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Mahadevappa B, Suresh SC, Natarajan K, Thomas J. Cystogram with dumbbell shaped urinary bladder in a sliding inguinal hernia. J Radiol Case Rep 2009; 3:7-9. [PMID: 22470640 DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v3i2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sliding inguinal hernias present with various symptoms and these are usually direct inguinal hernias containing various abdominal viscera. Case reports and series have been published with various organs and rare organs being part of the hernia. Urinary bladder is a known content of sliding hernias. This case report emphasizes this aspect in a picturesque manner and the importance of radiological investigations for pre-surgical evaluation.
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Natarajan K. Surgical instruments and endoscopes of Susruta, the sage surgeon of ancient India. Indian J Surg 2008; 70:219-23. [PMID: 23133066 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-008-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Susruta, the great sage surgeon, philosopher and teacher of ancient India, practiced around 600 bc. He is renowned all over the world for his contribution to surgery in general and plastic surgery in particular especially rhinoplasty. But his contribution to endoscopes is not well known to the medical world. His contribution to surgical instruments including endoscopes is reviewed here. Literature survery was the basis of this study. Susruta samhita [1], the treatise compiled by Susruta, various commentaries on it by different authors [2, 3] and other related literature are used as primary sources. Susruta belonged to a period between 600 and 800 bc. His conception of surgical instruments, the description of their quality, methods of manufacture and their usage are very unique, as there were no earlier comprehensive descriptions of similar surgical instruments by any surgeon, not only in India but also the whole world. Susruta was perhaps the first surgeon in the world to describe different types of surgical instruments including endoscopes. This is far beyond the imagination of any other surgeon at that period of time and obviously he was far ahead of his time in this field.
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Muthukumar M, Viswanathamurthi P, Natarajan K. Synthesis and spectral characterization of 2'-hydroxy chalconate complexes of ruthenium(II) and their catalytic and biological applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:1222-1226. [PMID: 18068426 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of [RuHCl(CO)(B)(EPh3)2] (B=EPh3 or pyridine; E=P or As) and 2'-hydroxychalcones in 1:2 ratio led to the formation of [Ru(CO)(B)(L)2] (B=PPh3, AsPh3 or Py; L=2'-hydroxychalcones). The new complexes have been characterized by analytical and spectral (IR, electronic and 1H NMR) data. They have been assigned an octahedral structure. The new complexes were found to catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes using N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide as co-oxidant. All the new complexes were found to be active against bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella typhi and fungi Aspergillus niger. The activity was compared with standard Streptomycin or Bavistin.
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Davies NP, Wilson M, Harris LM, Natarajan K, Lateef S, Macpherson L, Sgouros S, Grundy RG, Arvanitis TN, Peet AC. Identification and characterisation of childhood cerebellar tumours by in vivo proton MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2008; 21:908-918. [PMID: 18613254 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
(1)H MRS has great potential for the clinical investigation of childhood brain tumours, but the low incidence in, and difficulties of performing trials on, children have hampered progress in this area. Most studies have used a long-TE, thus limiting the metabolite information obtained, and multivariate analysis has been largely unexplored. Thirty-five children with untreated cerebellar tumours (18 medulloblastomas, 12 pilocytic astrocytomas and five ependymomas) were investigated using a single-voxel short-TE PRESS sequence on a 1.5 T scanner. Spectra were analysed using LCModel to yield metabolite profiles, and key metabolite assignments were verified by comparison with high-resolution magic-angle-spinning NMR of representative tumour biopsy samples. In addition to univariate metabolite comparisons, the use of multivariate classifiers was investigated. Principal component analysis was used for dimension reduction, and linear discriminant analysis was used for variable selection and classification. A bootstrap cross-validation method suitable for estimating the true performance of classifiers in small datasets was used. The discriminant function coefficients were stable and showed that medulloblastomas were characterised by high taurine, phosphocholine and glutamate and low glutamine, astrocytomas were distinguished by low creatine and high N-acetylaspartate, and ependymomas were differentiated by high myo-inositol and glycerophosphocholine. The same metabolite features were seen in NMR spectra of ex vivo samples. Successful classification was achieved for glial-cell (astrocytoma + ependymoma) versus non-glial-cell (medulloblastoma) tumours, with a bootstrap 0.632 + error, e(B.632+), of 5.3%. For astrocytoma vs medulloblastoma and astrocytoma vs medulloblastoma vs ependymoma classification, the e(B.632+) was 6.9% and 7.1%, respectively. The study showed that (1)H MRS detects key differences in the metabolite profiles for the main types of childhood cerebellar tumours and that discriminant analysis of metabolite profiles is a promising tool for classification. The findings warrant confirmation by larger multi-centre studies.
