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Timbrell VL, Riebelt L, Simmonds C, Solley G, Smith WB, Mclean-Tooke A, van Nunen S, Smith PK, Upham JW, Langguth D, Davies JM. An immunodiagnostic assay for quantitation of specific IgE to the major pollen allergen component, Pas n 1, of the subtropical Bahia grass. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 165:219-28. [PMID: 25612605 DOI: 10.1159/000369341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollens of the Panicoideae subfamily of grasses including Bahia (Paspalum notatum) are important allergen sources in subtropical regions of the world. An assay for specific IgE to the major molecular allergenic component, Pas n 1, of Bahia grass pollen (BaGP) would have immunodiagnostic utility for patients with pollen allergy in these regions. METHODS Biotinylated Pas n 1 purified from BaGP was coated onto streptavidin ImmunoCAPs. Subjects were assessed by clinical history of allergic rhinitis and skin prick test (SPT) to aeroallergens. Serum total, BaGP-specific and Pas n 1-specific IgE were measured. RESULTS Pas n 1 IgE concentrations were highly correlated with BaGP SPT (r = 0.795, p < 0.0001) and BaGP IgE (r = 0.915, p < 0.0001). At 0.23 kU/l Pas n 1 IgE, the diagnostic sensitivity (92.4%) and specificity (93.1%) for the detection of BaGP allergy was high (area under receiver operator curve 0.960, p < 0.0001). The median concentrations of Pas n 1 IgE in non-atopic subjects (0.01 kU/l, n = 67) and those with other allergies (0.02 kU/l, n = 59) showed no inter-group difference, whilst grass pollen-allergic patients with allergic rhinitis showed elevated Pas n 1 IgE (6.71 kU/l, n = 182, p < 0.0001). The inter-assay coefficient of variation for the BaGP-allergic serum pool was 6.92%. CONCLUSIONS Pas n 1 IgE appears to account for most of the BaGP-specific IgE. This molecular component immunoassay for Pas n 1 IgE has potential utility to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of diagnosis of BaGP allergy for patients in subtropical regions.
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Zhang M, Xu C, Ma L, Shamiyeh E, Yin J, von Moltke LL, Smith WB. Effect of food on the bioavailability and tolerability of the JAK2-selective inhibitor fedratinib (SAR302503): Results from two phase I studies in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2014; 4:315-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Malbrán A, Riedl M, Ritchie B, Smith WB, Yang W, Banerji A, Hébert J, Gleich GJ, Hurewitz D, Jacobson KW, Bernstein JA, Khan DA, Kirkpatrick CH, Resnick D, Li H, Fernández Romero DS, Lumry W. Repeat treatment of acute hereditary angioedema attacks with open-label icatibant in the FAST-1 trial. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:544-53. [PMID: 24749847 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is characterized by potentially life-threatening recurrent episodes of oedema. The open-label extension (OLE) phase of the For Angioedema Subcutaneous Treatment (FAST)-1 trial (NCT00097695) evaluated the efficacy and safety of repeated icatibant exposure in adults with multiple HAE attacks. Following completion of the randomized, controlled phase, patients could receive open-label icatibant (30 mg subcutaneously) for subsequent attacks. The primary end-point was time to onset of primary symptom relief, as assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS). Descriptive statistics were reported for cutaneous/abdominal attacks 1-10 treated in the OLE phase and individual laryngeal attacks. Post-hoc analyses were conducted in patients with ≥ 5 attacks across the controlled and OLE phases. Safety was evaluated throughout. During the OLE phase, 72 patients received icatibant for 340 attacks. For cutaneous/abdominal attacks 1-10, the median time to onset of primary symptom relief was 1·0-2·0 h. For laryngeal attacks 1-12, patient-assessed median time to initial symptom improvement was 0·3-1·2 h. Post-hoc analyses showed the time to onset of symptom relief based on composite VAS was consistent across repeated treatments with icatibant. One injection of icatibant was sufficient to treat 88·2% of attacks; rescue medication was required in 5·3% of attacks. No icatibant-related serious adverse events were reported. Icatibant provided consistent efficacy and was well tolerated for repeated treatment of HAE attacks.
