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Rinne P, Nordlund W, Heinonen I, Penttinen AM, Saraste A, Ruohonen ST, Mäkelä S, Vähätalo L, Kaipio K, Cai M, Hruby VJ, Ruohonen S, Savontaus E. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone regulates vascular NO availability and protects against endothelial dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:360-8. [PMID: 23131503 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), derived from the precursor molecule pro-opiomelanocortin, exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions in the vasculature, but its role in circulatory regulation remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether α-MSH could regulate the local control of blood vessel tone. METHODS AND RESULTS Using in vivo and ex vivo methods to assess vascular reactivity, we found that α-MSH improved endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the mouse aorta and coronary circulation without directly contracting or relaxing blood vessels. α-MSH promoted vasodilatation by enhancing endothelial nitric oxide (NO) formation and by improving sensitivity to endothelium-independent blood vessel relaxation. Using cultured human endothelial cells to elucidate the involved molecular mechanisms, we show that α-MSH increased the expression and phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase in these cells. The observed effects were regulated by melanocortin 1 (MC1) receptors expressed in the endothelium. In keeping with the vascular protective role of α-MSH, in vivo treatment with stable analogues of α-MSH ameliorated endothelial dysfunction associated with aging and diet-induced obesity in mice. CONCLUSION The present study identifies α-MSH and endothelial MC1 receptors as a new signalling pathway contributing to the regulation of NO availability and vascular function. These findings suggest applicability of α-MSH analogues for therapeutic use in pathological conditions that are characterized by vascular dysfunction.
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Mollica A, Pinnen F, Stefanucci A, Mannina L, Sobolev AP, Lucente G, Davis P, Lai J, Ma SW, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. cis-4-Amino-l-proline Residue As a Scaffold for the Synthesis of Cyclic and Linear Endomorphin-2 Analogues: Part 2. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8477-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300947s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu J, Ying J, Chow VTK, Hruby VJ, Satyanarayanajois SD. Correction to Structure–Activity Studies of Peptides from the “Hot-Spot” Region of Human CD2 Protein: Development of Peptides for Immunomodulation. J Med Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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79
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Tumati S, Largent-Milnes TM, Keresztes AI, Yamamoto T, Vanderah TW, Roeske WR, Hruby VJ, Varga EV. Tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist co-administration attenuates opioid withdrawal-mediated spinal microglia and astrocyte activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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80
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Liu Z, Mehta SJ, Hruby VJ. Strategies for Asymmetric Synthesis of Amino Acids with γ,δ-Unsaturation. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2012.676507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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81
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Hall SM, Rankin DR, Cai A, Hruby VJ, Lee YS, Lai J. High Affinity Binding of Dynorphin A‐(2–13) at the Bradykinin‐2 Receptor. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.836.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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82
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Weber C, Brabez N, Vagner J, Hruby VJ, Gillies RJ, Lynch R. MODIFIED CELL SIGNALING WITH MULTIVALENT LIGANDS TARGETING INDEPENDENT GPCR'S. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1064.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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83
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Mollica A, Pinnen F, Stefanucci A, Feliciani F, Campestre C, Mannina L, Sobolev AP, Lucente G, Davis P, Lai J, Ma SW, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. The cis-4-amino-L-proline residue as a scaffold for the synthesis of cyclic and linear endomorphin-2 analogues. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3027-35. [PMID: 22394120 DOI: 10.1021/jm201402v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphin-2 (EM-2: Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)) is an endogenous tetrapeptide that combines potency and efficacy with high affinity and selectivity toward the μ opioid receptor, the most responsible for analgesic effects in the central nervous system. The presence of the Pro(2) represents a crucial factor for the ligand structural and conformational properties. Proline is in fact an efficient stereochemical spacer, capable of inducing favorable spatial orientation of aromatic rings, a key factor for ligand recognition and interaction with receptors. Here the Pro(2) has been replaced by 4(S)-NH(2)-2(S)-proline (cAmp), a proline/GABA cis-chimera residue. This bivalent amino acid maintains the capacity to influenc the tetrapeptide conformation and offers the opportunity to generate new linear models and unusually constrained cyclic analogues characterized by an N-terminal Tyr bearing a free α-amino group. The results indicate that the new analogues do not show affinity for both δ and κ opioid receptors and bind only poorly to the μ receptors (for cyclopeptide 9: K(i)(μ) = 660 nM; GPI (IC(50)) = 1.4% at 1 μM; for linear tetrapeptide acid 13: K(i)(μ) = 2000 nM; GPI (IC(50)) = 0% at 1 μM; for linear tetrapeptide amide 15: K(i)(μ) = 310 nM; GPI (IC(50)) = 894 nM).
