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Das SK, Ma L, Sharma NK. Adipose tissue gene expression and metabolic health of obese adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:869-73. [PMID: 25520251 PMCID: PMC4422777 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obese subjects with a similar body mass index (BMI) exhibit substantial heterogeneity in gluco- and cardiometabolic heath phenotypes. However, defining genes that underlie the heterogeneity of metabolic features among obese individuals and determining metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes remain challenging. We conducted unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue transcripts from 30 obese men and women ⩾40 years old. Despite similar BMIs in all subjects, we found two distinct subgroups, one metabolically healthy (group 1) and one metabolically unhealthy (group 2). Subjects in group 2 showed significantly higher total cholesterol (P=0.005), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.006), 2-h insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (P=0.015) and lower insulin sensitivity (SI, P=0.029) compared with group 1. We identified significant upregulation of 141 genes (for example, MMP9 and SPP1) and downregulation of 17 genes (for example, NDRG4 and GINS3) in group 2 subjects. Intriguingly, these differentially expressed transcripts were enriched for genes involved in cardiovascular disease-related processes (P=2.81 × 10(-11)-3.74 × 10(-02)) and pathways involved in immune and inflammatory response (P=8.32 × 10(-5)-0.04). Two downregulated genes, NDRG4 and GINS3, have been located in a genomic interval associated with cardiac repolarization in published GWASs and zebra fish knockout models. Our study provides evidence that perturbations in the adipose tissue gene expression network are important in defining metabolic health in obese subjects.
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Das SK, Chisti MJ, Malek MA, Vanderlee L, Salam MA, Ahmed T, Bardhan PK, Faruque ASG, Al Mamun A. Urban-rural differentials in overweight and obese individuals with diarrhea in bangladesh. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33:459-65. [PMID: 25386993 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.875412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to determine urban and rural differences in overweight and obesity (OO) with diarrhea regarding subjects' sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, etiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility. METHODS Relevant information from 2000 to 2011 were extracted from the data archive of the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of urban Dhaka (1248, 4.5%) and rural Matlab (615, 3.4%) hospitals of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). RESULTS The proportion of OO significantly increased in both urban (3-7%; chi-square for trend p < 0.001) and rural (1-6%; p < 0.001) areas over the study period. In multivariate modeling, monthly income more than US$100 (odds ratio [OR] = 54.44, 95% confidence interval [CI], 25.37-116.82, p < 0.001), high wealth quintile (OR = 18.23, 95% CI, 8.63-38.49, p < 0.001), access to sanitary toilet (OR = 3.07. 95% CI. 1.76-5.26. p < 0.001), boiled drinking water (OR = 2.77, 95% CI, 1.09-7.05, p = 0.032), antimicrobial use before hospitalization (OR = 4.99, 95% CI, 2.85-8.74, p < 0.001), fever (OR = 0.14, 95% CI, 0.37, 0.50, p < 0.001), watery stools (OR = 5.59, 95% CI, 2.11-14.80, p < 0.001), dehydrating diarrhea (OR = 5.17, 95% CI, 2.54-10.52, p < 0.001), intravenous saline infusion after hospitalization (OR = 2.65, 95% CI, 1.28-5.49, p = 0.009), and Salmonella infection (OR = 0.20, 95% CI, 0.50-0.83, p = 0.027) remained significantly associated with urban OO individuals. At least 88% of Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in both urban and rural areas; for mecillinum it was 90%. Ciprofloxacin had the least detected resistance for Vibrio cholerae (0%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) showed the greatest resistance (Dhaka 86%; Matlab 98%). Susceptibility for Salmonella showed ampicillin (95%), chloramphenecol (100%), ciprofloxacin (95%), ceftraxone (93%), TMP-SMX (95%) at both sites. CONCLUSION Urban OO with diarrheal illnesses was significantly different from that in rural areas, including antimicrobial susceptibility.
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Fatima G, Sharma VP, Das SK, Mahdi AA. Oxidative stress and antioxidative parameters in patients with spinal cord injury: implications in the pathogenesis of disease. Spinal Cord 2014; 53:3-6. [PMID: 25366528 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) after trauma. OBJECTIVE In this review we will elucidate the importance of oxidative stress and antioxidants and its possible relationship with SCI. METHODS Literature analysis of oxidative stress, antioxidative parameters based on its implications in the pathogenesis along with devastating effect of oxidative stress parameters on SCI patients and its suggested proposed treatment by antioxidants have been performed. RESULTS SCI remains a major health problem despite advances in neurotechnology. Previous studies have reported oxidative stress in SCI patients, but the results were inconsistent. Furthermore, increased free radical levels are reported in SCI. Moreover, we have also mentioned in this review that oxidative stress is supposed to be increased in patients with SCI, which is related to the severity of SCI pain. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress was commonly seen in SCI patients, which may provide useful information to augment the understanding of pathophysiology of SCI patients. However, complete understanding of the biochemical events occurring at a cellular level that influence oxidative damage is required to guide future therapeutic advances. Furthermore, supplementation of antioxidants may also be considered in these patients.
