Tension Cavity

The concept of the tension cavity is relatively recent. The purpose of the present report is to emphasize the frequency of tension cavities in c1inical tube1'culòsis and to stress the role of endobronchial obstruction in the causation of such cavities. The tension cavities are often encountered in pulmonary tuberculosis.The cavities are caused by a check-valve mechanism resulting chiefly from two factors: an organic bronchial obstruction or a mechanical bronchial obstruction.Ten cases of tension cavity were presented. It was exclusively predominant in male, in relatively young adults.Obliteration or marked reduction of the tension cavities occurred in 2 to 9 weeks.The cavities of eight cases located in upper lung field, while the remainders located in middle lung field.The size of cavities were within 4cm, all but one which was 4.2cm. in diameter. The 6 cases were infectious.About 60 percent of tension cavity patients had blood-streaked sputum or hemoptysis. Chest pain was recorded in four cases. All but two cases had elevated ESR. AIl cases gained favorable, dramatic results with the rest and the effective anti-tuberculous chemotherapy.

Tobacco Smoking and Lung Cancer in Korea

Thi s is the result of statistical observation of 52 male and 5 female patients of primary lung cancer who visited Seoul University Hospital for past 7 years(1954 -1961).1. Primary Iung cancer was found most frequently in males of age 51 to 60 years.(22 of 52 cases, 42. 3 percent)2. Smokers possess about a twelve-fold greater chance of becoming afflicted with lung cancer than nonsmokers.3. In adults without cancer 80 percent of males and 20 percent of females were smokers in Seoul.

Investigations in Tuberculin Production: Part 1: The amount of tuberculoprotein obtained on different media, Part 2: Comparition between the amount of tuberculin obtained from culture filtrate and by extraction of tubercle bacilli cultured on three differ

Glyccrine broth and some synthctic mcdia, including those commonly used for tuberculin production, were compared in the following way. Three human starins were inoculated on to the media and after different incubation periods the weight of the culture, the pH and the protein content of the media was determined. Larger cops of bacteria were obtained on the synthetic media to the glycerine broth. Within the synthetic media differences were found as well in total growth as in the growth rate of the bacteria. Due to the natural content of proteins of glycerine broth, this medium could not compared with the synthetic media with regard to the amount of protein formed. Among the synthetic media Sauton medium had smaller protein content than the other media. For the full groun cultures no simple relation was found between the total crop of bacteria and the protein content of the culture filtrates. However, the cultures with a low pH(pH=4-5) had a lower protein content than the filtrates with a higher final pH. this may explain the small amount of protein obtained on Sauton medium, which had a low final pH. Some irregularities in the growth curves for one of the strains are supposed to be due to dissociation of the strain.Two strains of human tubercle bacilli were cultured for 4 weeks and 8 weeks on glycerine broth. Sauton medium and on Lind b II medium which is an enriched Sauton medium. After heat sterilisation of the cultures, the bacterial cells were extracted with 0.05 N sodium hydroxide. The amount of protein extracted and the cutancous activity of the extracts were compared with the protcin content and the biological activity of the corresponding culture filtrates. Large amounts of protcins were extracted from the cells but the biological activity of the extracts was low. In average the activity of the extracts was 10 times smaller than the activity of the culture filtrates. When regarded as a whole more tuberculin was obtained in Lind b II medium than in glycerine broth and Sauton medium. Under varing experimental conditions more tuberculin was obtained after 8 weeks incubation than after 4 weeks incubation. The relatin of the amount of tubertculin obtained with the two strains depeded on the medium used for the comparison. For the extracts all the protein had the same biological activity. For the culture filtrate some of the protein had a higher activity than another part. Thus it was not justified to use the yield of protein as gause of the tuverculin in the culture filtratcs in the present experiment.