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84
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Liu Z, Mehta SJ, Lee KS, Grossman B, Qu H, Gu X, Nichol GS, Hruby VJ. Thio-Claisen Rearrangement Used in Preparing Anti-β-Functionalized γ,δ-Unsaturated Amino Acids: Scope and Limitations. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1289-300. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201753q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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85
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Barkey NM, Tafreshi NK, Josan JS, De Silva CR, Sill KN, Hruby VJ, Gillies RJ, Morse DL, Vagner J. Development of melanoma-targeted polymer micelles by conjugation of a melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) specific ligand. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8078-84. [PMID: 22011200 DOI: 10.1021/jm201226w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma is rising faster than that of any other cancer in the United States. Because of its high expression on the surface of melanomas, MC1R has been investigated as a target for selective imaging and therapeutic agents against melanoma. Eight ligands were screened against cell lines engineered to overexpress MC1R, MC4R, or MC5R. Of these, compound 1 (4-phenylbutyryl-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH(2)) exhibited high (0.2 nM) binding affinity for MC1R and low (high nanomolar) affinities for MC4R and MC5R. Functionalization of the ligand at the C-terminus with an alkyne for use in Cu-catalyzed click chemistry was shown not to affect the binding affinity. Finally, formation of the targeted polymer, as well as the targeted micelle formulation, also resulted in constructs with low nanomolar binding affinity.
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Vardanyan R, Kumirov VK, Nichol GS, Davis P, Liktor-Busa E, Rankin D, Varga E, Vanderah T, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new opioid agonist and neurokinin-1 antagonist bivalent ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6135-42. [PMID: 21925887 PMCID: PMC4137774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Newly designed bivalent ligands-opioid agonist/NK1-antagonists have been synthesized. The synthesis of new starting materials-carboxy-derivatives of Fentanyl (1a-1c) was developed. These products have been transformed to 'isoimidium perchlorates' (2a-c). The new isoimidium perchlorates have been successfully implemented in nucleophilic addition reactions, with l-tryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl ester to give the target compounds-amides (3a-c). Perchlorates (2a-c) successfully undergo reactions with other nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines or hydrazines. The obtained compound 3b exhibited μ-opioid agonist activity and NK1-antagonist activity and may serve as a useful lead compound for the further design of a new series of opioid agonist/NK1-antagonist compounds.
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Brabez N, Lynch RM, Xu L, Gillies RJ, Chassaing G, Lavielle S, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological studies of efficient multivalent melanotropin ligands: tools toward melanoma diagnosis and treatment. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7375-84. [PMID: 21928837 DOI: 10.1021/jm2009937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To achieve early detection and specific cancer treatment, we propose the use of multivalent interactions in which a series of binding events leads to increased affinity and consequently to selectivity. Using melanotropin (MSH) ligands, our aim is to target melanoma cells which overexpress melanocortin receptors. In this study, we report the design and efficient synthesis of new trivalent ligands bearing MSH ligands. Evaluation of these multimers on a cell model engineered to overexpress melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) showed up to a 350-fold increase in binding compared to the monomer, resulting in a trivalent construct with nanomolar affinity starting from a micromolar affinity ligand. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production was also investigated, leading to more insights into the effects of multivalent compounds on transduction mechanisms.