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Joshi A, Das SK, Samanta P, Paria P, Sen SK, Basu A. Chromosome-specific physical localisation of expressed sequence tag loci in Corchorus olitorius L. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:1133-1139. [PMID: 24628982 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Jute (Corchorus spp.), as a natural fibre-producing species, ranks next only to cotton. Inadequate understanding of its genetic architecture is a major lacuna for genetic improvement of this crop in terms of yield and quality. Establishment of a physical map provides a genomic tool that helps in positional cloning of valuable genes. In this report, an attempt was initiated to study association and localisation of single copy expressed sequence tag (EST) loci in the genome of Corchorus olitorius. The chromosome-specific association of EST was determined based on the appearance of an extra signal for a single copy cDNA probe in mitotic interphase nuclei of specific trisomic(s) for fluorescence in situ hybridisation, and validated using a cDNA fragment of the 26S rRNA gene (600 bp) as molecular probe. The probe exhibited three signals in meiotic interphase nuclei of trisomic 5, instead of two as observed in diploids and other trisomics, indicating its association with chromosome 5. Subsequent hybridisation of the same probe on the pachytene chromosomes of diploids confirmed that 26S rRNA occupies the terminal end of the short arm of chromosome 5 in C. olitorius. Subsequently, chromosome-specific association of 63 single copy EST and their physical localisation were determined on chromosomes 2, 4, 5 and 7. The study describes chromosome-specific physical localisation of genes in jute. The approach used here could be a step towards construction of genome-wide physical maps for any recalcitrant plant species like jute.
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Deckersbach T, Das SK, Urban LE, Salinardi T, Batra P, Rodman AM, Arulpragasam AR, Dougherty DD, Roberts SB. Pilot randomized trial demonstrating reversal of obesity-related abnormalities in reward system responsivity to food cues with a behavioral intervention. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e129. [PMID: 25177910 PMCID: PMC4183968 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is associated with hyperactivation of the reward system for high-calorie (HC) versus low-calorie (LC) food cues, which encourages unhealthy food selection and overeating. However, the extent to which this hyperactivation can be reversed is uncertain, and to date there has been no demonstration of changes by behavioral intervention. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure changes in activation of the striatum for food images at baseline and 6 months in a pilot study of 13 overweight or obese adults randomized to a control group or a novel weight-loss intervention. RESULTS Compared to controls, intervention participants achieved significant weight loss (-6.3±1.0 kg versus +2.1±1.1 kg, P<0.001) and had increased activation for LC food images with a composition consistent with that recommended in the behavioral intervention at 6 months versus baseline in the right ventral putamen (P=0.04), decreased activation for HC images of typically consumed foods in the left dorsal putamen (P=0.01). There was also a large significant shift in relative activation favoring LC versus HC foods in both regions (P<0.04). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first demonstration of a positive shift in activation of the reward system toward healthy versus unhealthy food cues in a behavioral intervention, suggesting new avenues to enhance behavioral treatments of obesity.
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Sarker MHR, Das SK, Ahmed S, Ferdous F, Das J, Farzana FD, Shahid ASMSB, Shahunja KM, Afrad MH, Malek MA, Chisti MJ, Bardhan PK, Hossain MI, Mamun AA, Faruque ASG. Changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in children younger than five years in urban Bangladesh. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105978. [PMID: 25171098 PMCID: PMC4149481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood rotavirus diarrhea is still one of the major public health challenges. The present study aimed to determine changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in under-5 children at two periods of time. Methods We enrolled 5,357 under-5 children with rotavirus positive in two different time periods; i) 1993-1997 (n = 2,493), and ii) 2008–2012 (n = 2,864) considering beginning and ending of two decades. These children were enrolled in the urban Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b. Results Overall, proportion of rotavirus was about 25% in 1993–97, which was 42% in 2008–12 (68% rise; p<0.001). Significant higher proportion of children were stunted [38% vs. 22%; aOR-1.33 (95% CI-1.09-1.62)], had vomiting [87% vs. 74%; aOR-2.58 (95% CI-2.02-3.28)], fever [10% vs. 8%; aOR-1.31 (95% CI-0.96-1.78)], family members >5 [38% vs. 35%; aOR-1.32 (95% CI-1.10-1.58)] required more intravenous fluid [9% vs. 3%; aOR-4.93 (95% CI-3.19-7.63)], had higher co-infection with Shigella [3% vs. 1%; aOR-3.36 (95% CI-1.61-7.03)], Vibrio cholerae [4% vs. 1%; aOR-3.70 (95% CI-2.12-6.46)]; and ETEC [13% vs. 7%; aOR-2.21 (95% CI-1.65-2.97)]; however, significantly lower proportion of them used sanitary toilets [54% vs. 78%; aOR-0.66 (95% CI-0.54-0.80)], boiled drinking water [16% vs. 38%; aOR-0.60 (95% CI-0.48-0.74)], used antimicrobial at home [63% vs. 82%; aOR-0.56 (95% CI-0.46-0.69)] and had some or severe dehydration [18% vs. 34%; aOR-0.15 (95% CI-0.12-0.20)] in 1st observation period compared to that of 2nd. Conclusion Proportion of episodes of under-5 rotavirus diarrhea increased over the period. Concomitant changes in host, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and co-infections were also observed. Thus, vaccination campaign which is prevailing in private sector should also be introduced in public sector.