Studies on the Alteration of Tuberculin Reaction: Part 1: Alteration of the Tuberculin Reaction due to the Repeated Tests on the Same site of Human Body, Part 2: Duration of the Alteration of Tuberculin Reaction

Repeated (2 times) tuberculin tests were performed in I to 6 years intervals on the same site of forearms to 172 men (23 to 30 years old) to investigate the duration of the alteration of tuberculin reactivity due to repeated tuberculin testings. Used tuberculins were 2.000 x diluted Old TubercuIi n and lγ/cc PPD solution. They were all non-tuberculous cases and 7 bone tuberculosis patients were selected to persue the relationship between the tuberculous disease and the alteration of tuberculin reactivity. First tuberculin tests were performed with 2,000 x diluted OT solution in all cases.1) In 137 cases. retested with 2,000 x diluted OT solution marked acceleration and increase in intensity of reaction were found in all cases until the intervals were prolonged 3 to 4 years. When the intervals were prolonged 4 to 5 years, acceleration of tuberculin reactions disappeared in 50% of all cases and when intervals were 5 to 6 years, 83% showed their maximal intensities of reactions in 48 hour readings. Consequently, when tuberculin test is repeated on the same site with same tuberculin, alteration of reactivity must be kept in mind unless the former test was performed 6 years or more before.2) When retested with PPD. accelcration and increase in intensity or tuberculin reactions were Iess prominent than retested with OT. (same tuberculin) When retested with PPD in 3 to 4 years intervals, 66% of all cases showed their maximal intensities in 48 hour readings and at 4 to 5years intervals, all cases showed no acceleration and their maximal intensities of reactions were found in 48 hour readings. It is quite different from the results obtained in the repeated tests with OT and it is sue to the use of different tuberculin when repeated.3) In 7cases of bone tuberculosis, 3 cases of them showed acceleration of reactivity and their maximal intensities were found in 20 to 24 hours reading.

Adrenal Cortical Function in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

We measured total 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid excretion and its increasing rate after ACTH administration by using Porter-Silber method and 17-ketosteroid excretion by using Holtorff and Koch’s method. and had measured reducing rate of circulating eosinophile count after ACTH administration in order to investigate adrenal cortical function of the pulmonary tuberculosis.1) In Normal Control group.17. Hydroxycorticosteroid excretion 4. 91-7 93mg average 5. 46mg Increasing ratio of 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid after ACTH administration 30.89% 17-Ketosteroid excretion 13. 66-23. 91mg average 17.71ingReducing ratio of eosinophile count after ACTH administration 64%. In Minimal Tuberculosis group 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid excretion 1. 93-4. 30mg average 3. 19m9 17-Ketosteroid excretion 5.42-13. 30mg average 10. 36mg Reducing ratio of eosinophile count after ACTH administration 44. 83% In far advanced group 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid excretion 0. 83-4. 43mg average 2. 46mg Increasing ratio of 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid after ACTH administration 196. 7% 17-Ketosteroid excretion 4.60-14. 43mg average 7. 67mg Reducing ratio of eosinophile count after ACTH administration 52% (8 hrs I. V. method) 2) The adrenal cortical function of the pulmonary tuberculosis depressed and its degree was almost parallel with severity of the diseases.

The Local Action of Cortisone on Tuberculin Reaction

On 309 cases of pulmonary Tuberculosis(21-33 years old) Tuberculin test was performed with 1: 2, 000 diluent of OT with and without mixed cortisone to determine the local action of cortisone on Tuberculin reaction and following results were observed.1) Usually the reaction with tuberculin containing cortisone appeared less intensively than that with OT only.2) With adequate dilution of OT and cortisone the reaction was more intensive than that with OT only.3) The reaction with OT containing cortisone acetate was more intensive than that with OT containing hydrocortisone acetate.4) Cortisone had an action of delaying the absorption of intradermally injected fluid.

