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Doll R, Peto R, Clarke M. First publication of an individually randomized trial. CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS 1999; 20:367-8. [PMID: 10440563 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-2456(99)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lam TH, Ho SY, Lhatoo Y, Peto R, Chen ZM, Boreham J. Emerging tobacco hazards in China. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7197.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Danesh J, Gault S, Semmence J, Appleby P, Peto R. Postcodes as useful markers of social class: population based study in 26 000 British households. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 318:843-4. [PMID: 10092262 PMCID: PMC27800 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7187.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Baigent C, Chen Z, Collins R, Peto R, Sudlow C. Immediate aspirin for suspected ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1999; 353:151-2. [PMID: 10023927 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Peto R, Collins R. Better patency with SK than with tPA? J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:287-8. [PMID: 9935044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Peto R. Richard Doll's contribution to epidemiology. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:11. [PMID: 10211080 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bundy D, Peto R. Anthelmintic treatment for infestation with Trichuris trichiura. Lancet 1998; 352:1935. [PMID: 9863812 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu BQ, Peto R, Chen ZM, Boreham J, Wu YP, Li JY, Campbell TC, Chen JS. Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 317:1411-22. [PMID: 9822393 PMCID: PMC28719 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7170.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the hazards at an early phase of the growing epidemic of deaths from tobacco in China. DESIGN Smoking habits before 1980 (obtained from family or other informants) of 0.7 million adults who had died of neoplastic, respiratory, or vascular causes were compared with those of a reference group of 0.2 million who had died of other causes. SETTING 24 urban and 74 rural areas of China. SUBJECTS One million people who had died during 1986-8 and whose families could be interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tobacco attributable mortality in middle or old age from neoplastic, respiratory, or vascular disease. RESULTS Among male smokers aged 35-69 there was a 51% (SE 2) excess of neoplastic deaths, a 31% (2) excess of respiratory deaths, and a 15% (2) excess of vascular deaths. All three excesses were significant (P<0.0001). Among male smokers aged >/70 there was a 39% (3) excess of neoplastic deaths, a 54% (2) excess of respiratory deaths, and a 6% (2) excess of vascular deaths. Fewer women smoked, but those who did had tobacco attributable risks of lung cancer and respiratory disease about the same as men. For both sexes, the lung cancer rates at ages 35-69 were about three times as great in smokers as in non-smokers, but because the rates among non-smokers in different parts of China varied widely the absolute excesses of lung cancer in smokers also varied. Of all deaths attributed to tobacco, 45% were due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 15% to lung cancer; oesophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, tuberculosis, stroke, and ischaemic heart disease each caused 5-8%. Tobacco caused about 0.6 million Chinese deaths in 1990 (0.5 million men). This will rise to 0.8 million in 2000 (0.4 million at ages 35-69) or to more if the tobacco attributed fractions increase. CONCLUSIONS At current age specific death rates in smokers and non-smokers one in four smokers would be killed by tobacco, but as the epidemic grows this proportion will roughly double. If current smoking uptake rates persist in China (where about two thirds of men but few women become smokers) tobacco will kill about 100 million of the 0.3 billion males now aged 0-29, with half these deaths in middle age and half in old age.
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Niu SR, Yang GH, Chen ZM, Wang JL, Wang GH, He XZ, Schoepff H, Boreham J, Pan HC, Peto R. Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 2. Early mortality results from a prospective study. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 317:1423-4. [PMID: 9822394 PMCID: PMC28720 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7170.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor the evolving epidemic of mortality from tobacco in China following the large increase in male cigarette use in recent decades. DESIGN Prospective study of smoking and mortality starting with 224 500 interviewees who should eventually be followed for some decades. SETTING 45 nationally representative small urban or rural areas distributed across China. SUBJECTS Male population aged 40 or over in 1991, of whom about 80% were interviewed about smoking, drinking, and medical history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Cause specific mortality, initially to 1995 but later to continue, with smoker versus non-smoker risk ratios standardised for area, age, and use of alcohol. RESULTS 74% were smokers (73% current, only 1% former), but few of this generation would have smoked substantial numbers of cigarettes since early adult life. Overall mortality is increased among smokers (risk ratio 1.19; 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 1.25, P<0.0001). Almost all the increased mortality involved neoplastic, respiratory, or vascular disease. The overall risk ratios currently associated with smoking are less extreme in rural areas (1.26, 1.12, or 1.02 respectively for smokers who started before age 20, at 20-24, or at older ages) than in urban areas (1.73, 1.40, or 1.16 respectively). CONCLUSION This prospective study and the accompanying retrospective study show that by 1990 smoking was already causing about 12% of Chinese male mortality in middle age. This proportion is predicted to rise to about 33% by 2030. Long term continuation of the prospective study (with periodic resurveys) can monitor the evolution of this epidemic.