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Vardanyan RS, Danagulyan GG, Mkrtchyan AD, Hruby VJ. Recyclization reactions of 1-alkylpyrimidinium salts. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2011; 17:129-133. [PMID: 25400328 DOI: 10.1515/hc.2011.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of 4-amino-2-benzyl-1-methyl-5-ethoxycarbonylpyrimidinium iodide (3) with alcoholic methylamine resulted in the formation of the methylimine of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylamino-5-phenylpyridine-3-carbaldehyde (5). Heating of the same pyrimidinium salt in benzylamine gave a mixture of products of two C-C recyclizations: 2-benzyl-4-benzylamino-5-carbamoylpyrimidine (7) and the benzylimine of 4-amino-2-benzyl-6-benzylaminopyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde (8). The reaction of 2-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5-ethoxycarbonylpyrimidinium iodide (10) with KOH ethanolic solution gave a single product of C-C-recyclization: 2-amino-5-acetyl-4-hydroxypyrimidine (11).
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Josan JS, Handl HL, Sankaranarayanan R, Xu L, Lynch RM, Vagner J, Mash EA, Hruby VJ, Gillies RJ. Cell-specific targeting by heterobivalent ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1270-8. [PMID: 21639139 DOI: 10.1021/bc1004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer therapies exploit either differential metabolism or targeting to specific individual gene products that are overexpressed in aberrant cells. The work described herein proposes an alternative approach--to specifically target combinations of cell-surface receptors using heteromultivalent ligands ("receptor combination approach"). As a proof-of-concept that functionally unrelated receptors can be noncovalently cross-linked with high avidity and specificity, a series of heterobivalent ligands (htBVLs) were constructed from analogues of the melanocortin peptide ligand ([Nle(4), dPhe(7)]-α-MSH) and the cholecystokinin peptide ligand (CCK-8). Binding of these ligands to cells expressing the human Melanocortin-4 receptor and the Cholecystokinin-2 receptor was analyzed. The MSH(7) and CCK(6) were tethered with linkers of varying rigidity and length, constructed from natural and/or synthetic building blocks. Modeling data suggest that a linker length of 20-50 Å is needed to simultaneously bind these two different G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These ligands exhibited up to 24-fold enhancement in binding affinity to cells that expressed both (bivalent binding), compared to cells with only one (monovalent binding) of the cognate receptors. The htBVLs had up to 50-fold higher affinity than that of a monomeric CCK ligand, i.e., Ac-CCK(6)-NH(2). Cell-surface targeting of these two cell types with labeled heteromultivalent ligand demonstrated high avidity and specificity, thereby validating the receptor combination approach. This ability to noncovalently cross-link heterologous receptors and target individual cells using a receptor combination approach opens up new possibilities for specific cell targeting in vivo for therapy or imaging.
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91
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Hruby VJ, Cai M, Cain J, Nyberg J, Trivedi D. Design of novel melanocortin receptor ligands: multiple receptors, complex pharmacology, the challenge. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:88-93. [PMID: 21208601 PMCID: PMC3138524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The major pharmacophore for the melanocortin 1, 3, 4 and 5 receptors is the sequence -His-Phe-Arg-Trp-. There is a need for potent, biologically stable, receptor selective ligands, both agonists and antagonists, for these receptors. In this report we briefly examine the structural and biophysical approaches we have taken to develop selective agonist and antagonist ligands that can cross (or not) the blood brain barrier. Remaining questions and unmet needs are also discussed.
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Cai M, Liu Z, Qu H, Fan H, Zheng Z, Hruby VJ. Utilize conjugated melanotropins for the earlier diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:188-93. [PMID: 21315067 PMCID: PMC3095766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptides serve as effective drugs and contrast agents in the clinic today. However the inherent drawbacks of peptide structures can limit their efficacy as drugs. To overcome this we have been developing new methods to create 'tailor-made' peptides and peptide mimetics with improved pharmacological and physical properties. In this work we introduce novel peptide and small molecule conjugated molecules for earlier diagnosis and treatment of melanoma.
