Formation of a gold–carbon dot nanocomposite with superior catalytic ability for the reduction of aromatic nitro groups in water

Probing on the synthesis of gold-carbon dot nanocomposite for catalytic reduction of aromatic nitrogroup.

Effect of Storage Time on Fish Feed Stored at Room Temperature and Low Temperature

An experiment was conducted to determine the changes of nutritive value of different commercial fish feeds stored at room temperature (25-30°C) and low temperature (5-8°C) for a period of two months by taking biweekly sample. Three most popular fish feeds named Mega fish feed, Quality fish feed and Saudi Bangla fish feed used in the Mymensingh region were selected for the purpose. Throughout the study, physical characteristics and proximate composition of three commercial fish feeds were analyzed. There were no change in color, appearance of moderately bad odour, a little bit of soft texture and broken pellets were found in later stages of the experiment but the overall quality was still acceptable. Along with physical characteristics, changes were occurred in case of proximate composition. In Mega, Quality and Saudi Bangla fish feed, crude protein content was reduced in both the storage conditions. Lipid content also exhibited similar reduction due to storage at both the conditions. Whereas moisture content increased a little bit in the case of room temperature storage and decreased when stored in low temperature (5-8°C). No marked changes had been occurred in other proximate composition like ash, and crude fibre. Declining rate of the quality of fish feeds was higher at room temperature (25-30°C) than low temperature (5-8°C) but the overall quality remained acceptable upto two months storage at both the conditions. It is suggested to use the feed within two months after manufacture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16473 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 115-122, 2011

Characterization of tumor heterogeneity using dynamic contrast enhanced CT and FDG-PET in non-small cell lung cancer

PURPOSE

Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (DCE-CT) quantifies vasculature properties of tumors, whereas static FDG-PET/CT defines metabolic activity. Both imaging modalities are capable of showing intra-tumor heterogeneity. We investigated differences in vasculature properties within primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors measured by DCE-CT and metabolic activity from FDG-PET/CT.

METHODS

Thirty three NSCLC patients were analyzed prior to treatment. FDG-PET/CT and DCE-CT were co-registered. The tumor was delineated and metabolic activity was segmented on the FDG-PET/CT in two regions: low (<50% maximum SUV) and high (≥50% maximum SUV) metabolic uptake. Blood flow, blood volume and permeability were calculated using a maximum slope, deconvolution algorithm and a Patlak model. Correlations were assessed between perfusion parameters for the regions of interest.

RESULTS

DCE-CT provided additional information on vasculature and tumor heterogeneity that was not correlated to metabolic tumor activity. There was no significant difference between low and high metabolic active regions for any of the DCE-CT parameters. Furthermore, only moderate correlations between maximum SUV and DCE-CT parameters were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

No direct correlation was observed between FDG-uptake and parameters extracted from DCE-CT. DCE-CT may provide complementary information to the characterization of primary NSCLC tumors over FDG-PET/CT imaging.

Localized rotational activation in the left atrium during human atrial fibrillation: relationship to complex fractionated atrial electrograms and low-voltage zones

BACKGROUND

In humans, the existence of rotors or reentrant sources maintaining atrial fibrillation (AF) and the underlying electroanatomic substrate has not been well defined.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to determine the prevalence of localized rotational activation (RotA) in the left atrium (LA) during human AF and whether complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) or low-voltage areas colocalize with RotA sites.

METHODS

We prospectively studied 32 patients (mean age 57 ± 8 years; 88% with persistent AF) undergoing AF catheter ablation. Bipolar electrograms were recorded for 2.5 seconds during AF using a roving 20-pole circular catheter in the LA. RotA was defined as sequential temporal activation of bipoles around the circular catheter. Bipolar electrogram fractionation index and bipolar voltage were used to define CFAEs and low-voltage areas, respectively.

