[The value and comparison of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and urinary free cortisol in predicting long-term outcome after operation of Cushing's disease]

Objective: To study and the value of morning plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and urinary free cortisol (24 h UFC) within 3 days after operation in patients with Cushing's disease in predicting the long-term outcome. Methods: The clinical data of 140 patients with Cushing's disease who were treated in Department of Neurosurgery of PUMCH from 2012 to 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.The univariate analysis, multivariate Logistic analysis, ROC curve analysis and other statistical methods were used to study the predicting value of morning plasma ACTH and 24 h UFC in 3 days post operation. Results: Univariate analysis showed that in the two groups of the early remission and no remission, there was significant statistical difference between the preoperative ACTH, preoperative 24 h UFC, postoperative ACTH and postoperative 24 h UFC (P<0.05, <0.01, <0.01). Logistic analysis showed that ACTH and 24 h UFC after operation of two groups had significant difference (P<0.01, <0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that postoperative cutoff values of ACTH and 24 h UFC were 4.11 pmol/L (18.7 pg/ml) and 281.42 nmol (102 μg)/24 h. ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the predicting performance of postoperative ACTH, resulting in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.917 (95%CI: 0.858-0.957, P<0.01). In comparison, 24 h UFC had an AUC of 0.814 (95%CI: 0.739-0.875, P<0.01). The predicting value of ACTH is significantly better than that of 24 h UFC (P=0.005). Conclusion: Early morning 24 h UFC and ACTH within 3 days after operation both showed considerable accuracy in predicting the long-term outcome of Cushing's disease, and the significance of ACTH was even greater than that of 24 h UFC.

[A meta-analysis of totally percutaneous access versus open femoral exposure for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair]

Objective: This study was aim to compare the efficacy and safety of percutaneous access and open femoral exposure for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Methods: Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, Embase, and Corchrane databases published in English from January 1999 to December 2015. Data extracted from each study were synthesized into overall odds ratios (OR) for technical success rates and complications. The outcomes on technical success rates and complications of both totally percutaneous access and open femoral exposure group were compared. Results: After a systematic review of English language articles, ten studies including 1 504 patients were eligible for the Meta-analysis. The technical success rates of the percutaneous endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (PEVAR) group was 95.1%, close to that of femoral exposure (FE) group (97.5%). The difference did not show significantly (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.31-1.04, P>0.05). However, the incidence of total postoperative complications in PEVAR group was 8%, significantly lower than that in FE group (15.9%) (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.37-0.42, P<0.01). Conclusion: PEVAR is associated with a similar technical success rate and lower complication incidence rate comparing with FE. Therefore, it could be as a preferred approach of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

[Clinical application of adult comorbidity evaluation-27 in endometrial cancer]

