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Shah S, Guion P, Dreher M, Patriciu A, Kapoor A, Wood B. Abstract No. 240: Image Registration with Robotic Needle Alignment during CT Guided Interventional Procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.12.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sharma K, Xu S, Glossop N, Dreher M, Kruecker J, Venkatesan A, Locklin J, Dromi S, Pritchard W, Karanian J, Tang T, Neeman Z, Bulow T, Wood B. Abstract No. 310: Steerable Endobronchial Navigation without a Bronchoscope or Fiberoptics. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.12.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Neeman Z, Sharma K, Dromi S, Dreher M, Glossop N, Kruecker J, Xu S, Prichard W, Locklin J, Karanian J, Chiesa O, Drooz A, Cleary K, Banovac F, Levy E, Vaidya S, Wood B. Abstract No. 200: TIPS Placement in Swine Using Tracked Devices and Fusion Imaging: Smart Needle and “GPS-Like” Doppler US Imaging. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.12.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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104
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Locklin J, Libutti S, Neeman Z, Dreher M, Poon R, Wood B. Abstract No. 109: Imaging Features in Patients Undergoing Liver RFA Plus Heat Deployed Nanoparticles. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Stall B, Citrin D, Seidel G, Quezado M, Wood B, Denobile J, Libutti S, Camphausen K. Early Results of a Pilot Study of Intra-tumoral Injection of TNFerade TM Biologic Concurrent With Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy for the Treatment of Primary and Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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106
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Camphausen KA, Quezado M, Citrin D, Pingpank JF, Wood B, Alexander HR, Seidel G, Eugeni M, Shutack Y, Libutti SK. A pilot study of local injection of TNFerade biologic in addition to neo-adjuvant chemoradiation for the treatment of primary and recurrent rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.14585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
14585 Background: Rectal cancer presents unique therapeutic considerations due to competing concerns regarding sphincter preservation and local recurrence. Treatments using pre-operative chemoradiation are employed to decrease local recurrence and improve the probability of sphincter preservation. Agents, which improve the pathologic response rate may be of further benefit. Methods: TNFerade biologic is a replication deficient adenovirus expressing human TNF-alpha driven by a radiation inducible promoter. TNFerade biologic (4X10e10 pfu) is injected locally into rectal tumors once a week for 5 weeks. Patients receive concurrent chemoradiation utilizing oral capecitabene (937.50 mg/m2 BID, Monday-Friday) and external beam radiotherapy (1.8 Gy/day, 5 days per week to a total dose of 45 Gy). A boost dose of 5.4–9 Gy is delivered to sites of gross disease. After treatment, patients recover for 6–9 weeks before surgery. Patients are scored prior to the start of neo-adjuvant therapy for the feasibility of a sphincter preserving operation versus an abdominal perineal resection (APR). Following surgery the specimen (entire area submitted for processing) is examined for the percent of viable tumor remaining. The goal of the study is to show a target pathologic response rate of <10% viable tumor in more than 30% of patients treated. Results: Six patients have been treated (4M, 2F). There has been no toxicity attributable to the TNFerade biologic, and the chemoradiation has been well tolerated with only mild, expected toxicities. Five of the six patients have undergone surgery (one is awaiting surgery). Three of these five patients were thought to require an APR prior to treatment due to the size and location of their tumor. All five patients have successfully undergone sphincter- preserving operations. On examination of the five specimens, 3 had less than 5% viable tumor while 2 had greater than 50% viable tumor. All resections were margin negative. The target pathologic response rate of <10% viable tumor was achieved in 60% of the patients evaluated. Conclusion: The addition of TNFerade biologic to pre-operative chemoradiation was well tolerated and a prospective randomized trial comparing the addition of this agent to chemoradiation is warranted. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Chen EA, Neeman Z, Lee FT, Kam A, Wood B. Thermal protection with 5% dextrose solution blanket during radiofrequency ablation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 29:1093-6. [PMID: 16802079 PMCID: PMC2443416 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-004-6216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A serious complication for any thermal radiofrequency ablation is thermal injury to adjacent structures, particularly the bowel, which can result in additional major surgery or death. Several methods using air, gas, fluid, or thermometry to protect adjacent structures from thermal injury have been reported. In the cases presented in this report, 5% dextrose water (D5W) was instilled to prevent injury to the bowel and diaphragm during radiofrequency ablation. Creating an Insulating envelope or moving organs with D5W might reduce risk for complications such as bowel perforation.