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Anders L, Guenther MG, Qi J, Fan ZP, Marineau JJ, Rahl PB, Lovén J, Sigova AA, Smith WB, Lee TI, Bradner JE, Young RA. Abstract 3230: Genome-wide localization of anti-cancer drugs. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A vast number of small-molecule ligands, including therapeutic drugs under development and in clinical use, elicit their effects by binding specific proteins associated with the genome. An ability to map the direct interactions of a chemical entity with chromatin genome-wide could provide new and important insights into the mechanisms by which such small molecules interfere with tumor cell functions. We have developed a method that couples affinity capture of chemical entities and massively parallel DNA sequencing (Chem-seq) to identify the sites bound by small molecules throughout the human genome. Using Chem-seq, we have uncovered the full repertoire of the genomic sites bound by a BET bromodomain inhibitor, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor and a DNA intercalating drug. Moreover, by combining Chem-seq with ChIP-seq, we have characterized the interactions of drugs with their targets throughout the genome of tumor cells. These methods provide a powerful approach to enhance understanding of therapeutic action and characterize the specificity of drugs that interact with DNA or genome-associated proteins.
Citation Format: Lars Anders, Matthew G. Guenther, Jun Qi, Zi Peng Fan, Jason J. Marineau, Peter B. Rahl, Jakob Lovén, Alla A. Sigova, William B. Smith, Tong Ihn Lee, James E. Bradner, Richard A. Young. Genome-wide localization of anti-cancer drugs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3230. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3230
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Mushtaq U, Tan A, Tan JA, Smith WB. Acute allergic reaction after intravenous saline injection: an unusual presentation of chlorhexidine allergy. Med J Aust 2014; 200:599-600. [PMID: 24882493 DOI: 10.5694/mja13.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lauring B, Li XS, Liu Y, Corr C, Lazarus N, Cote J, Larson P, Levonas AOJ, Lasseter KC, Preston RA, Smith WB, Lai E, Wagner JA. Influence of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:1247-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Smith WB. Allergen immunotherapy. Aust Prescr 2014. [DOI: 10.18773/austprescr.2014.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Whyte AF, Smith WB, Sinkar SN, Kette FE, Hissaria P. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 19 patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome from a single South Australian centre. Intern Med J 2014; 43:784-90. [PMID: 23611179 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare, idiopathic systemic vasculitis. There is emerging evidence of an association between the presence or absence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and clinical phenotype. Thromboembolism is an increasingly recognised complication of the disease. AIMS Given the paucity of Australian data, the aim of this study was to examine the clinical and laboratory features of CSS in a single Australian centre. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for CSS managed at the Department of Immunology, Royal Adelaide Hospital between 2002 and 2008. RESULTS Nineteen patients were included. All patients had asthma and most had upper airway involvement. Peripheral nerve, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and cutaneous involvement was common. Renal and cardiac involvement was uncommon in this series. Histological confirmation was obtained in 15 patients (78.9%). Ten patients (52.6%) were ANCA+, and these were more likely to have musculoskeletal involvement, such as arthralgia or myalgia (odds ratio 57, P = 0.005). Thrombosis was a feature at diagnosis in six patients (31.6%); two of these recurred with relapse. Sixteen patients (84.2%) were followed up; five died, and mean survival was 8.9 years. CONCLUSIONS This is the first Australian study to focus on CSS. Our results demonstrate similar presentation and prognosis of CSS to previous descriptions; however, we noted that musculoskeletal involvement was more common in ANCA+ patients. In our series, thrombosis was a significant complication and we suggest that thromboprophylaxis may be warranted.
