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Bakker SC, Hoogendoorn MLC, Selten JP, Verduijn W, Pearson PL, Sinke RJ, Kahn RS. Neuregulin 1: genetic support for schizophrenia subtypes. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:1061-3. [PMID: 15303101 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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77
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Verbeek DS, van de Warrenburg BP, Wesseling P, Pearson PL, Kremer HP, Sinke RJ. Mapping of the SCA23 locus involved in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia to chromosome region 20p13-12.3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127:2551-7. [PMID: 15306549 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report upon a Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) family, clinically characterized by a late-onset (>40 years), slowly progressive, isolated spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Neuropathological examination in one affected subject showed neuronal loss in the Purkinje cell layer, dentate nuclei and inferior olives, thinning of cerebellopontine tracts, demyelination of posterior and lateral columns in the spinal cord, as well as ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions in nigral neurons that were considered to be Marinesco bodies. Data obtained from the genome-wide linkage analysis revealed a maximal lod score of 3.46 at = 0.00 for marker D20S199. This new SCA locus, on chromosome region 20p13-p12.3, was designated SCA23 after approval by the HUGO Nomenclature Committee. Currently, candidate genes are being screened for mutations within the SCA23 interval. In addition to the recently identified SCA14, SCA19 and FGF14 families, SCA23 is yet another novel SCA locus in the Dutch ADCA population, which further defines the genetic heterogeneity of ADCA families in the Netherlands.
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Kremer HP, van de Warrenburg BP, Sinke RJ. [From gene to disease; autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2004; 148:614-6. [PMID: 15083626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are a clinically homogeneous, yet genetically heterogeneous group of cerebellar neurodegenerative disorders for which at least 20 genes or loci have been identified to date. Trinucleotide repeat expansions constitute the predominant pathogenic mutations in about two-thirds of Dutch families with ADCAs, even though the mutational mechanisms are variable as well.
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Verbeek DS, Piersma SJ, Hennekam EFAM, Ippel EF, Pearson PL, Sinke RJ. Haplotype study in Dutch SCA3 and SCA6 families: evidence for common founder mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12:441-6. [PMID: 15026782 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study was initiated to show the existence of founder effects in the Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) population. The ADCAs comprise a clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders and the estimated prevalence in the Netherlands is approximately 3:100 000 individuals. Here, we focused on the SCA3 and SCA6 genes because mutations in these genes occur most frequently in the Netherlands. We were able to determine a common origin of the CAG repeat expansions in the majority of Dutch SCA3 and SCA6 families. Haplotype analysis and linkage disequilibrium studies with polymorphic markers revealed shared haplotypes surrounding the SCA3 and SCA6 genes. These results strongly suggest that ADCA families can be traced back to common ancestors in particular parts of the Netherlands.
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van de Warrenburg BPC, Verbeek DS, Piersma SJ, Hennekam FAM, Pearson PL, Knoers NVAM, Kremer HPH, Sinke RJ. Identification of a novel SCA14 mutation in a Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia family. Neurology 2004; 61:1760-5. [PMID: 14694043 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000098883.79421.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a Dutch family with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) based on a novel mutation in the PRKCG gene. METHODS The authors studied 13 affected members of the six-generation family. After excluding the known spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) genes, a combination of the shared haplotype approach, linkage analysis, and genealogic investigations was used. Exons 4 and 5 of the candidate gene, PRKCG, were sequenced. RESULTS Affected subjects displayed a relatively uncomplicated, slowly progressive cerebellar syndrome, with a mean age at onset of 40.8 years. A focal dystonia in two subjects with an onset of disease in their early 20s suggests extrapyramidal features in early onset disease. Significant linkage to a locus on chromosome 19q was found, overlapping the SCA-14 region. Based on the recent description of three missense mutations in the PRKCG gene, located within the boundaries of the SCA-14 locus, we sequenced exons 4 and 5 of this gene and detected a novel missense mutation in exon 4, which involves a G-->A transition in nucleotide 353 and results in a glycine-to-aspartic acid substitution at residue 118. CONCLUSION A SCA-14-linked Dutch ADCA family with a novel missense mutation in the PRKCG gene was identified.