RESULTS

In 21 (66%) patients, 47 RotA sites were identified. Few (9%) lasted 2.5 seconds (cycle length 183 ± 6 ms), while the majority (91%) were nonsustained (duration 610 ± 288 ms; cycle length 149 ± 11 ms). RotA was most common in the pulmonary vein antrum (71%) and posterior LA (25%). CFAEs were recorded from 18% ± 12% of LA area, and most (92% ± 7%) were not associated with RotA sites. However, 85% of RotA sites contained CFAEs. Very low voltage (<0.1 mV) areas comprised 12% ± 10% of LA area and were present in 23% of RotA sites.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with predominantly persistent AF, localized RotA is commonly present but tends to be transient (<1 second). Although most CFAEs do not colocalize with RotA sites, the high prevalence of CFAEs and very low voltages within RotA sites may indicate slow conduction in diseased myocardium necessary for their maintenance.

Portopulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary involvement is common in patients with portal hypertension and can manifest in diverse manners. Changes in pulmonary arterial resistance, manifesting either as the hepatopulmonary syndrome or portopulmonary hypertension (POPH), have been increasingly recognized in these patients in recent years. The prognosis in patients with liver disease who also suffer from significant POPH is considered to be poor. Higher degree of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) may preclude a patient from liver transplant as mortality in these patients is high. This review summarizes the clinicopathologic features, diagnostic criteria, as well as the latest concepts in the pathogenesis and management of POPH, which is defined as is a form of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with portal hypertension with or without underlying chronic liver disease.

A complete genetic linkage map and QTL analyses for bast fibre quality traits, yield and yield components in jute (Corchorus olitorius L.)

We report the first complete microsatellite genetic map of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.; 2n = 2x = 14) using an F6 recombinant inbred population. Of the 403 microsatellite markers screened, 82 were mapped on the seven linkage groups (LGs) that covered a total genetic distance of 799.9 cM, with an average marker interval of 10.7 cM. LG5 had the longest and LG7 the shortest genetic lengths, whereas LG1 had the maximum and LG7 the minimum number of markers. Segregation distortion of microsatellite loci was high (61%), with the majority of them (76%) skewed towards the female parent. Genomewide non-parametric single-marker analysis in combination with multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL)-models (MQM) mapping detected 26 definitive QTLs for bast fibre quality, yield and yield-related traits. These were unevenly distributed on six LGs, as colocalized clusters, at genomic sectors marked by 15 microsatellite loci. LG1 was the QTL-richest map sector, with the densest colocalized clusters of QTLs governing fibre yield, yield-related traits and tensile strength. Expectedly, favorable QTLs were derived from the desirable parents, except for nearly all of those of fibre fineness, which might be due to the creation of new gene combinations. Our results will be a good starting point for further genome analyses in jute.

Prevalence of ESBL producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella species with their co-resistance pattern to antimicrobials

Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria are potential emerging pathogens and continue to be a major challenge in clinical setup worldwide. In the present study an attempt was made to study the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species from clinical isolates in a rural tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India with their antimicrobial susceptibility as well as co-resistance pattern to different antimicrobials. A total of 179 Escherichia coli and 62 Klebsiella isolates recovered from various clinical samples of urine, pus, aural swabs and respiratory secretions (including sputum) for a period of six months were subjected to routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing and also tested for extended spectrum β-lactamase production as per NCCLS recommendations. Extended spectrum β-lactamase was detected in 32.40% of Escherichia coli and 40.32% of Klebsiella species isolates. Urine, pus and respiratory samples were common source of extended spectrum β-lactamase producers and resistance rate of these organisms to third generation cephalosporins were more than 30 to 40%. Co-resistance pattern of these extended spectrum β-lactamase producers to other commonly used antimicrobials were also statistically significant (p≤0.05). From the study it is concluded that indiscriminate use of third generation cephalosporins may be responsible for the selection of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing multidrug resistant strains in hospital setup and amikacin is a reliable drug against them.