Influence of Isoniazid on Visual Acuity

Since the advent of Isoniazid, an excellent antituberculosis remedy, many reports on the efficacy of this drug has been published, while continuous studies and efforts have been made on the toxic actions and on the improvement of this remedy. A survey on the effect of isoniazid to visual acuity was made with 114 healthy male subjects. For the first step, 94 subjects were selected and divided into 4 groups. They were medicated as follows; Group I 600mg a day Group II 500 mg a day Group III 400 mg a day Group IV 300 mg a day.Visual and fundus examinations were done respectively for 47 subjects with visual disturbances.For the second step, 20 subjects were instill-lated with 0.2% INAH solution into the eyes and were observed the alteration of size and light reactions of the pupils. With the above considerations, conclusions are made as Follows:1) The occurrence of refraction anomaly rises with increasing dosage of INAH over 300 mg/ day.2) The refraction anomaly lasted for average 2.7 days after discontinuing the INAH administration.3) The refraction anomaly which results from the administration of INAH is most frequently observed in hyperopic eyes.4) INAH renders the lens more responsive to the process of accommodation.5) Ophthalmoscopic examinations reveal no abnormal findings.6) Following installation of the INAH solution into the eyes, pupils become miotic and react sluggishly to light.7) It is suggested that above changes resulted from the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves.

Determination of γ-Globulin in Serum of Tuberculous Patients

It is generally considered that the level of total protein, albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen in the blood plasma may not deviate from the normal range so that the functional stability in the course of normal life, especially in subjects of the same descent, be not disturbed. The gamma globulin among globulin fractions is closely related to the antibody. This globulin is known to increase in cases of such diseases as acute and chronic infections.The authors have determined by the Papadopoulos phenol reagent method, the total protein and the gamma globulin fraction of serum obtained from the tuberculosis patients, and calculated the ratio of gamma globulin to total protein. We studied and compared the clinical pictures of these patients with the laboratory data obtained. In pulmonary tuberculosis it was usually found that the level of total protein in the serum was normal but the ratio of gamma globulin to total protein increased according to an increase in the gamma globulin fraction. This may represent one of the significant differences between normal men and tuberculosis patients.As a result of our observations and determinations, we found that out of the eighty-six patients nine had the low ratio of gamma globulin to total protein. Out of the nine cases five(55.6%) showed the poor improvement upon treatment, the conclusion being that the patients with the gamma globulin above normal responded better to chemotherapy than the patients with gamma globulin fraction below normal. In addition, it was also found that with an markedly increased E.S.R. the ratio of gamma globulin to total protein decreases, and that in lymphocytosis the ratio was higher than in lymphopenia.

An Evaluation of Streptomycin in the Pulmonary Tuberculosis Therapy Trials

Streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, causing estibular damage and hearing disturbance or deafness, have given us puzzles to use so frequently is desired by clinicians, so that those were recommended to use carefully 2-3 times weekly. However, according to recent report, the daily use of streptomycin accompanied with other antituberculosis drugs is considered to be far more effective than any other regimens of tuberculosis therapy.Therefore, we observed the four regimens of tuberculosis therapy for four months, which had no previous experiences of tuberculosis chemotherapy. The regimens were PAS-isoniazid, isoniazid-SM-(bi-or tri-weekly). PAS-isoniazid-SM(bi- or triweekly), and PAS-isoniazid-SM(daily, which was interrupted at 3 months after commencement of chemotherapy.)The results obtained were mainly concentrated on to clinical and roentgenographic improvement.reversal of infectiousness. erythrocyte sedimentation rate. change of εody weight, increasing of the numbers of lymphocytes and cavitary change . Of most effective regimen among four groups. we have learned that PAS-isoniazid-SM daily has brought us the impression of excellency in tuberculosis treatment. On the patients in which toxicity of SM appeared, there were three cases(3.8 percent) of hearing disturbance and six cases(7.7 percent) of tinnitus out of 78 cases. Thus, the fourth regimen may be considered to be of efficient regimen in tuberculosis therapy, if it is carried out under the careful observation and supervision.