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Grieco P, Brancaccio D, Novellino E, Hruby VJ, Carotenuto A. Conformational study on cyclic melanocortin ligands and new insight into their binding mode at the MC4 receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3721-33. [PMID: 21652123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors are involved in many physiological functions, including pigmentation, sexual function, feeding behavior, and energy homeostasis, making them potential targets to treat obesity, sexual dysfunction, etc. Understanding the basis of the ligand-receptor interactions is crucial for the design of potent and selective ligands for these receptors. The conformational preferences of the cyclic melanocortin ligands MTII (Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5)-His(6)-DPhe(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)-Lys(10)]-NH(2)) and SHU9119 (Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5)-His(6)-DNal(2')(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)-Lys(10)]-NH(2)), which show agonist and antagonist activity at the h-MC4R, respectively, were comprehensively investigated by solution NMR spectroscopy in different environments. In particular, water and water/DMSO (8:2) solutions were used as isotropic solutions and an aqueous solution of DPC (dodecylphosphocholine) micelles was used as a membrane mimetic environment. NMR-derived conformations of these two ligands were docked within h-MC4R models. NMR and docking studies revealed intriguing differences which can help explain the different activities of these two ligands.
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94
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Wu Z, Hruby VJ. Backbone alignment modeling of the structure-activity relationships of opioid ligands. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1151-64. [PMID: 21488692 DOI: 10.1021/ci2000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Opioid studies are an important area of modern medicinal chemistry research. In this study we have provided innovative considerations to some long-standing problems in opioid studies, specifically the opioid pharmacophore and the potential binding modes of opioid ligands. Based on a new peptide backbone-alignment concept that we have developed along with this study, we discuss a wide variety of opioid ligands with respect to their structure-activity relationships.
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Hruby VJ, Cai M, Nyberg J, Muthu D. Approaches to the rational design of selective melanocortin receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:543-57. [PMID: 22646078 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.565743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When establishing the physiological roles of specific receptors in normal and disease states, it is critical to have selective antagonist ligands for each receptor in a receptor system with several subtypes. The melanocortin receptors have five subtypes referred to as the melanocortin 1 receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor, melanocortin 3 receptor, melanocortin 4 receptor and melanocortin 5 receptor, and they are of critical importance for many aspects of human health and disease. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current efforts to design selective antagonistic ligands for the five human melanocortin receptors summarizing the currently published orthosteric and allosteric antagonists for each of these receptors. EXPERT OPINION Though there has been progress, there are still few drugs available that address the many significant biological activities and diseases that are associated with these receptors, which is possibly due to the lack of receptor selectivity that these designed ligands are currently showing. The authors believe that further studies into the antagonists' 3D conformational and topographical properties in addition to future mutagenesis studies will provide greater insight into these ligands which could play a role in the treatment of various diseases in the future.
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Mayorov AV, Cai M, Palmer ES, Tanaka DK, Cain JP, Dedek MM, Tan B, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ. Cyclic lactam hybrid α-MSH/Agouti-related protein (AGRP) analogues with nanomolar range binding affinities at the human melanocortin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3099-102. [PMID: 21486697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel hybrid melanocortin pharmacophore was designed based on the topographical similarities between the pharmacophores of Agouti related protein (AGRP) an endogenous melanocortin antagonist, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an endogenous melanocortin agonist. When employed in two different 23-membered macrocyclic lactam peptide templates, the designed hybrid AGRP/MSH pharmacophore yielded non-competitive ligands with nanomolar range binding affinities. The topography-based pharmacophore hybridization strategy will prove useful in development of unique non-competitive melanocortin receptor modulators.