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van de Warrenburg BPC, Notermans NC, Schelhaas HJ, van Alfen N, Sinke RJ, Knoers NVAM, Zwarts MJ, Kremer BPH. Peripheral Nerve Involvement in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:257-61. [PMID: 14967775 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.61.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs), it is unclear whether the associated peripheral nerve involvement is always a typical length-dependent axonopathy rather than primary neuronopathy due to neuronal degeneration in the spinal anterior horns and/or dorsal root ganglia. OBJECTIVE To study the nature and extent of peripheral nerve involvement in patients with ADCA. PATIENTS AND METHODS Standardized clinical and electrophysiologic studies of 27 genotyped patients with ADCA were conducted prospectively, with special emphasis on the distinction between primary neuronopathy and dying-back axonopathy. RESULTS Electrophysiologic evidence of involvement of the peripheral nervous system was present in 70% of patients. Findings were compatible with dying-back axonopathy in 30%, while in 40% of patients, neuronopathy was diagnosed. Patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1 and SCA2 mostly displayed features of neuronopathy, while patients with SCA3 and SCA7 displayed both neuronopathy and axonopathy. In SCA6, no significant peripheral nerve involvement was demonstrated. We did not observe an influence of age, disease duration, or ataxia severity on the presence or type of peripheral nerve involvement. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral nerve involvement in ADCA manifests not only as distal axonal neuropathy, but also as primary neuronopathy. Electrodiagnostic studies in this group of patients should be conducted in such a way that primary neuronopathy is detected.
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Lowe N, Kirley A, Hawi Z, Sham P, Wickham H, Kratochvil CJ, Smith SD, Lee SY, Levy F, Kent L, Middle F, Rohde LA, Roman T, Tahir E, Yazgan Y, Asherson P, Mill J, Thapar A, Payton A, Todd RD, Stephens T, Ebstein RP, Manor I, Barr CL, Wigg KG, Sinke RJ, Buitelaar JK, Smalley SL, Nelson SF, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Gill M. Joint analysis of the DRD5 marker concludes association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder confined to the predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:348-56. [PMID: 14732906 PMCID: PMC1181932 DOI: 10.1086/381561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable, heterogeneous disorder of early onset, consisting of a triad of symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The disorder has a significant genetic component, and theories of etiology include abnormalities in the dopaminergic system, with DRD4, DAT1, SNAP25, and DRD5 being implicated as major susceptibility genes. An initial report of association between ADHD and the common 148-bp allele of a microsatellite marker located 18.5 kb from the DRD5 gene has been followed by several studies showing nonsignificant trends toward association with the same allele. To establish the postulated association of the (CA)(n) repeat with ADHD, we collected genotypic information from 14 independent samples of probands and their parents, analyzed them individually and, in the absence of heterogeneity, analyzed them as a joint sample. The joint analysis showed association with the DRD5 locus (P=.00005; odds ratio 1.24; 95% confidence interval 1.12-1.38). This association appears to be confined to the predominantly inattentive and combined clinical subtypes.
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Schelhaas HJ, Verbeek DS, Van de Warrenburg BPC, Sinke RJ. SCA19 and SCA22: evidence for one locus with a worldwide distribution. Brain 2004; 127:E6; author reply E7. [PMID: 14679032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pruissen DM, Sinke RJ, Terhal PA, Beemer FA, Peters AC. [Developmental disorder in girls due to Rett syndrome]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2003; 147:1560-3. [PMID: 12942847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Three girls with Rett syndrome are presented. Patients A and B had initially exhibited normal development, patient C showed severe developmental delay from birth on. In all three stereotypical hand movements arose which led to Rett syndrome being suspected. For patients A and B the clinical diagnosis was further supported by the identification of mutations in the MECP2-gene. In patient C, the mutation found turned out to be a neutral variant. Rett syndrome is a X-linked developmental disorder, which is particularly prevalent in girls. In 70-90% of clinically diagnosed RS patients a mutation is detected. MECP2-mutations result in a far wider range of phenotypes than classic RS. Mutations of this gene also occur in boys, with or without Rett-syndrome type phenotypes.