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Wood B, Pendry JB. Metamaterials at zero frequency. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2007; 19:076208. [PMID: 22251595 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/7/076208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the problem of designing metamaterial structures which operate at very low frequencies. As an example, we consider the case of a DC magnetic cloak, which requires a variable, anisotropic magnetic permeability with both paramagnetic and diamagnetic components. We show that a structure based on superconducting components is the key to diamagnetism at low frequencies, and present a metamaterial design which meets the requirements of the cloak.
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Lee W, Tubbs R, Teker A, Scharpf J, Strome M, Wood B, Lorenz R, Hunt J. Use of a novel in situ hybridization technique to detect human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients without a history of alcohol or tobacco use. Radiother Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(07)80089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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110
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Wu L, Kottilil S, Lempicki R, Yang J, McLaughlin M, Hu Z, Koratich C, Reitano KN, Rehm CA, Masur H, Wood B, Kleiner DE, Polis MA. Hepatic histologic response (HR) to combination therapy among HCV/HIV-coinfected individuals: interferon induces HR independent of sustained virologic response (SVR). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1091-8. [PMID: 17147494 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most HIV/HCV-coinfected patients fail to achieve a sustained virologic response (SVR) to peginterferon-ribavirin therapy. We examined the hepatic histologic response (HR), defined as an improvement in hepatic inflammation scores of two points or more, to combination therapy among HIV/HCV-coinfected subjects. An open label prospective trial treated 32 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for 48 weeks. Liver biopsies, scored by a single pathologist using the Histology Activity Index (HAI, range 0-18) and Ishak fibrosis scores (range 0-6), were performed before and after treatment. Gene expression profiles of PBMCs were performed using Affymetrix U133A gene chips. A total of 87% of SVR subjects and 88% of nonresponders (NR) had an HR, but no significant change in the liver fibrosis scores was observed (p > 0.05). For genotype 1 patients, a baseline fibrosis score </=2 was related to a higher likelihood of SVR than those with a score >2 (p = 0.012). Combination therapy for HCV among HIV-coinfected subjects resulted in a modest SVR rate. Persons with mild liver disease had a better SVR rate, suggesting early treatment may be beneficial. Combination therapy resulted in an HR for most of the patients, however, further follow-up of these patients will determine the durability of such an HR.
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Meyers JA, McTiernan A, Wener MH, Wood B, Weigle DS, Sorensen B, Chen-Levy Z, Yasui Y, Lacroix K, Boynton A, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Serum Leptin Concentrations and Markers of Immune Function in Postmenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s38-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Barker R, Biddulph P, Bly D, Boysen R, Brown A, Clementson C, Crofts M, Culverhouse T, Czeres J, Dace R, D'Alessandro R, Doherty P, Duffett-Smith P, Duggan K, Ely J, Felvus M, Flynn W, Geisbusch J, Grainge K, Grainger W, Hammet D, Hills R, Hobson M, Holler C, Jilley R, Jones ME, Kaneko T, Kneissl R, Lancaster K, Lasenby A, Marshall P, Newton F, Norris O, Northrop I, Pooley G, Quy V, Saunders RDE, Scaife A, Schofield J, Scott P, Shaw C, Taylor AC, Titterington D, Veli M, Waldram E, West S, Wood B, Yassin G, Zwart J. High-significance Sunyaev-Zel'dovich measurement: Abell 1914 seen with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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113
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Angold PG, Sadler JP, Hill MO, Pullin A, Rushton S, Austin K, Small E, Wood B, Wadsworth R, Sanderson R, Thompson K. Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 360:196-204. [PMID: 16297440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the biodiversity of urban habitats in Birmingham (England) using a combination of field surveys of plants and carabid beetles, genetic studies of four species of butterflies, modelling the anthropochorous nature of the floral communities and spatially explicit modelling of selected mammal species. The aim of the project was to: (i) understand the ecological characteristics of the biota of cities model, (ii) examine the effects of habitat fragment size and connectivity upon the ecological diversity and individual species distributions, (iii) predict biodiversity in cities, and (iv) analyse the extent to which the flora and fauna utilise the 'urban greenways' both as wildlife corridors and as habitats in their own right. The results suggest that cities provide habitats for rich and diverse range of plants and animals, which occur sometimes in unlikely recombinant communities. The studies on carabids and butterflies illustrated the relative importance of habitat quality on individual sites as opposed to site location within the conurbation. This suggests that dispersal for most of our urban species is not a limiting factor in population persistence, although elements