A Follow-up of Tuherculous Meningitis in Adults

This study is based on data from the 63 cases of tuberculous meningitis treated by the authors during the past seven years. Tuberculous meningitis was found to be more frequent in women especially about the age of twenty. The combined mostly triple chemotherapy using large dosage of INH was continued for 6 to 18 months or more.In some cases cortisone or prednisolone was also used. The effects of chemotherapy were excellent in most cases. Early treatment was important, but late treatment also resulted frequently in good effects. As the complications pulmonary tuberculosis, miliary tuberculosis and paralysis of the ocular muscles were observed very often. As the sequelae hearing disturbance, deterioration of the memory and atrophy of the optic nerve were observed occasionally.

A Study on Chemotherapy of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

The effects of various chemotherapy on about 100 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were compared, and the following results were obtained.1. When the antituberculous agent is used in large dosage at the beginning of therapy, the bacteriological effect is more prominent.2. Regimen of combination of four antituberculous drugs showed no better results than the triple therapy.3. In cases with hard-to-heal tuberculous lesions, on whom antituberculous drugs had been used in sufficient amounts the use of large dosage of INH in SM + PAS + INH regimen, INH + CS regimen, or INH + CS + PAS regimen (CS = Cycloserine)was most effective.4. In case of repeated hemoptysis during the use of INH, replacement with Reazide is effec tlve.5. Among seven cases of open healing of cavities, four has been engaged in works for more than a year without recurrence.6. Rest during chemotherapy is more necessary when the tubercle bacilli are drug resistant.

Effect of dietary pectin, protopectin and gum arabic on cholesterol excretion in rats

The addition of pectin and a protopectin preparation containing galactose and arabinose to a noncholesterol-containing basal diet increased the fecal excretion of saponifiable lipids; the absorption of endogenous cholesterol and the excretion of nonsaponifiable lipids were uninfluenced. The addition of pectin to a basal diet containing cholesterol increased the excretion of fecal saponifiable and nonsaponifiable lipids and decreased the absorption of exogenous cholesterol. The addition of the protopectin preparation to the same diet had no significant effect on the excretion of saponifiable lipids, but the excretion of cholesterol was decidely reduced and, in two experiments out of three, there occurred an approximately equivalent increase in noncholesterol nonsaponifiable material. The addition of gum arabic or arabinose to this ration produced practically no changes in the amount of saponifiable and nonsaponifiable fecal lipids and in the recovery of exogenous cholesterol in the feces. Only very small quantities of noncolor-developing sterols were eliminated either on the cholesterol basal diet or when this diet was supplemented with pectin, protopectin, gum arabic or arabinose.

Electron microscopic and physicochemical analysis of a reo-like virus of the planthopper Peregrinus maidis

A virus, determined to be a member of the Reoviridae, was found naturally infecting colonies of Peregrinus maidis, the maize planthopper. The virus, referred to as peregrinus maidis-virus (PgMV), was found by electron microscopy throughout all P. maidis tissues examined, including salivary glands, testes, ovaries, and intestines. The virus particles were associated with fibrillar viroplasmic inclusions in the cytoplasm, of a type characteristic of the Reoviridae. The particles, purified from P. maidis, had morphologies typical of the Reoviridae, with a mean diameter of 68.7 nm. The purified virus contained 12 double-stranded (ds)RNAs, while dsRNA extracts of PgMV-infected P. maidis showed these, plus one additional high-molecular weight dsRNA. No similar dsRNAs were present in extracts of another planthopper. Perkinsiella saccharicida, the corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis), or from Zea mays upon which the P. maidis had been reared. Six major and four minor proteins were identified in purified PgMV preparations, but we were unable to determine which of these were definitely of viral or host origin. PgMV was found to be serologically unrelated to three other members of the Reoviridae. The similarities of PgMV to other members of the Reoviridae are discussed.