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Bakker SC, van der Meulen EM, Buitelaar JK, Sandkuijl LA, Pauls DL, Monsuur AJ, van 't Slot R, Minderaa RB, Gunning WB, Pearson PL, Sinke RJ. A whole-genome scan in 164 Dutch sib pairs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosomes 7p and 15q. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:1251-60. [PMID: 12679898 PMCID: PMC1180276 DOI: 10.1086/375143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2002] [Accepted: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A genome scan was performed on 164 Dutch affected sib pairs (ASPs) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). All subjects were white and of Dutch descent and were phenotyped according to criteria set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. Initially, a narrow phenotype was defined, in which all the sib pairs met the full ADHD criteria (117 ASPs). In a broad phenotype, additional sib pairs were included, in which one child had an autistic-spectrum disorder but also met the full ADHD criteria (164 ASPs). A set of 402 polymorphic microsatellite markers with an average intermarker distance of 10 cM was genotyped and analyzed using the Mapmaker/sibs program. Regions with multipoint maximum likelihood scores (MLSs) >1.5 in both phenotypes were fine mapped with additional markers. This genome scan indicated several regions of interest, two of which showed suggestive evidence for linkage. The most promising chromosome region was located at 15q, with an MLS of 3.54 under the broad phenotype definition. This region was previously implicated in reading disability and autism. In addition, MLSs of 3.04 and 2.05 were found for chromosome regions 7p and 9q in the narrow phenotype. Except for a region on chromosome 5, no overlap was found with regions mentioned in the only other independent genome scan in ADHD reported to date.
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Verbeek DS, Schelhaas JH, Ippel EF, Beemer FA, Pearson PL, Sinke RJ. Identification of a novel SCA locus ( SCA19) in a Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia family on chromosome region 1p21-q21. Hum Genet 2002; 111:388-93. [PMID: 12384780 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-002-0782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2002] [Accepted: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a linkage study in a four-generation autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) family of Dutch ancestry. The family shows a clinically and genetically distinct form of ADCA. This neurodegenerative disorder manifests in the family as a relatively mild ataxia syndrome with some additional characteristic symptoms. We have identified a SCA19 locus, approved by the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee that can be assigned to the chromosome region 1p21-q21. Our mutation analysis failed to identify any mutations in the known spinocerebellar ataxia ( SCA) genes and linkage analysis excluded the remaining SCA loci. We therefore performed a genome-wide scan with 350 microsatellite markers to identify the location of the disease-causing gene in this family. Multi-point analysis was performed and exclusion maps were generated. Linkage and haplotype analysis revealed linkage to an interval located on chromosome 1. The estimated minimal prevalence of ADCA in the Netherlands is about 3:100,000. To date, sixteen different SCA loci have been identified in ADCA ( SCA1-8 and SCA10-17). However, mutation analysis has been commercially available only for the SCA1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 genes. So far, a molecular analysis in these SCA genes cannot be made in about one-third of the ADCA families. Thus, the identification of this new, additional SCA19 locus will contribute to expanding the DNA diagnostic possibilities.
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Littooij AS, Hochstenbach R, Sinke RJ, van Tintelen P, Giltay JC. Two cases with partial trisomy 9p: molecular cytogenetic characterization and clinical follow-up. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 109:125-32. [PMID: 11977161 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes two patients with partial trisomy 9p and partial trisomy 14q due to 3:1 segregation from de novo maternal reciprocal translocations. The breakpoints are different from previously described 9;14 translocations and their 3:1 segregation products. The clinical phenotype of both cases is compatible with the partial trisomy 9p syndrome. We present the follow-up of both patients from birth up to age 7 years. Partial trisomy 9p is a frequently described chromosome abnormality. This does not appear to be related to a breakage sensitive locus on chromosome 9p, since the trisomic fragments of the published cases are heterogeneous. In the two cases described here, GTG-banded karyotyping suggested that the 9p breakpoints were similar; DNA marker analysis, however, showed them to be different. Such DNA studies will be necessary to define the genotype-phenotype relation in partial trisomy 9p syndrome.