of the woodland carabid fauna did appear to have some geographical structuring. Theoretical models suggested that dormice and water voles may depend on linear habitats for dispersal. The models also indicated that other groups, such as small and medium sized mammals, may use corridors, although field-based research did not provide any evidence to suggest that plants or invertebrates use urban greenways for dispersal. This finding indicates the importance of identifying a target species or group of species for urban greenways intended as dispersal routeways rather than as habitat in their own right. Their importance for most groups is rather that greenways provide a chain of different habitats permeating the urban environment. We suggest that planners can have a positive impact on urban biodiversity by slowing the pace of redevelopment and by not hurrying to tidy up and redevelop brownfield sites.
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Sun D, Willingham C, Durrani A, King P, Cleary K, Wood B. A novel end-effector design for robotics in image-guided needle procedures. Int J Med Robot 2006; 2:91-7. [PMID: 17520618 PMCID: PMC2386879 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robotic end-effectors are being developed to facilitate image-guided minimally invasive needle-based procedures, such as tumour ablation, biopsy, thoracentesis and blood sampling. METHODS A novel mechanical end-effector was designed to address the challenges associated with any major needle-based procedure, focusing on liver biopsy and ablation. In this end-effector embodiment, the distal end of a single articulating arm can grip needles and instruments and allows a fairly high number of degrees of freedom of movement during the complex motions associated with positioning and driving needles, as well as the periodic motions associated with breathing patterns. Tightening a cable that runs through the articulations fixes the arm in a rigid state, allowing insertion of the gripped needle. RESULTS A design is presented that will require electro-mechanical stimulation and remote joystick control. The associated forces of cranial-caudal motion of soft tissue organs affects design constraints. A simulation study defined the process with tissue phantoms with mechanical properties in the range of hepatic tissue and the overlying abdominal wall. The robotic arm coupled with our end-effector could be deployed in an image-guided interventional suite. CONCLUSIONS Such a switch-able and flexible mode for a robotic arm could overcome much of the current limitations for automated needle placements for mobile targets, and could mitigate risks from breathing or patient motion with a rigid needle gripper in place.
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Wood B. Atlas of human anatomy with integrated text. J. A. Gosling, P. F. Harris, J. R. Humpherson, I. Whitmor and P. L. T. Willan. 315 × 260 mm. Pp. 656 + viii. Illustrated in colour. 1985. London: Gower Medical Publishing (Churchill Livingstone). Br J Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800730242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wood B. A textbook of regional anatomy. J. Joseph. 255 mm × 195 mm. Pp. 519 + xviii. Illustrated. 1982. London: MacMillan. £30.00. Br J Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800700834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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117
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Sudheendra D, Barth M, Hegde U, Wilson W, Libutti S, Wood B. Radiofrequency ablation of lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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118
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King NKK, Siriwardana HPP, Wood B, Siriwardena AK. Trends in fungal colonization of pancreatic necrosis in patients undergoing necrosectomy for acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) 2005; 7:120-3. [PMID: 18333174 PMCID: PMC2023935 DOI: 10.1080/13651820510028837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines fungal colonization of post-inflammatory pancreatic necrosis in a cohort of patients undergoing open surgical necrosectomy in a single, tertiary referral unit over a 10-year period. METHODS The charts of all patients with acute pancreatitis who underwent surgical necrosectomy during the period January 1992 to December 2001 were examined. Following exclusions a population of 30 patients were identified. There were 18 men with a median (range) age of 42 (20-69) years. Sixteen (53%) underwent surgery because of positive fine needle aspirates and the remainder underwent surgery on clinical grounds. Twenty-nine (97%) received antibiotics prior to necrosectomy. Principal outcomes were the results of microbiological culture with reference to isolation of fungi, site of isolates, trends in colonization and outcome. RESULTS Candida were cultured from pancreatic necrosis in 5 (17%). These 5 individuals also had positive candidal cultures from sputum or bronchial aspirates. There were no deaths in patients with fungal colonization of necrosis. There was no change in the annual incidence of fungal colonization of necrosis over the study period. CONCLUSION Although this is a small study, there are two consistent observations: mortality in fungal colonization of necrosis was low and there was no change in the annual incidence of fungal colonization of necrosis over the decade. Discrepancies between these findings and those of previous reports mandate larger prospective evaluation.