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Frumm SM, Fan ZP, Ross KN, Duvall JR, Gupta S, VerPlank L, Suh BC, Holson E, Wagner FF, Smith WB, Paranal RM, Bassil CF, Qi J, Roti G, Kung AL, Bradner JE, Tolliday N, Stegmaier K. Selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibitors induce neuroblastoma differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:713-25. [PMID: 23706636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the hallmark of cancer treatment, intensive regimens fall short in many malignancies, including high-risk neuroblastoma. One alternative strategy is to therapeutically promote tumor differentiation. We created a gene expression signature to measure neuroblast maturation, adapted it to a high-throughput platform, and screened a diversity oriented synthesis-generated small-molecule library for differentiation inducers. We identified BRD8430, containing a nine-membered lactam, an ortho-amino anilide functionality, and three chiral centers, as a selective class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (HDAC1 > 2 > 3). Further investigation demonstrated that selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibition using compounds or RNA interference induced differentiation and decreased viability in neuroblastoma cell lines. Combined treatment with 13-cis retinoic acid augmented these effects and enhanced activation of retinoic acid signaling. Therefore, by applying a chemical genomic screening approach, we identified selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibition as a strategy to induce neuroblastoma differentiation.
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Anders L, Guenther MG, Qi J, Fan ZP, Marineau JJ, Rahl PB, Lovén J, Sigova AA, Smith WB, Lee TI, Bradner JE, Young RA. Genome-wide localization of small molecules. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 32:92-6. [PMID: 24336317 PMCID: PMC4189815 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A vast number of small-molecule ligands, including therapeutic drugs under development and in clinical use, elicit their effects by binding specific proteins associated with the genome. An ability to map the direct interactions of a chemical entity with chromatin genome-wide could provide important insights into chemical perturbation of cellular function. Here we describe a method that couples ligand-affinity capture and massively parallel DNA sequencing (Chem-seq) to identify the sites bound by small chemical molecules throughout the human genome. We show how Chem-seq can be combined with ChIP-seq to gain unique insights into the interaction of drugs with their target proteins throughout the genome of tumor cells. These methods will be broadly useful to enhance understanding of therapeutic action and to characterize the specificity of chemical entities that interact with DNA or genome-associated proteins.
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Zhang M, Xu CR, Shamiyeh E, Liu F, Yin JY, von Moltke LL, Smith WB. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of the oral JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib (SAR302503) in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 54:415-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith WB, McCaslin IR, Gokce A, Mandava SH, Trost L, Hellstrom WJ. PDE5 inhibitors: considerations for preference and long-term adherence. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67:768-80. [PMID: 23869678 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent condition affecting nearly one in five men worldwide. The advent of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) has revolutionised the ED treatment landscape and provided effective, minimally invasive therapies to restore male sexual function. MATERIALS AND METHODS A pubmed search was performed of all English language articles from 1996 to present reviewing PDE5i, including pharmacokinetics, efficacy profiles and comparisons, where available. RESULTS Currently available PDE5i in the United States include sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and avanafil, each of which has unique side effect, pharmacokinetic and outcome profiles. Sildenafil is associated with increased rate of visual changes, vardenafil with QT prolongation and tadalafil with lower back pain. Avanafil and vardenafil orodispersible tablet rapidly achieve peak plasma concentration, which results in faster onset of action, whereas tadalafil exhibits the longest half-life. First time response to PDE5i is approximately 60-70%, with no significant differences in efficacy noted among therapies. The literature does not clearly demonstrate a preference for one drug. High-treatment success rates (89%) were reported when patients were prescribed all available PDE5i. Daily dosing with tadalafil is associated with improved erectile function (EF) over time. Finally, novel modes of patient-provider interaction, including internet-based education, communication and prescribing, may also improve long-term adherence. CONCLUSIONS PDE5i represent first line therapy for ED with excellent overall efficacy and satisfactory side effect profiles. Enhanced communciation, coupled with increased knowledge of drug characteristics, comparative treatment regimens and optimal prescribing patterns, offer compelling tools to improve long-term treatment success.
