The pharmacodynamic effects of combined administration of flibanserin and alcohol

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Flibanserin is a serotonin 5-HT_1A agonist and 5-HT_2A antagonist approved for the treatment of acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Because of the increased risk of hypotension- and syncope-related adverse events (AEs) observed with coadministration of flibanserin and alcohol, alcohol use is contraindicated. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the interaction between flibanserin and alcohol, the results of a dedicated phase 1 alcohol-interaction study and a pooled analysis of phase 3 studies of premenopausal women with HSDD are presented.

METHODS

In the phase 1 study, healthy participants (males [n=23] and females [n=2]) were randomly assigned to one of five sequence groups, which determined the order in which they were to receive flibanserin 100 mg or placebo, with or without ethanol 0.4 g/kg or 0.8 g/kg. Change from baseline in seated blood pressure, orthostatic vital signs, AEs and visual analogue scale sedation outcomes were examined. Blood samples were collected at baseline and for up to 4 hours after dosing to determine flibanserin area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 hours (AUC_0-4 ). Pooled data from five phase 3 studies of patients receiving flibanserin 100 mg once daily (n=1543), or placebo (n=1905), were analysed.

RESULTS

In the phase 1 study, the incidence of hypotension and syncope increased when flibanserin was coadministered with ethanol. Sedation increased 20% and 27% from baseline with flibanserin plus ethanol 0.4 g/kg and 0.8 g/kg, respectively, at 4 hours post-dose. In the pooled analysis of phase 3 studies, 58.2% and 63.6% of participants receiving flibanserin or placebo, respectively, reported baseline alcohol use. In patients receiving flibanserin, fatigue and dizziness occurred more frequently in patients with vs. without alcohol use.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

Results from this study suggest that increased incidence of hypotension- and syncope-related events may result from a pharmacodynamic interaction between flibanserin and alcohol, although the clinical significance of these interactions in real-world populations remains unclear.

Sensory integration deficits support a dimensional view of psychosis and are not limited to schizophrenia

Visual dysfunction is commonplace in schizophrenia and occurs alongside cognitive, psychotic and affective symptoms of the disorder. Psychophysical evidence suggests that this dysfunction results from impairments in the integration of low-level neural signals into complex cortical representations, which may also be associated with symptom formation. Despite the symptoms of schizophrenia occurring in a range of disorders, the integration deficit has not been tested in broader patient populations. Moreover, it remains unclear whether such deficits generalize across other sensory modalities. The present study assessed patients with a range of psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders and healthy controls on visual contrast detection, visual motion integration, auditory tone detection and auditory tone integration. The sample comprised a total of 249 participants (schizophrenia spectrum disorder n=98; bipolar affective disorder n=35; major depression n=31; other psychiatric conditions n=31; and healthy controls n=54), of whom 178 completed one or more visual task and 71 completed auditory tasks. Compared with healthy controls and nonpsychotic patients, psychotic patients trans-diagnostically were impaired on both visual and auditory integration, but unimpaired in simple visual or auditory detection. Impairment in visual motion integration was correlated with the severity of positive symptoms, and could not be accounted for by a reduction in processing speed, inattention or medication effects. Our results demonstrate that impaired sensory integration is not specific to schizophrenia, as has previously been assumed. Instead, sensory deficits are closely related to the presence of positive symptoms independent of diagnosis. The finding that equivalent integrative sensory processing is impaired in audition is consistent with hypotheses that propose a generalized deficit of neural integration in psychotic disorders.

Judicious use of prophylactic antimicrobials to reduce abdominal surgical site infections in periparturient cows: part 1 - a risk factor review

Surgical site infections (SSI) are an uncommon, but significant, consequence of surgical interventions. There are very few studies investigating SSI risk in veterinary medicine, and even fewer in cattle, despite the fact that major surgeries are commonly conducted on livestock. Furthermore, the suboptimal conditions under which such surgeries are frequently performed on livestock could be considered an important risk factor for the development of SSIs. With increasing public concern over the contribution of veterinary-prescribed antimicrobials to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in people, there is widespread scrutiny and criticism of antimicrobial use in livestock production medicine systems. While the causal link between antimicrobial resistance in livestock and people is heavily debated, it is clear that the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, in any population, is closely correlated with the antimicrobial 'consumption' within that population. As the veterinary profession explores ways of addressing the emergence and selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food-producing animals, there is a need for veterinarians and producers to carefully consider all areas of antimicrobial use, and employ an evidence-based approach in designing appropriate clinical protocols. This paper aims to review current knowledge regarding the risk factors related to abdominal SSI in periparturient cows, and to encourage practitioners to judiciously evaluate both their standard operating procedures and their use of antimicrobials in these situations. In a second paper, to be published in a subsequent issue of Veterinary Record, these principles will be used to provide specific evidence-based recommendations for antimicrobial use in bovine abdominal surgery.

Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Victoria, Australia, reveals low level of transmission

SETTING

Victoria, Australia.

OBJECTIVE

To measure the level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in Victoria.

DESIGN

Retrospective analysis of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing profiles from all first M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolates obtained from patients residing in Victoria from 2003 to 2010 was performed. State TB reference laboratory records were matched with Department of Health notification records to obtain further laboratory, demographic, contact investigation, clinical and treatment data. These data were used to assign patients to one of four categories: 1) no epidemiological link, 2) possible link, 3) likely transmission event and 4) laboratory contamination.

RESULTS

A total of 2377 MTC isolates were genotyped using 15-locus MIRU-VNTR. Of the 2298 M. tuberculosis isolates, 1029 (44.8%) had unique genotypic profiles and were considered epidemiologically unrelated, while 1269 (55.2%) isolates shared a profile with one or more other strains, defined as a genotypic cluster. Systematic investigation of all 268 genotypic clusters, including 24-locus MIRU-VNTR on selected isolates, led to a further 862 patients being classified as unrelated, bringing the total number of patients with no epidemiological links to 1891 (82.3%). Of the remaining patients, 294 (12.8%) were classified as having possible epidemiological links, 96 (4.2%) were classified as having known epidemiological links representing likely transmission events and 17 (0.7%) as the result of laboratory cross-contamination.

CONCLUSIONS

There is considerable genotypic diversity among Victorian MTC isolates, and the level of transmission is low.

A comparison of health-related quality of life of patients with primary and recurrent varicose veins

Aim: To determine whether recurrent varicose veins affect patient quality of life. The health-related quality of life (HRQL) scores of patients with recurrent varicose veins were compared with those of patients presenting with primary varicose vein disease.

Methods: HRQL among patients attending outpatient appointments for recurrent and primary varicose veins was measured using the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) and the Short Form-36 General Health Survey (SF-36).

Results: Questionnaires were given to 211 patients (150 primary, 61 recurrent), and 194 (133 primary, 61 recurrent) completed them. For the AVVQ, patients with recurrent varicose veins had significantly worse symptom scores compared with those with primary disease (24.87 ± 12.28 vs 17.77 ± 9.68, Mann-Whitney, P <0.01). The SF-36 recorded significantly worse HRQL (Mann-Whitney, P <0.05) for patients with recurrent varicose veins compared with those with primary varicose veins in all but one of the eight domains (role limitation attributed to emotional problems, RE, P = 0.073).

Conclusion: Varicose vein recurrence is associated with a significantly worse HRQL than is found among patients with primary varicose veins.

Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (PRMCa): a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (PRMCa) is a rare tumour. Prognosis and optimal management are not well established. In view of a case managed in our Centre, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHOD

Systematic review of medical electronic databases for published data (1950-12/10/2015). No RCTs identified. Individual patient data detracted from case reports and case series were analysed

RESULTS

In total, 73 female and 5 male cases of PRMCa identified including our case. Median age at diagnosis was 42.0 years (range 18-86 years), with women being significantly younger than men at diagnosis (42.0 years versus 62.2 years, p = 0.005). A palpable abdominal mass and abdominal pain were the most common presentations in 42.9 and 23.8 % of cases, respectively. Twenty-six women were <38 years old. There were 16 women <38 years old that had surgical data reported, of which 14 underwent fertility-sparing surgery with excision of the mass. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in 24.1 % (13/72) women. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 130 months with a median of 15 months. Of the 57 cases that had follow-up reported, recurrence occurred in 23 cases (40.4 %) within a median of 8 months from diagnosis. Median disease-free survival was 15 months (range 1-130 months). Of the women who recurred, 14 died of their disease giving 1, 2 and 5-year disease-specific survival rates of 85.9, 80.7 and 75.4 %, respectively.

CONCLUSION

PRMCa are rare and potentially aggressive tumours that often occur in young women. Removal of the tumour, adequate staging and adjuvant chemotherapy needs to be considered.

Maximizing HIV partner notification opportunities for index patients and their sexual partners in Malawi

INTRODUCTION

HIV testing and counselling (HTC) is important to effect positive sexual behaviour change and is an entry point to treatment, care, and psychosocial support. One of the most practical initiatives to increase HTC is to encourage sexual partners of HIV-infected persons to test for HIV. However, partner notification strategies must be feasible in the healthcare setting and acceptable to the population.