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Peto R, Baigent C. Trials: the next 50 years. Large scale randomised evidence of moderate benefits. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 317:1170-1. [PMID: 9794846 PMCID: PMC1114150 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hu G, Zhang X, Chen J, Peto R, Campbell TC, Cassano PA. Dietary vitamin C intake and lung function in rural China. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148:594-9. [PMID: 9753014 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between dietary vitamin C intake and pulmonary function was investigated in a cross-sectional study carried out in 69 counties in rural China in 1989. Within each of the 69 counties, 120 subjects aged 35-64 years were identified using a three-stage random clustering procedure. Each subject underwent pulmonary function testing, completed a detailed questionnaire, and provided a blood sample. Dietary vitamin C intakes were estimated among half of the subjects using a 3-day weighed record of household food intake. Plasma vitamin C was measured in sex-specific blood pools created from individual samples in each geographic area. Among the 3,085 subjects for whom there were complete data, dietary intake of vitamin C (151 mg/day (standard deviation, 111)) was significantly related to forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity after adjustment for sex, age, height, weight, total caloric intake, tobacco smoking, and education. An increase of 100 mg/day in vitamin C intake was associated with an increase of 21.6 ml (95% confidence interval -0.4 to 43.5) in FEV1 and an increase of 24.9 ml (95% confidence interval 0.2 to 49.6) in forced vital capacity. No significant interaction with smoking status was observed. A significant positive association was also observed at the geographic level, between county-pooled plasma vitamin C and mean FEV1. These data support the hypothesis that dietary vitamin C may protect against the loss of pulmonary function.
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Peto R, Clarke M, Collins R, Davies C, Godwin J, Gray R. Facts and figures from the meta-analyses in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)80358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Peto R. Mortality from breast cancer in UK has decreased suddenly. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 317:476-7. [PMID: 9703547 PMCID: PMC1113730 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7156.476b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sitas F, Pacella-Norman R, Peto R, Collins R, Bradshaw D, Kleinschmidt I, Kielkowski D, Saloojee Y, Yach D, Lopez A, Bah S. Why do we need a large study on tobacco-attributed mortality in South Africa? S Afr Med J 1998; 88:925-6. [PMID: 9754197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies. JAMA 1998; 279:1477-82. [PMID: 9600484 DOI: 10.1001/jama.279.18.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1438] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A large number of epidemiologic studies have reported on associations between various "inflammatory" factors and coronary heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVE To assess the associations of blood levels of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and albumin and leukocyte count with the subsequent risk of CHD. DATA SOURCES Meta-analyses of any long-term prospective studies of CHD published before 1998 on any of these 4 factors. Studies were identified by MEDLINE searches, scanning of relevant reference lists, hand searching of cardiology, epidemiology, and other relevant journals, and discussions with authors of relevant reports. STUDY SELECTION All relevant studies identified were included. DATA EXTRACTION The following information was abstracted from published reports (supplemented, in several cases, by the authors): size and type of cohort, mean age, mean duration of follow-up, assay methods, degree of adjustment for confounders, and relationship of CHD risk to the baseline assay results. DATA SYNTHESIS For fibrinogen, with 4018 CHD cases in 18 studies, comparison of individuals in the top third with those in the bottom third of the baseline measurements yielded a combined risk ratio of 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-2.0) associated with a difference in long-term usual mean fibrinogen levels of 2.9 pmol/L (0.1 g/dL) between the top and bottom thirds (10.3 vs 7.4 pmol/L [0.35 vs 0.25 g/dL]). For CRP, with 1053 CHD cases in 7 studies, the combined risk ratio of 1.7 (95% CI, 1.4-2.1) was associated with a difference of 1.4 mg/L (2.4 vs 1.0 mg/L). For albumin, with 3770 CHD cases in 8 studies, the combined risk ratio of 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3-1.7) was associated with a difference of 4 g/L (38 vs 42 g/L, ie, an inverse association). For leukocyte count, with 5337 CHD cases in the 7 largest studies, the combined risk ratio of 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3-1.5) was associated with a difference of 2.8 x 10(9)/L (8.4 vs 5.6 x 10(9)/L). Each of these overall results was highly significant (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS The published results from these prospective studies are remarkably consistent for each factor, indicating moderate but highly statistically significant associations with CHD. Hence, even though mechanisms that might account for these associations are not clear, further study of the relevance of these factors to the causation of CHD is warranted.