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van de Warrenburg BPC, Sinke RJ, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Scheffer H, Brunt ER, Ippel PF, Maat-Kievit JA, Dooijes D, Notermans NC, Lindhout D, Knoers NVAM, Kremer HPH. Spinocerebellar ataxias in the Netherlands: prevalence and age at onset variance analysis. Neurology 2002; 58:702-8. [PMID: 11889231 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.58.5.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International prevalence estimates of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) vary from 0.3 to 2.0 per 100,000. The prevalence of ADCA in the Netherlands is unknown. Fifteen genetic loci have been identified (SCA-1-8, SCA-10-14, SCA-16, and SCA-17) and nine of the corresponding genes have been cloned. In SCA-1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA-12 and SCA-17 the mutation has been shown to be an expanded CAG repeat. Previously, the length of the CAG repeat was found to account for 50 to 80% of variance in age at onset. Because of heterogeneity in encoded proteins, different pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration could be involved. The relationship between CAG repeat length and age at onset would then differ accordingly. METHOD Based on the results of SCA mutation analysis in the three DNA diagnostic laboratories that serve the entire Dutch population, the authors surveyed the number of families and affected individuals per SCA gene, as well as individual repeat length and age at onset. Regression analysis was applied to study the relationship between CAG repeat length and age at onset per SCA gene. The slopes of the different regression curves were compared. RESULTS On November 1, 2000, mutations were found in 145 ADCA families and 391 affected individuals were identified. The authors extrapolated a minimal prevalence of 3.0 per 100,000 (range 2.8 to 3.8/100,000). SCA3 was the most frequent mutation. CAG repeat length contributed to 52 to 76% of age at onset variance. Regression curve slopes for SCA-1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA7 did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS The estimated minimal prevalence of ADCA in the Netherlands is 3.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. Except for SCA6, the relationship between age at onset and CAG repeat expansion does not differ significantly between SCA-1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA7 patient groups in our population, indicating that these SCA subtypes share similar mechanisms of polyglutamine-induced neurotoxicity, despite heterogeneity in gene products.
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Sinke RJ, Ippel EF, Diepstraten CM, Beemer FA, Wokke JH, van Hilten BJ, Knoers NV, van Amstel HK, Kremer HP. Clinical and molecular correlations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6: a study of 24 Dutch families. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 2001; 58:1839-44. [PMID: 11708993 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.58.11.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs), or spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. Mild CAG repeat expansions in the alpha(1A) voltage-dependent calcium channel gene are associated with SCA type 6 (SCA6). OBJECTIVE To obtain further insight into the contribution of SCA6 mutations to the phenotypic variability in Dutch patients with ataxia. DESIGN Survey and case series. SETTING Hospitalized care, referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS The SCA6 locus was analyzed for CAG repeat expansions in a referred sample of 220 Dutch families with progressive cerebellar ataxia. Clinical characteristics of patients with SCA6 were investigated and correlated with molecular findings. RESULTS The diagnosis SCA6 was confirmed in 24 families comprising 30 familial and 4 sporadic cases. Mean +/- SD age at onset was 50.1 +/- 11.1 years. Expanded CAG repeats with sizes 22, 23, and 25 were found. These sizes correlated inversely with age at onset. No intergenerational changes in CAG repeat size were detected. Despite this, 2 families showed clinical anticipation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first detailed description of Dutch patients with SCA6. Clinical analysis identifies SCA6 as a late-onset ataxia in which eye movement abnormalities are prominent and consistent early manifestations. No single clinical sign can be considered specific for SCA6. Some patients have ataxia combined with episodic headaches or nausea, suggesting an overlap among SCA6, eposidic ataxia type 2, and familial hemiplegic migraine. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 accounts for approximately 11% of all Dutch families with ADCA. Analysis of SCA6 contributes further to the genetic classification of patients with ADCA, including patients without a clear family history of the disease.