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Sarkar S, Azab B, Quinn BA, Shen X, Dent P, Klibanov AL, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT) of pancreatic cancer using perillyl alcohol and a novel chimeric serotype cancer terminator virus. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:125-40. [PMID: 24236457 DOI: 10.2174/1566524013666131118110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conditionally replication competent adenoviruses (Ads) that selectively replicate in cancer cells and simultaneously express a therapeutic cytokine, such as melanoma differentiation associated gene- 7/Interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24), a Cancer Terminator Virus (CTV-M7), hold potential for treating human cancers. To enhance the efficacy of the CTV-M7, we generated a chimeric Ad.5 and Ad.3 modified fiber bipartite CTV (Ad.5/3-CTV-M7) that can infect tumor cells in a Coxsackie Adenovirus receptor (CAR) independent manner, while retaining high infectivity in cancer cells containing high CAR. Although mda-7/IL-24 displays broad-spectrum anticancer properties, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells display an intrinsic resistance to mda-7/IL-24-mediated killing due to an mda-7/IL-24 mRNA translational block. However, using a chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT) approach with perillyl alcohol (POH) and a replication incompetent Ad to deliver mda-7/IL-24 (Ad.mda-7) there is enhanced conversion of mda-7/IL-24 mRNA into protein resulting in pancreatic cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo in nude mice containing human PDAC xenografts. This combination synergistically induces mda-7/IL-24-mediated cancer-specific apoptosis by inhibiting anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 protein expression and inducing an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response through induction of BiP/GRP-78, which is most evident in chimeric-modified non-replicating Ad.5/3- mda-7- and CTV-M7-infected PDAC cells. Moreover, Ad.5/3-CTV-M7 in combination with POH sensitizes therapy-resistant MIA PaCa-2 cell lines over-expressing either Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL to mda-7/IL-24-mediated apoptosis. Ad.5/3-CTV-M7 plus POH also exerts a significant antitumor 'bystander' effect in vivo suppressing both primary and distant site tumor growth, confirming therapeutic utility of Ad.5/3-CTV-M7 plus POH in PDAC treatment, where all other current treatment strategies in clinical settings show minimal efficacy.
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Das SK, Chisti MJ, Afrad MH, Malek MA, Ahmed S, Ferdous F, Farzana FD, Das J, Shahunja KM, Afroze F, Salam MA, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Baker PJ, Al Mamun A. Gastroenteritis due to typhoidal Salmonella: a decade of observation at an urban and a rural diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:435. [PMID: 25098316 PMCID: PMC4132926 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of Typhoidal Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi) (TS) with diarrhea between urban and rural Bangladesh. Methods Relevant information of 77/25,767 (0.30%) and 290/17,622 (1.65%) patients positive with TS (in stool) were extracted from the data archive of Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of icddr,b (urban Dhaka and rural Matlab Hospitals respectively) during 2000–2012. Comparison group (diarrhea patients negative for TS) was randomly selected from the database (1:3 ratio). Two poisson regression models were investigated for modelling seasonal effects on the number of cases. Results Salmonella Typhi was more frequently isolated in Dhaka than Matlab (57% vs. 5%, p < 0.001); while Salmonella Paratyphi was more frequent in Matlab than Dhaka (96% vs. 43%; p < 0.001). Fever [adj. OR-5.86 (95% CI: 2.16, 15.94)], antimicrobial use at home [5.08 (2.60, 9.90)], and fecal red blood cells [2.53 (1.38, 4.64)] were significantly associated with detection of TS in stool of patient from Dhaka. For Matlab, the correlates were, vomiting [1.88 (1.35, 2.64)], fecal macrophage [1.89 (1.29, 2.74)] in addition to fever and duration of diarrhea and antimicrobial use. At Dhaka, all Salmonella Typhi isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone; while in Dhaka and Matlab however, for ciprofloxacin it was 45% and 91%, respectively. Susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and nalidixic acid ranged from 12%-58%. Salmonella Paratyphi were susceptible to ceftriaxone (99%). A significant seasonal trend and year difference (before and after 2007) for Matlab was observed (p < 0.001 for all effects). Dhaka does not show significant year or seasonal effects (p = 0.07 for years and p = 0.81 and p = 0.18 for the cos and sin components, respectively). While not significant, two seasonal peaks were observed in Dhaka (January-February and September-November); while a single peak (August-November) was observed in Matlab. Conclusions Proportion of serovar distribution of TS and their clinical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and seasonal pattern were different among diarrhea patients in urban Dhaka and rural Matlab of Bangladesh. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-435) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ferdous F, Das SK, Ahmed S, Farzana FD, Malek MA, Das J, Latham JR, Faruque ASG, Chisti MJ. Diarrhoea in slum children: observation from a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:1170-6. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baker KK, Dil Farzana F, Ferdous F, Ahmed S, Kumar Das S, Faruque ASG, Nasrin D, Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Kolappaswamy K, Levine MM. Association between moderate-to-severe diarrhea in young children in the global enteric multicenter study (GEMS) and types of handwashing materials used by caretakers in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:181-189. [PMID: 24778193 PMCID: PMC4080560 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Handwashing practices among caretakers of case and control children < 5 years of age enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study in Mirzapur, Bangladesh were characterized and analyzed for association with moderate-to-severe diarrhea. Soap or detergent ownership was common, yet 48% of case and 47.7% of control caretakers also kept ashes for handwashing, including 36.8% of the wealthiest households. Soap, detergent, and ash were used for multiple hygiene purposes and were kept together at handwashing areas. Caretakers preferred soap for handwashing, but frequently relied on ash, or a detergent/ash mixture, as a low-cost alternative. Moderate-to-severe diarrhea was equally likely for children of caretakers who kept soap versus those who kept ash (matched OR = 0.91; 0.62-1.32). Contact with ash and water reduced concentrations of bacterial enteropathogens, without mechanical scrubbing. Thus, washing hands with ash is a prevalent behavior in Mirzapur and may help diminish transmission of diarrheal pathogens to children.
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Klontz EH, Das SK, Ahmed D, Ahmed S, Chisti MJ, Malek MA, Faruque ASG, Klontz KC. Long-term comparison of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 and Shigella species between urban and rural Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:e133-6. [PMID: 24457344 PMCID: PMC3982837 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2000 to 2012, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Shigella species isolates from urban Dhaka and rural Matlab were tested for resistance to all clinically relevant antibiotics in Bangladesh. Resistances in urban and rural Bangladesh tended to rise and fall together, especially a few years after the introduction of new resistance. From 2000 to 2012, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Shigella species isolates from urban Dhaka and rural Matlab were tested for resistance to all clinically relevant antibiotics in Bangladesh. Resistances in urban and rural Bangladesh tended to rise and fall together, especially a few years after the introduction of new resistance.
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Wares MA, Awal MA, Das SK, Alam J. Environmentally persistant toxicant arsenic affects uterus grossly and histologically. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3329/bjvm.v11i1.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The experiment was carried out to determine the gross and microscopic effects of arsenic on uterus of female Black Bengal Goats against control group in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202. A total of twelve mature female Black Bengal goats were studied, six from arsenic affected areas of Mymensingh district and theother six from Hill Tracts of Bangaldesh which are arsenic free. Gross parameters show slight variations in the morphology (color and shape) and biometry (size and weight) of uterus of arsenic affected Black Bengal goats, but this variation was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). For microscopic study, permanent slide was prepared by Mayers Hematoxylin and Eosin stain method. In microscopic level, there were significant variations in arsenic affected group of goats compared to the control group. Arsenic affected group of goats show thickening of uterine horn (p<0.01), uterine gland is lower in amount and diameter(p<0.01), cervical villi length was smaller (p<0.01), cervical wall thickness was higher (p<0.01). This work may be the tip of the iceberg representing the full extent of arsenic exposure to female genital tract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i1.13175 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (1): 61-68
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Das SK, Ahmed S, Ferdous F, Farzana FD, Chisti MJ, Latham JR, Talukder KA, Rahman M, Begum YA, Qadri F, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T. Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7:900-9. [PMID: 24334935 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared the diversity of common diarrhoeal pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility in four hospitals in Bangladesh. METHODOLOGY A total of 13,959 diarrhoea patients, comprising rural Mirzapur (2,820), rural Matlab (2,865), urban Dhaka (5,287) and urban Mirpur (2,987) were included under the diarrhoeal disease surveillance system of icddr,b during 2010-2011; stool specimens were tested for Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus. RESULTS Rotavirus was highest in Mirzapur (28%) followed by Dhaka (24%), Matlab (19%) and Mirpur (18%). Overall, Shigella was significantly more prevalent in rural sites (Mirzapur 13% and Matlab 7%), than in urban sites (Dhaka 3% and Mirpur 3%). Vibrio cholerae was more common in the urban sites of Dhaka (14%) and Mirpur (12%). 72% of Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in Mirzapur, and 88% to mecillinam. In Dhaka, the figures for Shigella were 65% and 50%, in Matlab 65% and 85%, and in Mirpur 59% and 92% respectively. Susceptibility of Shigella to azithromycin and ceftriaxone in Dhaka was 74% and 95%, and in Mirpur 88% and 92% respectively. Vibrio cholerae showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100% in Mirpur) and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin (0% in Dhaka, Matlab and Mirpur) and azithromycin (30% in Dhaka to 7% in Mirzapur). Multidrug resistance (≥3 antibiotics) for Shigella were: Mirzapur (50%); Dhaka (36%); Matlab (23%) and Mirpur (37%); and for V. cholerae it was 26%, 37%, 49% and 23% respectively. CONCLUSION The isolation rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella spp. and V. cholerae along with rotavirus differed significantly in certain geographical sites.
