Prediction of the rate of decline in FEV(1) in smokers using quantitative Computed Tomography

BACKGROUND

A study was undertaken to determine if quantitative CT estimates of lung parenchymal overinflation and airway dimensions in smokers with a normal forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) can predict the rapid decline in FEV(1) that leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

METHODS

Study participants (n = 143; age 45-72 years; 54% male) were part of a lung cancer screening trial, had a smoking history of >30 pack years and a normal FEV(1) and FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) at baseline (mean (SD) FEV(1) 99.4 (12.8)%, range 80.2-140.7%; mean (SD) FEV(1)/FVC 77.9 (4.4), range 70.0-88.0%). An inspiratory multislice CT scan was acquired for each subject at baseline. Custom software was used to measure airway lumen and wall dimensions; the percentage of the lung inflated beyond a predicted maximal lung inflation, the low attenuation lung area with an x ray attenuation lower than -950 HU and the size distribution of the overinflated lung areas and the low attenuation area were described using a cluster analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis that these CT measurements combined with other baseline characteristics might identify those who would develop an excessive annual decline in FEV(1).

RESULTS

The mean (SD) annual change in FEV(1) was -2.3 (4.7)% predicted (range -23.0% to +8.3%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the annual change in FEV(1)%predicted was significantly associated with baseline percentage overinflated lung area measured on quantitative CT, FEV(1)% predicted, FEV(1)/FVC and gender.

CONCLUSION

Quantitative CT scan evidence of overinflation of the lung predicts a rapid annual decline in FEV(1) in smokers with normal FEV(1).

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist expression in the equine endometrium during the peri-implantation period

To identify factors involved in the establishment of pregnancy in the mare, endometrium was collected from day 13 (day 0=day of ovulation) cyclic and day 13, 19, and 25 pregnant animals. From initial cDNA subtraction studies, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) mRNA was found as a candidate molecule expressed uniquely in the pregnant endometrium. Expression of IL-1RN mRNA was markedly increased in day 19 and 25 gravid endometrium. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that IL-1RN mRNA was localized to the glandular epithelium. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) protein was found in the extracts of day 25 gravid endometrium and was immunochemically localized to the glandular epithelium/luminal cavity of the pregnant uterus. High concentrations of estradiol-17beta (E(2)) were detected in day 25 conceptuses. Concentrations of E(2) were higher in the gravid endometrial portion than in other endometrial regions. On the other hand, progesterone concentrations did not differ among endometrial samples analyzed. Furthermore, the expression of IL-1RN mRNA was up-regulated in endometrium culture samples treated with 10 ng/mL E(2) and 10 ng/mL progesterone. In the analysis of related gene expression, increased amounts of IL-1alpha and IL-6 mRNA were also found in the day 25 gravid endometrium; however, these expressions in endometrial culture samples were not up-regulated by the steroid treatment. These results indicate that expression of IL-1RN in the endometrium is likely regulated by E(2) and progesterone and suggest that IL-1RN regulates the degree of IL-1 signal transduction and thereby plays an important role in the establishment of equine pregnancy.

Polarization control in three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation

We present an experimental demonstration of an ingenious technique to control the alignment of the atomic internal state in the x-ray region using a periodic crystal field. The alignment directions of Ar16+ and Fe24+ ions were readily controlled by selecting the array of atomic planes using three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation, and were probed via the anisotropy of the deexcitation x-ray emission. We applied this method to a double resonance experiment, and succeeded in controlling the population of the specific magnetic substate in a Lambda-type three-level configuration.

Proteome analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis cells placed in a subcutaneous chamber of mice

INTRODUCTION

Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral anaerobic bacterium, is considered a major pathogen for chronic periodontitis. Pathogenic bacteria usually upregulate or downregulate gene expression to combat the protective responses of their hosts.

METHODS

To determine what protein is regulated when P. gingivalis cells invade host tissues, we analyzed the proteome of P. gingivalis cells that were placed in a mouse subcutaneous chamber by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Fourteen proteins were upregulated, while four proteins were downregulated. We focused on three upregulated proteins, PG1089 (DNA-binding response regulator RprY), PG1385 (TPR domain protein), and PG2102 (immunoreactive 61-kDa antigen), and constructed mutant strains that were defective in these proteins. Mouse abscess model experiments revealed that the mutant strain defective in PG1385 was clearly less virulent than the wild-type parent strain.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that the PG1385 protein is involved in P. gingivalis virulence and that the method used here is useful when investigating the P. gingivalis proteins responsible for virulence.

Successful management of giant ischial decubitus ulcers complicated with urethral disorder

SUMMARY

We report a case of bilateral ischial pressure sores complicated with urethral fistula, caused by previous complete ischiectomy. Successful reconstruction was achieved after closure of the bladder neck. The large defect in the bilateral ischium and perineum was covered simultaneously with a free total plantar flap. The paucity of suitable recipient vessels for microvascular anastomoses was resolved by the creation of an arteriovenous loop, when the closure of bladder neck was performed in a supine position.