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van de Warrenburg BP, Frenken CW, Ausems MG, Kleefstra T, Sinke RJ, Knoers NV, Kremer HP. Striking anticipation in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7: the infantile phenotype. J Neurol 2001; 248:911-4. [PMID: 11697534 DOI: 10.1007/s004150170082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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91
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van Alfen N, Sinke RJ, Zwarts MJ, Gabreëls-Festen A, Praamstra P, Kremer BP, Horstink MW. Intermediate CAG repeat lengths (53,54) for MJD/SCA3 are associated with an abnormal phenotype. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:805-7. [PMID: 11409435 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on a Dutch family in which 4 members in 2 generations have intermediate repeat lengths (53 and 54) for Machado-Joseph Disease/Spinocerebellar Ataxia (MJD/SCA3). All but the youngest have a restless legs syndrome with fasciculations and a sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy. Central neurological abnormalities are only present in 2. This family shows that intermediate repeat lengths can be pathogenic and may predispose for restless legs and peripheral nerve disorder.
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Vink T, Hinney A, van Elburg AA, van Goozen SH, Sandkuijl LA, Sinke RJ, Herpertz-Dahlmann BM, Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H, van Engeland H, Adan RA. Association between an agouti-related protein gene polymorphism and anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:325-8. [PMID: 11326303 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2000] [Revised: 11/13/2000] [Accepted: 11/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life threatening disorder affecting mostly adolescent women. It is a dramatic psychiatric syndrome accompanied by severe weight loss, hyperactivity and neuroendocrine changes (reviewed in Refs 1 and 2). Several studies have shown a strong genetic component in AN (reviewed in Ref 3). Recent advances in unraveling the mechanisms of weight control point to a crucial role of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-r) system in regulating body weight. The orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related protein (AGRP), a MC4-r antagonist, plays a crucial role in maintaining body weight, by inducing food intake. The sequence of the coding region of the human AGRP gene (AGRP) was determined and the AGRP of 100 patients with AN was screened for variations. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and screened in a further 45 patients and 244 controls. Two alleles were in complete linkage disequilibrium and were significantly enriched in anorectic patients (11%; P = 0.015) compared to controls (4.5%). These data indicate that variations of AGRP are associated with susceptibility for AN. This is possibly caused by defective suppression of the MC4-r by the variant AGRP, leading to a decreased feeding signal, increasing the risk of developing AN. These results implicate that antagonism of the MC4-r might be considered as pharmacotherapy for patients with AN.
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93
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Giltay JC, Ausems MG, van Seumeren I, Zewald RA, Sinke RJ, Faas B, de Vroede M. Short stature as the only presenting feature in a patient with an isodicentric (Y)(q11.23) and gonadoblastoma. A clinical and molecular cytogenetic study. Eur J Pediatr 2001; 160:154-8. [PMID: 11277375 DOI: 10.1007/s004310000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old phenotypically female patient presented with short stature (height SDS -2.6), but without any Turner stigmata or other dysmorphic features. Chromosome analysis showed mosaicism for an isodicentric (idic) (Y)(q11.23) containing cell line and a 45,X cell line. Subsequent gonadectomy revealed a left streak ovary and a right ovary of abnormal appearance, which on histological examination appeared to contain a gonadoblastoma. DNA analysis showed that the proposed critical region of the gonadoblastoma locus on the Y chromosome was contained within the patient's idic (Y). Conclusion. The case described here shows that patients with 45,X/46,X, isodicentric (Yp) mosaicism and a female phenotype (1) can lack external virilisation but still have a gonadoblastoma and (2) do not necessarily have Turner stigmata but can present with only short stature. This case also underlines the importance of karyotyping patients with unexplained short stature to enable gonadectomy if Y-derived material is detected.