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Behm MO, Blanchard RL, Murphy MG, Palcza JS, Harris DE, Butterfield KL, Smith WB, Preston RA, Chodakewitz JA, Krucoff MW. Effect of telcagepant on spontaneous ischemia in cardiovascular patients in a randomized study. Headache 2013; 51:954-60. [PMID: 21631478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of the study was to explore the safety and tolerability of telcagepant in patients with stable coronary artery disease. BACKGROUND Triptans are effective acute anti-migraine drugs whose vasoconstrictive effects limit their use in patients at risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Telcagepant, a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, is being developed for the acute treatment of migraine. Antagonism of calcitonin gene-related peptide, which does not appear to cause vasoconstriction, may allow for treatment of migraine in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, patients with documented stable coronary artery disease were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences: telcagepant then placebo, or placebo then telcagepant. In each treatment period, patients received 2 doses of telcagepant 300-mg or placebo 2 hours apart. They remained in the research center for 24 hours after receiving the first dose of each period, during which time continuous 12-lead ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring was performed. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were enrolled; all patients completed the study and were included in all analyses. Telcagepant was generally well tolerated. No laboratory or serious adverse experiences were reported, and no patient discontinued due to an adverse experience. There were no consistent treatment-related changes in laboratory, vital signs or electrocardiogram safety parameters. Three patients (2 after receiving placebo and 1 after receiving telcagepant) experienced ST segment depression during the study; none of these patients reported chest pain. CONCLUSIONS Two doses of 300-mg telcagepant, administered 2 hours apart, did not appear to exacerbate spontaneous ischemia and were generally well tolerated in a small cohort of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Results of this study support further evaluation of telcagepant in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
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Guerra-Bubb JM, Bowers AA, Smith WB, Paranal R, Estiu G, Wiest O, Bradner JE, Williams RM. Synthesis and HDAC inhibitory activity of isosteric thiazoline-oxazole largazole analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6025-8. [PMID: 24035339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an isosteric analog of the natural product and HDAC inhibitor largazole is described. The sulfur atom in the thizaole ring of the natural product has been replaced with an oxygen atom, constituting an oxazole ring. The biochemical activity and cytotoxicity of this species is described.
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Zhang M, Xu CR, Shamiyeh E, Liu F, Yin J, von Moltke LL, Smith WB. Abstract 3364: A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the oral JAK2 inhibitor SAR302503 in healthy volunteers. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: SAR302503 is a JAK2 inhibitor in clinical development as a treatment for myelofibrosis (MF). In a phase 1/2 study, SAR302503 provided durable reductions in spleen size and disease-related symptoms, with an acceptable safety profile in patients with MF (J Clin Oncol 2011;29:789).
Methods: Healthy males between 18 and 45 years of age received seven ascending single oral doses of SAR302503 (range, 10 to 680 mg) or placebo under fasted conditions. Blood was collected before the first dose and at intervals after dosing up to 72 hrs. For the 300, 500, and 680 mg doses, samples were also collected postdose at 104 hrs and 168 hrs. Dose proportionality was assessed using an empirical power model for log-transformed Cmax, AUClast, and AUC. Dose effect was analyzed using a linear fixed effect model for log-transformed t1/2z. STAT3 phosphorylation (pSTAT3) was measured at predose, and 3 and 24 hrs postdose. The relationship between pSTAT3 suppression and SAR302503 plasma concentration was explored using an inhibitory Emax model.
Results: Fifty-six subjects were treated and included in the safety assessment and 37 in the PK evaluation. Treatment-emergent adverse events (MedDRA v14.1) were all mild in intensity and reported by 20 of 42 subjects (48%) who received SAR302503 and by 3/14 (21%) who received placebo. There were no deaths or serious adverse events. The most frequently reported adverse events with SAR302503 were gastrointestinal occurring in 1 of 6 subjects at both the 80 and 150 mg doses, 3/6 at 300 mg, 4/6 at 500 mg, and 5/6 at 680 mg. Vomiting occurred in 1/6 and 4/6 subjects at 500 mg and 680 mg, respectively. SAR302503 was absorbed with a median tmax of 1.8 to 3.0 hrs. Mean t1/2z ranged from 62.1 to 78.2 hrs at the 300 to 680 mg doses with sampling to 168 hrs. SAR302503 exposure increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner, with a 68-fold increase in dose resulting in 473- and 989-fold increases in Cmax and AUClast, respectively. Dose had no effect on t1/2z. Subjects receiving a single dose of 300, 500, or 680 mg of SAR302503, demonstrated a reduction in pSTAT3 levels, indicative of JAK2 inhibition. The mean pSTAT3 levels 3 hrs postdose were 76%, 50%, and 42% of predose levels in the 300, 500, and 680 mg groups, respectively. The relationship between SAR302503 plasma concentration and pSTAT3 inhibition was described by an inhibitory effect sigmoid maximum effect Emax model, with an EC50 of 1230 ng/mL.