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Chandrasekharan H, Sarangi A, Nagarajan M, Singh VP, Rao DUM, Stalin P, Natarajan K, Chandrasekaran B, Anbazhagan S. Variability of soil-water quality due to Tsunami-2004 in the coastal belt of Nagapattinam district, Tamilnadu. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2008; 89:63-72. [PMID: 17531371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Tsunami-caused deterioration of soil and groundwater quality in the agricultural fields of coastal Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu state in India is presented by analyzing their salinity and sodicity parameters. To accomplish this, three sets of soil samples up to a depth of 30 cm from the land surface were collected for the first six months of the year 2005 from 28 locations and the ground water samples were monitored from seven existing dug wells and hand pumps covering the study region at intervals of 3 months. The EC and pH values of both the soil and ground water samples were estimated and the spatial and temporal variability mappings of these parameters were performed using the geostatistical analysis module of ArcGIS((R)). It was observed that the spherical semivariogram fitted well with the data set of both EC and pH and the generated kriged maps explained the spatial and temporal variability under different ranges of EC and pH values. Further, the recorded EC and pH data of soil and ground water during pre-Tsunami periods were compared with the collected data and generated variability soil maps of EC and pH of the post-Tsunami period. It was revealed from this analysis that the soil quality six months after the Tsunami was nearing the pre-Tsunami scenario (EC< 1.5 dS m(-1); pH<8), whereas the quality of ground water remained highly saline and unfit for irrigation and drinking. These observations were compared with the ground scenarios of the study region and possible causes for such changes and the remedial measures for taking up regular agricultural practices are also discussed.
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Prabhakaran R, Huang R, Renukadevi S, Karvembu R, Zeller M, Natarajan K. Coordination behaviour of ferrocenylthiosemicarbazone in a novel hetero trinuclear nickel(II) complex: Synthesis, spectral, electrochemistry and X-ray crystallography. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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82
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Natarajan K, Chen J, Kolhe R, Eaton K, Fiskus W, Rao R, Wang Y, Lee P, Atadja P, Bhalla KN. Depletion of HDAC7 and de-repression of Nur77: a mechanism for sensitivity of cutaneous lymphoma (CTCL) cells to pan- histone deacetylase inhibitor Panobinostat (LBH589). J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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83
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Viswanathamurthi P, Dharmaraj N, Natarajan K. Ruthenium(III) Complexes Containing Monofunctional Bidentate Schiff Bases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00945710009351833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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84
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Prabhakaran R, Renukadevi SV, Karvembu R, Huang R, Mautz J, Huttner G, Subashkumar R, Natarajan K. Structural and biological studies of mononuclear palladium(II) complexes containing N-substituted thiosemicarbazones. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:268-73. [PMID: 17513020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New complexes of Pd(II) with N-substituted thiosemicarbazone (1)-(3) have been synthesised and characterised by elemental analyses, IR, electronic, (1)H NMR spectroscopies. The electrochemical behaviour of the complexes has been tested by using cyclic voltammetry. The crystal structures of the complexes have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. In all the complexes the thiosemicarbazone ligand is coordinated to palladium through ONS mode. The complex 1 crystallises in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with two molecules per unit cell, has the dimensions of a=9.4390(19)A, b=10.645(2)A, c=13.668(3)A, alpha=90 degrees , beta=91.43 degrees and gamma=90 degrees . The complex 3 crystallises in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with four molecules per unit cell, has the dimensions of a=14.119(3)A, b=11.155(2)A, c=18.503(4)A, alpha=90 degrees , beta=112.02 degrees and gamma=90 degrees . The new complexes have been tested for their antibacterial activity against various pathogenic bacteria. From this study, it was found out that the activity of the complex 2 almost reaches the effectiveness of the conventional bacteriocide Streptomycin.