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Schelhaas HJ, Ippel PF, Hageman G, Sinke RJ, van der Laan EN, Beemer FA. Clinical and genetic analysis of a four-generation family with a distinct autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol 2001; 248:113-20. [PMID: 11284128 DOI: 10.1007/s004150170245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterised by progressive cerebellar dysfunction in combination with a variety of other associative features. Since 1993 ADCAs have been increasingly characterised in terms of their genetic mutation and are referred to as spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Some families with ADCA cannot be assigned to any of the known genotypes, which implies further genetic heterogeneity. We investigated the clinical symptoms of 12 patients of a four-generation family with ADCA and carried out mutation and genetic linkage studies. The family showed a relatively mild cerebellar ataxic syndrome with cognitive impairment, poor performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, myoclonus, and a postural irregular tremor of slow frequency. Age at disease onset and severity of cerebellar signs and symptoms suggest anticipation. The genetic loci implicated in ADCA were excluded by mutation analyses (SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12) and genetic linkage (SCA 4, 5, 6, 10, 11). We conclude that this family represents a clinically and genetically distinct form of SCA.
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Bull LN, Juijn JA, Liao M, van Eijk MJ, Sinke RJ, Stricker NL, DeYoung JA, Carlton VE, Baharloo S, Klomp LW, Abukawa D, Barton DE, Bass NM, Bourke B, Drumm B, Jankowska I, Lovisetto P, McQuaid S, Pawlowska J, Tazawa Y, Villa E, Tygstrup N, Berger R, Knisely AS, Freimer NB. Fine-resolution mapping by haplotype evaluation: the examples of PFIC1 and BRIC. Hum Genet 1999; 104:241-8. [PMID: 10323248 DOI: 10.1007/pl00008714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Loci for two inherited liver diseases, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1), have previously been mapped to 18q21 by a search for shared haplotypes in patients in two isolated populations. This paper describes the use of further haplotype evaluation with a larger sample of patients for both disorders, drawn from several different populations. Our assessment places both loci in the same interval of less than 1 cM and has led to the discovery of the PFIC1/BRIC gene, FIC1; this discovery permits retrospective examination of the general utility of haplotype evaluation and highlights possible caveats regarding this method of genetic mapping.
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Sjarif DR, Sinke RJ, Duran M, Beemer FA, Kleijer WJ, Ploos van Amstel JK, Poll-The BT. Clinical heterogeneity and novel mutations in the glycerol kinase gene in three families with isolated glycerol kinase deficiency. J Med Genet 1998; 35:650-6. [PMID: 9719371 PMCID: PMC1051390 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.8.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Isolated glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X linked recessive disorder. The clinical and biochemical picture may vary from a childhood metabolic crisis to asymptomatic adult "pseudohypertriglyceridaemia", the result of hyperglycerolaemia. We performed glycerol kinase (GK) gene analysis to study the molecular heterogeneity and genotype-phenotype correlation in eight males from three families with isolated GKD. All patients had hyperglycerolaemia and glyceroluria. Four patients from two families were essentially free of symptoms. Three patients had gastrointestinal symptoms with ketoacidosis or hypoglycaemia or both. One patient had recurrent convulsions as the only acute sign, without evidence that it was correlated with a catabolic state. Fasting tests in two symptomatic patients of family 1 showed hyperketotic states, together with a tendency to hypoglycaemia. The diagnosis was confirmed by a defective 14C-glycerol incorporation into trichloroacetic acid precipitable macromolecules in intact skin fibroblasts. Mutation screening of the GK gene was performed by amplification and direct sequencing of exons using PCR. Three novel mutations were identified: (1) a deletion starting downstream of exon 9, extending to the 3' end of the gene; (2) a nonsense mutation R413X caused by a C1351T transition; and (3) a missense mutation W503R caused by a T1651C transition. In addition, we found differences from the reported sequence: (1) exon 9 actually consists of two exons, which consequently will change the number of GK gene exons from 19 to 20 exons, and (2) nucleotide differences in exon 19. So far, no genotype-phenotype correlation can be established in these GKD families.
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97
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Sinke RJ, van Asseldonk M, de Bruijn D, Strijk JA, Merkx G, Olde Weghuis D, de Jong B, Oosterhuis JW, Geurts van Kessel A. Towards the isolation of a human malignant extragonadal germ cell tumour-associated breakpoint in chromosome 11q13. APMIS 1998; 106:73-8; discussion 78-9. [PMID: 9524564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study we have defined a subgroup of human malignant extragonadal germ cell tumours that is characterized by complex translocations involving chromosomes 6 and 11 (Echten et al. 1995). Here we report (i) the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and direct visual hybridization techniques to localize the tumour-associated breakpoint within band 11q13, and (ii) the construction of a phage library enriched for this region to facilitate genomic walks towards the breakpoint. Extensive breakpoint-flanking contigs were generated and within these contigs six candidate genes could be identified.