Body mass index in male patients with COPD: correlation with low attenuation areas on CT

BACKGROUND

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by the presence of airflow limitation caused by loss of lung elasticity and/or airway narrowing. The pathological hallmark of loss of lung elasticity is emphysema, and airway wall remodelling contributes to the airway narrowing. Using CT, these lesions can be assessed by measuring low attenuation areas (LAA) and airway wall thickness/luminal area, respectively. As previously reported, COPD can be divided into airway dominant, emphysema dominant and mixed phenotypes using CT. In this study, it is postulated that a patient's physique may be associated with the relative contribution of these lesions to airflow obstruction.

METHODS

CT was used to evaluate emphysema and airway dimensions in 201 patients with COPD. Emphysema was evaluated using percentage of LAA voxels (LAA%) and airway lesion was estimated by percentage wall area (WA%). Patients were divided into four phenotypes using LAA% and WA%.

RESULTS

Body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in the higher LAA% phenotype (ie, emphysema dominant and mixed phenotypes). BMI correlated with LAA% (rho = -0.557, p<0.0001) but not with WA%. BMI was significantly lower in the emphysema dominant phenotype than in the airway dominant phenotype, while there was no difference in forced expiratory volume in 1 s %predicted between the two.

CONCLUSION

A low BMI is associated with the presence of emphysema, but not with airway wall thickening, in male smokers who have COPD. These results support the concept of different COPD phenotypes and suggest that there may be different systemic manifestations of these phenotypes.

Histologic examination of two cases of cystosarcoma phylloaes with pulmonary metastases

BACKGROUND

Cystosarcoma phyllodes (CP) is a rare neoplasm of the breast. Many studies of the histology of CP have been reported. However, few reports have included an evaluation of the histologic appearance of pulmonary metastases, or the change in histologic grade as a function of time in patients with recurrent tumors.

METHODS

We treated two patients with pulmonary metastases, CP from 1973 to 1995. One patient died of respiratory failure. The other underwent six operations for CP. We evaluated the histologic characteristics of these metastases and changes in the histologic grade of recurrent tumors.

RESULTS

The primary lesions in these two cases were typical high-grade malignant tumors. Case 1 had multiple pulmonary metastases and histologic findings indicated typical malignant CP. Case 2 had a solitary pulmonary metastasis and histologic findings showed low-grade malignant CP, which could be resected. The first patient died of respiratory failure ten months after surgery. The second had no further pulmonary metastases although she had frequent local recurrences, and the histologic features of these tumors became progressively worse.

CONCLUSION

We suggest that patients with malignant CP be followed closely and that when pulmonary metastases are detected, they should be resected if possible, because pulmonary metastatic tumors may represent lower-grade malignant CP.

Dressed atoms in flight through a periodic crystal field: X-VUV double resonance

We report the Autler-Townes doublet demonstrating a novel type of coherent interaction of atoms not with photons but with a periodic crystal field when the atom is in flight through a crystal at high velocity. It was observed by the nonoptical X-VUV (vacuum-ultraviolet) double resonance of three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation with good coherence. The states strongly coupled in the VUV region were probed by the excitation in the x-ray region. The characteristic spectra are well interpreted by an analogy of the dressed atom concept often adopted for the atom-photon interaction.

Nasolabial cyst in a patient with cleft lip and palate

Nasolabial cysts are rare non-odontogenic cysts that occur beneath the ala nasi, and debate about their complicated, unique pathogenesis continues. It is widely accepted that these lesions originate from the anlage of the nasolacrimal duct; however, some still think that nasolabial cysts arise from fissural cysts. The authors report a patient with a nasolabial cyst who also had a unilateral cleft lip and palate. This unusual finding may indicate a different origin for nasolabial cysts than what has been accepted in the past.

Hedgehog signal activation in oesophageal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

The zinc finger protein glioma-associated oncogene homologue 1 (Gli-1) is a critical component of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway, which is essential for morphogenesis and stem-cell renewal, and is dysregulated in many cancer types. As data were not available on the role of Gli-1 expression in oesophageal cancer progression, we analysed whether it could be used to predict disease progression and prognosis in oesophageal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Among 69 patients with histologically confirmed oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs), 25 showed a pathological complete response after preoperative CRT. Overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with lymph-node metastasis, distant metastasis, and CRT, and was further correlated with the absence of both Gli-1 nuclear expression and residual tumour. All patients with Gli-1 nuclear expression (10.1%) had distant or lymph-node metastasis, and six out of seven died within 13 months. Furthermore, patients with Gli-1 nuclear-positive cancers showed significantly poorer prognoses than those without (disease-free survival: mean DFS time 250 vs 1738 months, 2-year DFS 0 vs 54.9%, P=0.009; OS: mean OS time 386 vs 1742 months, 2-year OS 16.7 vs 54.9%, P=0.001). Our study provides the first evidence that Gli-1 nuclear expression is a strong and independent predictor of early relapse and poor prognosis in ESCC after CRT. These findings suggest that Hh signal activation might promote cancer regrowth and progression after CRT.