Objective: To investigate the significant role of the clinical application of adult comorbidity evaluation-27 (ACE-27) in endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: A total of 847 EC patients were included during Jan. 1985 to Dec. 2015 from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. The clinical data of the patients were collected and analyzed retrospectively. All of the patients were received operation with no chemotherapy and radiotherapy before operation. The average age was 57.6 years old (range from 25 to 85 years old). The average follow-up period was 59.0 months (range from 2 to 312 months). The comorbidity of the patients was evaluated by ACE-27. EC patients survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. The relationship between the prognosis of EC and ACE-27, age, body mass index (BMI) , pathological characteristic were showed by Cox modeling. Results: (1) The patient number of score 0, 1, 2 and 3 of ACE-27 in EC patients were respectively 311 (36.7%), 263 (31.1%), 132 (15.6%) and 141 (16.6%) cases. (2) Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that overall survival time of EC patients was gradually decreased as increased score of ACE-27 (χ²=19.003, P=0.000) . In the patients of BMI<25 kg/m² and BMI 25-<30 kg/m², International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage Ⅰ, endometrial adenocarcinoma type and the overall survival time of those EC patients were gradually decreased as increased score of ACE-27 (P<0.05) . However, there was no statistically significant difference in overall survival time for patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m², FIGO stage with Ⅱ-Ⅳand non-endometrial adenocarcinoma type (P>0.05). Per unvariate logistic modeling showed that the risk of death in score 3 of ACE-27 was increased compared with score 0 of ACE-27 (OR=2.53, P=0.000) . The overall survival time in EC patients with aged 50-59, 60-69 and ≥70 years old, BMI 25-<30 kg/m² and ≥ 30 kg/m², G₃, FIGO stage Ⅱ-Ⅳ and non-endometrial adenocarcinoma type were significantly decreased compared with those aged <50 years old, BMI < 25 kg/m², G₁, FIGO stage Ⅰ and endometrial adenocarcinoma type (all P<0.05) . Further we found that postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy rate were decreased for EC patients with FIGO staging Ⅲ or Ⅳ as the increase of ACE-27 score, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). (3) Per multivariate logistic modeling showed that the risks of death in score 3 of ACE-27 was increased compared with score 0 of ACE-27 among age-adjusted, BMI, histological grade, FIGO stage and pathologic type (OR=2.40, P=0.000) . Per multivariate logistic modeling showed that, the overall survival time in EC patients with aged 60-69 and ≥70 years old, BMI 25-<30 kg/m² and ≥30 kg/m², FIGO stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ and non- endometrial adenocarcinoma type remain significantly decreased compared with those aged <50 years old, BMI<25 kg/m², FIGO stage Ⅰ and endometrial adenocarcinoma type (P<0.05) , but there was no statistically significant difference in histological grade (P>0.05). Conclusions: ACE-27 may become one of the factors of predictive therapy and the prognosis for EC patients. The detailed clinical data of comorbidity should be collected to evaluate prognosis and therapy plan.

[A comparative study of diagnostic efficacy of different diagnostic/ classification criteria in Takayasu arteritis]

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Ishikawa's, the modified Ishikawa's criteria, 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR ) classification criteria and the diagnostic model based on Chinese population in Chinese TA patients.

METHODS

One hundred and forty-nine patients with Takayasu arteritis and 126 patients with other vascular disorders which involved aorta or its branches were recruited in this study.All the patients were admitted to the Department of rheumatism and Immunology clinic or inpatient department of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University from January 1(st), 2008 to June 31(st), 2015.General characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory results and imaging data of all the patients were collected.Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of different criteria were analyzed.

RESULTS

Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under ROC curve of Chinese diagnostic model were 90.60%, 80.95%, 86.18%, and 85.80%, respectively, while those of Ishikawa criteria were 34.23%, 99.21%, 64.00%, and 66.70%, respectively.These four indicators of the modified Ishikawa criteria were 84.13%, 79.87%, 81.82%, and 82.00%, respectively and that of ACR criteria were 83.89%, 83.33%, 83.64%, and 83.60%, respectively.No significant difference was found between any two of Chinese diagnostic model, the modified Ishikawa criteria and ACR criteria in all the indicators.Sensitivity of Chinese diagnostic model was highest, while specificity of Ishikawa criteria was the highest.Among these four criteria, the diagnostic efficacy of Chinese model was the best and that of Ishikawa criteria was the worst.

CONCLUSION

Chinese diagnostic model, which is based on Chinese population and adopts advanced imaging modality, has better diagnostic efficacy.

Identification of a mutation in Hepatitis B virus surface antigen capable of evading ELISA screening

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can cause HBV-related cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present, a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) blood test is the primary clinical and diagnostic marker for the identification of a chronic HBV infection. In the current study, we isolated a novel HBV mutant from a chronic HBV patient, capable of causing a false negative test result for most (7 of 8) commercial HBsAg ELISA kits. DNA sequencing of the HBsAg region of this HBV mutant revealed two novel mutation sites that resulted in a Thr-to-Met substitution at amino acid (aa) position 118 and a Lys to Asn substitution at aa position 122 of HBsAg. Moreover, a mutagenesis assay showed that the aa118 (Thr to Met) mutation was the leading cause of the false negative results from the HBsAg ELISA tests. The false negative result was restored, in that the mutation was correctly detected, when the Thr at aa position 118 of this mutated HBsAg was reconstituted. In conclusion, our study revealed a novel aa118 Met mutation of HBsAg HBV that will benefit the future development of HBV diagnosis.