METHODS

We conducted a qualitative study during the pilot phase of an HIV partner notification trial to complement its assessment of feasibility and acceptability of methods of partner notification. We performed in-depth interviews with 16 consecutive HIV-positive index participants who consented and their 12 identifiable sexual partners. We also conducted two focus group discussions with healthcare workers to supplement the patient perspectives. In the main study, newly diagnosed HIV cases (index cases) were randomized to one of three methods of partner notification: passive, contract, and provider referral. Clients in the passive referral group were responsible for notifying their sexual partners themselves. Individuals in the contract referral group were given seven days to notify their partners, after which a healthcare provider contacted partners who had not reported for counselling and testing. In the provider group, a healthcare provider notified partners directly.

RESULTS

Although most index participants and partners expressed a preference for passive notification, they also highlighted benefits for provider-assisted notification and the universal right for all HIV-exposed persons to know their HIV exposure and benefit from HIV testing and access antiretroviral treatment. Several participants mentioned couples counselling as a way to diffuse tension and get accurate information. All mentioned benefits to HIV testing, including the opportunity to change behaviour.

CONCLUSIONS

Provider-assisted partner notification is not preferred, but it is acceptable and may complement the passive method of notification. Couples counselling should also be encouraged.

Functional foods as potential therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome

Obesity as part of metabolic syndrome is a major lifestyle disorder throughout the world. Current drug treatments for obesity produce small and usually unsustainable decreases in body weight with the risk of major adverse effects. Surgery has been the only treatment producing successful long-term weight loss. As a different but complementary approach, lifestyle modification including the use of functional foods could produce a reliable decrease in obesity with decreased comorbidities. Functional foods may include fruits such as berries, vegetables, fibre-enriched grains and beverages such as tea and coffee. Although health improvements continue to be reported for these functional foods in rodent studies, further evidence showing the translation of these results into humans is required. Thus, the concept that these fruits and vegetables will act as functional foods in humans to reduce obesity and thereby improve health remains intuitive and possible rather than proven.

General Blending Models for Data From Mixture Experiments

We propose a new class of models providing a powerful unification and extension of existing statistical methodology for analysis of data obtained in mixture experiments. These models, which integrate models proposed by Scheffé and Becker, extend considerably the range of mixture component effects that may be described. They become complex when the studied phenomenon requires it, but remain simple whenever possible. This article has supplementary material online.

CONSERVATION. Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa's major poaching hotspots

Poaching of elephants is now occurring at rates that threaten African populations with extinction. Identifying the number and location of Africa's major poaching hotspots may assist efforts to end poaching and facilitate recovery of elephant populations. We genetically assign origin to 28 large ivory seizures (≥0.5 metric tons) made between 1996 and 2014, also testing assignment accuracy. Results suggest that the major poaching hotspots in Africa may be currently concentrated in as few as two areas. Increasing law enforcement in these two hotspots could help curtail future elephant losses across Africa and disrupt this organized transnational crime.

Post-mortem assessment of the short and long-term effects of the trophic factor neurturin in patients with α-synucleinopathies

Substantial interest persists for developing neurotrophic factors to treat neurodegenerative diseases. At the same time, significant progress has been made in implementing gene therapy as a means to provide long-term expression of bioactive neurotrophic factors to targeted sites in the brain. Nonetheless, to date, no double-blind clinical trial has achieved positive results on its primary endpoint despite robust benefits achieved in animal models. A major issue with advancing the field is the paucity of information regarding the expression and effects of neurotrophic factors in human neurodegenerative brain, relative to the well-characterized responses in animal models. To help fill this information void, we examined post-mortem brain tissue from four patients with nigrostriatal degeneration who had participated in clinical trials testing gene delivery of neurturin to the putamen of patients. Each had died of unrelated causes ranging from 1.5-to-3-months (2 Parkinson's disease patients), to 4+-years (1 Parkinson's disease and 1 multiple-system atrophy-parkinsonian type patient) following gene therapy. Quantitative and immunohistochemical evaluation of neurturin, alpha-synuclein, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and an oligodendroglia marker (Olig 2) were performed in each brain. Comparable volumes-of-expression of neurturin were seen in the putamen in all cases (~15-22%; mean=18.5%). TH-signal in the putamen was extremely sparse in the shorter-term cases. A 6-fold increase was seen in longer-term cases, but was far less than achieved in animal models of nigrostriatal degeneration with similar or even far less NRTN exposure. Less than 1% of substantia nigra (SN) neurons stained for neurturin in the shorter-term cases. A 15-fold increase was seen in the longer-term cases, but neurturin was still only detected in ~5% of nigral cells. These data provide unique insight into the functional status of advanced, chronic nigrostriatal degeneration in human brain and the response of these neurons to neurotrophic factor stimulation. They demonstrate mild but persistent expression of gene-mediated neurturin over 4-years, with an apparent, time-related amplification of its transport and biological effects, albeit quite weak, and provide unique information to help plan and design future trials.