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120
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Marra CM, Tantalo LC, Maxwell CL, Dougherty K, Wood B. Alternative cerebrospinal fluid tests to diagnose neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals. Neurology 2004; 63:85-8. [PMID: 15249615 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000131902.69113.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify alternatives to the CSF-Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals. METHODS CSF fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) reactivity and % CSF lymphocytes that were B cells in fresh and frozen samples were determined for 47 HIV-infected cases with syphilis and 26 HIV-infected controls. As for serum, CSF fluorescent treponemal antibody reactivity > or =2+ was considered positive. Based on the results in controls and cases with normal CSF measures, cut-offs for elevated CSF B cells were proposed to be > or =9% in fresh and > or =20% in frozen samples. Neurosyphilis was defined as a reactive CSF-VDRL. RESULTS CSF-FTA-ABS (absorbed) and CSF-FTA (unabsorbed and undiluted) were 100% sensitive for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Elevated % CSF B cells in fresh and cryopreserved samples was specific (100%) but not sensitive (40 and 43%) in post hoc analyses. The results of CSF-FTA and assessment of % CSF B cells together allowed 16% of cases with pleocytosis but nonreactive CSF-VDRL to be diagnosed with neurosyphilis and 26% to be diagnosed as not having neurosyphilis. CONCLUSION When the CSF-VDRL is nonreactive, CSF-FTA and % CSF B cells may help exclude or establish the diagnosis of neurosyphilis.
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Giesel FL, von Tengg-Kobligk H, McAuliffe M, Essig M, Kauczor HU, Wood B. Multi-Modale Co-Registrierung zur Therapieplanung und post-operativen Qualitätssicherung der Radiofrequenzablation (RFA). ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-827831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ohman JC, Wood C, Wood B, Crompton RH, Günther MM, Yu L, Savage R, Wang W. Stature-at-death of KNM-WT 15000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02436366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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123
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Stokes MB, Wood B, Alpers CE. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with low-grade B cell lymphoma presenting in the kidney. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57:303-9. [PMID: 12005247 DOI: 10.5414/cnp57303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated tissue type (MALToma) rarely may involve the kidney. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is an uncommon complication of B cell lymphoma and may be related to cryoglobulin and/or immunoglobulin synthesis by a secretory B cell clone. We report 2 patients with the novel renal biopsy findings of coexistent MALToma and MPGN. Both subjects presented with nephrotic proteinuria and renal insufficiency. One patient had a serum M protein (IgG K) but neither individual had any other clinical or serologic evidence of systemic disease, including hematolymphoid malignancy, autoimmune disease, cryoglobulinemia, or hepatitis C viral infection. Both renal biopsies demonstrated MPGN type I with immunoglobulin deposits that in 1 case showed light chain restriction (IgM K). Electron microscopy disclosed corresponding glomerular electron dense deposits in subendothelial locations. Both biopsies also contained atypical interstitial lymphoid infiltrates comprising marginal zone (centro-cyte-like) cells that infiltrated tubules and showed extra-capsular extension. Immunostains demonstrated a predominantly B cell population that lacked expression of CD5 and cycline D1, and gene rearrangement studies confirmed the presence of a monoclonal B cell population in both cases. These findings indicate that low-grade B cell lymphoma in the kidney may be an unexpected finding in patients with nephrotic syndrome related to MPGN. Immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement studies are important ancillary tools for the evaluation of atypical lymphoid infiltrates in kidney biopsies.