Correlation between hepatitis B virus DNA levels and diagnostic tests for HBsAg, HBeAg, and PreS1-Ag in chronic hepatitis B

The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the serum markers HBsAg and HBeAg and PreS1 protein (PreS1-Ag) in quantifying the levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). One thousand CHB patients were recruited from Beijing You'an Hospital between June and December 2012. Serum HBsAg and HBeAg levels were detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to determine the level of PreS1-Ag and HBV DNA, respectively. We observed a low correlation between HBsAg and HBV DNA (r = 0.172, P < 0.001) expression; however, the correlation coefficient increased gradually with the increase in HBV DNA levels, and was more significant when HBV DNA log10 > 7 (r = 0.597, P < 0.001). Additionally, HBsAg and HBV DNA showed a significant positive correlation in the HBeAg+ group (r = 0.321, P < 0.001), whereas no correlation was observed in the HBeAg- group (r = -0.016, P = 0.825). HBV DNA expression was correlated with HBeAg (χ2 = 83.07, P < 0.001) and PreS1-Ag (χ2 = 36.01, P < 0.001). HBV DNA-positive rate was higher in HBeAg/PreS1-Ag++ patients (72.26%) than that in the single-positive groups (P < 0.001). Therefore, serum HBsAg is not a good marker for the prediction of HBV replication, and co-detection of HBeAg and PreS1-Ag, which can better predict HBV DNA replication, can be used as a reliable method for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHB.

Free-Standing Undoped ZnO Microtubes with Rich and Stable Shallow Acceptors

Fabrication of reliable large-sized p-ZnO is a major challenge to realise ZnO-based electronic device applications. Here we report a novel technique to grow high-quality free-standing undoped acceptor-rich ZnO (A-ZnO) microtubes with dimensions of ~100 μm (in diameter) × 5 mm (in length) by optical vapour supersaturated precipitation. The A-ZnO exhibits long lifetimes (>1 year) against compensation/lattice-relaxation and the stable shallow acceptors with binding energy of ~127 meV are confirmed from Zn vacancies. The A-ZnO provides a possibility for a mimetic p-n homojunction diode with n⁺-ZnO:Sn. The high concentrations of holes in A-ZnO and electrons in n⁺-ZnO make the dual diffusion possible to form a depletion layer. The diode threshold voltage, turn-on voltage, reverse saturated current and reverse breakdown voltage are 0.72 V, 1.90 V, <10 μA and >15 V, respectively. The A-ZnO also demonstrates quenching-free donor-acceptor-pairs (DAP) emission located in 390–414 nm with temperature of 270–470 K. Combining the temperature-dependent DAP violet emission with native green emission, the visible luminescence of A-ZnO microtube can be modulated in a wide region of colour space across white light. The present work opens up new opportunities to achieve ZnO with rich and stable acceptors instead of p-ZnO for a variety of potential applications.

RAC1 GTPase promotes the survival of breast cancer cells in response to hyper-fractionated radiation treatment