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Chitrapriya N, Mahalingam V, Zeller M, Jayabalan R, Swaminathan K, Natarajan K. Synthesis, crystal structure and biological activities of dehydroacetic acid complexes of Ru(II) and Ru(III) containing PPh3/AsPh3. Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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86
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Manimaran A, Prabhakaran R, Deepa T, Natarajan K, Jayabalakrishnan C. Synthesis, spectral characterization, electrochemistry and catalytic activities of Cu(II) complexes of bifunctional tridentate Schiff bases containing ONO donors. Appl Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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87
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Balasubramanian KP, Karvembu R, Prabhakaran R, Chinnusamy V, Natarajan K. Synthesis, spectral, catalytic and antimicrobial studies of PPh3/AsPh3 complexes of Ru(II) with dibasic tridentate O, N, S donor ligands. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:50-4. [PMID: 17182271 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Complexes of the type [Ru(CO)(EPh(3))(B)(L)] (E = P or As; B = PPh(3), AsPh(3), py or pip; L=dianion of the Schiff bases derived from thiosemicarbazone with acetoacetanilide, acetoacet-o-toluidide and o-chloro acetoacetanilide) have been synthesized from the reactions of equimolar amounts of [RuHCl(CO)(EPh(3))(2)(B)] and Schiff bases in benzene. The new complexes have been characterized by analytical and spectral (IR, electronic, NMR) data. The arrangement of PPh(3) groups around ruthenium metal was determined from (31)P NMR spectra. An octahedral structure has been assigned for all the new complexes. All the complexes exhibited catalytic activity for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and cyclohexanol in presence of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide as co-oxidant. The complexes also exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, Aeromonas hydrophilla and Salmonella typhi. The activity was compared with standard streptomycin.
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Riviere T, Diedhiou AG, Diabate M, Senthilarasu G, Natarajan K, Verbeken A, Buyck B, Dreyfus B, Bena G, Ba AM. Genetic diversity of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes from African and Indian tropical rain forests. MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:415-428. [PMID: 17334790 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi have a worldwide distribution. However, the ecology of tropical ECM fungi is poorly documented, limiting our understanding of the symbiotic associations between tropical plants and fungi. ECM Basidiomycete diversity was investigated for the first time in two tropical rain forests in Africa (Western Upper Guinea) and in Asia (Western Ghats, India), using a fragment of the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene to type 140 sporocarps and 54 ectomycorrhizas. To evaluate taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic analyses were performed, and 40 sequences included from identified European specimens were used as taxonomic benchmarks. Five clades were recovered corresponding to six taxonomic groups: boletoids, sclerodermatoids, russuloids, thelephoroids, and a clade grouping the Amanitaceae and Tricholomataceae families. Our results revealed that the Russulaceae species display a great diversity with several putative new species, especially in Guinea. Other taxonomic issues at family/section levels are also briefly discussed. This study provides preliminary insights into taxonomic diversity, ECM status, and biogeographic patterns of ECM fungi in tropical two rain forest ecosystems, which appear to be as diverse as in temperate and boreal forests.