Molecular targeting of Bcl-2 overcomes prostate cancer cell adaptation to XIAP gene downregulation

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is a suppressor of apoptosis that supports an increased survival and resistance to chemotherapy of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Effects of transient (24 h) and chronic (beyond 1 month) downregulation of XIAP in DU145 hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) cells were studied. We found that transient downregulation of XIAP by siRNAs resulted in an increase of apoptosis and a decrease in Bcl-2 levels and sensitized PCa cells to cisplatin. XIAP downregulation by shRNA vector stable transfection led to upregulation of Bcl-2 protein. Our results identify the adaptability of PCa cells to chronic loss of XIAP in part through upregulation of Bcl-2 and indicate that multitargeting approach is the most effective application in the chemotherapy of human HRPC.

Mycobacterium avium complex disease: prognostic implication of high-resolution computed tomography findings

To evaluate the prognostic implications of computed tomography (CT) findings in assessing responses to treatment in Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease without underlying lung disease, high-resolution (HR)CT findings were correlated based on the results of sputum conversion after anti-MAC therapy. A total of 59 patients underwent HRCT before treatment and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by the results of sputum conversion. Atelectasis, cavities and pleural thickening on HRCT were significantly more frequent and extensive among patients in the sputum nonconverted group than among those in the converted group. Furthermore, bronchiectasis was also significantly more extensive among patients in the nonconverted group, even though there was no significant difference in frequency between these two groups. These results suggest that high-resolution computed tomography findings are good predictors of response to treatment in Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

Natural history of branch duct intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas without mural nodules: long-term follow-up results

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Although branch duct intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas without mural nodules are frequently observed in asymptomatic subjects, the natural history of these lesions has never been studied. The aim of this study was to elucidate the natural history of branch duct IPMNs without mural nodules.

METHODS

Eighty-two patients who had no apparent mural nodules on initial examination were selected for follow-up. All subjects underwent examinations by imaging modalities including endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and were followed-up by regular examinations once or twice a year. Serial changes of the maximum cystic diameter and the appearance of mural nodules were studied during the observation periods ranging from 14 to 148 months (median, 61 months).

RESULTS

Nine (11.0%) of 82 patients exhibited obvious progression of cystic dilatation (median, 59 months). Of these nine patients with cystic enlargement, six continued with regular follow-up examinations. Three cases underwent surgical resection, and were pathologically diagnosed as adenoma in two and borderline in one. Four patients (4.9%) showed newly developed mural nodules in dilated branch ducts (median, 105 months). Histological analysis revealed three cases classified as adenoma and one as carcinoma in situ. None of the remaining 69 patients (84.1%) showed any changes in dilated branch ducts (median, 57 months).

CONCLUSIONS

Most branch duct IPMNs without mural nodules remained unchanged during long-term follow-up. Although follow-up with careful examination is required to detect newly developed mural nodules in dilated branch ducts, branch duct IPMNs without mural nodules can be followed-up without surgery.

1.54-microm TM-mode waveguide optical isolator based on the nonreciprocal-loss phenomenon: device design to reduce insertion loss

We developed a 1.5-microm band TM-mode waveguide optical isolator that makes use of the nonreciprocal-loss phenomenon. The device was designed to operate in a single mode and consists of an InGaAlAs/InP ridge-waveguide optical amplifier covered with a ferromagnetic MnAs layer. The combination of the optical waveguide and the magnetized ferromagnetic metal layer produces a magneto-optic effect called the nonreciprocal-loss phenomenon--a phenomenon in which the propagation loss of light is larger in backward propagation than it is in forward propagation. We propose the guiding design principle for the structure of the device and determine the optimized structure with the aid of electromagnetic simulation using the finite-difference method. On the basis of the results, we fabricated a prototype device and evaluated its operation. The device showed an isolation ratio of 7.2 dB/mm at a wavelength from 1.53 to 1.55 microm. Our waveguide isolator can be monolithically integrated with other waveguide-based optical devices on an InP substrate.