Radiation therapy is a staple approach for cancer treatment, whereas radioresistance of cancer cells remains a substantial clinical problem. In response to ionizing radiation (IR) induced DNA-damage, cancer cells can sustain/activate pro-survival signaling pathways, leading to apoptotic resistance and induction of cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair. Previous studies show that Rac1 GTPase is overexpressed/hyperactivated in breast cancer cells and is associated with poor prognosis. Studies from our laboratory reveal that Rac1 activity is necessary for G2/M checkpoint activation and cell survival in response to IR exposure of breast and pancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Rac1 on the survival of breast cancer cells treated with hyper-fractionated radiation (HFR), which is used clinically for cancer treatment. Results in this report indicate that Rac1 protein expression is increased in the breast cancer cells that survived HFR compared to parental cells. Furthermore, this increase of Rac1 is associated with enhanced activities of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways and increased levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, which are downstream targets of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Using Rac1 specific inhibitor and dominant negative mutant N17Rac1, here we demonstrate that Rac1 inhibition decreases the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and IκBα, as well as the levels of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 protein in the HFR-selected breast cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of Rac1 using either small molecule inhibitor or dominant negative N17Rac1 abrogates clonogenic survival of HFR-selected breast cancer cells and decreases the level of intact PARP, which is indicative of apoptosis induction. Collectively, results in this report suggest that Rac1 signaling is essential for the survival of breast cancer cells subjected to HFR and implicate Rac1 in radioresistance of breast cancer cells. These studies also provide the basis to explore Rac1 as a therapeutic target for radioresistant breast cancer cells.

Hsa-miRNA-31 regulates epithelial cell barrier function by inhibiting TNFSF15 expression

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by epithelial barrier disruption and alterations in immune regulation but with the etiology unknown. MicroRNA-31 is the most consistent differentially expressed miRNA in ulcerative colitis tissue. The aim of this project is to study the important roles of miRNA-31 in regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function. We found that expression of miRNA-31 is proportional to the proliferation of Caco2-BBE cells and overexpression of miRNA-31 can increase its trans-epithelial resistance (TER) by decreasing the transepithelial permeability. miRNA-31 can directly bind to the 3-UTR of TNFSF15, thereafter negatively regulating its expression in Caco2-BBE cells. BrdU and TUNEL analysis demonstrated that transfection of miRNA-31 stimulates proliferation or apoptosis-resistance. Taken together, these results revealed a novel mecha-nism underlying the regulation of epithelial barrier function by miRNA-31 during its regulation on proliferation of epithelial cells.

[Predictive and prognostic value of monitoring lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood before and after chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To detect the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of the advanced breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy with docetaxel and thiotepa, as well as the association between the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets with the response rate and prognosis.

METHODS

The proportions of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+ T cell, CD3+/CD4+ T cell, CD3+/CD8+ T cell, CD3-/CD16+56+ NK cell, CD3+/CD16+56+ T cell, CD19+ B cell, CD4+/CD25+ T cell, CD8+/CD28- T cell, CD8+/CD28+ T cell) in the peripheral blood of 86 patients were analyzed with flowcytometry before and after chemotherapy. The result was analyzed in combination with clinicopathological data.

RESULTS

The proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) after chemotherapy in the disease control patients decreased significantly compared with that of the progressive patients (P=0.034). The difference of the proportions of Treg before and after chemotherapy affected significantly the overall survival (OS). The OS of the patients with decreased proportion of Treg was significantly longer than that of the patients with increased proportion of Treg, which was 23.5 and 9.4 months respectively (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The patients with decreased proportion of Treg after chemotherapy had higher response rate and better survival benefit.

Epidemiological characteristics of the carriers with coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs based on a community cohort study

The coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs is an atypical serological pattern in HBV infection. There is no epidemiological characteristics of this serological pattern in the community and there is controversy over the molecular mechanisms underlying this pattern. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of the carriers with HBsAg and anti-HBs in a longitudinal community cohort study. The prevalence of this atypical serological pattern was 2.93% (122/4169) in HBsAg-positive populations. The prevalence progressively increased with age from 40 to 70 years old. The rate of HBeAg positive and detectable HBV DNA were both significantly higher in carriers with this pattern than in carriers who were HBsAg positive but anti-HBs negative (26/122 verse 598/4047, P = 0.046; 86/122 verse 275/529,P < 0.001). After 1 year of follow-up, 85.19% of the carriers still had coexistence HBsAg and anti-HBs, 14.81% of the carriers lost their anti-HBs. Viral sequencing showed that carriers with coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs had higher numbers of residue changes within the S gene than carriers who were HBsAg positive but anti-HBs negative (2.42 verse 1.33 changes per 100 residues, P < 0.05). Hence, the coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs is a unique serological pattern which may be associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical outcome and may be related to HBsAg immune variants which have genotypic heterogeneity.