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Afrad MH, Rahman MZ, Matthijnssens J, Das SK, Faruque ASG, Azim T, Rahman M. High incidence of reassortant G9P[4] rotavirus strain in Bangladesh: Fully heterotypic from vaccine strains. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:755-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nahar S, Afrad MH, Begum N, Al-Mamun F, Sarker AK, Das SK, Faruque ASG, Pourkarim MR, Choudhuri MSK, Azim T, Rahman M. High prevalence of noroviruses among hospitalized diarrheal patients in Bangladesh, 2011. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7:892-6. [PMID: 24240050 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Norovirus is not usually investigated in diarrheal patients in Bangladesh which may account for the many cases where no pathogens are identified. METHODOLOGY Stool specimens collected from diarrheal patients from three hospitals in Bangladesh during 2011 were investigated for norovirus RNA using real-time RT-PCR assay with norovirus type specific primers and probes. RESULTS Of the 257 stool specimens tested, 28.4 % were norovirus positive. GII (71.2%) was the predominant strain followed by GI (20.5%), GI+GII (6.8%) and GIV (1.4%). Half of the norovirus positive stools (n=37) were co-infected with other pathogens. CONCLUSION Continued surveillance of norovirus together with other viral and bacterial pathogens in hospitalized gastroenteritis patients as well as in the community will further elucidate the role and burden of different pathogens in diarrheal diseases.
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Rankine LJ, Newton J, Bache ST, Das SK, Adamovics J, Kirsch DG, Oldham M. Investigating end-to-end accuracy of image guided radiation treatment delivery using a micro-irradiator. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:7791-801. [PMID: 24140983 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/21/7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is significant interest in delivering precisely targeted small-volume radiation treatments, in the pre-clinical setting, to study dose-volume relationships with tumour control and normal tissue damage. For these studies it is vital that image guidance systems and target positioning are accurately aligned (IGRT), in order to deliver dose precisely and accurately according to the treatment plan. In this work we investigate the IGRT targeting accuracy of the X-RAD 225 Cx system from Precision X-Ray using high-resolution 3D dosimetry techniques. Small cylindrical PRESAGE® dosimeters were used with optical-CT readout (DMOS) to verify the accuracy of 2.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm X-RAD cone attachments. The dosimeters were equipped with four target points, visible on both CBCT and optical-CT, at which a 7-field coplanar treatment plan was delivered with the respective cone. Targeting accuracy (distance to agreement between the target point and delivery isocenter) and cone alignment (isocenter precision under gantry rotation) were measured using the optical-CT images. Optical-CT readout of the first 2.5 mm cone dosimeter revealed a significant targeting error of 2.1 ± 0.6 mm and a cone misalignment of 1.3 ± 0.1 mm. After the IGRT hardware and software had been recalibrated, these errors were reduced to 0.5 ± 0.1 and 0.18 ± 0.04 mm respectively, within the manufacturer specified 0.5 mm. Results from the 1.0 mm cone were 0.5 ± 0.3 mm targeting accuracy and 0.4 ± 0.1 mm cone misalignment, within the 0.5 mm specification. The results from the 5.0 mm cone were 1.0 ± 0.2 mm targeting accuracy and 0.18 ± 0.06 mm cone misalignment, outside of accuracy specifications. Quality assurance of small field IGRT targeting and delivery accuracy is a challenging task. The use of a 3D dosimetry technique, where targets are visible on both CBCT and optical-CT, enabled identification and quantification of a targeting error in 3D. After correction, the targeting accuracy of the irradiator was verified to be within 0.5 mm (or 1.0 mm for the 5.0 mm cone) and the cone alignment was verified to be within 0.2 mm (or 0.4 mm for the 1.0 mm cone). The PRESAGE®/DMOS system proved valuable for end-to-end verification of small field IGRT capabilities.
