Nerve growth factor treatment prevents the increase in superoxide produced by epidermal growth factor in PC12 cells

Stimulation of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with the mitogen epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced a rapid and robust accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), an accumulation which, in other systems, has been shown to be essential for mitogenesis. Brief pretreatment of the cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) suppressed the EGF-mediated ROS increase. EGF failed to produce elevations in ROS in a PC12 variant stably expressing a dominant-negative p21(ras) construct (PC12-N17) or in cells pretreated with the MEK inhibitor PD098059. NGF failed to suppress the increase in ROS in the PC12 variant nnr5, which lacks p140(trk) receptors. The suppression of the increase in ROS by NGF was restored in nnr5 cells stably expressing p140(trk) (nnr5-trk), but NGF failed to prevent the increase in ROS in nnr cells expressing mutant p140(trk) receptors that lack binding sites for Shc and phospholipase Cgamma. Among several inhibitors of superoxide-generating enzymes, only the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid reduced EGF-mediated ROS accumulation. The inhibitory action of NGF on ROS production was mimicked by the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, and was blocked by an inhibitor of nitric-oxide synthetase, L-nitroarginine methyl ester. These results suggest a novel mechanism for the rapid interruption of mitogenic signaling by the neurotrophin NGF.

Antitumor effect of CD40 ligand: elicitation of local and systemic antitumor responses by IL-12 and B7

The interaction between CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) and its receptor CD40 has been implicated in the establishment of cell-mediated immunity as well as humoral immune responses. To examine the role of CD40L in eliciting antitumor immunity, we introduced murine CD40L gene into P815 mastocytoma (CD40L-P815). CD40L-P815 cells underwent prompt rejection when inoculated s.c. into syngenic DBA/2 mice or athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice, which was mediated by NK cells and dependent on endogenous IL-12. The primary rejection of CD40L-P815 cells in DBA/2 mice elicited CD8+ T cell-mediated protective and systemic immunity against parental tumor cells, which was induced by CD4+ T cells and endogenous B7. These results indicated a potent antitumor effect of CD40L that is mediated by potentiation of host Ag-presenting cell functions, and introduction of CD40L will be useful as a new strategy of immuno-gene therapy against tumors.

Interleukin 6 is a cause of flu-like symptoms in treatment with a deoxycytidine analogue

The precise mechanism of fever and flu-like syndrome that occurs in treatment with deoxycytidine analogues remains unclear. This study demonstrated a strong correlation between plasma interleukin 6 levels and fever in treatment with oral (E)-2'-deoxy-2'(fluoromethylene)cytidine, another deoxycytidine analogue.

Pancreatic microcirculation in acute pancreatitis

We present a review of the microvascular morphology of the pancreas and microstructure of the pancreatic lobule, and report our experimental results of the investigation of pancreatic microcirculation following acute pancreatitis. Impairment of pancreatic microcirculation in the early phase of acute pancreatitis may play a key role in the progression of this disease. Possible contributory mechanisms include increased vascular permeability, reduced blood flow, leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and intravascular thrombus formation. Using an in-vivo microscope system and off-line computer analysis, we achieved direct visualization and quantification of changes in microvascular permeability and leukocyte behavior in pancreas with acute pancreatitis. Bradykinin and oxygen radicals have been demonstrated to be involved in the increase of vascular permeability in the early stage of caerulein pancreatitis. Leukocyte adherence to the vessels in the pancreatic microcirculation is a secondary event following permeability changes in acute pancreatitis. Leukocyte infiltration during exacerbation of acute pancreatitis is mediated by leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction via leukocyte integrin CD11b/18.

Identification of a novel bone morphogenetic protein-responsive gene that may function as a noncoding RNA

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)/osteogenic proteins (OPs), members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, have a wide variety of effects on many cell types including osteoblasts and chondroblasts, and play critical roles in embryonic development. BMPs transduce their effects through binding to two different types of serine/threonine kinase receptors, type I and type II. Signaling by these receptors is mediated by the recently identified Smad proteins. Despite the rapid progress in understanding of the signaling mechanism downstream of BMP receptors, the target genes of BMPs are poorly understood in mammals. Here we identified a novel gene, termed BMP/OP-responsive gene (BORG), in C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line which trans-differentiates into osteoblastic cells in response to BMPs. Expression of BORG was dramatically induced in C2C12 cells by the treatment with BMP-2 or OP-1 within 2 h and peaked at 12-24 h, whereas transforming growth factor-beta had a minimal effect. BMP-dependent expression of BORG was also detected in other cell types which are known to respond to BMPs, suggesting that BORG is a common target gene of BMPs. Cloning and sequence analysis of BORG cDNA and the genomic clones revealed that, unexpectedly, the transcript of BORG lacks any extensive open reading frames and contains a cluster of multiple interspersed repetitive sequences in its middle part. The unusual structural features suggested that BORG may function as a noncoding RNA, although it is spliced and polyadenylated as authentic protein-coding mRNAs. Together with the observation that transfection of antisense oligonucleotides of BORG partially inhibited BMP-induced differentiation in C2C12 cells, it is possible that a new class of RNA molecules may have certain roles in the differentiation process induced by BMPs.

