Epitaxial graphene on cubic SiC(111)Si(111) substrate

Epitaxial graphene films grown on silicon carbide (SiC) substrate by solid state graphitization is of great interest for electronic and optoelectronic applications. In this paper, we explore the properties of epitaxial graphene films on 3C-SiC(111)Si(111) substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy were extensively used to characterize the quality of the few-layer graphene (FLG) surface. The Raman spectroscopy studies were useful in confirming the graphitic composition and measuring the thickness of the FLG samples.

Identification of single chain antibodies to breast cancer stem cells using phage display

Recent evidence suggests that most malignancies are driven by "cancer stem cells" sharing the signature characteristics of adult stem cells: the ability to self renew and to differentiate. Furthermore these cells are thought to be quiescent, infrequently dividing cells with a natural resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. These studies theorize that therapies, which effectively treat the majority of tumor cells but 'miss' the stem cell population, will fail, while therapies directed at stern cells can potentially eradicate tumors. In breast cancer, researchers have isolated 'breast cancer stem cells' capable of recreating the tumor in vivo and in vitro. Generated new tumors contained both additional numbers of cancer stem cells and diverse mixed populations of cells present in the initial tumor, supporting the intriguing self-renewal and differentiation characteristics. In the present study, an antibody phage library has been used to search for phage displayed-single chain antibodies (scFv) with selective affinity to specific targets on breast cancer stem cells. We demonstrate evidence of two clones binding specifically to a cancer stem cell population isolated from the SUMl59 breast cancer cell line. These clones had selective affinity for cancer stem cells and they were able to select cancer stem cells among a large population of non-stem cancer cells in paraffin-embedded sections. The applicability of these clones to paraffin sections and frozen tissue specimens made them good candidates to be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in breast cancer patient samples taking into consideration the cancer stern cell concept in tumor biology.

Histone methylation and ubiquitination with their cross-talk and roles in gene expression and stability

Methylation of lysine residues of histones is associated with functionally distinct regions of chromatin, and, therefore, is an important epigenetic mark. Over the past few years, several enzymes that catalyze this covalent modification on different lysine residues of histones have been discovered. Intriguingly, histone lysine methylation has also been shown to be cross-regulated by histone ubiquitination or the enzymes that catalyze this modification. These covalent modifications and their cross-talks play important roles in regulation of gene expression, heterochromatin formation, genome stability, and cancer. Thus, there has been a very rapid progress within past several years towards elucidating the molecular basis of histone lysine methylation and ubiquitination, and their aberrations in human diseases. Here, we discuss these covalent modifications with their cross-regulation and roles in controlling gene expression and stability.

Favourable impact of intensity-modulated radiation therapy on chronic dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) on the incidence and severity of chronic dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer. 62 evaluable patients with head and neck cancer who were treated with IMRT with or without concurrent chemotherapy were analysed. The majority of the patients (77.4%) had advanced locoregional disease. 45 patients underwent definitive IMRT and 17 received post-operative IMRT. Concurrent chemotherapy was given to 29 of the 45 patients treated with definitive IMRT. The average prescribed dose to clinical target volume (CTV)1 was 66-70 Gy (definitive IMRT) and 56-62 Gy (post-operative IMRT); 60 Gy to CTV2; 54 Gy to CTV3; and 50-52 Gy to the supraclavicular area. At a median follow-up of 19 months, 2-year actuarial locoregional control and survival was 77% and 74%, respectively. At 6 months after IMRT, chronic dysphagia was Grade 0 in 77.1% of patients, Grade 1 in 10.5% and Grade 2 in 12.3%. Acute mucositis showed no correlation with long-term dysphagia. The percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy or nasogastric tube was removed in all of the patients within 8 weeks of completion of treatment. Xerostomia was Grade 0 in 61.4% of patients, Grade 1 in 31.5% and Grade 2 in 7% of patients. In conclusion, IMRT conferred a major favourable impact on chronic dysphagia in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers, with satisfactory locoregional control.