A phase II study of nedaplatin (CDGP) and docetaxel (TXT) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

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Background: Nedaplatin (CDGP) is a cisplatin derivative developed in Japan. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), its response as monotherapy has been reported to be 20.5%, while when used in combination with vindesine, its efficacy is similar to cisplatin (CDDP). With respect to adverse effects, it causes less nausea/vomiting and nephrotoxicity compared to CDDP. By these data, we conducted a phase II study of combination treatment with CDGP and docetaxel (TXT) in advanced NSCLC. Methods: Forty six patients (Male/Female 39/7, median age 65 years (40–79), IIIB/IV 20/26) were enrolled from March 2004 to March 2006. Eligibility criteria included signed informed consent, age over 20 and under 80, measurable disease, ECOG PS 0–1, adequate bone marrow reserve, no previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and life-expectancy of at least 12 weeks. Treatment consisted of 80 mg/m2 CDGP and 60 mg/m2 TXT on day one with about 1,000 ml of hydration every 3–4 weeks. Results: One hundred and forty four cycles were given to 46 pts (mean cycles 3.1) and the mean dosages actually administered were 75.5±6.1 mg/m2 for CGDP and 57.7±4.6 mg/m2 for TXT. An over all response rate was 52.2% (squamous cell carcinoma 66.7%, adenocarcinoma 44.0%), median survival time was 12 months and 1-year survival rate was 50%. NCI-CTC grades 3–4 leukopenia, neutropenia, nausea/vomiting and appetite loss occurred in 44 (29.2%), 50 (34.7%), 5 (3.5%), 6 (4.2%) cycles, respectively. There was no grade 3–4 anemia, thrombocytopenia and neuropathy. Conclusions: This combination of chemotherapy was well tolerated, and its activity and survival for advanced NSCLC were acceptable. The update data will be presented at the meeting.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Novel function of DUSP14/MKP6 (dual specific phosphatase 14) as a nonspecific regulatory molecule for delayed-type hypersensitivity

BACKGROUND

Nonspecific unresponsive states of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to unrelated antigens are induced in mice by a single administration of hapten. In these studies, we found a unique regulatory mechanism of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) mediated by nonspecific suppressor factor (NSF) induced by the intravenous injection of hapten-conjugated syngeneic spleen cells. NSF is a approximately 45-kDa protein released from the macrophage-like suppressor cells and binds selectively to dendritic cells (DCs). Moreover, NSF-treated DCs release a second approximately 20-kDa NSF (NSF(int)).

OBJECTIVES

To try and identify NSF and characterize its function.

METHODS

The suppressor activity was evaluated by inhibition of the passive transfer of CHS by the effector cells sensitized with hapten and the antigen-presenting cell (APC) activity of hapten-primed draining lymph node cells (DLNCs) to induce CHS. NSF-containing supernatants obtained from the culture of spleen cells from mice that had been injected intravenously with oxazolone-conjugated syngeneic spleen cells 7 days before were prepared and purified with a Green A dye-affinity column, DEAE column and Sephacryl S-200 column. Then, samples of molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa were separated by native-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-PAGE. After confirming the suppressor activity of proteins of approximately 45 kDa separated by native-PAGE, samples were separated by nonreducing SDS-PAGE, transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and analysed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Proteins of approximately 45 kDa eluted from a Sephacryl S-200 column and the slice of native-PAGE gel exhibited the strong suppressor activity. Analyses using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and MASCOT algorithm of the protein bands around 45 kDa separated by nonreducing SDS-PAGE identified NSF as a 22.5-kDa protein, dual specific phosphatase 14/MAP-kinase phophatase-6 (DUSP14/MKP6), which functions as a negative regulator of the MAP-kinase signalling. Western blot analyses revealed that recombinant DUSP14 (rDUSP14) exists as the mixture of 22.5-kDa monomer and 45-kDa dimer under nonreducing conditions, and monomers under reducing conditions. Treatment with rDUSP14 at 4 degrees C for 2 h suppressed the ability of effector cells to transfer CHS dose dependently and the APC function of DLNCs to induce CHS. Epicutaneous application of rDUSP14 immediately after challenge inhibited the subsequent CHS expression. rDUSP14 was bound specifically by major histocompatibility complex class II (Ia)-positive spleen cells (presumably DCs). The suppressor activity of NSF was neutralized by anti-DUSP14 monoclonal antibody. Expression of DUSP14 mRNA in the spleen was upregulated parallel to the unresponsive state induced by hapten-conjugated cells. NSF, NSF(int) and rDUSP14 exhibited the phosphatase activity towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate in vitro as alkaline phosphatase.

CONCLUSIONS

These studies indicate for the first time that NSF is a dimer of DUSP14 secreted by macrophage-like suppressor cells by stimulation with hapten-conjugated cells and exerts a regulatory function on CHS through DCs as a secreted phosphatase.

Characterizing the specific coaggregation between Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype c strains and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277

A visual coaggregation study showed specific interspecies coaggregation between an Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype c strain and Porphyromonas gingivalis strains ATCC 33277 and 381. We mutagenized A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNYaB 67 (serotype c) with transposon IS903phikan and isolated three transposon insertion mutants that had a reduced ability to aggregate with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. The three transposon insertions in the mutant strains mapped to the genes at ORF12, ORF13 and ORF16 of the gene cluster responsible for producing serotype c-specific polysaccharide antigen (SPA). Western blot analysis with serotype c-specific antibody showed that these strains did not produce the high-molecular-mass smear of SPA. Furthermore, two SPA-deficient mutants and an SPA-producing mutant were constructed. The two SPA-deficient mutants were deficient for ORF12 and ORF14, which are necessary for the synthesis of serotype c-SPA, and the SPA-producing mutant was deficient for ORF17, which is not related to SPA synthesis. The ORF12- and ORF14-deficient mutants showed reduced ability to aggregate with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, while the ORF17-deficient mutant aggregated with ATCC 33277 to the same extent as wild-type SUNYaB 67. Our findings suggest that serotype c-SPA of A. actinomycetemcomitans mediates coaggregation with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277.