Detection of constitutive and inducible clindamycin resistance of staphlococcus in a rural tertiary care hospital

Clindamycin has gained immense importance in the treatment of Staphylococcal infections following resistance to Beta-lactam antibiotics, especially after emergence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clindamycin is a valuable treatment option for Staphylococcal isolates that are erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive. However following exposure to erythromycin, clindamycin sensitive strains may lead to constitutive clindamycin resistance and treatment failure. But labeling all erythromycin resistant Staphylococci as clindamycin resistant strain prevents its use in infections caused by true clindamycin sensitive strains. This study aims to detect the presence of inducible clindamycin resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococci. The detection of inducible clindamycin resistance was performed by D-Test as per the NCCLS guidelines. Among two hundred clinical isolates of Staphylococci studied, there was 24% inducible Clindamycin resistance among all the Staphylococci isolates: 29.4% among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 21% among Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. It is advisable to include inducible clindamycin resistance testing as part of routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Aripiprazole for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

AIMS

To test aripiprazole for efficacy in decreasing use in methamphetamine-dependent adults, compared to placebo.

DESIGN

Participants were randomized to receive 12 weeks of aripiprazole or placebo, with a 3-month follow-up and a platform of weekly 30-minute substance abuse counseling.

SETTING

The trial was conducted from January 2009 to March 2012 at the San Francisco Department of Public Health.

PARTICIPANTS

Ninety actively using, methamphetamine-dependent, sexually active adults were recruited from community venues.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary outcome was regression estimated reductions in weekly methamphetamine-positive urines. Secondary outcomes were study medication adherence [by self-report and medication event monitoring systems (MEMS)], sexual risk behavior and abstinence from methamphetamine.

FINDINGS

Participant mean age was 38.7 years, 87.8% were male, 50.0% white, 18.9% African American, and 16.7% Latino. Eighty-three per cent of follow-up visits and final visits were completed. By intent-to-treat, participants assigned to aripiprazole had similar reductions in methamphetamine-positive urines as participants assigned to placebo [risk ratio (RR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66-1.19, P = 0.41]. Urine positivity declined from 73% (33 of 45 participants) to 45% (18 of 40) in the placebo arm and from 77% (34 of 44) to 44% (20 of 35) in the aripiprazole arm. Adherence by MEMS and self-report was 42 and 74%, respectively, with no significant difference between arms (MEMS P = 0.31; self-report P = 0.17). Most sexual risk behaviors declined similarly among participants in both arms (all P > 0.05). There were no serious adverse events related to study drug, although participants randomized to aripiprazole reported more akathisia, fatigue and drowsiness (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Compared with placebo, aripiprazole did not reduce methamphetamine use significantly among actively using, dependent adults.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in people of Asian Indian origin: outcomes by definitions

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) is high among south Asian Indians. In order to better comprehend the MS, its definition and modifications require region-specific cut-off values and common minimum criteria for people of Indian origin.

METHODS

To define the MS, the criteria as defined in the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (ATP III 2001), followed by the modified ATP III of 2005 were used, along with a modified version specific to the people of south Asian origin (ATP III SAS, 2009).

RESULTS

The three definitions showed differences in prevalence of the MS among the adult Asian Indians. According to the criteria of NCEP ATP III 2001, the prevalence was found to be 32.3%. Using the modified ATP III 2005, the prevalence was 48.3%, and for south Asian-specific (SAS) ATP III, it was 31.4%. For all three definitions, females had a considerably higher prevalence of the MS than males. It was also observed that that a large number of individuals were misclassified due to lack of common minimum criteria.

CONCLUSION

In order to curb the growing threat of the MS, and to aid clinical management among people of Indian origin, a more comprehensive definition of the MS is urgently required.