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Chisti MJ, Salam MA, Ashraf H, Faruque ASG, Bardhan PK, Hossain MI, Shahid ASMSB, Shahunja KM, Das SK, Imran G, Ahmed T. Clinical risk factors of death from pneumonia in children with severe acute malnutrition in an urban critical care ward of Bangladesh. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73728. [PMID: 24040043 PMCID: PMC3767805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Risks of death are high when children with pneumonia also have severe acute malnutrition (SAM) as a co-morbidity. However, there is limited published information on risk factors of death from pneumonia in SAM children. We evaluated clinically identifiable factors associated with death in under-five children who were hospitalized for the management of pneumonia and SAM. Methods For this unmatched case-control design, SAM children of either sex, aged 0–59 months, admitted to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) during April 2011 to July 2012 with radiological pneumonia were studied. The SAM children with pneumonia who had fatal outcome constituted the cases (n = 35), and randomly selected SAM children with pneumonia who survived constituted controls (n = 105). Results The median (inter-quartile range) age (months) was comparable among the cases and the controls [8.0 (4.9, 11.0) vs. 9.7 (5.0, 18.0); p = 0.210)]. In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders, such as vomiting, abnormal mental status, and systolic hypotension (<70 mm of Hg) in absence of dehydration, fatal cases of severely malnourished under-five children with pneumonia were more often hypoxemic (OR = 23.15, 95% CI = 4.38–122.42), had clinical dehydration (some/severe) (OR = 9.48, 95% CI = 2.42–37.19), abdominal distension at admission (OR = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.12–16.52), and received blood transfusion (OR = 5.50, 95% CI = 1.21–24.99) for the management of crystalloid resistant systolic hypotension. Conclusion and Significance We identified hypoxemia, clinical dehydration, and abdominal distension as the independent predictors of death in SAM children with pneumonia. SAM children with pneumonia who required blood transfusion for the management of crystalloid resistant systolic hypotension were also at risk for death. Thus, early identification and prompt management of these simple clinically recognizable predictors of death and discourage the use of blood transfusion for the management of crystalloid resistant systolic hypotension may help reduce deaths in such population.
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Chisti MJ, Ahmed T, Pietroni MAC, Faruque ASG, Ashraf H, Bardhan PK, Hossain I, Das SK, Salam MA. Pulmonary tuberculosis in severely-malnourished or HIV-infected children with pneumonia: a review. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2013; 31:308-13. [PMID: 24288943 PMCID: PMC3805879 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v31i3.16516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) as acute pneumonia in severely-malnourished and HIV-positive children has received very little attention, although this is very important in the management of pneumonia in children living in communities where TB is highly endemic. Our aim was to identify confirmed TB in children with acute pneumonia and HIV infection and/or severe acute malnutrition (SAM) (weight-for-length/height or weight-for-age z score <-3 of the WHO median, or presence of nutritional oedema). We conducted a literature search, using PubMed and Web of Science in April 2013 for the period from January 1974 through April 2013. We included only those studies that reported confirmed TB identified by acid fast bacilli (AFB) through smear microscopy, or by culture-positive specimens from children with acute pneumonia and SAM and/or HIV infection. The specimens were collected either from induced sputum (IS), or gastric lavage (GL), or broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), or percutaneous lung aspirates (LA). Pneumonia was defined as the radiological evidence of lobar or patchy consolidation and/or clinical evidence of severe/ very severe pneumonia according to the WHO criteria of acute respiratory infection. A total of 17 studies met our search criteria but 6 were relevant for our review. Eleven studies were excluded as those did not assess the HIV status of the children or specify the nutritional status of the children with acute pneumonia and TB. We identified only 747 under-five children from the six relevant studies that determined a tubercular aetiology of acute pneumonia in children with SAM and/or positive HIV status. Three studies were reported from South Africa and one each from the Gambia, Ethiopia, and Thailand where 610, 90, 35, and 12 children were enrolled and 64 (10%), 23 (26%), 5 (14%), and 1 (8%) children were identified with active TB respectively, with a total of 93 (12%) children with active TB. Among 610 HIV-infected children in three studies from South Africa and 137 SAM children from other studies, 64 (10%) and 29 (21%) isolates of M. tuberculosis were identified respectively. Children from South Africa were infected with HIV without specification of their nutritional status whereas children from other countries had SAM but without indication of their HIV status. Our review of the existing data suggests that pulmonary tuberculosis may be more common than it is generally suspected in children with acute pneumonia and SAM, or HIV infection. Because of the scarcity of data, there is an urgent need to investigate PTB as one of the potential aetiologies of acute pneumonia in these children in a carefully-conducted larger study, especially outside Africa.