Abstract OT1-03-18: COLET: A multistage, phase 2 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of cobimetinib in combination with paclitaxel as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

Background: Cobimetinib (cobi) is a potent, highly selective inhibitor of MEK that has shown benefit when administered in combination with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in BRAFV600-mutated metastatic melanoma. Preclinical data suggest that up-regulation of the MAPK pathway is a potential resistance mechanism against taxane chemotherapy. Clinically, the combination of MEK inhibition and taxane chemotherapy in non–small cell lung cancer patients (pts) has improved response rate (RR) and progression-free survival (PFS). Because most triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) pts develop resistance to taxane chemotherapy and because genetic alterations (including mutations and gene amplifications) in the MAPK pathway are present in many TNBC tumors, the combination of taxane chemotherapy and MEK inhibition could be an effective treatment option.

Study design: COLET (WO29497) is a multistage study designed to evaluate the safety of and to estimate the efficacy of cobi  paclitaxel in pts with metastatic or locally advanced TNBC who have not previously received systemic therapy for metastatic disease. The study will be conducted in 2 stages: an initial safety run-in stage of approximately 12 pts, followed by a randomized stage in which approximately 100 pts will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either cobi + paclitaxel or placebo + paclitaxel. Pts will receive paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 on Days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle and cobi/placebo 60 mg/day on Days 3-23 of each 28-day cycle until progression of disease or toxicity occurs.

Key eligibility criteria:

• Metastatic or locally advanced (not amenable to curative resection) TNBC

• No prior systemic therapy for metastatic or unresectable locally advanced TNBC

• Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy is allowed if completed &gt;6 months before the start of study treatment

• Measureable disease using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors, version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1)

• History of or active untreated or unstable brain metastases or requiring corticosteroids for brain metastases precludes eligibility

• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) greater than the institutional lower limit of normal or above 50%

Specific aims of the safety run-in stage: Determine the safety and tolerability of cobi when administered in combination with paclitaxel.

Specific aims of the randomized stage: Investigator-assessed PFS (primary end point); safety; pharmacokinetics; the effect of intrinsic subtypes and genetic alterations in PFS; mechanisms of resistance; and health-related quality of life.

Accrual: Approximately 112 pts from sites across Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region.

Statistical methods: In the randomized stage, pts will be followed up until a total of 60 PFS events occur across the 2 arms. This provides 77% power to detect a hazard ratio of 0.5 at a two-sided significance level of 0.05.

Contact information: Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02322814. For more information, please contact Roche/Genentech trials, 888-662-6728 (US only) or reference study ID WO29479 at www.roche.com/about_roche/roche_worldwide.htm.

Citation Format: Kim S-B, Miles D, Rhee J, Yan Y, Hsu J, Brufsky A. COLET: A multistage, phase 2 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of cobimetinib in combination with paclitaxel as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-03-18.

A new lipase–inorganic hybrid nanoflower with enhanced enzyme activity

A new hybrid nanoflower biocatalyst was synthesized using the organic component of Burkholderia cepacia lipase and inorganic component of calcium phosphate.

Next generation sequencing technologies in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics: A mini review

The development of advanced molecular technologies has ushered in the era of 'omics' science, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and genomics. Genomics, or whole genome approach, has become the most comprehensive investigative method to identify new gene mutations, signal pathways and drug targets for cancers. The purpose of this review is to summarize current second generation sequencing techniques in applied genomics, and to analyze the advantages and/or problems associated with each of the various sequencing platforms. Our understanding of molecular factors associated with tumorigenesis is no longer limited to the mutation of well—known cancer related genes, but may involve a broader range of factors involved in tumor development, including novel somatic mutations, gene fusions, long non—coding RNAs, microRNAs, copy number variations, methylation, and genomic structural variations. Furthermore, these new methods are not limited to analyses of single genetic or epigenetic factor, but offer comprehensive molecule profiling as a more critical and powerful approach to decoding the mystery of tumor development and identifying more reliable cancer biomarkers.