Coalescence of spherical beads of retro-HSP12.6 into linear and ring-shaped amyloid nanofibers

The sequence-reversed form of a small heat shock protein, HSP12.6 (retro-HSP12.6), has been reported to fold and assemble into structured tetramers in aqueous solution. Upon raising the protein concentration to ~1.0-1.5 mg/ml, tetrameric retro-HSP12.6 is known to display a tendency to associate further into spherical beads of 18-20 nm in diameter containing folded protein subunits. Here we report that storage of this protein at low temperatures leads to further association of the beaded structures into linear and ring-shaped amyloid nanofibers of 18-20 nm in diameter. The electron micrographs presented in this communication provide the best visual evidence yet that amyloids can form through the association of smaller structured bead-like intermediates. The results also suggest that folded beta-sheet-rich subunits can participate in amyloid formation.

Alkylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules prepared from mini-emulsions: a comparison with the conventional approach

Polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules are being prepared using two different types of o/w-emulsions: a conventional emulsion generated by intensive stirring with a home-made device and a mini-emulsion produced by the action of ultrasonic dispersion, using the alkylcyanoacrylate monomer as a hydrophobic agent. The emulsions and the resulting nanocapsule dispersions are compared using various methods of physical characterization. The formation of solid capsules is indicated by solid state NMR spectra and atomic force microscopy. Differences between the results of both synthetic approaches are found in terms of particle size distribution, zeta potential and tendency towards particle agglomeration. Capsules prepared by ultrasound via the mini-emulsion pathway tend to be smaller and more monodisperse. Their zeta potential is negative with larger absolute values as compared to capsules obtained from conventional emulsions, leading to stronger repulsive interactions and a higher stability against capsule agglomeration.

Human neurocysticercosis managed at Nepalganj Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Nepal

INTRODUCTION

Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the central nervous system. It is endemic in Central Europe, South Africa, South America and parts of Asia including Nepal.

OBJECTIVE

This study has been conducted with the objectives to know the diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis and the outcome of treated cases.

METHODOLOGY

This retrospective study was done at Nepalganj Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, by reviewing the record of the patients managed as case of neurocysticercosis in one financial year.

RESULTS

All patients presented with seizure as a main symptom started in adult life. The mean age was 21 years; 80% were male and 20% female. The diagnosis seemed to be based on clinical presentation, CT scan findings and high index of suspicion. All were put on albendazole, steroids and anticonvulsant drugs; 93% was discharged when fits got controlled, one patient left against medical advice. Follow up record was not available to comment on resolution.

CONCLUSION

Neurocysticercosis is difficult to diagnose and has a significant socioeconomic impact because of chronic morbidity, variable mortality, decreased productivity of affected persons, and high cost of medical diagnosis and treatment. It is therefore suggested to develop criteria for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis to be followed at national level.

Situs inversus with dextrocardia with multiple cardiac lesions in adult

Situs inversus with dextrocardia is the malposition most likely to occur with structurally normal heart; generally discovered on routine chest x-ray or physical examination performed for other reasons. These persons experience normal longevity of life and have similar risk of getting acquired disease as that of other person of same age and sex group. Symptoms related to acquired disorder may also lead to discovery of such cardiac malposition. Incidence of congenital cardiac anomalies in dextrocardia with situs inversus is very low globally but its figure in Nepal is not known. We report an adult of 43 years age having situs inversus with dextrocardia associated with multiple cardiac lesions i.e. ventricular septal defect, aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation.