Synergistic effects of ACE (I/D) and Apo E (Hha I) gene polymorphisms on obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose level among the adult Asian Indians: A population-based study from Calcutta, India

The study was aimed to determine the association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) and apolipoprotein E (Apo E) Hha I gene polymorphisms with obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose levels in Asian Indian population. A total of 350 (184 men and 166 women) adult (30 years and above) Asian Indians of Calcutta and suburb participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, fat mass, and blood glucose measures were collected. Out of 350 subjects, a sample of 139 individuals was collected randomly for genotyping (adjusted for age and sex). The ACE and Apo E genotypes were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was observed that neither ACE (I/D) nor Apo E (Hha I) gene polymorphisms showed any significant association with body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass, fasting, and post meal blood glucose levels. Even synergistically (ACE + Apo E), these two polymorphisms showed no significant association with obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose level. ACE (I/D), Apo E (Hha I), as well as ACE + Apo E seem to have no significant association with obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose levels in this population.

Abstract P2-11-07: Endothelial progenitor cells as novel markers of anthracycline induced cardiac injury

Background: Anthracyclines including doxorubicin (DOX) cause myocardial damage that manifests as either subclinical decrements of left ventricular ejection function (LVEF) or overt cardiomyopathy. LVEF changes and cardiac risk factors are insufficient predictors of future DOX cardiotoxicity. Bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are mobilized and are homed to sites of myocardial injury to help with repair of damaged myocardium. We hypothesized that EPC levels would be indicative of early DOX cardiotoxicity. Hence, we prospectively collected serial blood samples to evaluate functional EPCs, Troponin I (Ti) and B-natriuretic peptide (BNP), in patients (pts) receiving DOX-based chemotherapy.

Methods: Eligible pts were initiating adjuvant DOX for early stage breast cancer. Pts underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), Ti, BNP, and EPC at baseline, after 1 cycle of DOX, and after completion of DOX. CD133+ progenitor cells were isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using AutoMACS (automated magnetic cell sorting, Miltenyi Biotech). In vitro colony forming unit (CFU) assay was performed for isolated CD133+ progenitor cells on MethoCult (Stemcell Technology). After 8 days of culture, EPC colonies were counted using a two-step image analysis algorithm. Repeated measures analysis of variance modeled changes in cardiac markers over time. Logistic regression was used to correlate variables with abnormal Ti.

Results: Forty two women were enrolled. The average age was 52 years (range 33–68) and stage distribution was I (14%), II (58%) and III (28%). All but one patient received peg-fligrastim after DOX. Thirty six pts had EPC/cardiac biomarkers and twenty nine pts had CMRs at all three time points. LVEF decreased 1.6% following completion of DOX (95% CI: −3.8 to 0.6, p = 0.16). There was a non-linear trend in EPCs over time (p = 0.05), with an initial increase followed by a decrease, with average values of 59 (95% CI: 50–70), 65 (95% CI: 55–75), and 50 (95% CI: 40–60), respectively, across the three time points. By the end of treatment, 54% (95% CI: 0.37–0.71) of women had abnormal troponins (median: 0.03, range: 0.02 to 0.17). Variables associated with abnormal troponins included lower baseline EPCs (p = 0.095), older age (p = 0.075) and initial increase in BNP post cycle 1 (p &lt; 0.03). In a multivariable model, age (p = 0.04) and BNP (p = 0.04) were independent prognostic factors for abnormal troponins, where the odds of abnormal troponins was 65% higher for every 5-year increase in age (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.02–2.66) and 58% higher for every 1.5-fold increase in BNP (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.01–2.46). Baseline EPC did not remain in the final model with p = 0.12.

Conclusions: DOX was well-tolerated with no significant changes in LVEF as measured by serials CMRs. Older age and increased BNP were independent prognostic factors for rise in Ti. We observed an initial increase of EPCs with DOX exposure followed by a decrease after the end of treatment. Although not statistically significant, lower EPCs at baseline, corresponding to lower cardiac reserve, were correlated with abnormal Ti. This is the first study reporting an intriguing association of EPCs with traditional cardiac biomarkers during DOX chemotherapy. Funded by R21 CA143787-02.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-11-07.