Self-assembled dielectric microsphere array enhanced Raman scattering for large-area and ultra-long working distance confocal detection

Here we report enhanced confocal Raman detection with large-area and ultra-long working distance by capping dielectric microsphere array. Microspheres have been found to provide three channels for Raman scattering enhancement, including localized photonic nanojets, directional antenna effects, and whispering-gallery modes. The maximum enhancement ratio of Raman intensity is up to 14.6 using 4.94-μm-diameter polystyrene (PS) microspheres. Investigation on the directional antenna effect of microsphere reveals that the microsphere array confines electromagnetic (EM) waves to a narrow distribution with small divergent angles, by which the signal-to-noise ratio is retained and the offset of focal plane position from sample surface can be up to ± 7.5 mm. The present work reduces the requirement of focusing in confocal Raman detection and hence makes the large-area detection possible via rapid mapping. It opens up a simple approach for high-sensitivity Raman detection of 3D-structured surface.

Occupational skin diseases and prevention among sanitation workers in China

BACKGROUND

Little research has been focused on the health status or the occupational protection awareness of sanitation workers. The policy recommendations on the occupational safety and health of sanitation workers based on the scientific research are also insufficient in developing countries like China.

OBJECTIVE

To study the incidence of dermatoses and the relevance with occupational exposure, protection awareness and protective measures among sanitation workers for better management and protection of the sanitation workers.

METHODS

273 sanitation workers and 113 administrative staff from 11 streets of Wuhan were recruited. Dermatological problems were evaluated and recorded by physical examination. Occupational exposure, protection awareness, the use of protective equipments and personal history of skin disease were assessed by questionnaires.

RESULTS

Compared with administrative staff, sanitation workers had much more occupational dermatological problems and had a much higher rate of harmful ultraviolet ray exposure. Young sanitation workers were more aware of occupational self-protection and a relatively higher rate of them using protective equipments compared with old ones.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to multiple health hazards and the poor use of protective equipments are related to skin diseases in sanitation workers. Prejob training of self-protection and the use of protective equipments are recommended.

In vitro evaluation of translating and rotating plates using a robot testing system under follower load

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Various modifications to standard "rigid" anterior cervical plate designs (constrained plate) have been developed that allow for some degree of axial translation and/or rotation of the plate (semi-constrained plate)-theoretically promoting proper load sharing with the graft and improved fusion rates. However, previous studies about rigid and dynamic plates have not examined the influence of simulated muscle loading.

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to compare rigid, translating, and rotating plates for single-level corpectomy procedures using a robot testing system with follower load.

STUDY DESIGN

In-vitro biomechanical test.

METHODS

N = 15 fresh-frozen human (C3-7) cervical specimens were biomechanically tested. The follower load was applied to the specimens at the neutral position from 0 to 100 N. Specimens were randomized into a rigid plate group, a translating plate group and a rotating plate group and then tested in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation to a pure moment target of 2.0 Nm under 100N of follower load. Range of motion, load sharing, and adjacent level effects were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTS

No significant differences were observed between the translating plate and the rigid plate on load sharing at neutral position and C4-6 ROM, but the translating plate was able to maintain load through the graft at a desired level during flexion. The rotating plate shared less load than rigid and translating plates in the neutral position, but cannot maintain the graft load during flexion.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that, in the presence of simulated muscle loading (follower load), the translating plate demonstrated superior performance for load sharing compared to the rigid and rotating plates.