Targeted disruption of the MyD88 gene results in loss of IL-1- and IL-18-mediated function

MyD88, originally isolated as a myeloid differentiation primary response gene, is shown to act as an adaptor in interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling by interacting with both the IL-1 receptor complex and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK). Mice generated by gene targeting to lack MyD88 have defects in T cell proliferation as well as induction of acute phase proteins and cytokines in response to IL-1. Increases in interferon-gamma production and natural killer cell activity in response to IL-18 are abrogated. In vivo Th1 response is also impaired. Furthermore, IL-18-induced activation of NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is blocked in MyD88-/- Th1-developing cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MyD88 is a critical component in the signaling cascade that is mediated by IL-1 receptor as well as IL-18 receptor.

Early development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated T-cell lymphoma after a living-related renal transplantation

We herein report a case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated T-cell lymphoma that developed within a month after a kidney transplantation. The recipient was a 37-year-old man who had evidence of a previous EBV infection. Cyclosporine, methylprednisolone, and azathioprine were used for immunosuppression, and acute rejection was treated with high-dose methylprednisolone. The lactate dehydrogenase level started to increase on day 24 and thereafter peaked on day 37 while also demonstrating progressive jaundice and a bleeding tendency. A transplant nephrectomy was done on day 37; however, the patient could not recover and eventually died of respiratory failure as a result of diffuse pulmonary edema. A pathological examination of the resected kidney revealed a diffuse proliferation of large atypical lymphoid cells in the parenchyma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CD45 and T-cell marker, CD45RO, but negative for B-cell markers. EBV-encoded RNA was demonstrated within the neoplastic cells by in situ hybridization.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TA-2005-glucuronide in human plasma

A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for TA-2005-glucuronide, a main metabolite of new adrenergic beta-receptor agonist TA-2005, has been investigated without prior deconjugation. Coupling of the hapten with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or beta-D-galactosidase was carried out by the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester method. An anti-TA-2005-glucuronide antiserum was obtained from guinea pig immunized with the hapten-BSA conjugate. The ELISA was based upon a competitive assay in which the separation of bound from free fraction was performed by the double antibody technique using rabbit anti guinea pig immunoglobulin antibody adsorbed to microtiter plates. A satisfactory standard curve for the ELISA of TA-2005-glucuronide was observed in the range of 30 pg-3 ng ml-1 using 25 microliters of human plasma. Inter-day and intra-assay variations were 7.0-17.5% and 1.0-11.7% respectively. The recoveries of TA-2005-glucuronide spiked to plasma samples were 95.5-120% (inter-assay) and 96.0-123.3% (intra-assay). The cross-reactivities of the prepared antiserum with the related compound of TA-2005-glucuronide were quite low though there was a considerable cross-reaction with TA-2005. However, TA-2005-glucuronide could be easily separated from TA-2005 by a simple pretreatment of the plasma sample with a C18 cartridge column. This method was applied to the determination of TA-2005-glucuronide in human plasma samples for the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of TA-2005. From the results, it was demonstrated that the ELISA developed was useful for the determination of TA-2005-glucuronide in human plasma and that the method was applicable to pharmacokinetic studies in humans.

Recombinant murine interleukin-12 facilitates induction of cardiac myosin-specific type 1 helper T cells in rats