Family history of type 2 diabetes and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult Asian Indians

Background:

Our objective was to test the association between familial risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adult Asian Indians.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 448 adult (>30 years) individuals (257 males and 191 females) participated in the study. Familial risk of T2DM was classified into three groups viz., 1=both parents affected; 2=parent and/or siblings affected and 3=none or no family history for T2DM. Anthropometric measures, blood pressures, fasting blood glucose and metabolic profiles were studied using standard techniques. MS was defined accordingly. The prevalence of MS phenotypes was estimated and compared among the three familial risk strata.

Results:

Individuals with a history of both parents affected from diabetes had significantly higher (P<0.001) body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood glucose (FBG; P=0.035) than individuals having no family history of T2DM. Significant difference was also noticed between individuals with and without MS according to the family history of diabetes (P<0.001). Differences were evident between individuals who fulfilled all the MS criteria (P=0.001) and individuals with only one or two criteria (phenotypes) according to family history of T2DM.

Conclusion:

Family history of T2DM had significant effect on individuals with MS as compared to their counterparts (individuals having no family history of T2DM). It therefore seems reasonable to argue that family history of T2DM could be useful as a predictive tool for early diagnosis and prevention of MS in Asian Indian population.

Reduced thalamic volume in men with antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia and a history of serious violence and childhood abuse

OBJECTIVE

Violent behaviour has been associated with presence of certain mental disorders, most notably antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and schizophrenia, childhood abuse, and multiple brain abnormalities. This study examined for the first time, to the authors' knowledge, the role of psychosocial deprivation (PSD), including childhood physical and sexual abuse, in structural brain volumes of violent individuals with ASPD or schizophrenia.

METHODS

Fifty-six men (26 with ASPD or schizophrenia and a history of serious violence, 30 non-violent) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and were assessed on PSD. Stereological volumetric brain ratings were examined for group differences and their association with PSD ratings. PSD-brain associations were examined further using voxel-based-morphometry.

RESULTS

The findings revealed: reduced thalamic volume in psychosocially-deprived violent individuals, relative to non-deprived violent individuals and healthy controls; negative association between thalamic volume and abuse ratings (physical and sexual) in violent individuals; and trend-level negative associations between PSD and hippocampal and prefrontal volumes in non-violent individuals. The voxel-based-morphometry analysis detected a negative association between PSD and localised grey matter volumes in the left inferior frontal region across all individuals, and additionally in the left middle frontal and precentral gyri in non-violent individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

Violent mentally-disordered individuals with PSD, relative to those with no or minimal PSD, suffer from an additional brain deficit, i.e., reduced thalamic volume; this may affect sensory information processing, and have implications for management, of these individuals. PSD may have a stronger relationship with volumetric loss of stress-linked regions, namely the frontal cortex, in non-violent individuals.

Cardiovascular complications of chronic renal failure - an updated review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is frequently associated with CKD, which is important because individuals with CKD are more likely to die from CVD than to develop kidney failure. CVD in CKD is treatable and potentially preventable and CKD appears to be a risk factor for CVD. In order of incidence and frequency systemic hypertension, left ventricular failure, congestive cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, anaemic heart failure, rhythm disturbances, pericarditis with or without effusion, cardiac tamponade, uraemic cardiomyopathy are various cardiovascular complications encountered in patients with chronic renal failure. A patient may present with one or more complications of cardiovascular system. The survival rate and prognosis to a great extent depends on proper management of these complications. Use of regular dialysis and renal transplant has changed the death pattern in developed countries but it is still a major problem in developing country. The aim of this article is early detection of CKD and proper management of it thereby preventing the major cardiovascular complications.

Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates monocyte differentiation and functions in mBSA and IL-1β-induced arthritis

Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of immune cells, including monocytes. We have previously shown that KLF2 inhibits proinflammatory activation of monocytes. However, the role of KLF2 in arthritis is yet to be investigated. In the current study, we show that recruitment of significantly greater numbers of inflammatory subset of CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C+ monocytes to the inflammatory sites in KLF2 hemizygous mice compared to the wild type littermate controls. In parallel, inflammatory mediators, MCP-1, Cox-2 and PAI-1 were significantly up-regulated in bone marrow-derived monocytes isolated from KLF2 hemizygous mice, in comparison to wild-type controls. Methylated-BSA and IL-1β-induced arthritis was more severe in KLF2 hemizygous mice as compared to the littermate wild type controls. Consistent with this observation, monocytes isolated from KLF2 hemizygous mice showed an increased number of cells matured and differentiated towards osteoclastic lineage, potentially contributing to the severity of cartilage and bone damage in induced arthritic mice. The severity of arthritis was associated with the higher expression of proteins such as HSP60, HSP90 and MMP13 and attenuated levels of pPTEN, p21, p38 and HSP25/27 molecules in bone marrow cells of arthritic KLF2 hemizygous mice compared to littermate wild type controls. The data provide new insights and evidences of KLF2-mediated transcriptional regulation of arthritis via modulation of monocyte differentiation and function.

Interaction of physical activity level and metabolic syndrome among the adult Asian Indians living in Calcutta, India

OBJECTIVES

The present community-based cross-sectional study was aimed to study the interaction of physical activity level (PAL) and metabolic syndrome (MS) among the adult Asian Indians.

METHODS

A total of 448 adult (> 30 years) individuals (males and females) inhabiting in and around Calcutta, India participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, metabolic profiles and intake of dietary fatty acids were obtained from participants using standard guidelines. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined accordingly. The dietary intake (gram/week) of fatty acids namely total fat (TFA); saturated fatty acids (SFA); monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were obtained using nutritive values of Indian foodstuffs. Physical activity level (PAL) was categorized in to three different level: 1) high PAL - who exercised regularly and had physically demanding occupation 2) moderate PAL - who either exercised regularly or had physically demanding occupation, and 3) low PAL - who neither exercised regularly nor had physically demanding occupation.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MS was found to be inversely related with PAL. Individuals with low PAL had higher prevalence of MS as compared to their counterparts. Moreover individuals with low PAL had significantly higher BMI, WC, WHR as well as TFA and SFA than individuals with moderate and high PAL.

CONCLUSION

PAL is playing a vital role in the constellation of risk factors associated with MS. Habitual physical activity may be beneficial to prevent growing incidence of MS phenotypes in people of Asian Indian origin.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors by habitat: a study on adult Asian Indians in West Bengal, India

The present community based cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate whether or not increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adult Asian Indian population are associated with increasing urbanization. The 'urban group' was comprised of 224 individuals including 122 males and 102 females being inhabitants of Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta) under the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) area. The 'rural group' comprised 224 individuals including 135 males and 89 females and was living in a village council located about 80 kilometers from Kolkata. Therefore, a total of 448 adult (> or = 30 years) individuals (257 males and 191 females) participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure measures were taken from participants. Obesity and body composition measures were subsequently calculated from the anthropometric measures. Accepted cut-offs were used to define metabolic syndrome (MS), lipids abnormalities, increased adiposity and high blood pressure in the study. It was found that 58.7% participants were engaged in sedentary work which includes 60.7% males and 56% females. It was further observed that the prevalence of high blood pressure was as high as 70.6% in urban females compared to 55.1% in rural females. However, the prevalence of low HDLc was remarkably high in females ofboth rural and urban areas. The prevalence ofMS was significantly higher in urban females (57.8%) than in their rural counterparts (34.8%). It seems reasonable to argue that people with changing lifestyles due to growing urbanization are associated with adverse CVD risk factors irrespective of their habitat (rural vs. urban). This in turn warranted a comprehensive risk stratification protocol at the national level for the effective management of CVD risk factors in this part of the world.