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Baigent C, Collins R, Appleby P, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R. ISIS-2: 10 year survival among patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction in randomised comparison of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither. The ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 316:1337-43. [PMID: 9563981 PMCID: PMC28530 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess effects of intravenous streptokinase, one month of oral aspirin, or both, on long term survival after suspected acute myocardial infarction. DESIGN Randomised, "2 x 2 factorial," placebo controlled trial. SETTING 417 hospitals in 16 countries. SUBJECTS 17 187 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction randomised between March 1985 and December 1987. Follow up of vital status complete to at least 1 January 1990 for 95% of all patients and to mid-1997 for the 6213 patients in United Kingdom. INTERVENTIONS Intravenous streptokinase (1.5 MU in 1 hour) and oral aspirin (162 mg daily for 1 month) versus matching placebos. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality from all causes during up to 10 years' follow up, with subgroup analyses based on 4 year follow up. RESULTS After randomisation, 1841 deaths were recorded in days 0-35, 991 from day 36 to end of year 1, 1478 in years 2-4, and 1230 in years 5-10. Allocation to streptokinase was associated with 29 (95% confidence interval 20 to 38) fewer deaths per 1000 patients during days 0-35. This early benefit persisted (death rate ratio 0.98 (0.92 to 1.04) for additional deaths between day 36 and end of year 10), so that there were 28 (14 to 42) and 23 (2 to 44) fewer deaths per 1000 patients treated with streptokinase after 4 years and 10 years respectively. There was no evidence that absolute survival benefit increased with prolonged follow up among any category of patient, including those presenting early after symptoms started or with anterior ST elevation. Nor did the early benefits seem to be lost in any category (including those aged over 70). Allocation to one month of aspirin was associated with 26 (16 to 35) fewer deaths per 1000 during first 35 days, with little further benefit or loss during subsequent years (death rate ratio 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) between day 36 and end of year 10). The early benefit obtained with combination of streptokinase and one month of aspirin also seemed to persist long term. CONCLUSIONS The early survival advantages produced by fibrinolytic therapy and one month of aspirin started in acute myocardial infarction seem to be maintained for at least 10 years.
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Danesh J, Peto R. Risk factors for coronary heart disease and infection with Helicobacter pylori: meta-analysis of 18 studies. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 316:1130-2. [PMID: 9552950 PMCID: PMC28515 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.316.7138.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To find out if chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is correlated with risk factors for coronary heart disease. Design: Meta-analysis of 18 epidemiological studies, involving a total of 10 000 patients, that measured serum antibody titres to H pylori and risk factors for coronary heart disease. Any study published in any language before 1998 was eligible for inclusion. Results: Only small absolute differences in body mass index, blood pressure, or haematological risk factors were found between subjects who were seropositive and those who were seronegative. In those who were seropositive body mass index was slightly higher (0.37, SE 0.09) and concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol were slightly lower (0.032 mmol/l, 0.008). None of the other differences were highly significant. Conclusion: Previous claims of substantial correlations between H pylori seropositivity and certain vascular risk factors were largely or wholly due to chance or the preferential publication of positive results, or both.
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Danesh J, Appleby P, Peto R. How often does surgery for peptic ulceration eradicate Helicobacter pylori? Systematic review of 36 studies. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 316:746-7. [PMID: 9529411 PMCID: PMC28480 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.316.7133.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Specht L, Gray RG, Clarke MJ, Peto R. Influence of more extensive radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term outcome of early-stage Hodgkin's disease: a meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials involving 3,888 patients. International Hodgkin's Disease Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:830-43. [PMID: 9508163 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1998.16.3.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of more extensive radiotherapy and of adjuvant combination chemotherapy on long-term outcome of early-stage Hodgkin's disease. METHODS In a collaborative worldwide systematic overview, individual patient data were centrally reviewed on 1,974 patients in eight randomized trials of more versus less extensive radiotherapy and on 1,688 patients in 13 trials of radiotherapy plus chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone. Crude mortality data on 226 patients in two other trials of chemotherapy were also reviewed. RESULTS More extensive radiotherapy reduced the risk of treatment failure (resistant or recurrent disease) at 10 years by more than one third (31.3% v 43.4% failures; P < .00001), but there was no apparent improvement in overall 10-year survival (77.1 % v 77.0% alive). The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy halved the 10-year risk of failure (15.8% v 32.7%; P < .00001), with a small, nonsignificant improvement in survival (79.4% v 76.5% alive). This involved a reduction of borderline significance for deaths from Hodgkin's disease (12.3% v 15.4% dead at 10 years; P = .07), which was partly counterbalanced by a nonsignificant excess of deaths from other causes (12.4% v 10.0% 10-year risk). CONCLUSION More extensive radiotherapy fields or the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy in the initial treatment of early-stage Hodgkin's disease had a large effect on disease control, but only a small effect on overall survival. Recurrences could be prevented by more extensive radiotherapy or by additional chemotherapy. However, if chemotherapy had not been given initially, recurrences were generally salvageable by re-treatment with chemotherapy. Hence, less intensive primary treatment--particularly a reduction in radiotherapy fields--appears to achieve similar survival rates as more intensive treatment, although more randomized evidence is needed to confirm this.
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Awasthi S, Peto R, Bundy D, Pande V, Fletcher R. Improvement in nutritional status among preschool children in Lucknow, India. A randomized trial of albendazole. J Clin Epidemiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0895-4356(98)90027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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