two fundamental aspects of the electromagnetic responses, which are widely occurring in many different systems such as waveguides, solar cells, and antennas. Here we proposed a metasurface to realize the control of the absorptive and radiative loss and to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) in multi-frequency bands. The anti-phase gradient and absorptive metasurfaces were designed that consists of metallic square patch and square loop structure inserted with resistors, acting as an phase gradient material in the X and Ku band, while behaving as an absorber in the S band. The simulation and experiment results verified the double-band, wideband and polarization-independent RCS reduction by the absorptive and anti-phase gradient metasurfaces.