Gemcitabine chemoresistance and molecular markers associated with gemcitabine transport and metabolism in human pancreatic cancer cells

To identify predictive molecular markers for gemcitabine resistance, we investigated changes in the expression of four genes associated with gemcitabine transport and metabolism during the development of acquired gemcitabine resistance of pancreatic cancer cell lines. The expression levels of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1), deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), RRM1, and RRM2 mRNA were analysed by real-time light cycler-PCR in various subclones during the development of acquired resistance to gemcitabine. Real-time light cycler-PCR demonstrated that the expression levels of either RRM1 or RRM2 progressively increased during the development of gemcitabine resistance. Expression of dCK was slightly increased in cells resistant to lower concentrations of gemcitabine, but was decreased below the undetectable level in higher concentration-resistant subclones. Expression of hENT1 was increased in the development of gemcitabine resistance. As acquired resistance to gemcitabine seems to correlate with the balance of these four factors, we calculated the ratio of hENT1 × dCK/RRM1 × RRM2 gene expression in gemcitabine-resistant subclones. The ratio of gene expression decreased progressively with development of acquired resistance in gemcitabine-resistant subclones. Furthermore, the expression ratio significantly correlated with gemcitabine sensitivity in eight pancreatic cancer cell lines, whereas no single gene expression level correlated with the sensitivity. These results suggest that the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine is determined by the ratio of four factors involved in gemcitabine transport and metabolism. The ratio of the four gene expression levels correlates with acquired gemcitabine-resistance in pancreatic cancer cells, and may be useful as a predictive marker for the efficacy of gemcitabine therapy in pancreatic cancer patients.

All-optical switching of 40 Gb/s packets by MMI-BLD optical label memory

We demonstrated all-optical label storing and switching for 40 Gb/s optical packets by using all-optical signal processing of multimode interference bistable laser diode optical flip-flops. The stored optical labels in the optical flip-flop controlled an all-optical switch to forward the injected optical packets. The 40 Gb/s optical packets were successfully switched in the all-optical scheme with 11-dB extinction ratio. Error-free operation for the output packets from the switch was also obtained with 1.3-dB power penalty. The presented all-optical packet switching has the advantages of ultrafast switching and transparency of data rate and format, suitable for the future optical networks.

Spheric mass beneath the alar base: MR images of nasolabial cyst and schwannoma

We report 2 cases of nasolabial cyst and a case of schwannoma beneath the alar base that required a differential diagnosis because of clinical features and MR images that resembled the nasolabial cyst. The morphologic analysis on MR images revealed the characteristic appearance of the nasolabial cyst, and the sagittal MR image may be most helpful for diagnosing this rare disease.

Three-dimensional resonant coherent excitation of nonchanneling ions in a crystal

We have observed resonant coherent excitation (RCE) of H-like Ar(17+) ions traveling through a 1 microm-thick Si crystal at an energy of 391 MeV/u in the nonchanneling condition. A three-dimensional periodic array of atomic planes induces RCE of the nonchanneling ions. The high energy heavy ions together with the thin crystal allow us to observe this new RCE through the measurements of the charge-state distribution of the emerging ions. The observed resonances are much narrower than those of planar-channeling ions due to the absence of the large Stark shift caused by the planar potential.

1-BP inhibits NF-kappaB activity and Bcl-xL expression in astrocytes in vitro and reduces Bcl-xL expression in the brains of rats in vivo

1-Bromopropane (1-BP) has been widely used as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbon that destroys the ozone layer. Although the central neurotoxicity of 1-BP has been recently reported, a molecular mechanism is not clear. In particular, the effects on cells in brain have not been fully analyzed. Here, we studied the effects of 1-BP on the activation of transcription factors involved in anti-apoptotic function or cell survival in astrocytes. Astrocytoma cell lines, U251, U373 and VM, or murine primary astrocytes were used for in vitro assay. DNA binding activities of NF-kappaB in these cells induced by interleukin (IL)-1 or LPS were inhibited by 1-BP. Consequently, the treatment of U251 cells with 1-BP resulted in suppression of NF-kappaB reporter activity. Furthermore, 1-BP blocked IkappaBalpha degradation, which is important for NF-kappaB activation. In addition, the level of Bcl-xL mRNA, which is known as an anti-apoptotic gene, were reduced in U251 treated with 1-BP or in the brain from rat exposed to 1-BP (400 ppm, 12 weeks). These results suggest that subchronic inhalation exposure to 1-BP vapor may affect the Bcl-xL expression in astrocytes.