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Viswanathamurthi P, Natarajan K. Ruthenium(II) Carbonyl Complexes Containing Tetradentate Schiff Bases and Their Catalytic Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15533170600732619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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90
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Karvembu R, Natarajan K. SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF DICARBOXYLATO-BRIDGED BINUCLEAR RUTHENIUM(III) COMPLEXES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/sim-100104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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91
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Peet AC, Lateef S, MacPherson L, Natarajan K, Sgouros S, Grundy RG. Short echo time 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of childhood brain tumours. Childs Nerv Syst 2007; 23:163-9. [PMID: 17106750 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-006-0206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore short echo time (30 ms) 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in children with brain tumours and determine the contributions to the characterization of these tumours of the metabolites inositol/myoinositol and glutamate/glutamine, which are not visible at long echo times (135 or 270 ms). METHODS Over a 12-month period 86 single-voxel MRS investigations were performed on 59 children with various brain tumours on a Siemens Symphony 1.5-T Magnetom using point-resolved spectroscopy and echo time of 30 ms. RESULTS The procedure was well tolerated, and good-quality data were obtained. N-Acetyl aspartate (NAA)/Choline (Cho) and creatine (Cr)/Cho concentration ratios were significantly (p<0.001) lower in tumour (0.95 and 1.63, respectively) compared with non-involved brain (3.68 and 3.98, respectively) in all histological types. Inositol/Myoinositol (Inos)/Cho ratios were significantly (p<0.05) lower in untreated tumours (1.91) than in treated tumours (3.93) and in non-involved brain (3.32). Inos/Cho ratios were high in diffuse pontine gliomas and low in medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumours (p<0.01). Glutamate/Glutamine (Glut)/Cho ratios were high in grade 1 astrocytomas (6.4) and unbiopsied optic gliomas (9.84) but low in diffuse pontine gliomas (2.44). Lipids and macromolecules were present in most tumours but in low quantities in non-involved brain. CONCLUSION Good-quality short echo time MRS data can be collected routinely on children with brain tumours. Inos and Glut levels show greater variability between tumour types than NAA, Cho and Cr present at long echo times, providing improved tumour characterization. Inos/Cho levels differ between untreated and treated tumours and may be useful for treatment monitoring.
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Manivannan S, Prabhakaran R, Balasubramanian KP, Dhanabal V, Karvembu R, Chinnusamy V, Natarajan K. Synthesis, spectral, electrochemical and catalytic studies of new Ru(III) tetradentate Schiff base complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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93
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Priyarega S, Prabhakaran R, Aranganayagam KR, Karvembu R, Natarajan K. Synthetic and catalytic investigations of ruthenium(III) complexes with triphenylphosphine/triphenylarsine and tridentate Schiff base. Appl Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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94
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Balasubramanian KP, Parameswari K, Chinnusamy V, Prabhakaran R, Natarajan K. Synthesis, characterization, electro chemistry, catalytic and biological activities of ruthenium(III) complexes with bidentate N, O/S donor ligands. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 65:678-83. [PMID: 16546440 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
New hexa-coordinated ruthenium(III) complexes of the type [RuX(2)(EPh(3))(2)(L)] (E=P or As; X=Cl or Br; L=monobasic bidentate Schiff base derived from the condensation of benzhydrazide with furfuraldehyde, 2-acetylfuran and 2-acetylthiophene) have been synthesized from the equimolar amounts of [RuX(3)(EPh(3))(3)] or [RuBr(3)(PPh(3))(2)(MeOH)] and Schiff bases in benzene. The new complexes have been characterized by analytical, spectral (IR, electronic and EPR), magnetic moment, and cyclic voltammetry. An octahedral structure has been tentatively proposed. All the complexes have exhibited catalytic activity for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol and cinnamylalcohol in the presence of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide as co-oxidant. All the new complexes were found to be active against the bacteria such as E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The activity was compared with standard Streptomycin.
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Natarajan K, Gilbert AF, Patel B, Siddha R. Frequency response adaptation of PI controllers based on recursive least-squares process identification. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2006; 45:517-28. [PMID: 17063935 DOI: 10.1016/s0019-0578(07)60229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The frequency domain approach to adaptive control or autotuning of proportional plus integral (PI) controllers is considered in this paper. The frequency response of the process is computed from an overparametrized recursive least-squares (RLS) model and used at sample intervals to tune the PI. By simulations it is shown that the frequency response estimates converge more quickly and are more constant in the presence of disturbances than the RLS coefficients from which they are calculated. The frequency response estimates are therefore more reliable for controller tuning. The method can handle concurrent gain variation of 50% and time constant or delay variations of 100%. The method is implemented and experimentally verified on a pilot distillation column.