DNA polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 gene and its association with birth weight and body weight in cattle

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a protein that binds the majority of insulin-like growth factors in circulation for regulation of its action on growth and metabolism of the animals. Animals belonging to Hariana, Holstein-Friesian (HF) and their crossbreds (HF x Hariana) were studied using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and nucleotide sequencing of the IGFBP-3 gene. A 651-bp fragment of the IGFBP-3 gene spanning over a part of exon 2, complete intron 2, exon 3 and a part of intron 3 was amplified and digested with HaeIII restriction enzyme. Three patterns of restriction fragments were observed in HF and crossbred cattle revealing polymorphism in both the populations. The frequency of AA, AB and BB genotypes was 0.65, 0.32 and 0.03 in crossbreds and 0.29, 0.65 and 0.06 in HF respectively. The allelic frequency of the A and B allele was 0.81 and 0.19 in crossbreds and 0.62 and 0.38 in HF cattle respectively. Only one restriction pattern (AA genotype) was observed in all the animals of Hariana breed of Bos indicus showing the absence of polymorphism. Nucleotide sequencing revealed a C --> A mutation in the intron 2 region of the IGFBP-3 gene as the cause of the polymorphism. Least squares analysis revealed a significant effect (p < 0.05) of genotypes on birth weight and body weight (weight at 12, 18 and 24 months of age) of the animals. Animals of AB genotype showed higher birth weight and body weight than the animals possessing AA genotype.

Endothelial cells as mechanical transducers: enzymatic activity and network formation under cyclic strain

Although it is established that endothelial cells can respond to external mechanical cues (e.g., alignment in the direction of fluid shear stress), the extent to which mechanical stress and strain applied via the endothelial cell substrate impact biomolecular and cellular processes is not well-understood. This issue is particularly important in the context of inflammation, vascular remodeling, and cancer progression, as each of these processes occurs concurrently with localized increases in strain and marked changes in molecules secreted by adjacent cells. Here, we systematically vary the level and duration of cyclic tensile strain applied to human dermal microvascular and bovine capillary endothelial cells via substrate deflection, and then correlate these cues with the secretion of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes and a morphological transition from confluent monolayers to well-defined multicellular networks that resemble capillary tube-like structures. For a constant chemical environment, we find that super-physiological mechanical strain stimulates both endothelial cell secretion of latent matrix metalloprotease-2 and multicellular networks in a time- and strain-dependent manner. These results demonstrate coupling between the mechanical and biochemical states of microvascular endothelial cells, and indicate that elevated local stress may directly impact new capillary growth (angiogenesis) toward growing tumors and at capillary wall defect sites.

In vivo release of oxytetracycline from a biodegradable controlled-release gel injected subcutaneously in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

A long-acting, biodegradable, controlled-release formulation of oxytetracycline (CR-OTC) was evaluated in 18 adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) following a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Prior to characterizing the release of oxytetracycline (OTC) from the CR-OTC, the pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenously (i.v.) administered OTC were determined. Concentrations of free OTC were measured using a bioassay. The plasma concentration-time profile of OTC after a single i.v. injection at 20 mg/kg was best fit to an open two-compartmental model, with the following pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the curve (AUC) = 36.72 mg. h/L, terminal elimination half-life = 2.34 h, clearance (Cl) = 0.545 L/kg/h. Plasma [OTC] was >1.0 micro g/mL for at least 4 h following i.v. injection. The CR-OTC gel was well tolerated at a dosage of 1500 mg/kg s.c. Plasma [OTC] rose to >1.0 micro g/mL within 24 h; it remained >1.0 micro g/mL for at least 10 days in all birds sampled at that time point (n = 9) and for at least 18 days in two of nine birds. Using a deconvolution technique, it was determined that approximately 54.8% of the administered OTC was released from the CR-OTC over the 45-day observation period. This long-acting, biodegradable controlled-release OTC formulation may have potential for the treatment of chlamydophila infections and other OTC-sensitive bacteria in Japanese quail, however further studies are necessary to determine its safety and clinical application.

Kikuchi Fujimoto disease with unusual features

An uncommon case of Kikuchi Fujimoto disease with unusual associated serologic-autoimmune abnormalities and aseptic meningitis is reported for its rarity.