Antiapoptotic function of 17AA(+)WT1 (Wilms' tumor gene) isoforms on the intrinsic apoptosis pathway

The WT1 gene is overexpressed in human primary leukemia and a wide variety of solid cancers. The WT1 gene is alternatively spliced at two sites, yielding four isoforms: 17AA(+)KTS(+), 17AA(+)KTS(-), 17AA(-)KTS(+), and 17AA(-)KTS(-). Here, we showed that 17AA(+)WT1-specific siRNA induced apoptosis in three WT1-expressing leukemia cell lines (K562, HL-60, and Kasumi-1), but not in WT1-non-expressing lymphoma cell line (Daudi). 17AA(+)WT1-specific siRNA activated caspase-3 and -9 in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway but not caspase-8 in the extrinsic one. On the other hand, 17AA(-)WT1-specific siRNA did not induce apoptosis in the three WT1-expressing cell lines. The apoptosis was associated with activation of proapoptotic Bax, which was activated upstream of the mitochondria. Constitutive expression of 17AA(+)WT1 isoforms inhibited apoptosis of K562 leukemia cells induced by apoptosis-inducing agents, etoposide and doxorubicin, through the protection of mitochondrial membrane damages, and DNA-binding zinc-finger region of 17AA(+)WT1 isoform was essential for the antiapoptotic functions. We further studied the gene(s) whose expression was altered by the expression of 17AA(+)WT1 isoforms and showed that the expression of proapoptotic Bak was decreased by the expression of 17AA(+)KTS(-)WT1 isoform. Taken together, these results indicated that 17AA(+)WT1 isoforms played antiapoptotic roles at some points upstream of the mitochondria in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.

A searchable database for proteomes of oral microorganisms

An online database of proteomes for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) gel data was constructed and it is now freely accessible through a web-based interface. Proteins from three oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans UA159, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans HK1651, and Porphyromonas gingivalis W83, whose genome databases are freely available, were separated by 2DE, and protein spots were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and identified. About 1000 spots from the gels of P. gingivalis W83 were extracted and analyzed by MALDI-TOF, and 330 proteins were identified. In addition, 160 of 240 spots of A. actinomycetemcomitans and 158 of 356 spots of S. mutans were identified. Information such as spot coordinates on the gels, protein names (predicted functions), molecular weights, isoelectroric points, and links to online databases, including Oral Pathogen Sequence Databases of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Bioscience Division (ORALGEN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or The Institute Genomic Research (TIGR), were stored in tables accessible through the relational database management system MySQL on an Apache web server. To test for functionality of this database system, responses of S. mutans to environmental changes were analyzed using the database and 21 spots on the gel were identified as proteins whose expression had been increased or decreased by environmental pH change without in-gel trypsin digestion, protein extraction, or MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS (mass spectrometer) analysis. The identified proteins are agreement with those reported in previous papers on acid tolerance of S. mutans, demonstrating the usefulness of the system. This database is available at http://www.myamagu.dent.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~bioinformatics/index.html or http://www.bipos.mascat.nihon-u.ac.jp/index.html.

Measurement of the concentrations of glucose and lactic acid in peritoneal dialysis solutions using near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), a nondestructive analytical technique, was employed for the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of glucose and lactic acid in peritoneal dialysis solutions. Solutions were placed in a near-infrared spectrophotometer and the absorbance at wavelengths between 400 and 2500 nm was measured at 2 nm intervals. To obtain calibration equations, multiple linear regression (MLR) was carried out on the NIR spectral data and on the glucose and lactic acid concentrations obtained by enzymatic methods using a calibration sample set. The value of the simple correlation coefficient (r) was 0.996 when using a wavelength of 2270 nm for glucose. The value of the multiple correlation coefficient (R) for lactic acid was 0.997 when using wavelengths of 1688 and 1268 nm. To validate the calibration equations obtained, glucose and lactic acid concentrations in a prediction sample set which was not used for calibration were calculated using the calibration equation and compared with the concentrations measured by the enzymatic method. Excellent agreement between the results of the enzymatic method and of NIR was observed for both constituents. Concentrations of glucose and lactic acid in the peritoneal dialysis solutions were analyzed simultaneously by NIR. The procedure for NIR was simple, and the operation time required to determine the concentrations was a few minutes. These results indicate that NIR may be a useful method for monitoring of the production of peritoneal dialysis solutions.