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Chisti MJ, Salam MA, Ashraf H, Faruque ASG, Bardhan PK, Das SK, Shahunja KM, Shahid ASMSB, Ahmed T. Clinical signs of radiologic pneumonia in under-five hypokalemic diarrheal children admitted to an urban hospital in bangladesh. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71911. [PMID: 23951267 PMCID: PMC3741193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical signs of pneumonia are often veiled in under-five diarrheal children presenting with hypokalemia, making clinical diagnosis of pneumonia very difficult in such population. However, there is no published report that describes the influences of hypokalemia on the clinical signs of pneumonia in diarrheal children. Our objective was to assess the influences of hypokalemia, and their outcome in such children. Methods We prospectively enrolled all under-five diarrheal children (n = 180) admitted to the Special Care Ward of the Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b from September-December 2007 with radiological pneumonia who also had their serum potassium estimated. We compared the clinical features and outcome of the diarrheal children having pneumonia with (cases = 55) and without hypokalemia (controls = 125). Results The case-fatality among the cases was 2 times higher compared to the controls, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.202). In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders such as age of the patient, clinical dehydration, severe wasting, abnormally sleepy, lower chest wall in-drawing, nasal flaring and inability to drink on admission, under-five diarrheal children with pneumonia who presented with nutritional edema had 3 times more risk to have hypokalemia compared to those without nutritional edema (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.01–7.51) and these hypokalemic children were 64% less likely to present with fast breathing (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.17–0.74). Conclusion and significance The results of our analysis are simple but may have great public health implications and underscore the importance of diligent assessment for pneumonia in under-five diarrheal children having risk of hypokalemia as in children with nutritional edema even in absence of fast breathing, a useful sign of pneumonia. This may help for early initiation of first dose of parental antibiotics along with potassium supplementation before referral to tertiary hospitals by health workers to combat probability of deaths in such population especially in resource limited settings.
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Das SK, Chisti MJ, Huq S, Malek MA, Vanderlee L, Kaur G, Salam MA, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Mamun AA. Clinical characteristics, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility among overweight and obese individuals with diarrhea: observed at a large diarrheal disease hospital, Bangladesh. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70402. [PMID: 23936424 PMCID: PMC3731266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and etiology of overweight and obese (OO) individuals with diarrhea attending an urban Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Bangladesh. METHODS Total of 508 under-5 children, 96 individuals of 5-19 years and 1331 of >19 years were identified as OO from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) between 1993-2011. Two comparison groups such as well-nourished and malnourished individuals from respective age stratums were selected. RESULTS Isolation rate of rotavirus was higher among OO under-5 children compared to malnourished group (46% vs. 28%). Rotavirus infection among OO individuals aged 5-19 years (9% vs. 3%) (9% vs. 3%) and >19 years (6% vs. 4%) (6% vs. 3%) was higher compared to well-nourished and malnourished children. Conversely, Vibrio cholerae was lower among all OO age groups compared to well-nourished and malnourished ones. Shigella (4% vs. 6%) (4% vs. 8%), and Campylobacter (3% vs. 5%) (3% vs. 5%) were lower only among OO in >19 years individuals compared to their counterparts of the same age stratum. Salmonella was similarly isolated in all age strata and nutritional groups. In multinomial logistic regression among under-5 children, significant association was observed only with use of antimicrobials at home [OR-1.97] and duration of hospital stay [OR-0.68]. For individuals aged 5-19 years, use of antimicrobials at home (OR-1.83), some or severe dehydration (OR-3.12), having received intravenous saline (OR-0.46) and rotavirus diarrhea (OR-2.96) were found to be associated with OO respectively. Moreover, significant associations were also found for duration of diarrhea before coming to hospital (>24 hours) (OR-1.24), Shigella (OR-0.46), and Campylobacter (OR-0.58) among >19 years OO individuals along with other associated co-variates in 5-19 years group (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Higher proportion of OO were infected with rotavirus and a greater proportion of them used antimicrobials before coming to the hospital.
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Sarkar S, Azab BM, Das SK, Quinn BA, Shen X, Dash R, Emdad L, Thomas S, Dasgupta S, Su ZZ, Wang XY, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT): novel combinatorial approach for preventing and treating pancreatic cancer. Curr Mol Med 2013; 13:1140-59. [PMID: 23157679 DOI: 10.2174/1566524011313070008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest of all cancers despite aggressive surgical treatment combined with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Chemoresistance and radioresistance are the principal causes of failure of pancreatic cancer patients to respond to therapy. Conditionally replication competent adenovirus (CRCA)-based cancer gene therapy is an innovative strategy for treating cancers displaying inherent resistance to treatment. Limitations of current adenovirus (Ad)-based gene therapies for malignant tumors include lack of cancer-specificity, and effective and targeted delivery. To remedy this situation, CRCAs have been designed that express E1A, necessary for Ad replication, under the control of a cancer-specific progression elevated gene-3 promoter (PEG-Prom) with concomitant expression of an immunomodulatory cytokine, such as mda-7/IL-24 or interferon-γ (IFN-γ), under the control of a ubiquitous and strong cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV-Prom) from the E3 region. These bipartite CRCAs, when armed with a transgene, are called cancer terminator viruses (CTVs), i.e., Ad.PEG-E1A-CMV-mda-7 (CTV-M7) and Ad.PEG-E1A-CMV-IFN-γ (CTV-γ), because of their universal effectiveness in cancer treatment irrespective of p53/pRb/p16 or other genetic alterations in tumor cells. In addition to their selective oncolytic effects in tumor cells, the potent 'bystander antitumor' properties of MDA-7/IL-24 and IFN-γ embody the CTVs with expanded treatment properties for both primary and distant cancers. Pancreatic cancer cells display a "translational block" of mda-7/IL-24 mRNA, limiting production of MDA-7/IL-24 protein and cancer-specific apoptosis. Specific chemopreventive agents abrogate this "translational block" resulting in pancreatic cancer-specific killing. This novel chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT) strategy holds promise for both prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancers where all other strategies have proven ineffective.