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Nunnally B, Park SS, Patel K, Hong M, Zhang X, Wang SX, Rener B, Reed-Bogan A, Salas-Solano O, Lau W, Girard M, Carnegie H, Garcia-Cañas V, Cheng KC, Zeng M, Ruesch M, Frazier R, Jochheim C, Natarajan K, Jessop K, Saeed M, Moffatt F, Madren S, Thiam S, Altria K. A Series of Collaborations Between Various Pharmaceutical Companies and Regulatory Authorities Concerning the Analysis of Biomolecules Using Capillary Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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97
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Natarajan K. Modern laparoscopy and the archery episode in the greatest epic of India: Mahabarata. World J Surg 2006; 30:1221-3. [PMID: 16816899 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The laparoscopic surgeon is trained to acquire advanced skills to perform the complicated laparoscopic surgery of the target tissue in a three-dimensional (3D) space by viewing its two-dimensional (2D) video image. This technique finds its parallel in a very ancient archery episode portrayed in the longest and the greatest Indian epic, Mahabarata. In this epic, Arjuna, the master archer, is required to employ the strategy of aiming at the eye of a target fish rotating above his head by viewing its reflected image below in water; of course, all this to win the hand of a beautiful princess! Arjuna is so trained that he cannot but excel in focusing his attention on his target. A comparative study of the laparoscopic surgeon and the ancient master archer is done in this paper with a view to throwing light on the interesting similarities between the archer and the modern laparoscopic surgeon with respect to training methods, skills, and techniques.
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98
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Mahalingam V, Karvembu R, Chinnusamy V, Natarajan K. Spectral, redox and catalytic studies of triphenylphosphine/triphenylarsine complexes of Ru(III) with N, O donor ligands derived from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and primary amines. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 64:886-90. [PMID: 16330248 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of new mixed ligand hexacoordinated ruthenium(III) Schiff base complexes of the type [RuX(2)(EPh(3))(2)(LL')] (X=Cl, E=P; X=Cl or Br, E=As and LL'=anion of the Schiff bases derived from the condensation of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with aniline, 4-chloroaniline, 2-methyl aniline and 4-methoxy aniline) are reported. All the complexes have been characterized by analytical and spectral (IR, electronic and EPR) data. The redox behavior of the complexes has also been studied. The complexes exhibit catalytic activity in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in the presence of N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide (NMO). An octahedral structure has been proposed for all of the complexes.
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Riviere T, Natarajan K, Dreyfus B. Spatial distribution of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Russula subsect. Foetentinae populations in a primary dipterocarp rainforest. MYCORRHIZA 2006; 16:143-148. [PMID: 16180039 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-005-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of basidiocarps of the ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Russula subsect. Foetentinae was assessed in a primary forest in the Western Ghâts (India) dominated by the ectomycorrhizal tree species Vateria indica and Dipterocarpus indicus. Over a 7,700-m(2) sampling area, both trees and basidiocarps of Russula subsect. Foetentinae were mapped during the first month of the 2002 rainy season. First-order spatial analysis revealed that the distribution of the 45 collected carpophores was highly aggregated, with 60% of all basidiocarps located at a distance lower than 1 m from the nearest one. The genetic structure of the Russula subsect. Foetentinae population was studied by inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphism analysis using three primers. Eighteen of the 45 genotypes were represented by single basidiocarps. Twenty-seven basidiocarps were identified as belonging to 11 genets or separated ramets. Five genets were small, with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 5 m. The six others were large, with a diameter ranging from 31 m to a maximum measured distance of 70 m. In spite of the lack of data concerning the reproductive biology of this species, the presence of large genets suggests that mature stands may shelter well-spread underground mycelium, crucial for durable interaction with plant partner.
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Reddy MS, Singla S, Natarajan K, Senthilarasu G. Pisolithus indicus, a new species of ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with Dipterocarps [corrected] in India. Mycologia 2006; 97:838-43. [PMID: 16457353 DOI: 10.3852/mycologia.97.4.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pisolithus is cosmopolitan in both tropical and temperate regions and forms ectomycorrhizal associations with a wide range of woody plants. Pisolithus indicus, a new species associated with Vateria indica (Dipterocarpaceae) is reported in this study from a dipterocarp native forest in the Western Ghats in India, using both morphological and molecular tools. The length of ITS1 and ITS2 regions of the present collection differed with other sequences of Pisolithus available in the databases. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this species did not show significant homology with existing Pisolithus sequences reported previously and formed a separate branch linking with another Pisolithus isolate from dipterocarps. Molecular and morphological evidence showed that P. indicus is a new species associated with dipterocarps in India.
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