T Cells Are Required for Orthodontic Tooth Movement

The immune system plays a pivotal role during bone remodeling process. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) induces local inflammation in periodontium, but whether systemic immune response is involved in OTM remains unknown. In this study, we show that tooth movement distance was significantly reduced in T-cell-deficient immunocompromised mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Intravenous infusion of allogeneic T cells to the immunocompromised mice rescued the OTM distance. Correspondingly, increased numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts were detected around the alveolar bone after OTM in WT mice but were barely detected in immunocompromised mice. Moreover, intravenous infusion of T cells rescued the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the OTM area of the immunocompromised mice, thus suggesting T cells are required for OTM. We then reveal that OTM induced a significant elevation of type 1 T helper cell (Th1) cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) around periodontal tissue in WT but not in immunocompromised mice. Infusion of T cells could increase the levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in periodontal tissues of immunocompromised mice. More interestingly, intraperitoneal injection of TNF-α inhibitor etanercept significantly reduced the distance of OTM in T-cell-infused immunocompromised mice. In summary, this study demonstrates a previously unrecognized mechanism that T cells are required for OTM depending on Th1-associated cytokines.

Orthodontic Force Induces Systemic Inflammatory Monocyte Responses

Periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement are considered regional reactions. However, how systemic immune responses are involved in this regional reaction remains unclear. In this study, we explored the systemic effects of orthodontic force by focusing on the mononuclear phagocyte system. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the percentage of inflammatory monocytes, in peripheral blood and in the monocyte reservoir spleen, decreased on days 1 and 3 and then recovered on day 7 after force application. Along with the systemic decrease of inflammatory monocyte percentage, the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive osteoclasts increased in the compression side of the periodontal tissue during orthodontic tooth movement. Systemic transfusion of enhanced green fluorescent protein–labeled inflammatory monocytes showed recruitment of these monocytes to the orthodontic force compression side of periodontal tissues. These monocytes were colocalized with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive osteoclasts. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that orthodontic force could upregulate the expression of pivotal monocyte chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in periodontal tissues or cultured periodontal ligament cells, which may contribute to monocyte recruitment to regional sites. These data suggest that orthodontic force induces systemic immune responses related to inflammatory monocytes and that systemic inflammatory monocytes can be recruited to periodontal tissues by orthodontic force stimulus.

M1-like Macrophage Polarization Promotes Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Macrophages play a crucial role in inflammatory-mediated bone loss. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is associated with inflammatory bone remodeling. However, whether and how macrophages contribute to mechanical force–induced OTM remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that polarization of M1-like macrophages may contribute to the OTM. Orthodontic nickel-titanium springs were applied to the upper first molars of rats or mice to induce OTM. The distance of OTM gradually increased after mechanical force was applied to the rats for 5 and 10 d. M1-like macrophage polarization and expression of M1 cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also increased after force application. More importantly, monocyte/macrophage depletion in mice by injection of clodronate liposomes decreased the distance of OTM and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–positive osteoclasts and CD68+ macrophages, accompanied by reduced expressions of M1 markers TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas systemic transfusion of M1 macrophages in mice increased them. Further experiments showed that injection of recombinant TNF-α increased the distance of OTM and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and CD68+ macrophages, as well as upregulated the expression of TNF-α and iNOS. Blockage of TNF-α by etanercept injection reduced the distance of OTM and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and CD68+ macrophages, as well as decreased the levels of TNF-α and iNOS. These data suggest that M1-like macrophage polarization promotes alveolar bone resorption and consequent OTM after mechanical force application.

Al(OH)3 facilitated synthesis of water-soluble, magnetic, radiolabelled and fluorescent hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

Magnetic and fluorescent hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesised using Al(OH)3-stabilised MnFe2O4 or Fe3O4 nanoparticles as precursors. They were readily and efficiently radiolabelled with (18)F. Bisphosphonate polyethylene glycol polymers were utilised to endow the nanoparticles with excellent colloidal stability in water and to incorporate cyclam for high affinity labelling with (64)Cu.