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98
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Sinke RJ, Carlton VE, Juijn JA, Delhaas T, Bull L, van Berge Henegouwen GP, van Hattum J, Keller KM, Sinaasappel M, Bijleveld CM, Knol IE, Ploos van Amstel HK, Pearson PL, Berger R, Freimer NB, Houwen RH. Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC): evidence of genetic heterogeneity and delimitation of the BRIC locus to a 7-cM interval between D18S69 and D18S64. Hum Genet 1997; 100:382-7. [PMID: 9272159 DOI: 10.1007/s004390050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is an autosomal recessive liver disease characterized by multiple episodes of cholestasis without progression to chronic liver disease. The gene was previously assigned to chromosome 18q21, using a shared segment analysis in three families from the Netherlands. In the present study we report the linkage analysis of an expanded sample of 14 BRIC families, using 15 microsatellite markers from the 18q21 region. Obligate recombinants in two families place the gene in a 7-cM interval, between markers D18S69 and D18S64. All intervening markers had significant LOD scores in two-point linkage analysis. Moreover, we identified one family in which the BRIC gene seems to be unlinked to the 18q21 region, or that represents incomplete penetrance of the BRIC genotype.
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99
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Sinke RJ, Dijkhuizen T, Janssen B, Olde Weghuis D, Merkx G, van den Berg E, Schuuring E, Meloni AM, de Jong B, Geurts van Kessel A. Fine mapping of the human renal oncocytoma-associated translocation (5;11)(q35;q13) breakpoint. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1997; 96:95-101. [PMID: 9216713 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent cytogenetic analysis of a series of human renal oncocytomas revealed the presence of a recurring chromosomal translocation (5;11)(q35;q13) as sole anomaly in a subset of the tumors. The molecular characterization of this translocation was initiated using two primary t(5;11)-positive renal oncocytomas and a panel of somatic cell hybrids derived from one of these tumors, in conjunction with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Southern blot analysis. The breakpoint in chromosome band 11q13 could be located within a genomic interval of at maximum 400 Kb immediately centromeric to the BCL1 locus.
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100
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Landsvater RM, de Wit MJ, Peterson LF, Sinke RJ, Geurts van Kessel A, Lips CJ, Höppener JW. Exclusion of the nuclear factor-kappa B3 (REL A) gene as candidate for the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) gene. BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE 1997; 60:76-9. [PMID: 9066984 DOI: 10.1006/bmme.1996.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by neoplasia and hyperplasia in specific endocrine organs. The MEN 1 gene, which is most probably a tumor suppressor gene, has been localized to a region of approximately 900 kb on chromosome 11q13. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a transcription factor with pleiotropic expression, which is involved in the regulation of expression of many cellular genes. The p50/p65 heterodimer is the most abundant form of NF-kappa B. The gene encoding the p65 subunit (NF-kappa B3/REL A) was recently localized in the 900-kb MEN 1 region and was considered a good candidate gene for MEN 1. The structure and nucleotide sequence of the NF-kappa B3 coding region in MEN 1 patients were compared with those of non-MEN 1 subjects, to determine the potential role of this gene in MEN 1 tumorigenesis. Southern blot analysis with constitutional DNA from probands of 14 independent MEN 1 families and DNA from four MEN 1 tumor specimens did not reveal any structural abnormality of the NF-kappa B3 gene. Direct sequencing of cDNAs from two affected subjects from 2 different MEN 1 families, as well as nucleotide sequence analysis of exon/intron boundaries in these patients, did not reveal MEN 1-specific point mutations or other small structural aberrations in the NF-kappa B3 gene. These results make it very unlikely that the NF-kappa B3 gene is the gene responsible for the development of MEN 1.
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