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Yamamoto T, Nair P, Largent-Milnes TM, Jacobsen NE, Davis P, Ma SW, Yamamura HI, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Discovery of a potent and efficacious peptide derivative for δ/μ opioid agonist/neurokinin 1 antagonist activity with a 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine: in vitro, in vivo, and NMR-based structural studies. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2029-38. [PMID: 21366266 DOI: 10.1021/jm101023r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent ligands with δ/μ opioid agonist and NK1 antagonist activities have shown promising analgesic potency without detectable sign of toxicities, including motor skill impairment and opioid-induced tolerance. To improve their biological activities and metabolic stability, structural optimization was performed on our peptide-derived lead compounds by introducing 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine (Dmt) instead of Tyr at the first position. The compound 7 (Dmt-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-[3',5'-(CF(3))(2)-Bzl]) showed improved multivalent bioactivities compared to those of the lead compounds, had more than 6 h half-life in rat plasma, and had significant antinociceptive efficacy in vivo. The NMR structural analysis suggested that Dmt(1) incorporation in compound 7 induces the structured conformation in the opioid pharmacophore (N-terminus) and simultaneously shifts the orientation of the NK1 pharmacophore (C-terminus), consistent with its affinities and activities at both opioid and NK1 receptors. These results indicate that compound 7 is a valuable research tool to seek a novel analgesic drug.
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Largent-Milnes TM, Yamamoto T, Nair P, Moulton JW, Hruby VJ, Lai J, Porreca F, Vanderah TW. Spinal or systemic TY005, a peptidic opioid agonist/neurokinin 1 antagonist, attenuates pain with reduced tolerance. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:986-1001. [PMID: 20977451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use of opioids in treating pain is limited due to significant side effects including somnolence, constipation, analgesic tolerance, addiction and respiratory depression. Pre-clinical studies have shown that neurokinin 1 (NK(1) ) receptor antagonists block opioid-induced antinociceptive tolerance and may inhibit opioid-induced rewarding behaviours. Here, we have characterized a bifunctional peptide with both opioid agonist and NK(1) antagonist pharmacophores in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were evaluated for behavioural responses to both tactile and thermal stimuli in either an uninjured, sham- or nerve-injured state. TY005 (Tyr-DAla-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-O-3,5-Bn(CF(3) )(2) ) was delivered spinally or systemically to assess the antinociceptive effects after acute exposure. Motor skills were evaluated using the rotarod test to determine potential sedative effects. Spinal TY005 was given chronically to sham- or nerve-injured animals to determine the development of tolerance. KEY RESULTS Bolus injections of TY005 produced dose-dependent antinociception in non-injured animals and alleviated nerve injury-induced thermal and tactile hypersensitivities (i.e. antihyperalgesia) more effectively than morphine. Sedative effects were not evident from the rotarod test at doses that were antihyperalgesic, nor at doses threefold higher. Repeated administration of TY005 did not lead to the development of antihyperalgesic tolerance or alter sensory thresholds. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, the data suggest that opioid agonist/NK(1) antagonist bifunctional peptides represent a promising novel approach to the management of chronic pain without the development of tolerance, reducing the need for escalation of doses and unwanted side effects associated with opiates alone.
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Josan JS, De Silva CR, Yoo B, Lynch RM, Pagel MD, Vagner J, Hruby VJ. Fluorescent and lanthanide labeling for ligand screens, assays, and imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 716:89-126. [PMID: 21318902 PMCID: PMC3365840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-012-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluorescent (or luminescent) and metal contrast agents in high-throughput screens, in vitro assays, and molecular imaging procedures has rapidly expanded in recent years. Here we describe the development and utility of high-affinity ligands for cancer theranostics and other in vitro screening -studies. In this context, we also illustrate the syntheses and use of heteromultivalent ligands as targeted imaging agents.
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100
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Lee YS, Kulkarani V, Cowell SM, Ma SW, Davis P, Hanlon KE, Vanderah TW, Lai J, Porreca F, Vardanyan R, Hruby VJ. Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity. J Med Chem 2010; 54:382-6. [PMID: 21128594 DOI: 10.1021/jm100982d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An SAR study on the Dmt-substituted enkephalin-like tetrapeptide with a N-phenyl-N-piperidin-4-ylpropionamide moiety at the C-terminal was performed and has resulted in highly potent ligands at μ and δ opioid receptors. In general, ligands with the substitution of D-Nle(2) and halogenation of the aromatic ring of Phe(4) showed highly increased opioid activities. Ligand 6 with good biological activities in vitro demonstrated potent in vivo antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects in the tail-flick assay.
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