Functional domains and sub-cellular distribution of the Hedgehog transducing protein Smoothened in Drosophila

The Hedgehog signalling pathway is deployed repeatedly during normal animal development and its inappropriate activity is associated with various tumours in human. The serpentine protein Smoothened (Smo) is essential for cells to respond to the Hedeghog (Hh) signal; oncogenic forms of Smo have been isolated from human basal cell carcinomas. Despite similarities with ligand binding G-protein coupled receptors, the molecular basis of Smo activity and its regulation remains unclear. In non-responding cells, Smo is suppressed by the activity of another multipass membrane spanning protein Ptc, which acts as the Hh receptor. In Drosophila, binding of Hh to Ptc has been shown to cause an accumulation of phosphorylated Smo protein and a concomitant stabilisation of the activated form of the Ci transcription factor. Here, we identify domains essential for Smo activity and investigate the sub-cellular distribution of the wild type protein in vivo. We find that deletion of the amino terminus and the juxtamembrane region of the carboxy terminus of the protein result in the loss of normal Smo activity. Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and horseradish peroxidase fusion proteins we show that Smo accumulates in the plasma membrane of cells in which Ptc activity is abrogated by Hh but is targeted to the degradative pathway in cells where Ptc is active. We further demonstrate that Smo accumulation is likely to be a cause, rather than a consequence, of Hh signal transduction.

Presynaptic dopaminergic properties of differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells

This study characterized the presynaptic dopaminergic properties of neuronally differentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Approximately 30% of the ES cells expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity when co-cultured with PA6 cells. These cultures expressed high affinity, sodium-dependent dopamine uptake as well as depolarization-induced and calcium-dependent dopamine release of this transmitter. These and other important dopaminergic genes found expressed in these cultures by RT-PCR included Nurr1, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), TH, dopamine transporter (DAT), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptors c-Ret and GFRalpha1. These results demonstrate that differentiated ES cells have the presynaptic functions for maintaining dopaminergic homeostasis, which may be essential for their long-term use in restoring CNS levels of this transmitter.

Heterogeneity of narrowing in normal and asthmatic airways measured by HRCT

Asthmatic airway narrowing is heterogeneous and contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness. The present study compared heterogeneity of narrowing during methacholine challenge in asthmatics and normal subjects using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The current authors defined heterogeneity as variability in narrowing greater than the repeatability of measurement. Airways of <2 mm diameter were compared with larger airways from baseline and postmethacholine HRCT of the right lower lung in 13 normals (seven had repeat baseline scans) and seven asthmatics. The coefficient of repeatability was calculated from repeat scans (RepAi) and was compared with heterogeneity of narrowing measured by the variability in narrowing from pre versus postmethacholine scans (VardeltaAi). Forced expiratory volume in one second decreased 27+/-6% and 24+/-8% in normals and asthmatics, respectively. Airways >2 mm narrowed more heterogeneously in asthmatics (VardeltaAi=+/-0.85 mm) compared with normals (VardeltaAi=+/-0.67 mm), with both being greater than the measure of repeatability (RepAi=+/-0.16 mm). Small airway narrowing was not heterogeneous in asthmatics (VardeltaAi=+/-0.59 mm) or normals (VardeltaAi=+/-0.53 mm) compared with repeatability (RepAi=0.51 mm). It is possible to study heterogeneity of airway narrowing in small and large airways using high resolution computed tomography. Airway narrowing is heterogeneous in the large airways of asthmatics and normals, being greater in asthmatics.

Stress-induced modulation of skin immune function: two types of antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis are differentially regulated by chronic stress

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory skin diseases are exacerbated by psychiatric stress. Previous studies have shown that the activity of epidermal antigen-presenting cells (APCs), Langerhans cells (LCs) and keratinocytes (KCs), is affected by stress. Hapten application causes migration of LCs to draining lymph nodes (DLNs). Recently, we found that hapten application also activates epidermal cells (ECs) to mature potent APCs, and that the main APCs in these populations are KCs. Thus, DLN cells and ECs following hapten application are available for estimating the APC function of LCs and KCs in stress studies.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the mechanism of exacerbation of skin inflammation by chronic stress by observing the effect of isolation stress transversally on the skin immune and neurohormonal systems.

METHODS

Contact sensitivity (CS) was elicited in BALB/c mice. The APC function of LCs and ECs following hapten application was assessed by the CS-inducing activity in the recipient mice. Levels of neurohormonal transmitters and proinflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell surface molecules were detected using flow cytometry. Expression of mRNA for cytokines, neurohormonal receptors and a differentiation marker by ECs was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Acute stress (2-day isolation) suppressed induction of CS, while chronic stress (30-day isolation) markedly enhanced induction of CS. DLN cells from chronically stressed mice contained increased numbers of LCs and exhibited enhanced APC function for inducing CS. In contrast, the APC function of KCs from these mice was markedly suppressed. Serum corticosterone levels were enhanced in acute stress, while substance P (SP) levels were enhanced in chronic stress. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor-1 mRNA expression in ECs was enhanced in acute stress, while SP receptor (i.e. neurokinin-1 receptor) mRNA expression in ECs was enhanced in chronic stress. Production and mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by ECs following hapten application was markedly suppressed in chronic stress. Expression by ECs of E-cadherin, which adheres LCs and KCs homophilically, was suppressed in chronic stress. In addition, these cells exhibited impaired differentiation, i.e. suppressed spontaneous proliferation and enhanced mRNA expression for transglutaminase-3.