Autoimmunity after viral myocarditis is considered to be one of the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cytokines are assumed to play an important role in the pathogenesis. We recently reported that interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA are expressed in the myocardium of rats with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). However, the role of cytokines in autoimmune myocardial injury in detail is still not clear. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction identified IL-12 (p40) mRNA in antigen-presenting cells in the initial phase of EAM. Cardiac myosin-specific T lymphocytes (MSTLs) were cultured with cardiac myosin peptide (CMP) in the presence of IL-2 and/or IL-12 and were transferred to other naive rats. The results showed that EAM could be effectively induced by transfer of MSTLs cultured with IL-12, whereas transfer of MSTLs cultured with IL-2 was less effective. However, IL-2 acts synergistically with IL-12, and MSTLs cultured with both cytokines most efficiently induce EAM. In vitro experiments showed that MSTLs cultured with both IL-12 and IL-2 produced a much greater amount of IFN-gamma than did MSTLs cultured with either IL-12 or IL-2 alone. The amount of IFN-gamma production was correlated with pathogenicity of MSTLs. Transfer experiments after sorting further demonstrated that the transfer was affected by CD4+ helper T (Th) cells but not by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. IL-12 and IL-2 synergistically enhance the pathogenicity of MSTLs. Furthermore, a type 1 Th (Th1) cytokine, IFN-gamma, which is a potent regulatory cytokine of autoimmunity, is produced by MSTLs. IL-12 and IL-2 potentiate the expansion of cardiac myosin-specific Th1 cells and play an important role in the development of autoimmune myocardial injury.

An allogeneic microenvironment influences the phenotype of intermediate T-cell receptor cells expanding in MRL-lpr/lpr mice

MRL-lpr/lpr (lpr) mice fall victim to autoimmune disease owing to a lymphoproliferative disorder mainly of double-negative (DN) CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells expressing a low density of interleukin-2 receptor beta-chain (IL-2R beta). It was previously revealed that the lpr gene is a defective Fas gene, into which an early transposon (ETn) of retrovirus is transfected. As a result of the failure of apoptosis, intermediate T-cell receptor (TCR) cells (i.e. TCRint cells) with DN phenotype abnormally accumulate in the periphery of lpr mice. We investigated herein how these TCRint cells are selected in terms of CD4, CD8 and TCR in lpr mice. When a whole fraction of mononuclear cells (MNC) in various immune organs of lpr mice was injected into scid mice (allogeneic circumstance), CD8+ TCRint cells mainly expanded. They had a high density of IL-2R beta. This was true when bone marrow cells of lpr mice were injected into scid mice. On the other hand, when MNC of the spleen and bone marrow in lpr mice were injected into irradiated (9 Gy) lpr mice (syngeneic circumstance), the major expanding cells were DN TCRint cells expressing a low density of IL-2R beta. A cell-sorting experiment for purified fractions demonstrated that only CD8- cells reconstituted TCRint cells in scid mice. Namely, DN CD4- CD8- cells as well as CD4+ cells which once acquired the mature phenotype, no longer switched their phenotype. These results suggest that the phenotype of TCRint cells is influenced by the surrounding microenvironment.

Augmented response of endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptor stimulation in coronary arteries of hypertensive hearts

To determine whether the vasoconstrictor response to endothelin-1 (ET-1) is altered in coronary vessels of hypertensive hearts and the role of ETA and ETB receptors in these responses to ET-1, the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 in coronary vessels was measured with or without ETA and ETB receptor antagonists. In isolated hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, the coronary perfusion pressure was measured on a Langendorff apparatus with constant pressure (75 mm Hg). Coronary perfusion resistance (CPR) (mm Hg/ml/min/g) was calculated. ET-1 elicited dose-dependent increases of CPR in both normotensive and SHR rat hearts. However, the responses were significantly greater in SHR than those of WKY. Pretreatment with the ETA antagonist FR139317 and the ETB antagonist BQ788 inhibited CPR increases with ET-1 infusion. However, vasoconstrictor responses to ET-1 were still greater in SHR than in WKY after FR139317 or BQ788 infusion. These findings suggest that the augmented vasoconstrictor response of coronary artery to ET-1 is mediated by both ETA and ETB receptors. These changes may contribute to the impaired coronary circulation in hypertension.

P2Y- and P2U-mediated increases in internal calcium in single bovine aortic endothelial cells in primary culture

Increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) to ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, UTP, 2-methylthio ATP (2-MeSATP), 2-methylthio ADP (2-MeSADP) and alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP) were investigated in single bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) in primary culture using Indo-1. Evidence was obtained for the presence of P2Y and P2U, but not P2X receptors. Normalized concentration-effect curves for ATP, UTP and 2-MeSATP were biphasic in shape. At 10 nM, the agonist rank order was UTP > ATP approximately 2-MeSATP, while above 1 microM, it was ATP > or = UTP > or = 2-MeSATP. No cross-desensitization between responses to P2U and P2Y receptors was observed in normal external solution. However, when internal Ca2+ stores were depleted by exposure to 2-MeSATP or UTP in Ca2+-free solution and agonists then re-applied in presence of external Ca2+, homologous but not heterologous desensitization was seen. In the same conditions, heterologous desensitization was observed for UTP after ATP but not for ATP after UTP. Taken together, the results are consistent with the coexistence of P2Y and P2U receptors in primary-cultured BAEC and suggest that upon activation, different intracellular signaling pathways could be involved in increasing [Ca2+]i.