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Gibbs S, Collard M, Wood B. Soft-tissue anatomy of the extant hominoids: a review and phylogenetic analysis. J Anat 2002; 200:3-49. [PMID: 11833653 PMCID: PMC1570881 DOI: 10.1046/j.0021-8782.2001.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a literature search for information about the soft-tissue anatomy of the extant non-human hominoid genera, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo and Hylobates, together with the results of a phylogenetic analysis of these data plus comparable data for Homo. Information on the four extant non-human hominoid genera was located for 240 out of the 1783 soft-tissue structures listed in the Nomina Anatomica. Numerically these data are biased so that information about some systems (e.g. muscles) and some regions (e.g. the forelimb) are over-represented, whereas other systems and regions (e.g. the veins and the lymphatics of the vascular system, the head region) are either under-represented or not represented at all. Screening to ensure that the data were suitable for use in a phylogenetic analysis reduced the number of eligible soft-tissue structures to 171. These data, together with comparable data for modern humans, were converted into discontinuous character states suitable for phylogenetic analysis and then used to construct a taxon-by-character matrix. This matrix was used in two tests of the hypothesis that soft-tissue characters can be relied upon to reconstruct hominoid phylogenetic relationships. In the first, parsimony analysis was used to identify cladograms requiring the smallest number of character state changes. In the second, the phylogenetic bootstrap was used to determine the confidence intervals of the most parsimonious clades. The parsimony analysis yielded a single most parsimonious cladogram that matched the molecular cladogram. Similarly the bootstrap analysis yielded clades that were compatible with the molecular cladogram; a (Homo, Pan) clade was supported by 95% of the replicates, and a (Gorilla, Pan, Homo) clade by 96%. These are the first hominoid morphological data to provide statistically significant support for the clades favoured by the molecular evidence.
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Meyers A, Shah A, Cleveland RH, Cranley WR, Wood B, Sunkle S, Husak S, Cooper ER. Thymic size on chest radiograph and rapid disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:1112-8. [PMID: 11740315 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200112000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early infection of the thymus, an organ central to the ontogeny of the immune system, has been proposed as a cause of rapid progression in pediatric HIV disease. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that small thymic volume is associated with rapid disease progression in HIV-infected children. DESIGN Three pediatric radiologists established criteria for rating the size of the thymic profile on chest radiographs. All available baseline chest radiographs were reviewed in a random sequence, with radiologists blinded to study subjects' clinical status. A consensus was reached on whether the thymus was normal or small for age. SETTING A prospective multicenter study of the natural history of HIV-1 infection in children, the Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Complications of Vertically Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (P2C2) Study. PATIENTS Fifty-eight HIV-infected children and 38 control children (uninfected but born to HIV-infected women) for whom chest radiographs in the first year of life were available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Rapid progression of HIV disease, defined as CDC Clinical Category C (severely symptomatic) or Immunologic Category 3 (severe immunosuppression) by 1 year of age. RESULTS The mean age at the time of chest radiography was 3.5 months. Ten (17%) HIV-infected children had reduced thymic profile size, whereas no controls did (P = 0.006). Of the 58 (59%) HIV-infected children 34 were classified as rapid progressors, and 9 (26%) of them had reduced thymus size, compared with 1 (4%) of the non-rapid progressor children [odds ratio, 8.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0, 70.5; P = 0.035]. Baseline mean CD4+ count was 1642 (95% CI 1322 to 2009) cells/microl for those with normal thymus and 740 (95% CI 380 to 1275) cells/microl for those with reduced thymus (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Early thymic involution is associated with rapidly progressive disease in HIV-infected children.
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