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic isolation stress may enhance CS responses by upregulation of the APC activity of LCs and the SP system. However, dysregulation of KC function and differentiation by chronic stress suggests that KCs may not contribute to the enhancement of the CS response positively. These complex changes suggest that chronic isolation stress in mice may provide a possible model system for studying the mechanism of exacerbation of skin inflammation by stress.

Prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in relation to periodontal status assessed by real-time PCR

Many studies have examined the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal pockets. However, monitoring the number of bacterial cells is difficult. In this study, we performed quantitative analyses of P. gingivalis to clarify the relationship between the numbers of this organism and periodontal status. Using the TaqMan real-time PCR system, we found a significant positive correlation (P < 0.0001) between the number of P. gingivalis and pocket depth. The slope of the regression line indicated that for every 1-mm increase in pocket depth, the number of P. gingivalis increased 10- fold. There was also a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in the numbers of P. gingivalis before and after treatment. These results suggest that the absolute and relative numbers of P. gingivalis are closely associated with periodontal status, and that quantitative analysis of this organism is important for the evaluation of periodontal therapy.

Psychosocial predictors of successful delivery after unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortions: a cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To examine psychosocial predictors of successful pregnancy after recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA).

METHOD

We administered two waves of semi-structured interview and self-report questionnaire battery to a consecutive series of 46 couples who had had two RSAs (baseline before third pregnancy, and immediately after third pregnancy was ascertained), and followed them through their third pregnancy.

RESULTS

Of the 46 couples, four miscarried for karyotypal abnormalities and six without any known cause. When the latter six were compared with the remaining 36 women, they reported less social support satisfaction, a more stable attribution for the causes of past abortions, and more depressed mood in the preceding year. Taken altogether, this psychosocial model was able to predict 93% of the pregnancy outcomes correctly.

CONCLUSION

Psychosocial variables (depression, attribution and social support) are robust predictors of the prospective pregnancy and suggest possible points of intervention in couples with RSA.

TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the correlation of Treponema denticola numbers with the severity of periodontal disease

Treponema denticola has been implicated in periodontitis, and the presence of this organism in periodontal pockets has been investigated. However, qualitative analysis is insufficient for the clinical evaluation of periodontal treatments, and quantification of T. denticola populations is essential for monitoring therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we developed a quantitative method for T. denticola that uses the TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Using this system, we evaluated the relative and absolute numbers of this organism in saliva and subgingival plaque. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between the numbers of T. denticola and pocket depth, and found a significant positive correlation (P < 0.0001) between these parameters. This report demonstrates the broad potential of real-time polymerase chain reaction applications in periodontology.

Inactivation of dispatched 1 by the chameleon mutation disrupts Hedgehog signalling in the zebrafish embryo

Searches of zebrafish EST and whole genome shotgun sequence databases for sequences encoding the sterol-sensing domain (SSD) protein motif identified two sets of DNA sequences with significant homology to the Drosophila dispatched gene required for release of secreted Hedgehog protein. Using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, we found that inhibition of one of these genes, designated Disp1, results in a phenotype similar to that of the "you-type" mutants, previously implicated in signalling by Hedgehog proteins in the zebrafish embryo. Injection of disp1 mRNA into embryos homozygous for one such mutation, chameleon (con) results in rescue of the mutant phenotype. Radiation hybrid mapping localised disp1 to the same region of LG20 to which the con mutation was mapped by meiotic recombination analysis. Sequence analysis of disp1 cDNA derived from homozygous con mutant embryos revealed that both mutant alleles are associated with premature termination codons in the disp1 coding sequence. By analysing the expression of markers of specific cell types in the neural tube, pancreas and myotome of con mutant and Disp1 morphant embryos, we conclude that Disp1 activity is essential for the secretion of lipid-modified Hh proteins from midline structures.

Progressive damage on high resolution computed tomography despite stable lung function in cystic fibrosis

For effective clinical management of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease it is important to closely monitor the start and progression of lung damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scoring systems and pulmonary function tests (PFT) to detect changes in lung disease. CF children (n=48) had two HRCT scans in combination with two PFT 2 yrs apart. Their scans were scored using five scoring systems (Castile, Brody, Helbich, Santamaria and Bhalla). "Sensitivity" was defined as the ability to detect disease progression. In this group of children, HRCT scores worsened. PFT remained unchanged or improved. Of the HRCT parameters, mucous plugging and the severity, extent and peripheral extension of bronchiectasis worsened significantly. Relationships between changes in HRCT scores and PFT were weak. Substantial structural lung damage was evident in some children who had normal lung function. These data show that high-resolution computed tomography is more sensitive than pulmonary function tests in the detection of early and progressive lung disease, and suggest that high-resolution computed tomography may be useful in the follow up of cystic fibrosis children and as an outcome measure in studies that aim to reduce lung damage.