Abrogation of bronchial eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)6-deficient mice

Signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) is essential for interleukin 4-mediated responses, including class switching to IgE and induction of type 2 T helper cells. To investigate the role of STAT6 in allergic asthma in vivo, we developed a murine model of allergen-induced airway inflammation. Repeated exposure of actively immunized C57BL/6 mice to ovalbumin (OVA) aerosol increased the level of serum IgE, the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and airway reactivity. Histological analysis revealed peribronchial inflammation with pulmonary eosinophilia in OVA-treated mice. In STAT6-deficient (STAT6-/-) C57BL/6 mice treated in the same fashion, there were no eosinophilia in BAL and significantly less peribronchial inflammation than in wild-type mice. Moreover STAT6-/- mice had much less airway reactivity than wild-type mice. These findings suggest that STAT6 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergen-induced airway inflammation.

Echocardiographic evaluation in long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis compared with the hemodialysis patients

In dialysis patients, the prevalence of severe left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and systolic failure, important predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, has been reported to be very high. Therefore, we investigated cardiac function in 17 long-term CAPD patients (dialysis duration: 76.5 +/- 13.2 months; L-CAPD) by echocardiography and pulsed Doppler, and then compared with 16 short-term CAPD patients (dialysis duration: 28.9 +/- 11.9 months; S-CAPD), 21 long-term hemodialysis patients (dialysis duration: 165.1 +/- 52.7 months; L-HD), and 22 short-term hemodialysis patients (dialysis duration: 71.3 +/- 28.9 months; S-HD), except for the cases with diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, cardiac surgery or overt congestive heart failure. We selected 13 normotensive patients with normal kidney function as normal control group matched for sex and age (Control). Concerning with L-CAPD, S-CAPD, L-HD, and S-HD, these four groups were matched for age and original diseases. We examined blood pressure (BP), cardiothoracic rate (CTR), antihypertensive (AHT) drugs and laboratory data. Wall thickness, left atrium, ventricular chamber size, ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular mass (LV mass) [Devereux et al. 1986] were measured by echocardiograph. Peak early diastolic flow velocity (E), peak atrial filling velocity (A), A/E ratio and deceleration time of peak early diastolic flow velocity (DT) were calculated by analyzing transmitral flow, recorded by pulsed Doppler. BP control, CTR and EF were significantly worse in L-CAPD than in other patient groups. A/E as one of parameters for cardiac diastolic function was significantly higher in L-CAPD than in HD patients. LVMI (LV mass index: LV mass/body surface area) was significantly higher in L-CAPD than in other groups. LVMI in CAPD patients was shown to be significantly worse as time goes. Volume control by itself without AHT drugs could achieve good BP control in the long-term CAPD patients who were changed to maintenance hemodialysis because of peritoneal sclerosis. We concluded that LV hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction tend to progress in CAPD patients as time goes on. Also it is suggested that the cause of cardiac dysfunction in CAPD patients was mainly based on poor BP control probably due to overhydration, and therefore, appropriate volume control in CAPD patients is especially important.

Highly selective separation of rhodopsin from bovine rod outer segment membranes using combination of divalent cation and alkyl(thio)glucoside

The micellization process of bovine rod outer segment (ROS) membranes is investigated utilizing a series of neutral detergents. It is found that when alkyl(thio)glucosides with an appropriate hydrophillic-lipophilic balance (e.g. octylthioglucoside) are used in combination with a divalent cation, rhodopsin is selectively extracted from ROS membranes at a specific detergent-to-membrane ratio. This allows remarkable purification of rhodopsin by a single-step solubilization, because the residual membranes are heavily aggregated in the presence of divalent cation and are therefore easily sedimented by low-speed centrifugation. The absorption spectrum of the supernatant reproducibly exhibits an A280/A500 value of 1.6, an excellent value that could rarely be obtained by chromatographic purification. The degree of purification also depends on the type of divalent cation included in the solubilization solution; specific binding of IIB-series cations (Zn2+ and Cd2+) to ROS membranes is suggested to play an important role in the solubilization process. The present result represents a unique example of selective solubilization of a specific membrane protein from highly aggregated membranes.

Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1 was recently identified as a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase which activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase pathways and is required for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis; however, the mechanism regulating ASK1 activity is unknown. Through genetic screening for ASK1-binding proteins, thioredoxin (Trx), a reduction/oxidation (redox)-regulatory protein thought to have anti-apoptotic effects, was identified as an interacting partner of ASK1. Trx associated with the N-terminal portion of ASK1 in vitro and in vivo. Expression of Trx inhibited ASK1 kinase activity and the subsequent ASK1-dependent apoptosis. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine also inhibited serum withdrawal-, TNF-alpha- and hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of ASK1 as well as apoptosis. The interaction between Trx and ASK1 was found to be highly dependent on the redox status of Trx. Moreover, inhibition of Trx resulted in activation of endogenous ASK1 activity, suggesting that Trx is a physiological inhibitor of ASK1. The evidence that Trx is a negative regulator of ASK1 suggests possible mechanisms for redox regulation of the apoptosis signal transduction pathway as well as the effects of antioxidants against cytokine- and stress-induced apoptosis.

Nitric oxide regulates energy metabolism and Bcl-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells

Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the respiration of mitochondria and enteric bacteria, particularly under low O2 concentration, and induces apoptosis of various types of cells. To gain insight into the molecular role of NO in the intestine, we examined its effects on the respiration, Ca2+ status, and expression of Bcl-2 in cultured intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). NO reversibly inhibited the respiration of IEC-6 cells, especially under physiologically low O2 concentration. Although NO elevated cytosolic Ca2+ as determined by the fura 2 method, the cells were fairly resistant to NO. Kinetic analysis revealed that prolonged exposure to NO elevated the levels of Bcl-2 and suppressed the NO-induced changes in Ca2+ status of the cells. Because Bcl-2 possesses antiapoptotic function, toxic NO effects might appear minimally in enterocytes enriched with Bcl-2. Thus NO might effectively exhibit its antibacterial action in anaerobic intestinal lumen without inducing apoptosis of Bcl-2-enriched mucosal cells.

Protection from reoxygenation injury by inhibition of rac1

We demonstrate that adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of a dominant negative rac1 gene product (N17rac1) inhibits the intracellular burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that occurs after reoxygenation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, expression of a dominant negative ras gene (N17ras) had no effect. Challenge of control cells and cells expressing N17rac1 with a direct oxidant stress produced an equivalent increase in intracellular ROS levels and subsequent cell death. This suggests that N17rac1 expression appears to block production of harmful oxygen radicals and does not act directly or indirectly to scavenge ROS generated during reoxygenation. Expression of N17rac1 results in protection from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death in a variety of cell types including vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and ventricular myocytes. These results suggest that reoxygenation injury requires the activation of rac proteins, and that inhibition of rac-dependent pathways may be a useful strategy for the prevention of reperfusion injury in ischemic tissues.

An adrenal slice preparation for the study of chromaffin cells and their cholinergic innervation

Thin slices (200-300 microm) of adrenal glands were prepared from Wistar rats. Patch-clamp recordings were made from visually identified chromaffin cells using the whole-cell and amphotericin B perforated-patch techniques. Electrophysiological properties of chromaffin cells in slices were similar to those in cultured cells. Catecholamine release from single chromaffin cells or cell clusters in slices was also measured by amperometry. Immunostaining of slices with an antineurofilament antibody revealed the presence of neuronal fibers. Acetylcholine release was stimulated either by raising external [K+] or by focally applying voltage pulses. Nicotinic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were detected, ranging from 20 pA to several hundreds of pA. Amplitude distributions of spontaneous EPSCs revealed clear equidistant peaks, supporting a quantal model for acetylcholine release onto chromaffin cells. The adrenal slice preparation therefore appears to be an excellent model for studying both the cholinergic innervation of chromaffin cells as well as catecholamine release from these cells.

Characterization of two length cDNA for human MSX-2 from dental pulp-derived cells

Screening of a human dental pulp cells cDNA library with mouse Msx-1 and Msx-2 cDNA probes led to the isolation of human MSX-2. Sequence and Northern Blotting analysis revealed that two different type of transcripts due to the length of 3' untranslated region were expressed in the human dental pulp cells.

Criteria for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in Japan and clinical implications

The Japanese grading system for severity of acute pancreatitis has evolved from results of a national survey on 2,553 patients managed in 523 major medical centers in Japan between 1982 and 1986. It was devised to embrace the predictive factors that would offer high sensitivity and specificity in rendering an accurate diagnosis. In this system, computed tomographic (CT) examination is used for estimating the severity of acute pancreatitis. Combining criteria from laboratory data, clinical signs, and CT findings, the system appears cumbersome. However, it is actually more flexible in that only few criteria, from the wide range of findings actually covered, are needed to predict severity. Its rationale stems from a national effort to improve the outcome of this life-threatening disease. Further prospective studies are needed to determine its accuracy and superiority.