Conclusion: Adverse events associated with SAR302503 treatment were mild and primarily gastrointestinal. Following administration of single daily oral doses, SAR302503 exposure appeared to increase in a greater than dose-proportional manner. pSTAT3 inhibition was observed at doses of 300 mg and above.
Citation Format: Meng Zhang, Christine R. Xu, Elias Shamiyeh, Feng Liu, Jianyun Yin, Lisa L. von Moltke, William B. Smith. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the oral JAK2 inhibitor SAR302503 in healthy volunteers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3364. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3364
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Hebert MF, Smith HE, Marbury TC, Swan SK, Smith WB, Townsend RW, Buell D, Keirns J, Bekersky I. Pharmacokinetics of Micafungin in Healthy Volunteers, Volunteers With Moderate Liver Disease, and Volunteers With Renal Dysfunction. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 45:1145-52. [PMID: 16172179 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005279580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Micafungin is an antifungal agent metabolized by arylsulfatase with secondary metabolism by catechol-O-methyltransferase. The objectives of this study were to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters and plasma protein binding of micafungin in volunteers with moderate hepatic dysfunction (n = 8), volunteers with creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min (n = 9), and matched controls (n = 8 and n = 9, respectively). Single-dose micafungin pharmacokinetics were estimated using noncompartmental techniques. There was a statistically lower area under the observed micafungin concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 to infinity for subjects with moderate hepatic dysfunction as compared to control subjects (97.5 +/- 19 microg.h/mL vs 125.9 +/- 26.4 microg.h/mL, P = .03), although there was no difference in micafungin weight-adjusted clearance (10.9 +/- 1.7 mL/h/kg vs 9.8 +/- 1.8 mL/h/kg, P = .2). The difference in area under the concentration-time curve may be explained by the differences in body weight between subjects and controls. Renal dysfunction did not alter micafungin pharmacokinetics.
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Swan SK, Smith WB, Marbury TC, Schumacher M, Dougherty C, Mico BA, Villano SA. Pharmacokinetics of Maribavir, a Novel Oral Anticytomegalovirus Agent, in Subjects With Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:209-17. [PMID: 17244772 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006296765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of maribavir, a novel anticytomegalovirus agent, was evaluated in 12 adults with normal renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] >80 mL/min) and 19 adults with renal impairment classified as mild (n = 5), moderate (n = 5), or severe (n = 9), as measured by CrCl 50-80, 30-49, and <30 mL/min, respectively. After a single oral dose of maribavir 400 mg, the pharmacokinetics of maribavir, based on total and unbound plasma concentrations, showed no statistically significant difference between subjects with normal renal function and subjects with mild/moderate or severe renal impairment. Renal impairment was associated with an increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values for an inactive metabolite of maribavir, VP 44469. Results were consistent with those of previous studies, which showed that very little maribavir was excreted unchanged in urine, whereas about 22% of an oral dose of maribavir is recovered in urine as VP 44469.