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Das SK, Chisti MJ, Malek MA, Salam MA, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Mondal D. Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics of intestinal amebiasis with shigellosis among patients visiting a large urban diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:339-44. [PMID: 23775017 PMCID: PMC3741257 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1993 and 2011, a total of 371 intestinal amebiasis (IA), caused by Entamoeba histolytica cases were compared with 1,113 shigellosis (randomly selected) patients of icddr,b, excluding co-infections (rotavirus and Vibrio cholerae) in two age stratums: 0-14 years of age and ≥ 15 years of age. The number of IA and shigellosis cases gradually reduced over the study period. In multivariate analysis, individuals 0-14 years of age, slum dwellers (odds ratio [OR] 3.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69-7.24; P < 0.001), red blood cell (0.44 [0.24-0.86] 0.016), fecal leukocytes (0.17 [0.07-0.33] < 0.001), and alkaline stool (0.16 [0.07-0.36] < 0.001) were independently associated with IA; and among individuals ≥ 15 years of age, living in the slum area (1.88 [1.12-3.14] 0.016), watery stool (2.21 [1.37-3.55] 0.001), use of antimicrobials before visiting hospital (0.67 [0.46-0.99] 0.047), red blood cell (0.45 [0.22-0.94] 0.036), and fecal leukocytes (0.21 [0.12-0.35] < 0.001) in stool were independently associated with IA. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of IA and shigellosis varied distantly from each other.
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Bhujade A, Gupta G, Talmale S, Das SK, Patil MB. Induction of apoptosis in A431 skin cancer cells by Cissus quadrangularis Linn stem extract by altering Bax-Bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and PARP cleavage. Food Funct 2013; 4:338-46. [PMID: 23175101 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skin is generally damaged through genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, exposure to xenobiotics, heat, hormonal changes, and ultraviolet light. These factors can cause skin diseases. Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (CQ) has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of skin diseases since ancient times. Taking in to consideration the medicinal properties exhibited by this genus, it was decided to investigate the anti-cancer activity of CQ. Extracts obtained from CQ and their phenolic contents were subjected to in vitro evaluation of anticancer activity by using A431 (skin epidermoid carcinoma, human) cell line. The A431 cells were treated with different extracts of CQ in a dose dependent manner. Out of five extracts, the acetone extract demonstrated significant anti-cancer activity in the A431 cell line. Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts also exhibited cytotoxicity but to a comparatively lesser extent than the acetone extract. The GI(50) value of the acetone extract was found to be 8 μg mL(-1), whereas GI(50) value of purified fraction of acetone extract, termed as AFCQ (active acetone fraction of CQ) with respect to A431 cells, was found to be 4.8 μg mL(-1). Furthermore, the mechanism of anticancer activity exhibited by AFCQ was investigated by comparing its effect with the standard anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX) by evaluating the status of apoptotic markers after treatment of A431 cells with AFCQ and DOX. Bax-Bcl-2 ratio along with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, which is a hallmark of apoptosis, was also evaluated. Cleavage of PARP revealed that AFCQ induces apoptosis in A431 cells with reference to DOX.
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Afrad MH, Hassan Z, Farjana S, Moni S, Barua S, Das SK, Faruque ASG, Azim T, Rahman M. Changing profile of rotavirus genotypes in Bangladesh, 2006-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:320. [PMID: 23855423 PMCID: PMC3723515 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide including Bangladesh. Unlike what was seen in high-income countries, the licensed rotavirus vaccines did not show high efficacy in Bangladeshi trials. We assessed rotavirus prevalence and genotypes in Bangladesh over six-year period to provide baseline information on the rotavirus burden and changing profile in the country. Methods This study was conducted from June 2006 to May 2012 in Matlab, Bangladesh. Group A rotaviruses were detected in stools collected from diarrhea patients by ELISA and genotyped using multiplex reverse transcription PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing. Results Of the 9678 stool samples, 20.3% were positive for rotavirus. The most predominant genotype was G1P[8] (22.4%), followed by G9P[8] (20.8%), G2P[4] (16.9%) and G12P[8] (10.4%). Mixed infections were detected in 14.2% of the samples. Emergence of an unusual strain, G9P[4] was documented during 2011–12. Several amino acid mismatches in the antigenic epitopes of VP7 and VP4 between Bangladeshi and the vaccine strains were identified. Conclusions Our study provides important information on rotavirus genotypes that should be considered for the selection and introduction of rotavirus vaccines in Bangladesh.
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Das SK, Khaskil S, Mukhopadhyay S, Chakrabarti S. A patient of Russell's viper envenomation presenting with cortical venous thrombosis: an extremely uncommon presentation. J Postgrad Med 2013; 59:235-6. [PMID: 24029207 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.118051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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