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Smith WB, Mannaert E, Verhaeghe T, Kerstens R, Vandeplassche L, Van de Velde V. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of prucalopride: a single- dose open-label Phase I study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2012; 6:407-15. [PMID: 23269861 PMCID: PMC3529624 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s36142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of prucalopride in individuals with renal impairment (RI). METHODS This open-label Phase I study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01674192) enrolled men and women aged 18-75 years who were classified by renal function: normal renal function (creatinine clearance ≥ 80 mL/min/1.73 m²), mild RI (50-79 mL/min/1.73 m²), moderate RI (25-49 mL/min/1.73 m²), and severe RI (≤ 24 mL/min/1.73 m²). All received a single oral dose of prucalopride 2 mg. RESULTS Thirty-four individuals (normal renal function: 10; mild RI: 8; moderate RI: 7; severe RI: 9) received prucalopride. In all groups, maximum plasma concentration was reached within 2-4 hours. There was no significant difference in exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity) between participants with mild RI and those with normal renal function. However, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity values were 1.5- and 2.3-fold higher (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001) in patients with moderate RI and severe RI, respectively, than in those with normal renal function. The proportion of total body clearance accounted for by renal clearance was significantly reduced in those with RI. CONCLUSION Clinically meaningful reductions in renal clearance were seen in participants with severe RI, which supports a decrease from the standard dose of prucalopride 2 mg daily to 1 mg daily in these individuals.
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Pankey EA, Byun RJ, Smith WB, Bhartiya M, Bueno FR, Badejo AM, Stasch JP, Murthy SN, Nossaman BD, Kadowitz PJ. The Rho kinase inhibitor azaindole-1 has long-acting vasodilator activity in the pulmonary vascular bed of the intact chest rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:825-35. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Responses to a selective azaindole-based Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (azaindole-1) were investigated in the rat. Intravenous injections of azaindole-1 (10–300 µg/kg), produced small decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure and larger decreases in systemic arterial pressure without changing cardiac output. Responses to azaindole-1 were slow in onset and long in duration. When baseline pulmonary vascular tone was increased with U46619 or L-NAME, the decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure in response to the ROCK inhibitor were increased. The ROCK inhibitor attenuated the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure in response to ventilatory hypoxia. Azaindole-1 decreased pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. These results show that azaindole-1 has significant vasodilator activity in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds and that responses are larger, slower in onset, and longer in duration when compared with the prototypical agent fasudil. Azaindole-1 reversed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and decreased pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures in a similar manner in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. These data suggest that ROCK is involved in regulating baseline tone in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds, and that ROCK inhibition will promote vasodilation when tone is increased by diverse stimuli including treatment with monocrotaline.
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Empson MB, Tang MLK, Pearce LKC, Rozen L, Gold MS, Katelaris CH, Langton D, Smart J, Smith WB, Steele RH, Ziegler JB, Maher D. Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel subcutaneous immunoglobulin, Evogam®, in primary immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:897-906. [PMID: 22526590 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This phase III, open-label, multi-centre study investigated the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and quality of life impact of Evogam(®), a new chromatographically fractionated 16% subcutaneous immunoglobulin, utilising a 1:1 dose transition ratio from previous immunoglobulin therapy. Thirty-five previously treated patients with primary immunodeficiency received weekly Evogam over 36 weeks. Primary endpoints were rate of serious bacterial infections (SBIs) and steady-state serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) trough concentrations. No SBIs were reported during the study. Evogam produced significantly higher mean trough IgG concentrations with 1:1 dose conversion compared to previous immunoglobulin treatment (8.94 versus 8.27 g/L, p = 0.0063). Evogam was efficacious in the prevention of infections and maintenance of trough levels using a 1:1 dose conversion. It was well tolerated with no withdrawals due to adverse events and was preferred to IVIg by the majority of patients.
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96
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Smith WB, Marbury TC, Komjathy SF, Sumeray MS, Williams GC, Hu MY, Mould DR. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of clevidipine after prolonged continuous infusion in subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68:1385-94. [PMID: 22457015 PMCID: PMC3438395 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Clevidipine is a rapidly-acting intravenous dihydropyridine antihypertensive acting via calcium channel blockade. This was a randomized, single-blind, parallel-design study of a 72-h continuous clevidipine infusion. Method Doses of 2, 4, 8, or 16.0 mg/h or placebo were evaluated in 61 subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension. IV clevidipine or placebo was initiated at 2.0 mg/h and force-titrated in doubling increments every 3 min to target dose, then maintained for 72 h. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured during infusion, and for 4, 6 and 8 h after termination of infusion, although oral therapy could be restarted at 4 h. Clevidipine blood levels were obtained during infusion and for 1 hour after termination. Results Rapid onset of drug effect occurred at all clevidipine dose levels, with consistent pharmacokinetics and rapid offset after 72-h infusion. No evidence of tolerance to the clevidipine drug effect was observed at any dose level over the 72-h infusion. No evidence of rebound hypertension was found for either 4 or 6 h after termination of the clevidipine infusion. At 8 h following cessation of clevidipine, blood pressure was not significantly higher than at baseline. Placebo-treated subjects had blood pressures lower than baseline at 8 h following infusion termination; hence, placebo-adjusted blood pressures tended to be slightly higher than baseline. Conclusion This study supports the use of up to 72 h of IV clevidipine therapy for the management of blood pressure, with consistent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics and context insensitive half-life across the dose ranges evaluated.
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97
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Stein EA, Mellis S, Yancopoulos GD, Stahl N, Logan D, Smith WB, Lisbon E, Gutierrez M, Webb C, Wu R, Du Y, Kranz T, Gasparino E, Swergold GD. Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 on LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1108-18. [PMID: 22435370 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), one of the serine proteases, binds to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, leading to their accelerated degradation and to increased LDL cholesterol levels. We report three phase 1 studies of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 designated as REGN727/SAR236553 (REGN727). METHODS In healthy volunteers, we performed two randomized, single ascending-dose studies of REGN727 administered either intravenously (40 subjects) or subcutaneously (32 subjects), as compared with placebo. These studies were followed by a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose trial in adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia who were receiving atorvastatin (21 subjects) and those with nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia who were receiving treatment with atorvastatin (30 subjects) (baseline LDL cholesterol, >100 mg per deciliter [2.6 mmol per liter]) or a modified diet alone (10 subjects) (baseline LDL cholesterol, >130 mg per deciliter [3.4 mmol per liter]). REGN727 doses of 50, 100, or 150 mg were administered subcutaneously on days 1, 29, and 43. The primary outcome for all studies was the occurrence of adverse events. The principal secondary outcome was the effect of REGN727 on the lipid profile. RESULTS Among subjects receiving REGN727, there were no discontinuations because of adverse events. REGN727 significantly lowered LDL cholesterol levels in all the studies. In the multiple-dose study, REGN727 doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg reduced measured LDL cholesterol levels in the combined atorvastatin-treated populations to 77.5 mg per deciliter (2.00 mmol per liter), 61.3 mg per deciliter (1.59 mmol per liter), and 53.8 mg per deciliter (1.39 mmol per liter), for a difference in the change from baseline of -39.2, -53.7, and -61.0 percentage points, respectively, as compared with placebo (P<0.001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS In three phase 1 trials, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels in healthy volunteers and in subjects with familial or nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. (Funded by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01026597, NCT01074372, and NCT01161082.).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Anticholesteremic Agents/administration & dosage
- Anticholesteremic Agents/adverse effects
- Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
- Atorvastatin
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/drug therapy
- Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Least-Squares Analysis
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Proprotein Convertase 9
- Proprotein Convertases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proprotein Convertases/immunology
- Proprotein Convertases/metabolism
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- Receptors, LDL/drug effects
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Serine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
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98
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Smith WB, O'Hehir RE. ACEI associated angioedema. AUSTRALIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 2012; 41:89; author reply 89. [PMID: 22497035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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99
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Smith WB, Mullins RJ. Capsaicin not homeopathic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 108:132; author reply 132-3. [PMID: 22289738 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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100
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Goldfischer ER, Breaux J, Katz M, Kaufman J, Smith WB, Kimura T, Sand M, Pyke R. Continued Efficacy and Safety of Flibanserin in Premenopausal Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD): Results from a Randomized Withdrawal Trial. J Sex Med 2011; 8:3160-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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